DURABLE SUPERHYDROPHOBIC COATINGS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to superhydrophobic coatings, and more particularly to superhydrophobic coatings including particles that can be covalently bonded to various surfaces.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A "super-hydrophobic" surface or particle is generally defined and is defined herein as that which has a contact angle greater than 150 degrees with a drop of water. Superhydrophobic (SH) coatings have been under development for many years. A major reason why superhydrophobic coatings have not been widely commercialized is due to their inherent lack of durability. This lack of durability is caused by the superhydrophobic particles themselves, in that these particles not only repel water, but also generally repel binders that could be used to attach them to various surfaces. Therefore, in order to overcome the repulsive forces of the binders a significant amount of binder often needs to be added. A problem arises, however, because in some cases the amount of binder required to find the superhydrophobic particles destroys the superhydrophobic behavior of the coding by feeling the nanoscale surface topology required to allow the superhydrophobic particles to be superhydrophobic.

Additionally, superhydrophobic coatings are typically only superhydrophobic at the coating's outer surface. Once the outer surface is abraded away, the surface is no longer superhydrophobic. This loss of superhydrophobicity is due to the superhydrophobic particles or structure being removed from the surface. Particles that are beneath the surface generally have their nanopores and nanotextured surfaces clogged with the underlying coating material, typically rendering them non- superhydrophobic.

In a standard electrostatic powder spraying process, dry resin powder, is electrostatically sprayed onto a given electrically grounded substrate. The electrically charged dry powder adheres to the grounded substrate by electrostatic forces. When the dry resin powder is cured, it becomes well bonded to the substrate.

A durable superhydrophobic coating capable of rendering a surface superhydrophobic would be extremely valuable. The applications of such surfaces are nearly endless. For example, a superhydrophobic car windshield would be virtually impervious to rainwater; and a superhydrophobic boat hull would minimize friction between the hull and the water. Therefore, a need exists to secure superhydrophobic particles to various surfaces such that the resulting coating is durable and retains its superhydrophobic characteristics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the present invention solve the above-identified problems, by providing a superhydrophobic coating that can include a

superhydrophobic powder with superhydrophobic particles having a three

dimensional nanostructured surface topology defining pores, and a resin. The superhydrophobic particles can be embedded within the resin. According to certain embodiments, the resin does not completely fill the pores of the superhydrophobic particles, such that the three dimensional surface topology of the superhydrophobic particles is preserved.

The superhydrophobic particles can comprise a hydrophobic coating. The hydrophobic coating can conform to the surface of the superhydrophobic particle so as to preserve the nanostructured surface topology of the particle. The

superhydrophobic particle can comprise a diatomaceous earth particle.

Diatomaceous earth particles have a nanostructured surface topology. When, according to various embodiments, a diatomaceous earth particle is coated with a hydrophobic coating, the diatomaceous earth particle can retain its nanostructured surface topology even after being coated with the hydrophobic coating. According to various embodiments, any or all of the super hydrophobic particles can have a porous core. The porous core of the superhydrophobic particles can be hydrophilic. Diatomaceous earth is an example of a porous core that is naturally hydrophilic. The porous core of the superhydrophobic particles can be a silicate. The silicate can be etched to provide the nanostructured surface topology.

The resin into which the superhydrophobic particles are embedded can be hydrophobic. A variety of polymers can be used as the resin. As used herein, the term "resin" means any solid or liquid synthetic or naturally occurring organic polymer and is not limited to materials obtained from naturally occurring exudations from certain plants. The pore volume of the superhydrophobic particle can be less than 50% filled by the resin. The diameter of the superhydrophobic particle can be between 0.1 - 20 μιη or between 1 and 20 μιη. The diameter of the superhydrophobic particles can be between 10 - 20 μιη. For purposes of the present application, the term "pore volume" refers to a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume of a particle. The term "pore volume" as used herein means the same as "porosity" or "void diffraction." The pore volume can be expressed as either a fraction, between 0 and 1 , or as a percentage, between 0 and 100%. The pore volume of a particle can be measured by any known method including direct methods, optical methods, computed tomography methods, imbibition methods, water evaporation methods, mercury intrusion porosimetry, gas expansion methods, thermoporosimetry, and cryoporometric methods.

The ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin can be between 1 :4 and 1 :20 by volume, between 1 :5 and 1 :7 by volume, between 1 :1 and 1 :4 by volume, or between 1 :1 .5 and 1 :2.5 by volume. For example, the ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin can be about 1 :6by volume or about 1 :2 by volume.

A precursor powder for a superhydrophobic coating can include a

superhydrophobic powder having superhydrophobic particles and a plurality of resin particles. The superhydrophobic particles have a three dimensional surface topology comprising pores. The resin particles can include a resin material, which is capable, when cured, of surrounding and embedding the superhydrophobic particles, while not completely filling the pores of the superhydrophobic particles.

The diameter of the resin particles can be between 1 - 100 μιη. According to certain embodiments, the diameter of the resin particles can be larger than the pore size of the superhydrophobic particles, but generally not more than 20 times the diameter of the superhydrophobic particles. According to certain embodiments, the diameter of the resin particles can be larger than the pore size of the

superhydrophobic particles, but generally not more than 4 times the diameter of the superhydrophobic particles. The diameter of the resin particles can be larger than average pore size of the superhydrophobic particles, but generally not more than 10 times the diameter of the superhydrophobic particles. According to other

embodiments, the diameter of the resin particles can be larger than average pore size of the superhydrophobic particles, but generally not more than 2 times the diameter of the superhydrophobic particles. A method for applying a superhydrophobic coating to a surface can include the steps of providing a precursor powder for a superhydrophobic coating. The precursor powder can have a plurality of superhydrophobic particles. The superhydrophobic particles can have a three dimensional surface topology comprising pores. The precursor powder also can include a plurality of resin particles. The resin particles can include a resin material that is capable, when cured, of surrounding and embedding the superhydrophobic particles within the resin, but not completely filling the pores of the superhydrophobic particles. The precursor powder can be applied to the surface. The resin can be cured to bond the resin to the surface and to surround and/or to embed the superhydrophobic particles in the resin.

The resin can be hydrophobic. The superhydrophobic particle can include a porous core material and a hydrophobic coating. The hydrophobic coating can conform to the surface of the porous core material so as to preserve the

nanostructured surface topology. The porous core material can be hydrophilic.

The porous core material can include a silicate. The silicate can be etched to provide a nanostructured surface topology. The porous core material can include diatomaceous earth. The pore volume of the superhydrophobic particle can be less than 50% filled by the resin. The diameter of the superhydrophobic particle can be between 0.1 - 20 μιη or about 1 μιη. The diameter of the superhydrophobic particles can be between 10 - 20 μιη. The ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin can be between 1 :4 and 1 :20 by volume or between 1 :1 and 1 :4 by volume. The ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin can be between 1 :5 and 1 :7 by volume or between 1 :1 .5 and 1 :2.5 by volume. The ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin can be about 1 :6 by volume or about 1 :2 by volume. A layer of resin particles can be applied to the surface prior to applying the precursor powder to the surface. The precursor powder can be applied to the surface by an electrostatic spraying process.

According to various other embodiments, the present invention provides each coating particle with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces.

The superhydrophobic particles according to various embodiments can be employed as coatings for various surfaces and substrates; in waterproof paint; in waterproof epoxies; in polymers and blends; in wood products; in or on bandages; in or on optical coatings; or in various fabrics, such as used in clothing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

There are shown in the drawings embodiments that are presently preferred it being understood that the invention is not limited to the arrangements and instrumentalities shown, wherein:

Figures 1 a - 1 f : are frames from a video demonstrating the

superhydrophobicity of an aluminum power line coated according to one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2: is a chemical diagram of an exemplary silica-rich

amphoteric particulate with superhydrophobic and cross- linkable (coupling agent) sites;

Figures 3a - 3b: are chemical diagrams of exemplary superhydrophobic sites;

Figures 4a - 4b: are chemical diagrams of exemplary coupling agent;

Figure 5: is a schematic diagram showing a plurality of

superhydrophobic particles covalently bonded to the surface of a polymeric binder, which is in turn bonded to a substrate;

Figure 6: is a schematic diagram showing a plurality of

superhydrophobic particles covalently bonded to the surface of a polymeric binder and a plurality of superhydrophobic particles embedded into the polymeric binder, which is in turn bonded to a substrate;

Figure 7: is a schematic diagram showing a plurality of

superhydrophobic particles embedded into a polymeric binder, which is in turn bonded to a substrate; and

Figure 8: show results from a Taber Abrasion test of

superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth (SHDE) sprayed along with a binder onto a steel plate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to various embodiments a superhydrophobic coating can include a superhydrophobic powder with superhydrophobic particles and a resin. The superhydrophobic particles can have a three dimensional nanostructured surface topology defining pores. The superhydrophobic particles can be embedded within the resin, such that at least some of the superhydrophobic particles are completely enveloped by or surrounded by the resin. As used herein the term "embedded" means to enclose firmly in a surrounding mass. The term "embedded" therefore includes not only particles that are completely surrounded or enveloped by the resin but also particles that are only partially enveloped, enclosed, or surrounded in the surrounded resin. According to various embodiments, a superhydrophobic coating can include a plurality of superhydrophobic particles that includes some completely embedded particles and some partially embedded particles. The completely embedded particles reside entirely within a resin layer such that they are surrounded on all sides by resin. The partially embedded particles have portions of their surface area protruding beyond the resin layer's surface. The protruding, partially embedded, particles can impart superhydrophobicity to the surface of the coating. The completely embedded particles allow the coating to remain superhydrophobic even after the surface of the coating is abraded or sanded away. When the surface of the coating is abraded or sanded away some or all of the partially embedded particles can be removed, but some or all of the completely embedded particles can be exposed at the surface of the coating. The exposed particles can then function to impart superhydrophobicity to the surface of the coating.

One reason that the completely embedded particles are able to maintain their superhydrophobicity once they are exposed to the surface after sanding or abrading is that despite being completely embedded within the resin, the resin does not completely fill the pores or completely cover the superhydrophobic particles. Since the resin does not completely fill the pores or completely cover the

superhydrophobic particles, the three dimensional surface topology of the

superhydrophobic particles is preserved. The resin can be capable of being melted and blended with the superhydrophobic (SH) particles without completely filling the pores of the superhydrophobic particles and/or without covering all of the

nanotextured surfaces of the superhydrophobic particles. According to certain embodiments, the superhydrophobic particles can repel the resin to preserve a volume of air within the porous core of each superhydrophobic particle. The degree to which the resin does fill the pores of the superhydrophobic particles shall be defined in more detail hereinafter. Various embodiments describe how to modify existing electrostatic spray powder coating techniques such that the resulting coating is well-bonded, durable, and superhydrophobic (SH). Various embodiments combine dry powder resins with superhydrophobic, nano-textured amorphous silica powder to form a well-bonded coating that is both superhydrophobic at the surface and is still superhydrophobic when the outer surface is abraded away, for example, by sending the outer surface.

Additional embodiments relate to a precursor powder comprising super hydrophobic particles and resin particles. Such embodiments allow

superhydrophobic particles, such as superhydrophobic nano-textured silica, to be covalently bonded to a polymeric binder while retaining the superhydrophobic character of the particle. According to various embodiments a superhydrophobic particle, such as a superhydrophobic nano-textured silica powder (for example, superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth) can be covalently bonded to one or more polymeric binders, such as polyurethane or epoxy. The polymeric binder can then be bonded to a variety of substrates according to known methods.

Superhydrophobic Particles

A "hydrophobic" surface or particle is generally defined and defined herein as that which has a contact angle of from 90 degrees to 150 degrees with a drop of water. A "super-hydrophobic" surface or particle is generally defined and is defined herein as that which has a contact angle greater than 150 degrees with a drop of water. The maximum possible contact angle that can be achieved between a drop of water and a surface is 180 degrees.

Each of the superhydrophobic particles can comprise a hydrophobic coating. The hydrophobic coating can conform to the surface of each superhydrophobic particle, so as to preserve the nanostructured surface topology.

Any or all of the superhydrophobic particles can include a porous core and/or a porous core material. The porous core and/or the porous core material can be hydrophilic. The porous core and/or the porous core material of the

superhydrophobic particles can be a silicate. The silicate can be etched to provide the nanostructured surface topology. According to some embodiments the superhydrophobic particle can comprise one or more diatomaceous earth particles. The surface chemistry of the porous core and/or the porous core material can be changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by the application of a hydrophobic coating. The hydrophobic coating can conform to the surface of the porous core material, so as to preserve the nanostructured surface topology.

The diameter of any or all of the superhydrophobic particles and/or the average diameter of the superhydrophobic particles can be within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 0.05, 0.1 , 0.5, 1 , 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 1 1 , 1 1 .5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 1 6, 16.5, 1 7, 17.5, 1 8, 18.5, 1 9, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21 , 21 .5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, and 25 μιη at one atmosphere pressure. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the diameter of any or all of the superhydrophobic particles and/or the average diameter of the

superhydrophobic particles can be from 0.1 - 20 μιη, from 1 - 20 μιη, or from 10 - 20 μιη.

The pore volume of any or all of the superhydrophobic particles and/or the average pore volume of the superhydrophobic particles can be within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 0.01 , 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1 , 0.1 1 , 0.12, 0.1 3, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.1 8, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21 , 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.31 , 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4, 0.41 , 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, and 0.5 ml/g. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the pore volume of any or all of the superhydrophobic particles and/or the average pore volume of the superhydrophobic particles can be 0.1 - 0.3 ml/g.

The surface area of any or all of the superhydrophobic particles and/or the average surface area of any or all of the superhydrophobic particles can be within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 0.5, 1 , 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 1 00, 105, 1 10, 1 15, and 120 m ² /gm. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the surface area of any or all of the superhydrophobic particles and/or the average surface area of any or all of the superhydrophobic particles can be 1 - 100 m ² /gm.

Differentially etched spinodal superhydrophobic powders are described in detail in US Patent No. 7,258,731 to D'Urso et al., issued on August 21 , 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and consists of nano-porous and nanotextured silica (once the borate has been etched away). Such differentially etched spinal superhydrophobic powders can be employed as the superhydrophobic particles according to various embodiments.

Superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth (SHDE) is described in detail US Patent No. 8,216,674 to Simpson et al., issued on July 10, 2012) , which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Such superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth particles can be employed as the superhydrophobic particles according to various embodiments.

Various embodiments relate to simultaneously covalently bonding

superhydrophobic nano-textured particles, such as superhydrophobic nano-textured silica, to a polymeric binder while maintaining the superhydrophobic behavior of the superhydrophobic particles. The superhydrophobic particles can be covalently bonded to the polymeric binder and subsequently the binder can be bound to nearly any type of substrate.

Various embodiments describe a robust superhydrophobic coating based on amphoteric particulates, as well as, a method of forming a robust superhydrophobic coating based on amphoteric particulates. For purposes of the present invention, the term "amphoteric" particulate or "amphoteric" particle means a particulate or particle having chemical constituents having opposing characteristics, such that the overall particulate has both superhydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics.

According to various embodiments, silica-rich particulates with micron- and nano-sized features and pores (e.g. diatomaceous earth, fumed silica) can be modified to exhibit superhydrophobic behavior, while also being covalently bonded to polymeric binders. Diatomaceous earth typically contains from 80% to 95% silica by weight, while fumed silica typically contains roughly >96% silica by weight. For purposes of the present application the term "silica-rich" includes any composition that includes greater than or equal to 50% silica by weight. According to the present application, a "silica-rich" composition can have an amount of silica in a range within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 % by weight. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, according to the present application, a "silica-rich" composition can have an amount of silica in a range of from 50 to 1 00 % by weight

In terms of surface energy, the particles have a dual nature (amphoteric) consisting of superhydrophobic areas and hydrophilic areas.

The superhydrophobic areas can provide low surface energy sites to each particle. According to various embodiments a low surface energy site can have a surface energy within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 10, 1 1 , 12, 1 3, 14, 15, 1 6, 17, 1 8, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40 dynes/cm. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, according to various embodiments a low surface energy site can have a surface energy of less than 25 dynes/cm or a surface energy of from 18 to 25 dynes/cm.

On the other hand, the hydrophilic areas can comprise functional groups providing high surface energy sites to each particle. According to various

embodiments a high surface energy site can have a surface energy within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, and 80 dynes/cm. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, according to various embodiments a high surface energy site can have a surface energy of from 50 dynes/cm to about 73 dynes/cm. The functional groups of the hydrophilic areas can be covalently bonded to polymeric binders. For purposes of the present invention the term, "covalently bonded" means a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule. Figure 2 provides an exemplary chemical structure of a silica-rich amphoteric particulate molecule with hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites. The population of the hydrophobic sites dominates the particle surface and this is why particles exhibit superhydrophobic properties even though there exists hydrophilic sites. The low surface energy (superhydrophobic) sites are based either on a sequence of methylene groups (CH ₂ ) terminating to a methyl group (CH ₃ ) or on a sequence of fluorocarbons (CF ₂ ) terminating to a methyl group (CH ₃ ). The coupling agents consist of crosslinkable groups such as amines (NH ₂ ) or epoxide rings (C ₂ H ₃ O). According to various embodiments, particle functionalization, i.e., the process for providing a particle with an amphoteric characteristic, such that the particle comprises both superhydrophobic areas and hydrophilic areas, may occur through hydrolysis reactions in a solution of self-assembly monolayers (SAM).

Superhydrophobic sites can be created using: fluoromonomers like fluoro- based silanes such as (heptadecafluoro-1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)trichlorosilane

(C ₁₀ H C ₁₃ F ₁₇ Si), as shown in Figure 3a; or paraffinic hydrocarbon monomers (e.g.. alkyl-based silanes such as n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (Ci ₈ H ₃₇ Ci ₃ Si)), as shown in Figure 3b.

Hydrophilic sites, i.e., sites to be used for polymeric binding, can be created using: coupling silanes with functional groups, such as (3- glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (C9H20O5S1), as shown in Figure 4a; or (3- trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylene-triamine (CioH2 ₇ N ₃ 0 ₃ Si), as shown in Figure 4b.

Depending on the type of silanes to be used for the particle surface modification, the self-assembly monolayer (SAM) concentration and reaction kinetics should be optimized in order to provide binding sites without sacrificing the superhydrophobic properties of the particulates.

Depending on the type of silane used, varying degrees of coverage of each particle's surface with superhydrophobic sites may be required to render the overall particle sufficiently superhydrophobic. Each particle among the plurality of particles can have the same or different degree of hydrophobicity or superhydrophobicity. Depending on the final application, one or more particles may have a degree of superhydrophobicity, as measured by a contact angle with a drop of water, within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 150, 1 50.5, 151 , 1 51 .5, 152, 152.5, 1 53, 153.5, 154, 1 54.5, 155, 155.5, 156, 156.5, 157, 157.5, 158, 1 58.5, 159, 159.5, 160, 160.5, 161 , 1 61 .5, 162, 162.5, 163, 163.5, 164, 164.5, 165, 1 65.5, 166, 166.5, 167, 167.5, 168, 1 68.5, 169, 169.5, 170, 170.5, 171 , 171 .5, 172, 1 72.5, 173, 173.5, 174, 174.5, 175, 1 75.5, 176, 176.5, 177, 177.5, 178, 178.5, 179, 1 79.5, and 180 degrees. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, depending on the final application, one or more particles may have a degree of superhydrophobicity, as measured by a contact angle with a drop of water, in a range of from 150 degrees to 180 degrees. In order to render a particles surface sufficiently superhydrophobic, such that it has a contact angle with a drop of water as described in the preceding paragraph, it can be necessary to cover a certain percentage of the surface area with superhydrophobic sites. According to various embodiments, a superhydrophobic particle can have superhydrophobic sites covering a surface area in a range within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 0.5, 1 , 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 1 1 , 1 1 .5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 1 5, 15.5, 1 6, 16.5, 1 7, 17.5, 1 8, 18.5, 1 9, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21 , 21 .5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30, and 30.5 % of the surface area of the overall particle. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, according to various embodiments, a superhydrophobic particle can have superhydrophobic sites covering a surface area in a range of from 1 to 20% of the overall surface area of the particle.

Functionalization can be a one step process. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites are statistically distributed throughout the particle surface. The population of the hydrophobic sites dominates the particle surface and this is why particles exhibit superhydrophobic properties even though there exists hydrophilic sites. In other words, the surface area not covered by superhydrophobic sites, can be covered with hydrophilic sites, which, as described above, can be used for bonding the particle to a substrate or to a binder material. The substrate can be any substrate, including but not limited to glass, metal, and wood surfaces. According to various embodiments, a superhydrophobic particle can have hydrophilic sites covering a surface area in a range within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 60, 60.5, 61 , 61 .5, 62, 62.5, 63, 63.5, 64, 64.5, 65, 65.5, 66, 66.5, 67, 67.5, 68, 68.5, 69, 69.5, 70, 70.5, 71 , 71 .5, 72, 72.5, 73, 73.5, 74, 74.5, 75, 75.5, 76, 76.5, 77, 77.5, 78, 78.5, 79, 79.5, 80, 80.5, 81 , 81 .5, 82, 82.5, 83, 83.5, 84, 84.5, 85, 85.5, 86, 86.5, 87, 87.5, 88, 88.5, 89, 89.5, 90, 90.5, 91 , 91 .5, 92, 92.5, 93, 93.5, 94, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, and 99.5 % of the overall surface area of the particle. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, according to various embodiments, a superhydrophobic particle can have hydrophilic sites covering a surface area in a range of about 97% of the overall surface area of the particle.

Note that a 3% surface area coverage doesn't necessarily mean that 97% of the particle's outer surface is untreated. Since these particles can be very porous, a large amount of the particle's surface area may be contained within its pores.

Therefore, a 3% surface area coverage may translate into 50% to 80% outer surface area coverage. The outer surface area being defined as the surface area of the smallest sphere that can completely surrounded a given particle.

Indicative methods for binding the silanes on the particle surface are:

i) One step hydrolysis reactions: The silica-rich particulates can be

functionalized in a solution of superhydrophobic silanes and coupling agents. The concentration and reactivity (e.g. silanes terminating to -trichloro or -trimethoxy groups) of the superhydrophobic silanes and coupling agents determine the corresponding surface area ratio of the SH:coupling-agent sites on the particle surface.

ii) Two step hydrolysis reactions: The binding reaction kinetics of the superhydrophobic silanes can be monitored. Terminating the reaction according to the calculated reaction rate, will allow control of the surface coverage of the superhydrophobic sites. Successively, a second reaction can be initiated and the remaining sites can be occupied with coupling agents that will facilitate the covalently bonding of the particles to the polymer binder.

The amphoteric particulates can be dispersed in a solution of a polymer binder with functional groups (e.g. epoxy resin) that can form covalent bonds with the coupling agents on the particulate surface. The entire suspension can be spray- deposited to form robust superhydrophobic coatings. The roughness of the coatings can be enhanced by:

i) Decreasing the solubility of the polymeric binder (i.e. using a mixture of good and poor solvents). A less soluble binder results in a more pronounced phase separation between the binder and the particulates.

ii) Annealing of the silica-rich particulates prior to their functionalization. Prior to functionalization, the powder can be annealed at 500 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes and subsequently cooled down to 70 degrees Celsius. A small aperture on the top of the oven allowed water evaporation. Annealing at 500 degrees Celsius results in evaporation of both water layers (weakly and strongly bound) whereas, equilibrium at 70 degrees Celsius allows the absorption of small amounts of water that is strongly bound on the surface of the particulates. During the annealing process the amounts of strongly and weakly bound water were not quantified.

Micron-size particles with no or minute amounts of water exhibit weak electrostatic (Van de Waals) forces after functionalization and form less pronounced aggregates that are more favorable to break the binder surface and create superhydrophobic protrusions. An additional benefit of particle annealing is the removal of organic contaminants on the particle surface.

As described above, various embodiments take advantage of the fact that only a relatively small portion (for example, 2% to 75% surface area coverage with superhydrophobic sites) of a nanotextured silica surface need be functionalized (with a hydrophobic silane) in order to exhibit superhydrophobic behavior.

This partial surface functionalization allows the application of a second functionalization (with a hydrophilic silane) of the same particle.

The overall effect of simultaneously using two silanes on nanotextured silica (like diatomaceous earth) is to create a superhydrophobic material that can covalently bond to a substrate directly (or to bonding materials like epoxy) and still maintain superhydrophobic behavior on the particle's surface. Another advantage of having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic silanes bonded to different parts of each particle is that the functionalized silica self assembles itself such that the hydrophilic portion of the particle bonds to the substrate (or binder) while the hydrophobic portion of the particle doesn't bond to the substrate (or the binder) and remains free to make the coated surface superhydrophobic.

Referring to Figure 5, a schematic diagram of a structure according to various embodiments is shown. A plurality of superhydrophobic particles 500 can be covalently bonded to the surface of a polymeric binder 501 . The polymeric binder can in turn he bonded to the surface of a substrate 502.

Referring to Figure 6, a schematic diagram of a structure according to various embodiments shown. A first plurality of superhydrophobic particles 600 can be covalently bonded to the surface of a polymeric binder 602. A second plurality of superhydrophobic particles 601 can be embedded within the polymeric binder 602. The superhydrophobic particles 601 can be partially or completely embedded below the surface of polymeric binder 602. In addition to being embedded within the polymeric binder 602, one or more of the plurality of superhydrophobic particles 601 can be covalently bonded to the polymeric binder 602 at one or more contact points between a given superhydrophobic particle 601 and the polymeric binder 602. The polymeric binder 602 can be bonded to the surface of a substrate 603

Referring to Figure 7, a schematic diagram of a structure according to various embodiments is shown. A plurality of superhydrophobic particles 700 can be partially or completely embedded within a polymeric binder 701 . In addition to being embedded within the polymeric binder 701 , one or more superhydrophobic particles within the plurality of superhydrophobic particles 700 can be covalently bonded to the polymeric binder 701 . The polymeric binder 701 can be bonded to the surface of a substrate 701 .

Resin

According to various embodiments, the resin, which is also referred to as the polymeric binder, can be hydrophobic. On example of a suitable hydrophobic resin is fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). Other embodiments can employ Ultra-violet (UV) curable resins, thermoset resins, and thermoplastic. UV curable resins are particularly preferred for certain purposes, because they can allow for the coating of various thermal sensitive substrates, such as plastics, waxes, or any material that might melt or soften at the curing temperature used for other resins. According to certain embodiments, it can be advantageous to use hydrophobic resins (like FEP) of electrostatic powder coat resins commercially available including, thermal set resins, thermal plastic resins, and UV curable resins. Combinations of various types of resins can also be employed.

Resins can include, but are not limited to, polypropylene; polystyrene;

polyacrylate; polycyanoacrylates; polyacrylates; polysiloxanes; polyisobutylene; polyisoprene; polyvinylpyrrolidone; epoxy resins, polyester resins (also known as TGIC resins), polyurethane resins, polyvinyl alcohol; styrene block copolymers; block amide copolymers; amorphous fluoropolymer, such as that sold by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company ("DuPont") under the TEFLON AF® trademark; acrylic copolymer, alkyd resin mixtures, such as those sold by Rohm and Haas under the FASTRACK XSR® trademark, and copolymers and mixtures thereof.

The resins can include further components, including tackifiers, plasticizers and other components. In general, the smaller the resin powder grain size, the more uniform the superhydrophobic powder dispersion. The same is true for the superhydrophobic powder grain size. It should be noted, however, that according to certain

embodiments, if the resin grains become too small (<1 micron) it is more likely that the resins will begin to fill the pores of the superhydrophobic powder and cover up too much of the surface texture of the superhydrophobic powder.

Superhydrophobic powder grains can have a diameter within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10000, 10500, 1 1000, 1 1500, 1 2000, 1 2500, 13000, 13500, 14000, 14500, 1 5000, 15500, 16000, 16500, 17000, 1 7500, 1 8000, 18500, 19000, 19500, 20000, 20500, 21000, 21500, 22000, 22500, 23000, 23500, 24000, 24500, and 25000 nm. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, superhydrophobic powder grains can have a diameter within range of from 20 nm to 20 microns, or from 100 nm to 1 5 microns.

The diameter of the resin particles can be within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 0.01 , 0.05, 0.1 , 0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 1 10, 1 15, and 1 20 μιη. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the diameter of the resin particles can be between 1 - 1 00 μιη.

The diameter of the resin particles can be larger than the pore size of the superhydrophobic particles by a factor within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 1 , 10, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1 100, 1200, 1 300, 1400, 1500, 1 600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4100, 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600, 4700, 4800, 4900, and 5000. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the diameter of the resin particles can be larger than the pore size of the superhydrophobic particles by a factor within a range of from 1 to 5000. The resin particles could be as small as the silica pore size (~20nm pore size) and as large as 5000 times as large as the pores (i.e.100 microns).

The diameter of the resin particles can be larger than the diameter of the superhydrophobic particles by a factor within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 0.1 , 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.1 , 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.1 , 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the diameter of the resin particles can be larger than the diameter of the superhydrophobic particles by a factor within a range of from 0.1 to 4.

According to some embodiments, the diameter of the resin particles can be larger than the pore size of the superhydrophobic particles but generally not more than 20 times the diameter of the superhydrophobic particles. According to other embodiments the diameter of the resin particles can be larger than average pore size of the superhydrophobic particles but generally not more than 10 times the diameter of the superhydrophobic particles.

Composition of the Superhydrophobic Coating

The ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin in the superhydrophobic coating, by volume can be selected from 1:1, 1:1.25, 1 :1.5, 1:1.75, 1 :2, 1 :2.25, 1 :2.5, 1:2.75, 1:3, 1:3.25, 1:3.5, 1:3.75, 1:4, 1:4.25, 1:4.5, 1:4.75, 1:5, 1:5.25, 1:5.5, 1:5.75, 1:6, 1:6.25, 1:6.5, 1:6.75, 1:7, 1:7.25, 1:7.5, 1:7.75, 1:8, 1:8.25, 1:8.5, 1:8.75, 1:9, 1:9.25, 1:9.5, 1:9.75, 1:10, 1:10.25, 1:10.5, 1:10.75, 1:11, 1:11.25, 1:11.5, 1:11.75, 1:12, 1:12.25, 1:12.5, 1:12.75, 1:13, 1:13.25, 1:13.5, 1:13.75, 1:14, 1:14.25, 1:14.5, 1 :14.75, and 1 :15. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin in the superhydrophobic coating can be between 1 :1 and 1 :10, by volume. The ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin can be between 1 :1.5 and 1 :5, by volume. The ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin can be about 1 :4, by volume.

The pore volume of any or all of superhydrophobic particle that is filled by the resin can be within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 1 9, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, and 60 %. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the pore volume of any or all of superhydrophobic particle can be less than 50% filled by the resin.

Superhydrophobic powder grains, like superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth, are generally much lighter than resin grains of comparable size because of the superhydrophobic powder grain's high porosity and surface area. In addition, the superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth powder grains described in this invention are generally much smaller than the typical resin grains. For instance, resin grain sizes typically vary from about 30 microns to 100 microns in diameter, while

superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth typically varies from 0.5 microns to 15 microns in diameter. This means that equal volumes of superhydrophobic

diatomaceous earth and resin powder consist of considerably more SHDE grains and will contain much more resin by weight.

Precursor powder

A precursor powder for a superhydrophobic coating comprises a

superhydrophobic powder having superhydrophobic particles and a plurality of resin particles. The superhydrophobic particles can each have a three dimensional surface topology comprising pores. The resin particles can comprise a resin material, which, when cured, can be capable of embedding the superhydrophobic particles within the resin, but does not completely fill the pores of the

superhydrophobic particles.

Superhydrophobic silicon dioxide (silica) nanoparticles can have a diameter within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 0.1 , 0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 1 5, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 1 1 0, 1 15, 120, and 125 nm. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, superhydrophobic silica nanoparticles can have a diameter of from 1 nm to 100 nm. Superhydrophobic silica nanoparticles are typically spherical or approximately spherical and have diameters of less than 100 nm in size. The silica particles can have a diameter that is as small as a few nanometers, but often conglomerate into compound particles microns in size. The diameter of particle conglomerates can be within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1 100, 1 200, 1300, 1400, 1 500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 21 00, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 31 00, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4100, 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600, 4700, 4800, 4900, 5000, 5100, 5200, 5300, 5400, and 5500 nm. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the diameter of particle conglomerates can be from 200 nm to 5 microns.

Once the superhydrophobic particles and the resin particles are blended to form the precursor powder, the precursor powder can be directly sprayed

(electrostatically) onto a substrate (usually a metal).

The substrate can then be preheated to a temperature within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 1 10, 1 15, 120, 1 25, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 1 60, 165, 170, 175, 1 80, 1 85, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, and 300 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the substrate can then be preheated to a temperature within a range of from 100 degrees Fahrenheit to 250 degrees Fahrenheit. This temperature range can correspond to the low end of the curing temperature range. The preheating step can allow the substrate to approach the curing temperature of the resin before the resin cures.

Once the substrate is within 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 degrees Fahrenheit of the curing temperature, the temperature can be elevated to the normal curing temperature range, which can be within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, 300, 305, 310, 315, 320, 325, 330, 335, 340, 345, 350, 355, 360, 365, 370, 375, 380, 385, 390, 395, 400, 405, 410, 41 5, 420, 425, 430, 435, 440, 445, 450, 455, 460, 465, 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495, and 500 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, once the substrate is within 10 degrees Fahrenheit of the curing temperature, the temperature can be elevated to the normal curing temperature range, which can be from 250 degrees Fahrenheit to 450 degrees Fahrenheit. Once at curing range, the temperature can be held for a time period. The time period can be within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 1 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30 minutes. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the time period can be from about 10 to 15 minutes. Since the substrate is typically already at or near the curing temperature, this increase in temperature readily increases the substrate temperature and allows the resin to sufficiently bond to the substrate.

The superhydrophobic powder can be mechanically bonded to the resin, because the resin partially penetrates into its porous nanotextured structure during the curing process. If the powder work cured at the curing temperature without waiting for the substrate to warm up, the thermal mass of the substrate and insulation attributes of superhydrophobic particles, such as superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth, would prevent the substrate from heating up to the curing temperature before the resin cured. The result would be an unbonded

superhydrophobic resin film that would simply fall off the substrate.

Application process

A method for applying a superhydrophobic coating to a surface can include the steps of providing a precursor powder for a superhydrophobic coating. The precursor powder can have a plurality of superhydrophobic particles. The

superhydrophobic particles can have a three dimensional surface topology comprising pores. The precursor powder can also include a plurality of resin particles. The resin particles can include a resin material that is capable, when cured, of embedding the superhydrophobic particles within the resin, but not filling the pores of the superhydrophobic particles or completely covering the particle surface. The precursor powder is applied to the surface. The resin is cured to bond the resin to the surface and to embed the superhydrophobic particles in the resin.

The precursor powder can be applied by a spray-on process.

The precursor powder can be applied by dipping a hot substrate into a blended resin/superhydrophobic powder that would cause the blend to coat and cure on the substrate. The hot substrate can be maintained at a temperature within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 175, 1 80, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, 300, 305, 310, 31 5, 320, 325, 330, 335, 340, 345, 350, 355, 360, 365, 370, 375, 380, 385, 390, 395, 400, 405, 41 0, 415, 420, 425, 430, 435, 440, 445, and 450 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the hot substrate can be maintained at a temperature in a range of 200 degrees Fahrenheit to 400 degrees Fahrenheit for a time period. The time period can be within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 1 3, 14, 15, 1 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30 minutes. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the time period can be from about 10 to 15 minutes.

Preheating the substrate can be important due to the thermal insulating effects of the superhydrophobic silica powder. The fact that the dry powder blend contains a thermally insulating silica powder (e.g. SHDE) means that it will likely be more difficult to get the substrate up to a temperature that promotes curing. If the substrate is prevented from reaching the curing temperature in the allotted curing time (because of the SH silica powder blend) then the coating might not adequately bond to the substrate.

The same type of coating/curing can be done with a hot substrate engulfed on a cloud of swirling powder. In this embodiment, the hot substrate can be maintained at a temperature within a range having a lower limit and/or an upper limit. The range can include or exclude the lower limit and/or the upper limit. The lower limit and/or upper limit can be selected from 175, 180, 185, 190, 1 95, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, 300, 305, 310, 315, 320, 325, 330, 335, 340, 345, 350, 355, 360, 365, 370, 375, 380, 385, 390, 395, 400, 405, 410, 415, 420, 425, 430, 435, 440, 445, and 450 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the hot substrate can be maintained at a temperature in a range of 200 degrees Fahrenheit to 400 degrees Fahrenheit.

There are many possible variations for depositing the superhydrophobic powder. In a process having only one application step, the dry powder resin and superhydrophobic particles can be blended together. The superhydrophobic particles can be superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth (SHDE), but other nanostructured superhydrophobic powders can be used, such as silica

nanoparticles, and differentially etched spinodal decomposed borosilicate glass powder. Mixtures of different types of superhydrophobic particles are also possible.

A layer of resin particles can be applied to the surface prior to applying the precursor powder to the surface. The precursor powder can be applied to the surface by an electrostatic spraying process.

Rejuvenation process

Various embodiments relate to a method of rejuvenating a superhydrophobic surface. The superhydrophobic surface can be a surface according to any of the preceding embodiments. The super hydrophobic surface can be prepared according to any of the preceding embodiments. For example, the super hydrophobic surface can comprise a resin; and a plurality of superhydrophobic particles. Each

superhydrophobic particle can have a three dimensional, nanostructured surface topology, defining a plurality of pores. At least a portion of the superhydrophobic particles can be embedded within the resin or chemically bonded to the resin so as to be surrounded by the resin. According to various embodiments, the resin does not fill the pores of the embedded superhydrophobic particles such that the three dimensional surface topology of the superhydrophobic particles is preserved. The method of rejuvenating a super hydrophobic surface can comprise of simply abrading the superhydrophobic surface to expose the embedded superhydrophobic particles.

Again, superhydrophobic powder grains, like superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth, are generally much lighter than resin grains of comparable size because of the superhydrophobic powder grain's high porosity and surface area. In addition, the superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth powder grains described in this invention are generally much smaller than the typical resin grains. For instance, resin grain sizes typically vary from about 30 microns to 100 microns in diameter, while

superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth typically varies from 0.5 microns to 15microns in diameter. This means that equal volumes of superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth and resin powder consist of considerably more SHDE grains and will contain much more resin by weight.

When a drop of water is surrounded by marginally superhydrophobic silica powder very small powder grains can be somewhat sticky to the drop and can produce a thin film of such powder grains on the drop's surface. Such water drops covered with marginally SH silica are called "water marbles." These water marbles generally will not combine with each other because of the repulsive effects of the SH powder. The same effect can occur to the curing powder resins according to various embodiments to form resin marbles. Each resin marble can be covered with a plurality of superhydrophobic and resinphobic particles. A "resinphobic" particle is a particle, having a surface that is not wetted by liquefied resin. In some cases formation of resin marbles is desirable. Resin marbles are typically unable to be bonded to the substrate or with other resin marbles for the same reasons why mawter marbles don't merge together. For other applications, formation of resin marbles should be avoided by limiting the amount of superhydrophobic particles (for example, silica powder) blended with the resins.

To avoid or to reduce formation of resin marbles, the ratio of

superhydrophobic particles to resin in the superhydrophobic coating can be selected from 1:1, 1 :1.25, 1 :1.5, 1 :1.75, 1 :2, 1 :2.25, 1 :2.5, 1 :2.75, 1 :3, 1 :3.25, 1 :3.5, 1 :3.75, 1 :4, 1 :4.25, 1 :4.5, 1 :4.75, 1 :5, 1 :5.25, 1 :5.5, 1 :5.75, 1 :6, 1 :6.25, 1 :6.5, 1 :6.75, 1 :7, 1:7.25, 1:7.5, 1:7.75, 1:8, 1:8.25, 1:8.5, 1:8.75, 1:9, 1:9.25, 1:9.5, 1:9.75, 1:10, 1:10.25, 1:10.5, 1:10.75, 1:11, 1:11.25, 1:11.5, 1:11.75, 1:12, 1:12.25, 1:12.5, 1:12.75, 1:13, 1:13.25, 1:13.5, 1:13.75, 1:14, 1:14.25, 1:14.5, 1:14.75, 1:15, 1:15.25, 1:15.5, 1:15.75, 1:16, 1:16.25, 1:16.5, 1:16.75, 1:17, 1:17.25, 1:17.5, 1:17.75, 1:18, 1:18.25, 1:18.5, 1:18.75, 1:19, 1:19.25, 1:19.5, 1:19.75, 1:20, 1:20.25, 1:20.5, 1 :20.75, 1:21, 1 :21.25, 1 :21.5, 1 :21.75, 1 :22, 1 :22.25, 1 :22.5, 1 :22.75, 1 :23, 1 :23.25, 1 :23.5, 1 :23.75, 1 :24, 1 :24.25, 1 :24.5, 1 :24.75, and 1 :25 by volume. For example, according to certain preferred embodiments, the ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin in the superhydrophobic coating can be between 1 :8 and 1:15 by volume, corresponding to about 1 :3 and 1 :10 by weight. The ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin can be between 1 :1.5 and 1 :5 by volume or about 1 :4, by volume.

Ratios of superhydrophobic particles to resin in the superhydrophobic coating can also be expressed by weight. To avoid or to minimize formation of resin marbles, the ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin in the superhydrophobic coating can be selected from 1:1, 1:1.25, 1 :1.5, 1 :1.75, 1 :2, 1 :2.25, 1 :2.5, 1 :2.75, 1 :3, 1:3.25, 1:3.5, 1:3.75, 1:4, 1:4.25, 1:4.5, 1:4.75, 1:5, 1:5.25, 1:5.5, 1:5.75, 1:6, 1:6.25, 1:6.5, 1:6.75, 1:7, 1:7.25, 1:7.5, 1:7.75, 1:8, 1:8.25, 1:8.5, 1:8.75, 1:9, 1:9.25, 1:9.5, 1:9.75, 1:10, 1:10.25, 1:10.5, 1:10.75, 1:11, 1:11.25, 1:11.5, 1:11.75, 1:12, 1:12.25, 1:12.5, 1:12.75, 1:13, 1:13.25, 1:13.5, 1:13.75, 1:14, 1:14.25, 1:14.5, 1:14.75, 1:15, 1:15.25, 1:15.5, 1:15.75, 1:16, 1:16.25, 1:16.5, 1:16.75, 1:17, 1:17.25, 1:17.5, 1:17.75, 1:18, 1:18.25, 1:18.5, 1:18.75, 1:19, 1:19.25, 1:19.5, 1:19.75, 1:20, 1:20.25, 1 :20.5, 1 :20.75, 1:21, 1 :21.25, 1 :21.5, 1 :21.75, 1 :22, 1 :22.25, 1 :22.5, 1 :22.75, 1 :23, 1 :23.25, 1 :23.5, 1 :23.75, 1 :24, 1 :24.25, 1 :24.5, 1 :24.75, and 1 :25 by weight. For example, the ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin in the superhydrophobic coating can be from about 1 :3 to about 1 :9 by weight.

The preferred ratios depend on both the resin grain sizes and the

superhydrophobic powder grain sizes. For instance, if superhydrophobic particles having an average size of 10 microns was employed in conjunction with a resin having an average size of 50 microns, a preferred ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin could be about 1 :8 by weight. If the superhydrophobic particles were much smaller, for example, 1.0 micron diameter, and the resin was 50 microns, a preferred ratio of superhydrophobic particles to resin could be 1 :20 by weight. In other words, if the superhydrophobic particles have a smaller diameter, then on either a weight basis or on a volume basis much less superhydrophobic would be needed to avoid or to reduce formation of resin marbles.

EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1

DuPont's Vulcan Black thermal set dry resin powder was blended with superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth (SHDE) particles. This blend was then electrostatically sprayed onto an electrically grounded substrate (usually a metal). The silica-based powders accept and hold an electrostatic charge very well, better in fact, than the dry resin powders themselves. Once the blended powder was electrostatically attached to the grounded substrate, the substrate was heated in an oven using a temperature that is on the low end of the powder resin's curing temperature range. For the thermal set Vulcan Black resin the curing temperature was 320 degrees Fahrenheit, which is about 20 degrees Fahrenheit less than a normal low temperature curing temperature. In general, the curing temperature can be 20 degrees Fahrenheit below the lowest manufacturer's suggested curing temperature.

SHDE acts as a slight thermal insulator. When blended SHDE is applied to the substrate, it will tend to inhibit substrate heating. Therefore, it is necessary, when using thermal set or thermal plastic powder resins, to preheat the substrate before curing, in order to insure good resin-to-substrate adhesion during curing. The preheating step consists of heating the coated substrate to a temperature slightly less than the low end of the resin curing temperature. A temperature of 20 degrees Fahrenheit below the manufacturer's lowest recommended curing temperature was employed. In the case of Vulcan Black (VB), a preheat temperature of 320 degrees Fahrenheit was used. The preheat temperature is held for a suitable amount of time such as 10 minutes. Once the substrate was preheated the oven temperature was raised to the normal curing temperature (400 degrees Fahrenheit for 20 minutes, for VB).

The heating of the substrate and precursor powder can be by any suitable method. Conductive or convective heating is possible, as is radiant heating, microwave (RF) heating, and possibly also nuclear heating could be used, among others. Since the substrate is already close to the curing temperature, an increase in temperature at this point readily increases the metal substrate temperature and allows the resin to sufficiently bond to the substrate.

EXAMPLE 2

In the second variation, a two powder application step process was used. The dry resin powder, according to example 1 , was electrostatically sprayed onto the substrate in a standard electrostatic powder coat process. Next, a SHDE/dry resin precursor powder blend was sprayed onto the substrate. Once both powder layers are electrostatically adhered to the substrate, the layers were cured together in the same manner as described previously. This second method provided good bonding to the substrate and increases overall coating durability while maintaining a high quality superhydrophobic surface and some abrasion resistance. While these two application variations and associated set of steps reflect current processing steps, it is in no way to be considered the only way to coat the substrate. The precursor powder can be used and incorporated into many other powder coat processes.

If the substrate is not preheated before exposing the coating to the curing temperature, the thermal mass of the substrate and insulation attributes of SHP would inhibit the substrate from heating properly to the curing temperature before the resin cures. The result would be an unbonded SHP/resin film that would simply fall off the substrate.

A key feature of this process is the fact that the SHP is not actually chemically bonded to the curing resin. During the resin curing process the flowing resin dose not completely "wet" the superhydrophobic particles, such as superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth. In fact, the superhydrophobic particles actually can somewhat repel the curing resin. This keeps the pores of the superhydrophobic particles generally unclogged and full of air. But, some of the curing resin does flow into the porous nanotextured structure such as pores. Once cured, the resin that went into the pores mechanically holds the SHP in place, effectively bonding the

superhydrophobic particles to and below the surface.

RESULTS OF EXAMPLES 1 AND 2

Using the blended superhydrophobic powder coating techniques described in examples 1 and 2; both aluminum and steel plates were successfully coated along with small aluminum power-line segments.

Based on these results, it should be clear that any metal (especially electrically conductive metals), can be coated. Additionally, by using standard powder coating techniques of applying a conductive primer coating, paper, wood, cloth, plastics, etc. have been successfully powder coated and thus could be made superhydrophobic with our enhancements to such powder coatings.

EXAMPLE 3

Superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth (SHDE) was blended with three parts (by weight) of DuPont's thermal set resin Vulcan Black (VB) to electrostatically coat a power line segment. First, the powerline was electrostatically sprayed with VB. Then, a blend of VB and SHDE, having a 3:1 volume ratio, was electrostatically sprayed onto the powerline.

The combined coatings were cured at 200 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. The result was a well-bonded superhydrophobic surface that maintained

superhydrophobic behavior even when the outer layers were abraded away. A Taber abrasion test according to ASTM D 4060, showed superhydrophobic behavior after as many as 400 (fully loaded) Tabor cycles.

Results from the Taber Abrasion test are summarized in Table 1 .

Figures 1 a - 1 f are still frames taken from a video showing water droplets rolling off of the coated powerline. These still frames demonstrate that the powerline was successfully rendered superhydrophobic.

EXAMPLE 4

A variety of powder blend combinations, comprising a resin and a plurality of superhydrophobic particles have been successfully made. These include polyester (TGIC) resins like Vulcan Black, Oil Black (From DuPont), and Safety Yellow (from Valspar), epoxy resins like PCM90133 Black Epoxy Powder from PPG, and fluoropolymer powder resins like PD800012 Powder Duranar AAMA2605 from PPG.

All of these resins were blended with SHDE and testing for superhydrophobic behavior. All of the above resins and associated blends of SHDE were able to be bonded to a variety of substrates (glass, wood, and aluminum) and exhibited contact angles in excess of 150 degrees. Tabor abrasion testing was done on coated aluminum plates coated with all the about resin/SHDE blends. Superhydrophobicity was maintained on these plates for Taber (minimal loading) cycles exceeding 100 cycles.

One powder blend combination comprised DuPont's thermal set resin Vulcan Black (VB) Resin and superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth (SHDE) at ratios of 3:1 , and 4:1 . It was discovered that as the ratio of Resin:SHDE increases (i.e. lower concentrations of SHDE) the degree of water repellency (i.e. contact angle) decreases, but some enhanced water repellency (over the bare resin) is expected at all SHDE concentrations (even very low concentrations). At the other extreme (i.e. as Resin:SHDE ratio approaches zero i.e. the blend is entirely SHDE), most of the SHDE powder did not get bonded to the coating, except at the interface of the SHDE layer and the first resin application layer. The result is a very superhydrophobic surface without a great deal of durability. That is, a small amount of abrasion will remove the surface bond SHDE. Once that's removed, the surface is no longer superhydrophobic.

Based on these results it can be reasonably concluded that a blend comprising as little as 5% SHDE by volume could result in good superhydrophobic behavior (contact angles of >150 degrees). As the blended proportion of SHDE increases, water repellency increases. The blending of SHDE with resin also creates a volumetric SH effect, in that removal of some coating material, by mild abrasion, exposes fresh (not fully clogged) SHDE material and thus the abraded surface remains SH.

Blends resulting in a good superhydrophobic behavior can have an amount of superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth within a range of from 1 to 90% by weight. Preferred blends can comprise from 10% to 30% SHDE by weight or from 10% to 20% SHP by weight. For purposes of this example the term "good superhydrophobic behavior" means that when the blend is applied to a substrate according to various embodiments the resulting super hydrophobic coating has a contact angle with a drop of water in a range of from150 degrees to 175 degrees, and a roll-off angle in a range of from 0.1 degree to 15 degrees. EXAMPLE 5

Ultraviolet (UV) curable powder resins could be applied and blended the same way as thermal sets resins and thermal plastic resins except that the ultraviolet curable powder resins would use UV radiation instead of heat to cure. Since the silica-based superhydrophobic powder, according to various embodiments, readily transmits ultraviolet radiation, there would be no curing degradation encountered when blending SHDE with UV curable powders. UV curing would require the UV radiation to penetrate the sprayed resin layers far enough to cure all the resin layers. Since the superhydrophobic powders, according to various embodiments, transmit (i.e. are non- absorbing) UV radiation, any UV radiation that would cure these resin layers that didn't contain superhydrophobic powders, would also cure the same resin layers that do contain superhydrophobic powders.

The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration. The invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed. Modifications and variations to the disclosed embodiments are possible and within the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 6

Superhydrophobic diatomaceous earth (SHDE) was sprayed along with a binder onto a steel plate. The coated plate was cured at 70 degrees Celsius for 4 hours. The result was a well-bonded superhydrophobic surface that maintained superhydrophobic behavior even when the outer layers were abraded away. A Taber abrasion test according to ASTM D 4060, showed superhydrophobic behavior after as many as 200 (fully loaded) Tabor cycles. More specifically, the abrading force was 75g on CS-1 0 wheels. Results from the Taber Abrasion test are summarized in Table 2 and in Figure 8.

Table 2

Taber 1 ^st Contact 2 ^nd Contact 3 ^rd Contact Mean Error Cycles Angle Angle Angle Contact

Measurement Measurement Measurement Angle

0 156 152 155 154.3 2.1

10 154 156 155 155.0 1.0

20 152 154 154 153.3 1.2

30 153 155 153 153.7 1.2

40 155 155 153 154.3 1.2

50 154 151 153 152.7 1.5

100 154 152 151 152.3 1.5

200 152 151 150 151.0 1.0