Technical Field of the invention

In general the invention is referring on the area of high rise buildings, more specifically on the construction of residential and commercial multi-storey or ground-based facilities, while all facilities are without thermal bridges. The invention enables construction of complete object from foundation, including roof construction. In addition, the invention also relates to the production of ferrocement sandwich elements and roof elements in the moulds.

In consideration that invention is referring on the area of construction according to the International patent classification (IPC) it can be marked with classification symbol E04B1/00 and with symbols E04B1/62 and E04B1/74 where the inventions related to general insulation or thennal insulation are classified.

The invention can be marked with classification symbol E04H 3/00, where public buildings or buildings with similar purpose are classified or with more specific symbols E04H9/14 and E04H9/16, and since part of the invention referring to the roofs it can be marked with symbols E04B7/00 and E04B7/10. The invention relates to the moulds and construction elements and it can be marked with classification symbols E04G11/00, E04C1/40 and E04C2/30.

Technical Problem

As a problem in front of the invention the following request is made: How to build high rise construction objects with prefabricated ferrocement elements with rectangular or squared base, in which thermal bridges will not exist both on joints of the elements as well as on places of embedding frames for doors and windows and installation openings, using prefabricated ferrocement composite or reinforced concrete constructive sandwich type elements. The problem with prefabricated construction is the appearance of cracks at the places where prefabricated elements are joining due to the subsidence of the construction object and shrinkage of the fresh concrete on the places of joining prefabricated elements

Background Art

It is known that thermal bridges are made when insulation is disrupted with material which is weak insulator. This is how thermal bridges as insulated parts of the building are causing increased heat losses and are enabling occurrence of mildew which can lead to the health problems as well as damage to the buildings. Thermal bridges are occurring on the places of joining walls and floors, between walls and roof, in comers or all around the doors and windows, which is often the result of the structure of the building, and in order to avoid the appearance of thermal bridges, special attention is given to the structure of the building particularly to the use of various materials.

Technology of ferrocement was first used in 1848. for the construction of a ferrocement boat (patented 1852.), but all until the eighties of the twentieth century it was not significantly used in the construction industry.

Worldwide in the last thirty years using ferrocement technology high rise construction objects were built as an integral object using skeletal method or by the assembly of prefabricated single-layer ferrocement elements. The disadvantages of the skeletal method of construction consist in the fact that it takes a lot of time for manual installation and binding of the reinforcing and wire mesh, as well as the permanent problem of quality of workmanship when the mortar is injected. The assembly of prefabricated single-layer ferrocement elements come down to the coating of the structure with ferrocement panels or forming a lightweight construction that is afterwards isolated what also requires a lot of labor works on site and a significant construction time.

In recent years, sandwich panels from ferrocement, composite concrete, fibrocement or reinforced concrete have been produced. Existing thin-walled sandwich panels made of composite concrete are produced as non constructive (non-bearing) three-layer elements, consisting of two thin ferrocement plates with filling in the middle. The elements are not constructive, load bearing structure, and represent the filling of another constructive system, most often a frame construction structure.

In reinforced concrete technology, there are also prefabricated wall elements, either of a sandwich type or with a hollow core. The reinforced concrete elements of the sandwich type are structural, but massive, thick-walled, consisting of two reinforced concrete slabs and insulation between them. In such existing solutions, the prevention of slipping of layers of concrete and insulation is solved by reinforcement connection between concrete layers of elements (rigid connectors) or there is a concrete connection, usually on the edges of the elements, between the top and bottom layer, whereby a thermal bridge is formed. Also on every opening for doors and windows in the element thermal bridge is formed, whereby in all joining elements the outer and inner layers are monolithized during construction and all the concrete layers of elements participate in the constructive system of the object. The elements with hollow core have large number of thermal bridges along one axis where concrete connections of outer and inner concrete layer are made.

Reviewing the patent documentation with the appropriate classification symbols (E04B1/00, E04B1/62, E04B1/74, E04H3/00, E04H9/14, E04H9/16, E04B7/00, E04B7/10, E04G11/00, E04C1/40 and E0C2/30) both in Serbia and abroad and professional literature in this area several documents were found relating to the broader area in which the invention is described in the patent application.

Thus, our own solution is described in the patent application number 52330B (P-2009/0078) published in the Republic of Serbia under the name of“Prefabricated Construction Structure Constructed Using Prefabricated Ribbed Ferrocement Elements Sandwich Type Effused In Moulds”, which essentially differs from the solution described in the application of the invention.

Patent application number 42087 YU presents a solution to the problem of thermal bridges in the thermal insulation layer of prefabricated reinforced concrete sandwich structures, while in the application P-1521/89 YU prefabricated facade elements, sandwich type concrete thermal insulator-concrete with demountable connections between outer concrete layers are presented. Among others, in this application only the most desirable bibliographic data for several other patent papers in the field of the invention: YU 40108 (P-3192/74), DE 2754814, YU 41367 (P- 2503/80), RS P-232/97 are given, wherein the problem solved by the invention according to this application is genuine.

Disclosure Of The Invention

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that joining of prefabricated ferrocement constructive wall elements and supporting roof elements is performed by eliminating the appearance of thermal bridges in the built object, or their negative impact is reduced to a tolerant measure, since their occurrence cannot be completely eliminated, because each break of the insulating layer represents a thermal bridge, which deteriorates the energy balance, causing significant heat losses.

For the installation of wall elements, first foundation is formed out and in between foundation the floor slab. The wall elements, on the construction site are placed one next to the other directly on the floor slab without anchoring and thus form a wall. Placed wall elements are temporarily supported by raking struts till reinforced concrete pillars between two adjacent wall elements are done, afterwards horizontal ring beams are developing on which roof elements are placing. The roof elements carry all the standard dry wall ceiling constructions. All the elements are made in moulds.

In the horizontal cross section, the insulation of the wall element is continuous throughout the whole building, as well as in the vertical cross section since the insulation of the wall element is in contact with the insulation of the suspended ceiling, the insulation of the roof element and the insulation of the floor slab, while the foundations are isolated by external insulation. Such connected and insulated construction structure presents a construction object without interrupted insulation, even without thermal bridges. The inner side of the walls is the third, finishing layer of elements that do not participate in the static system of the object, while the tapered edges allow invisible jointing which prevents the appearance of the cracks what was the goal of the invention.

Brief Description Of Drawings

The invention has been described in detail on the examples of execution presented on the drawings in which:

Drawing 1- Shows external appearance of the finished single storey object in perspective. Drawing 2- Shows external appearance of the finished multi storey object in perspective; Drawing 3- Shows the cross-section "A- A" from Figure 1;

Drawing 4- Shows positioned ferrocement wall elements with temporary raking struts during construction in perspective;

Drawing 5- Shows positioned ferrocement roof elements in perspective;

Drawing 6- Shows a characteristic cross-section of installed insulation trough the height of the object in perspective;

Drawing 7 - Shows a characteristic horizontal cross-section of installed thermal insulation by the scope of object in perspective;

Drawing 8 - Shows a characteristic horizontal cross-section of construction elements of object which forming the load bearing structure without inner layers of wall elements, shown in perspective;

Drawing 9 - Shows projection of the wall element, top view;

Drawing 10 - Shows a characteristic half-section of the wall element with the cutout, shown in perspective;

Drawing 11 - Shows the cross-section "B-B" from Figure 9;

Drawing 12 - Shows the detail "A" from Figure 11 ;

Drawing 13 - Shows the cross-section "C-C" from Figure 9; Drawing 14 - Shows the detail "B" from Figure 13;

Drawing 15 - Shows projection of the wall element by its layers, shown in perspective;

Drawing 16 - Shows the wall element with characteristically opening for window, top view; Drawing 17 - Shows the wall element with characteristically opening for window, shown in perspective;

Drawing 18 - Represents anchoring set "Al", shown in perspective;

Drawing 19 - Represents hollow cylinder of anchoring set "Al", top view;

Drawing 20 - Shows the cross-section "D-D" from Figure 19;

Drawing 21 - Shows the position of anchoring set "Al" in the structural edge rib of the wall element, shown in perspective;

Drawing 22 - Shows detail of positioning of the anchoring set "Al" and its installing on the casing of the mold "K1 ", shown in perspective.

Drawing 23 - Shows extraction of the wall element from mold in four points using bolts with eye hole screwed into the inner thread of the hollow cylinder, shown in perspective;

Drawing 24 - Shows erection of the wall element into vertical position in two points using bolts with eye hole screwed into the inner thread of the hollow cylinder, shown in perspective; Drawing 25 - Shows positioning of the wall element hanged in two points using bolts with eye hole screwed into the inner thread of the hollow cylinder, shown in perspective;

Drawing 26 - Shows the installation of "p" supporting elements, shown in perspective;

Drawing 27 - Shows the installation of raking struts for fixing of the wall elements, shown in perspective;

Drawing 28 - Shows positioned, fixed wall element, shown in perspective;

Drawing 29 - Shows the detail "C" from Figure 28;

Drawing 30 - Shows positioning of adjacent wall element, shown in perspective;

Drawing 31 - Shows the installation and binding of two adjacent wall elements using tension rod with clevis ends, shown in perspective;

Drawing 32 - Shows the installation of reinforcement and outer shutters for pouring of reinforced concrete column, shown in perspective;

Drawing 33 - Shows the installation of reinforcement and shutters for pouring of reinforced concrete ring beam over column, shown in perspective;

Drawing 34 - Shows two adjacent elements with finished reinforced concrete column and horizontal ring beam over structural edge rib, shown in perspective;

Drawing 35 - Shows the roof element, top view;

Drawing 36 - Shows the cross-section "E-E" from Figure 36; Drawing 37 - Shows the cross-section "G-G" from Figure 36;

Drawing 38 - Shows the appearance of roof element in mould, shown in perspective;

Drawing 39 - Shows the cross-section "F-F" from Figure 36;

Drawing 40 - Shows the cross-section 'Ή-H" from Figure 36;

Drawing 41 - Shows the extraction of roof element from mould, shown in perspective;

Drawing 42 - Shows the positioning of the roof elements during construction, shown in perspective;

Drawing 43 - Shows the steel profile for interconnecting of roof elements, shown in perspective;

Drawing 44 - Shows "U" shaped steel profile for interconnecting of roof elements, shown in perspective;

Drawing 45 - Shows the cross-section "J-J" from Figure 43;

Drawing 46 - Shows the cross-section "I-I" from Figure 43;

Best Modes For Carrying Out Of The Invention

The construction object, described in the invention is built using prefabricated ferrocement structural wall elements El and structural roof elements E2, in such way to eliminate the appearance of thermal bridges in the built object, or their negative impact is reduced to a tolerant measure, in which finishing inner layer 8 of elements El are not involved in load transfer nor the static system of constructed object.

During the construction, for positioning of the elements El, it is prior to construct simple foundation strips 1, and floor plate 2 in between the foundation strips 1. Positioned elements El are temporarily fixed with raking struts 5, until reinforced concrete columns 3 are constructed in between the two adjacent elements El, after what the horizontal reinforced concrete ring beams 4 are formed, on which roof elements E2 are installed, which can carry all standard suspended ceilings S. In horizontal cross-section, insulation II of element El is continual and interrupted in the whole construction object, as in vertical cross section, because insulation II is in contact with insulation 13 on suspended ceiling S, insulation 12 of roof element E2, insulation 14 of floor plate 2, while foundations are insulated from outside by insulation 15. Such connected insulation and insulated construction presents construction object without thermal bridges. Structural edge ribs 6, reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7, reinforced concrete columns 3 form the load bearing construction system separated from finishing internal layer 8 of element El. Insulation II separates finishing layer 8 from structural parts of element El, structural edge ribs 6 and reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7, while insulation 13 on suspended ceiling S insulate the ring beam 4, which is separated from finishing layer 8 of the element El. All structural members of construction object, reinforced concrete columns 3, horizontal ring beams 4, structural edge ribs 6, reinforced concrete feiTOcement plates 7 and roof elements E2 are separated without contact surface with internal finishing layer 8 of elements El.

The prefabricated ferrocement wall element El is produced in mould K1 and is made as three layered structural element, which in the same time makes the wall filling with structurally independent finishing layer 8, which presents finishing internal wall surface of construction object which only needs skimming and painting.

Structural elements of element El consist of reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7 with adjoining structural edge ribs 6. Reinforcing mesh 14 is outspread trough entire plate 7 and structural edge ribs 6. Reinforcing mesh 14, by vertical sides of element El protrudes from reinforced concrete plate 7 and sides of structural edge ribs 6 fonning the rebar anchorages 10, which extends beyond the structural edge ribs 6. Anchorages 10 are constituent part of vertical reinforced concrete column 3 after installation of element El and pouring of concrete for reinforced concrete column 3. Reinforcement 11 is placed lengthwise on top of all structural edge ribs 6. Reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7 with structural edge ribs 6 is forming the shape of a shoe box lid within which the recess is in the form of a cuboids. In elements El, where it is designed, openings P for doors and windows are made. For easy manipulation with elements El, on all four comers of element El, anchor set A1 is implemented in structural edge ribs 6. The anchor set A1 is made of hollow cylinder 12 and two reinforcing bars 15 bent in the shape of Latin letter "U". One reinforcing bar 15 with opened end is set partially along the hollow cylinder 12, and second transversal to the hollow cylinder 12, wherein form a right angle and are welded to the hollow cylinder 12. In the round hole of the hollow cylinder 12 the internal thread 16 is made in which the bolt with the eye 17 is fastened, for lifting and manipulation with element El. Prior to pouring of cement matrix for production of elements El, anchoring set A1 is installed on plating Ol of mould Kl, and standard threaded screw is fastened trough plating Ol in internal thread 16 and anchoring set A1 is fixed on plating Ol. Anchoring set A1 can persist the load of element El it is not pulled through nor penetrate reinforcing mash 14 nor reinforcement 11 of element El what would impeded the position of anchoring set Al.

The recess in the form of cuboid formed by the reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7 and structural edge ribs 6 is filled with the insulation II in thickness higher than the height of structural edge ribs 6. The insulation II apart from filling the recess in the form of cuboid crosses over the structural edge ribs 6 and insulate the space in which reinforced concrete columns 3 are formed. The insulation II is continuous, uninterrupted, without thermal bridge, nor has any penetration of any reinforcing bar. By its shape the insulation II forms higher contact surface with structural elements, structural edge ribs 6 and reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7 increasing the adhesion and in the same time preventing the sliding in all directions and its detachment from them.

All layers in element El are cement based, installed in the mould and casted on fresh so layers connections are achieved solely by adhesion.

The internal finishing layer 8 of wall element El is made with tapered edges 9 on inner side of finishing layer 8, by finishing layer 8 height. Directly beneath finishing layer 8 several installation pipes 13 are installed in insulation II which are installed between reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7 and finishing layer 8. Finishing layer 8 is wider than width of reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7, so on wider edges of finishing layer 8 insulation II extents over structural edge ribs 6 and whole wider finishing layer 8. On such way the insulation II in wall elements El separates all other structural members of construction object, structural edge ribs 6, reinforced concrete ferrocement plates 7, reinforced concrete columns 3 and horizontal reinforced concrete ring beam 4, on outer side, from finishing internal wall surface which is made of finishing layer 8. Finishing layer 8 is thin, made of ferrocement or composite concrete and represents primarily inside finishing layer of construction object, which is not a part of static system and transfer no load. Finishing layer 8 of element El is separated without any rigid connection and totally structurally independent from structural elements of construction object, structural edge ribs 6, reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7, reinforced concrete columns 3, horizontal ring beams 4, roof elements E2 with insulating layer II. Tapered edges 9 on inside finishing layer 8 provide easy making of virtually invisible joints of the wall elements El which form the interior. Tapered edges 9 are processed by a standard alkali resistant fiberglass tape and a cement board joint compound making connections of elements El invisible and without cracks.

All openings P for doors and windows or other installations 13 are formed in production of wall elements El without forming any thermal bridge whereby in installation of door and window framings, jambs and sills there is no forming of thermal bridge.

On previously prepared construction site, in place where outer walls are planned after construction of simple reinforced concrete foundation strips 1 and concrete floor plate 2 the installation of elements El is performed.

For extraction of the elements El from the mould K1 and its manipulation on transport mean and construction site, in four inner treads 16 in hollow cylinders 12 bolts with eye hole 17 are fastened, while for lifting of elements El in vertical position only two bolts with eye hole 17 are used. The element El is placed in vertical position on concrete floor plate 2, and above the reinforced concrete strip foundations 1, left attached by lifting sling 35 and bolts with eye hole 17 secured from overturning, until on element El two supporting elements 19 in shape of Latin letter "p" are installed, where after from inner side of each supporting element 19, one end of raking strut 5 is fixed while other end of raking strut 5 is anchored in concrete floor plate 2 so supporting element 19 together with raking strut 5 form a rigid connection. The exact tilt of elements El is set by rotation of handles on tumbuckle body 37 on raking strut 5 activating treaded couple 38 in raking strut 5, changing the total length of raking strut 5, causing the change of angle between element El and concrete foundation plate 2. When vertical position of the element El in relation to concrete floor plate 2, lifting sling 35 and bolts with eye hole 17 are detached from the elements El. Afterwards the procedure is repeated with sub sequential element El. After setting of two elements El, one next to the other, on contiguous supporting elements 19, of adjacent elements El, threaded tension rod with clevis ends 20, which provides the correct mutual position of the elements El. Empty space formed for poring of reinforced concrete column 3 toward interior, i.e. toward finishing layer 8 of element El is in the same time closed and insulated from one side by insulation II, on two sides is closed by structural edge ribs 6 and from outer side it is closed by simple formwork 22. In the space for reinforced concrete column 3, the reinforcement 21 is set, and in such space concrete is poured forming a reinforced concrete column 3. Anchoring bars 10, protruding bars of reinforcing mesh 14 and column reinforcement 21 are bind together, wherein the vertical bars of column reinforcement 21 extend upwards from the reinforced concrete column 3 to the height of horizontal ring beam 4. After pouring of reinforced concrete columns 3, raking struts 5, threaded tension rod with clevis ends 20 and supporting elements 19 are dismantled from elements El, and on upper, horizontal structural edge rib 6, beam reinforcement 23 for horizontal ring beam 4 is placed. The beam reinforcement 23 is bind with column reinforcement 21 which is protruding from reinforced concrete column 3 after which space is closed by shutters 25 on two sides and concrete is poured in forms the horizontal reinforced concrete ring beams 4, which do not exceeds the width of structural edge ribs 6 of elements El. On such way structural edge ribs 6, reinforced concrete ferrocement plate 7, reinforced concrete column 3 and reinforced concrete ring beam 4 form structural system of construction object which takes and transfer all static and dynamic loads, while internal finishing layer 8 of element El is completely separated by insulation II and it represent only the final inner surface of the object. The entire reinforcement of the object is determined according to the static and dynamic structural calculation.

Prefabricated ferrocement roof elements E2 are structural elements produced in the mould K2. Roof element E2 is a profde of great length "U" shaped in cross section. The roof elements E2 are solely roof elements which can form both flat and sloping roofs according to design and the projected height of the horizontal reinforced concrete ring beams 4. High static height of structural ribs 24 provide sufficient rigidity and load capacity of roof element E2. The elements E2 meet the load capacity, both their own static and the effects of snow, the dynamic influence of the wind, as well as the load of all standard dry wall suspended ceilings S and associated constructions. The elements E2 are one layered ferrocement elements, which at the same time represent roof covering material, roof structural element and element ready for installation of all standard suspended ceilings S. On one side of the element E2, on the whole height of the structural rib 24, the grooves 26 are left on recommended distance, between each other, by the well-known manufacturers of the materials of the standard suspended ceilings S, in which threaded rods 29 are inserted which are used as the carry structure for the suspended ceiling S construction.

The anchoring sets A2 are implemented in the element E2, which are applicable on any point of any prefabricated reinforced concrete element including elements E2. The anchoring set A2 consists of hollow cylinder 12 and reinforcing bar 30 shaped like elongated Latin letter "C" or similar shaped anchoring bar welded transversely on the hollow cylinder 12. In the round hole of the hollow cylinder 12 internal thread 16 is made in which the bolt with the eye 17 is fastened for easy lifting and manipulation of elements E2.

Prior to pouring of cement matrix for structural ribs 24, each anchoring set A1 is installed on plating 02 of mould K2, and standard threaded bolt 18 is fastened trough plating 02 in thread 16 and anchoring set A2 is fixed on plating 02. Prior to extracting of element E2 from mould K2, threaded bolts 18 are unscrewed from threads 16 in hollow cylinders 12. For extracting of the elements E2 from mould K2 and transport on the construction site in all threads 16 of hollow cylinders 12 from outer side of structural ribs 24 bolts with the eye 17 are fastened. After the turning of elements E2 for 180° around its longitude axis, prior of lifting on the construction site, bolts with the eye 17 are fastened on the inner side of structural ribs 24 in all threads 16 in hollow cylinders 12.

On the construction site, the first element E2 is positioned directly on the horizontal reinforced concrete ring beams 4 and keeps secured by the lifting sling 35 and bolts with the eye 17 all until element E2 is fixed with steel bolt anchors 36. Next element E2 is positioned adjacent to previously fixed element E2 in such way that longitudinal axis of hollow cylinders 12 of adjacent elements E2 are in same line of sight positioned elements E2 are mutually connected with bolts 27 and corresponsive nuts whereby radius of bolt 27 is smaller than radius of inner thread 16 in hollow cylinder 12. Each element E2 is anchored in horizontal reinforced concrete ring beams 4 and with bolts 27 and corresponsive nuts firmly connected to the adjacent element E2. The process of positioning and fixing the elements E2 is repeated until all designed elements E2 are installed. The elements E2 although thin, with high static height of structural ribs 24 represent structural member of construction object, transfer vertical and horizontal loads, stiffen horizontal reinforced concrete ring beams 4 and the whole structure of construction object at the same time.

The threaded rods 29 pass simultaneously through "U" shaped steel profiles 28 with holes 31 and grooves 26, where the profiles 28 are placed on the rib 24. On the top side of the threaded rods 29 nuts 33 are screwed so the profiles 28 are fixed to the structural ribs 24. From the bottom side of the element E2 over the structural rib 24, wide washers 32 are positioned on threaded rods 29 and fixed by the nuts 33 within the element E2 over the bottom part of the structural rib 24. Threaded rods 29 are higher than the sum of the height of the element E2 and the thickness of the insulation 12. The insulation 12 is slipped onto the threaded rods 29 and is positioned along the inner side of the element E2, whereby on bottom side of the threaded rods 29 wide washers 34 are placed and the threaded nuts 33 are screwed till the insulation 12 is tightened. At the lower end of the threaded rods 29, the elements of standard suspended ceilings S, such as visors, anchors, CD profiles and the like, are placed, as instructed by the manufacturer.

The threaded rods 29 with the nuts 33 and the profiles 28 on the upper side of the element E2 and the washers 32 with the nuts 33 on the lower side transmit the load of the standard suspended ceiling S to the two adjacent elements E2 and at the same time equalize the deflection of the adjacent elements E2. The elements E2 at the same time represent the final roof covering material and structural element which supports insulation 12, insulation 13 and construction of standard suspended ceiling S with all associated installations.

According to the invention, the proposed solution for the construction of building structures from prefabricated ferrocement elements and the production of elements in special molds, differs from the existing building construction technologies, whether it is reinforced concrete, ferrocement or some other cement based composite materials.

Prefabricated elements are structural, load bearing elements with structural edge ribs and reinforced concrete ferrocement plate which form a self-supporting outer walls, while at the same time make the wall filling of great insulating capability, while the internal wall processing is reduced to the wall skimming and final painting as desired. In the isolated cavities, which remain during the construction of the building structure, reinforced concrete columns are poured on the construction site during the assembly process. All reinforcing is carried out according to the static and dynamic structural calculation and depending on the height of the object. The prefabricated roof elements are at the same time the structural elements and final roof covering elements that satisfy the load bearing capacity of both their own static and the influence of snow, the dynamic influence of the wind, the seismic, and the load of the construction of the suspended ceiling. Sizing of construction objects is done according to applicable standards and regulations for reinforced concrete.

With described way of construction of prefabricated construction objects built by prefabricated ferrocement elements produced in moulds, the basic goal of the inventor was achieved, where the appearance of thermal bridges is eliminated, whereby the formed structure transfers all static and dynamic loads only to the structural, outer parts of the elements, while the inner layers of the wall elements form the final inner layer of the walls of the building that do not participate in the static and load transfer of the object and are separated by an insulating layer which prevents the appearance of cracks inside the building at the joining points of prefabricated elements and cast concrete due to the different age of concrete by the concrete creep and concrete shrinking process as well as all effects of static and dynamic impacts on the object, seismic influences, soil setting and so on.