FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This application relates to insoles and, more particularly, yet not exclusively, insoles providing variable haptic feedback.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Typical insoles of a given model from a given manufacturer have a predetermined stiffness that is the same for each wearer. Some wearers have high haptic sensitivity, such as high sensitivity to insole stiffness, vibration, or other kinesthetic or tactile sensations. For a sensitive wearer, a structured insole can overwhelm the wearer with vibration or stiffness. Sock liners are less structured and provide less haptic feedback to sensitive wearers yet also provide less support than structured insoles. Accordingly, there exists a need for an improved insole that provides support and also mitigates haptic feedback provided to the wearer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present innovations are described with reference to the following drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified. For a better understanding of the described innovations, reference will be made to the following Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment, which is to be read in association with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0004] Figure l is a perspective bottom view of a preferred insole pair;

[0005] Figure 2 is an exploded perspective bottom view of portions of an insole in the insole pair of Figure 1;

[0006] Figure 3 is a bottom perspective view of a portion of an insole in the insole pair of Figure 1;

[0007] Figure 4 is a bottom view of a preferred insole pair;

[0008] Figure 5 is a bottom view of an insole of the insole pair of Figure 4;

[0009] Figure 6 is a bottom view of a portion of the insole of Figure 5;

[0010] Figure 7 is a bottom view of a portion of the insole of Figure 5;

[0011] Figure 8 is a bottom view of a portion of the insole of Figure 5; and

[0012] Figure 9 is a bottom view of the insole of Figure 5. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The following briefly describes example embodiments of the invention to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This brief description is not intended as an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements or to delineate or otherwise narrow the scope. Its purpose is merely to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0014] Briefly stated, various embodiments are directed to an insole for footwear. The insole preferably includes a bottom surface, a peripheral sidewall, and a relief. The bottom surface has a perimeter, and the peripheral sidewall preferably extends upward from the perimeter of the bottom surface. Preferably, the relief is disposed in the peripheral sidewall.

[0015] Preferably, the insole has a toe-end portion and a heel-end portion. In some version, the insole has a longitudinal axis that extends from the toe-end portion to the heel-end portion. Preferably, the relief has a longitudinal axis that is oriented with an offset angle of 0- 45° from the longitudinal axis of the insole.

[0016] Preferably, the peripheral sidewall has an outer perimeter. In some versions, the relief has a longitudinal axis that extends toward a point in the outer perimeter of the peripheral sidewall. Preferably, the peripheral sidewall has a tangent at the point in the outer perimeter of the peripheral sidewall. In some versions, the longitudinal axis of the relief is oriented with an offset angle of 80-90° from the tangent at the point in the outer perimeter of the peripheral sidewall. In some versions, the relief extends to the outer perimeter of the peripheral sidewall. [0017] Preferably, the relief extends from the peripheral sidewall into the bottom surface.

[0018] Preferably, the bottom surface has a hole that is positioned, sized, and dimensioned to receive a heel pad. In some versions, the relief extends to the hole.

[0019] Preferably, the insole includes a second relief. In some versions, the relief and the second relief are disposed on opposite sides of the hole from each other.

[0020] Preferably, the bottom surface has a toe-end portion and a heel-end portion disposed rearward of the toe-end portion. In some versions, at least a portion of the relief is disposed rearward of the heel-end portion of the bottom surface.

[0021] Preferably, at least one portion of the peripheral sidewall provides an arch support. In some versions, the relief is disposed in the at least one portion of the peripheral sidewall that provides the arch support.

[0022] Preferably, the insole includes a second relief in the peripheral sidewall. In some versions, the relief and the second relief define a tab disposed between the relief and the second relief. Preferably, at least a portion of the tab is movable relative to the bottom surface.

[0023] Preferably, the bottom surface includes a bottom surface of a heel cap. In some versions, the peripheral sidewall includes a peripheral sidewall of the heel cap.

[0024] Preferably, the insole includes an insole pad. In some versions, the bottom surface includes a bottom surface of a heel cap. Preferably, the peripheral sidewall includes a peripheral sidewall of the heel cap. In some versions, the insole pad has a recess that is positioned, sized, and dimensioned to receive at least a portion of the heel cap. [0025] Preferably, the insole includes an insole pad. In some versions, the bottom surface includes a bottom surface of a heel cap. Preferably, the peripheral sidewall includes a peripheral sidewall of the heel cap. In some versions, the insole pad has a plug that at least partially fills the relief.

[0026] Preferably, the relief has a radiused end portion. In some versions, the relief includes a relief cut.

[0027] Preferably, the insole includes an insole pad and a heel cap that couples to the insole pad. In some versions, the heel cap is more rigid than the insole pad. Preferably, the heel cap includes the bottom surface, the peripheral sidewall, and the relief. In some versions, the insole cap has a relief plug that is positioned, sized, and dimensioned to be received in the relief in the heel cap.

[0028] Also, briefly stated, various embodiments are directed to a set of insoles for footwear. Preferably, the set of insoles include a first insole of a first size and a second insole of the first size. The first insole preferably includes a first bottom surface, a first peripheral sidewall, and a first relief. The first bottom surface has a perimeter, and the first peripheral sidewall preferably extends upward from the perimeter of the first bottom surface. Preferably, the first relief is disposed in the first peripheral sidewall. The second insole preferably includes a second bottom surface, a second peripheral sidewall, and a second relief. The second bottom surface has a perimeter, and the second peripheral sidewall preferably extends upward from the perimeter of the second bottom surface. Preferably, the second relief is disposed in the second peripheral sidewall. The second peripheral sidewall is preferably less rigid than the first sidewall. Preferably, the second relief is smaller than the first relief.

[0029] Preferably, the first peripheral sidewall includes a first material. In some versions, the second peripheral wall includes a second material that is less stiff than the first material.

[0030] Preferably, the first bottom surface has a toe-end portion and a heel-end portion disposed rearward of the toe-end portion of the first bottom surface. In some versions, at least a portion of the first relief is disposed rearward of the heel-end portion of the first bottom surface. Preferably, the second bottom surface has a toe-end portion and a heel-end portion disposed rearward of the toe-end portion of the second bottom surface. In some versions, at least a portion of the second relief is disposed rearward of the heel-end portion of the second bottom surface.

[0031] Preferably, at least one portion of the first peripheral sidewall provides a first arch support. In some versions, the first relief is disposed in the at least one portion of the first peripheral sidewall that provides the first arch support. Preferably, at least one portion of the second peripheral sidewall provides a second arch support. In some versions, the second relief is disposed in the at least one portion of the second peripheral sidewall that provides the second arch support.

[0032] Preferably, the first relief includes a first relief cut. In some versions, the second relief includes a second relief cut. [0033] Also, briefly stated, various embodiments are directed to an insole for footwear. Preferably, the insole includes an insole pad and a heel cap. The heel cap couples to the insole pad. In some versions, the heel cap has a bottom surface with a perimeter, a peripheral sidewall that extends upward from the perimeter of the bottom surface, and a relief in the peripheral sidewall.

[0034] Preferably, the relief is a first relief, and, in some versions, the heel cap has a second relief in the peripheral sidewall. In some versions, the heel cap has a heel-support portion, and the first relief is preferably positioned in the heel-support portion. Preferably, the heel cap has an arch-support portion, and, in some versions, the second relief is positioned in the arch-support portion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0035] The various embodiments now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and show, by way of illustration, specific example embodiments by which the invention may be practiced. The embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the embodiments to those skilled in the art. Among other things, the various embodiments may be methods, systems, or devices. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense. [0036] As used herein, the term“or” refers to a grammatical conjunction to indicate that one or more of the connected terms may be employed. For example, the phrase“one or more A, B, or C” is employed to discretely refer to each of the following: i) one or more As, ii) one or more Bs, iii) one or more Cs, iv) one or more As and one or more Bs, v) one or more As and one or more Cs, vi) one or more Bs and one or more Cs, and vii) one or more As, one or more Bs, and one or more Cs. The term“based on” is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, the meaning of“a,”“an,” and“the” include plural references. Plural references are intended to also disclose the singular, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The meaning of“in” includes“in” and“on.” Also, the use of“when” and“responsive to” do not imply that associated resultant actions are required to occur immediately or within a particular time period. Instead, they are used herein to indicate actions that may occur or be performed in response to one or more conditions being met, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0037] Figure 1 is a perspective bottom view of insole pair 100. Insole pair 100 includes right insole 102a and left insole 102b. Insoles 102a, 102b have toe-end portions 104a, 104b and heel-end portions 106a, 106b. Preferably, insole pads 108a, 108b extend from heel- end portions 106a, 106b to toe-end portions 104a, 104b. Heel caps 110a, 110b couple to insole pads 108a, 108b. Caps 110a, 110b are preferably adhesively applied to insole pads 108a, 108b. As described in further detail below, insole pads 108a, 108b are preferably made of elastically flexible material such as closed cell foam whereas heel caps 110a, 110b are made of more rigid materials such as plastics, fiber-reinforced plastics, or other composites. Thus, the heel caps provide structural support to the foot, especially the heel and arch areas. Heel caps 110a, 110b preferably have one or more medial reliefs 112a, 112b, lateral reliefs 114a, 114b, or heel reliefs 116a, 116b in one or more peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 110a, 110b. The reliefs define one or more tabs in the one or more peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 110a, 110b. Preferably, the tabs are movable relative to a bottom surface of the heel caps in ordinary use, such as when a wearer walks. One or more of the reliefs or tabs, such as heel reliefs 116a, 116b, may extend from the peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 110a, 110b to the bottom surface of heel caps 110a, 110b. One or more of the reliefs or tabs, such as medial reliefs 112a, 112b or lateral reliefs 114a, 114b may be disposed only in the peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 110a, 110b and my not extend to or into the bottom surface of heel caps 110a.

[0038] As shown in Figure 1, medial reliefs 112a, 112b define one or more medial tabs 118a, 1 18b (portions of the peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 110a, 110b disposed between medial reliefs 112a, 112b or between the forward-most medial reliefs and the front perimeters of heel caps 110a, 110b), lateral reliefs 114a, 114b define one or more lateral tabs 120a, 120b (portions of the peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 110a, 110b disposed between lateral reliefs 114a, 114b or between the forward-most lateral reliefs and the front perimeters of heel caps 110a, 110b), and heel reliefs 116a, 116b define heel tabs 122a, 122b (portions of the peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 110a, 110b disposed between the rearward-most medial or lateral reliefs, between two or more heel reliefs, or between the rearward-most medial or lateral reliefs and heel reliefs 116a, 116b). The reliefs facilitate the tabs moving relative to each other or the bottom surfaces of heel caps 110a, 110b with greater freedom than if the reliefs were absent and the tabs were connected to each other as a single unitary structure. Accordingly, insoles

102a, 102b provide greater support than a sock liner while facilitating or providing greater damping (reduced vibration) and reduced haptic feedback than insoles lacking reliefs, thereby increasing comfort experienced by the wearer. The same effect may be achieved with the alternate embodiment wherein the reliefs are provided with a thinner material or with a differing, softer material than the remaining sidewall material as explained below.

[0039] Preferably, heel caps 110a, 110b have heel pads 124a, 124b disposed in the heel-end portions of heel caps 110a, 110b. Insole pads 108a, 108b preferably have forefoot pads 126a, 126b disposed in the regions of insole pads 108a, 108b that correspond to the balls of the feet of the wearer. As shown in Figure 1, each of reliefs 112a, 112b, 114a, 114b, 116a, and 116b extend to and are open at the perimeters of heel caps 110a, 110b, and heel reliefs 116a, 116b extend to and are open at the perimeters of heel pads 124a, 124b. As also shown in Figure 1, each of the reliefs are relief cuts. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the reliefs may include a different material, structure (for example, a mesh or honeycomb structure), or thickness (for example, 50% of the thickness of adjacent portions of heel caps 110a, 110b) than the remainder of heel caps 110a, 110b to facilitate the one or more reliefs being more flexible or having a higher degree of damping than the remainder of heel caps 110a, 110b. In some versions, one or more of the tabs 118a, 118b, 120a, 120b, 122a, and 122b may include a different material than the remainder of heel caps 110a, 110b, such as a more flexible material or a material that provides a higher degree of damping. [0040] Figure 2 is an exploded perspective bottom view of portions 200 of insole

102a, including heel cap 110a, heel pad 124a, and forefoot pad 126a. As shown in Figure 2, heel cap 110a has hole 202 that is sized and dimensioned to receive heel pad 124a. Preferably, hole 202 has a depth that facilitates receiving heel pad 124a with a bottom surface of heel pad 124a extending slightly past or being flush with the bottom surface of heel cap 110a. In Figure 2, hole 202 extends entirely through heel cap 110a. In other versions, hole 202 extends only partially through heel cap 110a. Preferably, heel cap 110a has one or more ridges, such as ridges 204, 206, that extend at least partially around the perimeter of the bottom surface of heel cap 110a (the portion of heel cap 1 10a that is surrounded or at least partially surrounded by the peripheral sidewalls of heel cap 110a or that is parallel to or nearly parallel to the floor when worn by a stationary standing wearer with both feet flat on the floor), with the one or more peripheral sidewalls of heel cap 110a being defined as the portions of heel cap 110a that are disposed outward from the perimeter of the bottom surface of heel cap 110a (for example, outward of ridges 204, 206). Heel cap 110a, heel pad 124a, and forefoot pad 126a preferably have structures that are mirror copies of those of insole 102a, yet some wearers may prefer different structures for left and right insoles.

[0041] Figure 3 is a bottom perspective view of insole pad 108a of insole 102a. Insole pad 108a preferably has recessed region 302 that is sized and dimensioned to receive heel cap 110a. Preferably, recessed region 302 has a depth relative to non-recessed surface 304 that facilitates receiving heel cap 110a with the bottom surface of heel cap 110a or the outer surfaces of the peripheral sidewalls of heel cap 110a being flush with non-recessed surface 304 of insole pad 108a (see Figure 1). As shown in Figure 3, non-recessed surface 304 includes portions of the bottom surface and the peripheral sidewalls of insole pad 104a. Insole pad 108a preferably has recessed region 306 that is sized and dimensioned to receive forefoot pad 126a. Preferably, recessed region 306 has a depth relative to non-recessed surface 304 that facilitates receiving forefoot pad 126a with a bottom surface of forefoot pad 126a being flush with non- recessed surface 304 of insole pad 108a (see Figure 1). In some versions, the depth of a recessed region of insole pad 108a is defined as a thickness of insole pad 108a at a position along a perimeter of non-recessed surface 304 adjacent to the recessed region minus a thickness of insole pad 108a at a position along a perimeter of the recessed region adjacent to the position along the perimeter of non-recessed surface 304.

[0042] Preferably, insole pad 108a has one or more relief plugs that are positioned, sized, and dimensioned to be received by one or more reliefs in heel cap 110a. The one or more relief plugs may partially or entirely fill the one or more reliefs when heel cap 110a is coupled to insole pad 108a. As shown in Figure 3, insole pad 108a has one or more medial relief plugs 308, lateral relief plugs 310, or heel relief plugs 312. Insole pad 108a preferably has one or more ridges, such as ridges 314, 316, that extend at least partially around the perimeter of the bottom surface of recessed region 302 (the portion of recessed region 302 that is surrounded or at least partially surrounded by the peripheral sidewalls of insole pad 104a or that is parallel to or nearly parallel to the floor when worn by a stationary standing wearer with both feet flat on the floor), with one or more peripheral sidewalls of insole pad 108a being defined as the portions of insole pad 108a that are disposed outward from the perimeter of the bottom surface of recessed region 302 (for example, outward of ridges 314, 316). Preferably, the ridges 314, 316 are positioned, sized, and dimensioned to be received by ridges 204, 206 of heel cap 110a. Insole pad 108b preferably has a structure that is a mirror copy of that of insole 102a, yet some wearers may prefer different structures for left and right insoles.

[0043] Figure 4 is a bottom view of a most preferred insole pair 400. Insole pair 400 includes right insole 402a and left insole 402b. Insoles 402a, 402b have toe-end portions 404a, 404b and heel-end portions 406a, 406b. Preferably, insole pads 408a, 408b extend from heel- end portions 406a, 406b to toe-end portions 404a, 404b. Heel caps 410a, 410b couple to insole pads 408a, 408b. Heel caps 410a, 410b preferably have one or more medial reliefs 412a-412f, lateral reliefs 414a-414d, or heel reliefs 416a, 416b in one or more peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 410a, 410b. The reliefs define one or more tabs in the one or more peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 410a, 410b.

[0044] As shown in Figure 4, medial reliefs 412a-412f define one or more medial tabs 418a, 418b (portions of the peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 410a, 410b disposed between medial reliefs 412a-412f or between the forward-most medial reliefs and the front perimeters of heel caps 410a, 410b), lateral reliefs 414a-414d define one or more lateral tabs 420a, 420b (portions of the peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 410a, 410b disposed between lateral reliefs 414a-414d or between the forward-most lateral reliefs and the front perimeters of heel caps 410a, 410b), and heel reliefs 416a, 416b define heel tabs 422a, 422b (portions of the peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 410a, 410b disposed between the rearward-most medial or lateral reliefs, between two or more heel reliefs, or between the rearward-most medial or lateral reliefs and heel reliefs 416a, 416b). The reliefs facilitate the tabs moving relative to each other or the bottom surfaces of heel caps 410a, 410b with greater freedom than if the reliefs were absent and the tabs were connected to each other as a single unitary structure. Accordingly, insoles 402a, 402b provide greater support than a sock liner while facilitating providing greater damping (reduced vibration) and reduced haptic feedback than insoles lacking reliefs, thereby increasing comfort experienced by the wearer.

[0045] Preferably, heel caps 410a, 410b have heel pads 424a, 424b disposed in the heel-end portions of heel caps 410a, 410b. Insole pads 408a, 408b preferably have forefoot pads 426a, 426b disposed in the regions of insole pads 408a, 408b that correspond to the balls of the feet of the wearer. As shown in Figure 4, each of reliefs 412b, 412c, 412e, 412f, 414b, 414d, 416a, 416b extend to and are open at the perimeters of heel caps 410a, 410b, and heel reliefs 416a, 416b extend to and are open at the perimeters of heel pads 424a, 424b. As also shown in Figure 4, each of reliefs 412b, 412c, 412e, 412f, 414b, 414d, 416a, 416b are relief cuts. Reliefs 412a, 412d, 414a, 414c are spaced apart from the perimeters of heel caps 410a, 410b. Reliefs 412a, 412d, 414a, 414c preferably include a different material, structure (for example, a mesh or honeycomb structure), or thickness than the remainder of heel caps 410a, 410b to facilitate the one or more of reliefs 412a, 412d, 414a, 414c being more flexible or having a higher degree of damping than the remainder of heel caps 410a, 410b. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of reliefs 412a, 412d, 414a, 414c may be relief cuts that are spaced apart from the perimeters of heel caps 410a, 410b. In some versions, one or more of the tabs 118a, 118b, 120a,

120b, 122a, and 122b (the portions between the reliefs) may include a different material than the remainder of heel caps 410a, 410b, such as a more flexible material or a material that provides a higher degree of damping.

[0046] Preferably, insoles 402a, 402b have structures and features as described regarding insoles 102a, 102b in relationship to Figures 2 and 3. For example, insoles 402a, 402b preferably have one or more depths, ridges, relief plugs, or other structures or features as described regarding Figures 2 and 3. As another example, insole pads 408a preferably have one or more relief plugs (not shown) that are spaced apart from the non-recessed surface of insole pads 408a, 408b and extend downward or outward into one or more of reliefs 412a, 412d, 414a, 414c.

[0047] Figure 5 is a bottom view of insole 402a. Each insole pad has a longitudinal axis, such as longitudinal axis 502, that extends from a rearward-most portion of the insole pad to the forward-most portion of the insole. Insole pad 108b and heel cap 410b preferably have structures that are mirror copies of those of insole 402a, yet some wearers may prefer different structures for left and right insoles.

[0048] Figure 6 is a bottom view of the portion of insole 402a in circle 600 of Figure

5. Medial relief 412b has longitudinal axis 602 and lateral axis 604 that is perpendicular to longitudinal axis 602 at each position along longitudinal axis 602. The length of medial relief 412b is measured along longitudinal axis 602, and the width of medial relief 412b is measured along lateral axis 604. As shown in Figures 1-8, the reliefs are straight and have widths that are constant or mostly constant (constant width in the portions other than the radiused end portions) along their lengths. In other versions, one or more reliefs may have one or more of curves along their lengths or widths that vary along their lengths.

[0049] Figure 6 shows tangent line 606 that is tangent to perimeter 608 of heel cap 410a at the corresponding end-point of longitudinal axis 602 and tangent line 610 that is tangent to the outer edge of ridge 612 at the corresponding point through which extension 614 of longitudinal axis 602 extends. As shown in Figure 6, longitudinal axis 602 of relief 412b is oriented with offset angle 616 relative to tangent line 606, offset angle 618 relative to tangent line 610, and offset angle 620 relative to longitudinal axis 502 of insole pad 408a.

[0050] Figure 7 is an isometric bottom view of the portion of insole 402a in circle 700 of Figure 5. Medial relief 412a’ has longitudinal axis 702 and lateral axis 704 that is perpendicular to longitudinal axis 702 at each position along longitudinal axis 702. The length of medial relief 412a’ is measured along longitudinal axis 702, and the width of medial relief 412a’ is measured along lateral axis 704.

[0051] Figure 7 shows that the tangent of perimeter 608 of heel cap 410a at the intersection between extension 706 of longitudinal axis 702 and perimeter 608 of heel cap 410a coextends with perimeter 608 at that intersection. The tangent of the outer edge of ridge 612 at the intersection between extension 708 of longitudinal axis 702 and the outer edge of ridge 612 coextends with the outer edge of ridge 612 at that intersection. As shown in Figure 7, longitudinal axis 702 of relief 412a’ is oriented with offset angle 710 relative to perimeter 608 of heel cap 410a where perimeter 608 intersects extension 706, offset angle 712 relative to the outer edge of ridge 612 where the outer edge of ridge 612 intersects extension 708, and offset angle 714 relative to longitudinal axis 502 of insole pad 408a.

[0052] Figure 8 is a bottom view of the portion of insole 402a in circle 800 of Figure 5. Heel relief 416a has longitudinal axis 802 and lateral axis 804 that is perpendicular to longitudinal axis 802 at each position along longitudinal axis 802. The length of heel relief 416a is measured along longitudinal axis 802, and the width of heel relief 416a is measured along lateral axis 804.

[0053] Figure 8 shows tangent line 806 that is tangent to perimeter 608 of heel cap 410a at the corresponding end-point of longitudinal axis 802 and tangent line 808 that is tangent to the outer edge of ridge 612, to the outer edge of ridge 810, or to the outer edge of ridge 812 of insole pad 408a at the corresponding end-point of longitudinal axis 802. As shown in Figure 8, longitudinal axis 802 of relief 416a is oriented with offset angle 814 relative to tangent line 806, offset angle 816 relative to tangent line 808, and offset angle 818 relative to a midline of a wearer’s foot, relative to a midline of an average wearer’s foot, or relative to a longitudinal axis of insole 402a, such as longitudinal axis 502 of insole pad 408a or the longitudinal axis of heel cap 410a (line 904 in Figure 9). Offset angle 818 is preferably based on an angle of the orientation of a medio-lateral joint axis of a wearer’s subtalar joint (for example, offset angle 818 may have a medial deviation value of less than or more than 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 degrees) or an average angle of the orientation of a medio-lateral joint axis of the average wearer’s subtalar joint (for example, offset angle 818 may have a medial deviation value of 16°), which preferably reinforces natural joint decoupling around the medio-lateral axis line for the particular wearer or the average wearer during a heel contact phase of a gait cycle of the particular wearer or the average wearer. Preferably, the heel reliefs extend to the hole that receives the heel pads to facilitate magnifying the flexibility of the heel pads provided by the heel reliefs, which is especially beneficial for wearers who experience increased lateral load, such as bow-legged wearers. In versions that lack holes to receive heel pads, the heel reliefs may extend further inward from the perimeter of the heel caps to provide the same or similar benefits.

[0054] As shown in Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, each of the reliefs has one or more offset angles that correspond to one or more of offset angles 616-620, 710-714, or 814-818. One or more of the offset angles are preferably in the range of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, or more or fewer degrees. Preferably, the offset angles of one or more of the reliefs orient the longitudinal axes of the one or more reliefs perpendicular to the tangent of the perimeter of the heel cap where the perimeter intersects the longitudinal axes of the one or more reliefs. Varying the offset angles of one or more reliefs adjusts the directions that one or more corresponding tabs are predisposed to move upon encountering forces. Increasing the length or the width of a relief or a tab decreases the stiffness of an insole in the region associated with the relief or tab, and decreasing the length or the width of the relief or the tab increases the stiffness of the insole in the region associated with the relief or tab. The number or positions of reliefs or tabs can also be selected to provide increased or decreased stiffness in different regions of insoles 102a, 102b based on the desires or sensitivity of a wearer. For example, heel caps 110a, 110b, 410a, 410b preferably have one or more medial reliefs, such as medial reliefs 412b, 412e, with at least the medial end portions of the one or more reliefs disposed in arch support regions of heel caps

110a, 110b. In some versions, tangential lines at open ends of reliefs may be replaced for measurement purposes with straight lines that extend between opposing points at the open ends of the reliefs, such as the comers of relief 412b at the perimeter 608 of heel cap 410a. Each of the reliefs in heel caps 110a, 110b, 410a, 410b are mechanical reliefs.

[0055] Figure 9 is a bottom view of insole 402a. Heel cap 410a has maximum width 902 that extends from the front medial corner to the front lateral comer of heel cap 410a, maximum length 904, length 906 that extends from the front medial corner to the rearmost point of heel cap 410a, and length 908 that extends from the front lateral corner to the rearmost point of heel cap 410a. Positions of the reliefs may be described relative to dimensions or features of the heel caps or other elements of the insoles, such as width 902 or lengths 904-908. Distance 910 from the front medial corner of heel cap 410a to the front medial comer of medial relief 412b is preferably 35, 30, 25, 20, or less percent of width 904 or 20, 15, 10, 5, or less percent of one or more of lengths 904-908. Distance 912 from the front medial comer of heel cap 410a to the front medial corner of medial relief 412c is preferably 180, 175, 170, 165, 160, or less percent of width 904 or 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, or less percent of one or more of lengths 904-908. Distance 914 from the rearmost point of heel cap 410a to the closest rear corner (for example, the rear medial corner) of heel relief 416a is preferably 20, 15, 10, 5, or fewer percent of width 902 or one or more of lengths 904-908. Distance 916 from the front lateral comer of heel cap 410a to the front lateral comer of lateral relief 414b is preferably 160, 155, 150, 145, 140, or less percent of width 902 or 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, or less percent of one or more of lengths 904- 908. Distance 918 between the closest two portions of two or more of the reliefs is preferably

30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or less percent of width 902 or 20, 15, 10, 5, or fewer percent of one or more of lengths 904-908.

[0056] The length of medial relief 412b is preferably 60, 55, 50, 45, 40 or less of width 902 or 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, or less percent of one or more of lengths 904-908. The length of medial relief 412c is preferably 25, 20, 15, 10, or less percent of width 902 or 20, 15, 10, 5, or less percent of one or more of lengths 904-908. The length of heel relief 416a is preferably 35, 30, 25, 20, or less percent of width 902 or 25, 20, 15, 10, or less percent of one or more of lengths 904-908. The length of lateral relief 414b is preferably 25, 20, 15, 10, or less percent of width 902 or 20, 15, 10, 5, or less percent of one or more of lengths 904-908. The width of one or more portions of one or more of the reliefs is preferably 20, 15, 10, 5, or less percent of width 902 or one or more of lengths 904-908.

[0057] In some versions, one or more of the reliefs of heel caps 110a, 110b, 410a, 410b are positioned according to one or more of those dimensions described regarding one or more of reliefs 412b, 412c, 414b, 416a. Preferably, one or more of the reliefs of heel caps 110a, 110b, 410a, 410b are sized, positioned (for example, one or more of location or orientation), and dimensioned according to one or more of those dimensions or angles described regarding one or more of reliefs 412b, 412c, 414b, 416a. Figures 1-9 are drawn to scale. The dimensions or angles shown relative to one or more other dimensions or features may be implemented with the same values as those shown or may be implemented with values that are greater or less than those shown. [0058] Heel caps 110a, 110b, 410a, 410b preferably include one or more materials, such as carbon, fiber-reinforced plastics, closed-cell hardened ethylene-vinyl acetate (“EVA”), thermoplastic polyurethane (“TPU”), polypropylene, nylon reinforced with carbon fibers, or other materials. Insole pads 108a, 108b, 408a, 408b preferably include one or more materials, such as closed- or open-celled polyurethane (“PU”) or an EVA base with a layer of PU on top of the EVA base. Heel pads 124a, 124b, 424a, 424b and forefoot pads 126a, 126b, 426a, 426b may include the same or different materials, and the material selection may be shoe-specific. For example, in performance shoes, heel pads 124a, 124b, 424a, 424b preferably include damping materials, and forefoot pads 126a, 126b, 426a, 426b preferably include spring/rebounding materials. The degree of damping or rebounding is preferably controlled at least in part based on ratios of EVAs or polyurethanes that are blended together. One or more portions of the insoles, such as the forefoot pads or the insole pads, are preferably perforated to reduce weight or increase flexibility or immediate compressibility. One or more other portions of the insoles, such as the heel pads or portions of the insole pads, are preferably non-perforated to increase durability of those portions. Preferably, one or more portions of the insoles are beveled. For example, the heel caps may have a thickness that decreases along the longitudinal axes of the heel caps from the rear to the front of the heel caps.

[0059] Preferably, the heel caps terminate rearward of the first metatarsal head of the wearer (see curvature of the medial-side portion of the toe-end perimeter of the heel caps). Absence of the heel cap material under the first metatarsal phalangeal joint (or only the insole pad material under the first metatarsal phalangeal joint) facilitates a decrease in a dorsifl exion moment experienced by the first metatarsal head during the wearer’s gait cycle and facilitates easier plantar flexion of the first metatarsal head joint during a propulsive phase of the gait cycle. Accordingly, the insoles facilitate reducing stress on the foot. For example, Figure 9 shows line 920 extending from the most forward portion of heel cap 410a, with line 920 being orthogonal to longitudinal axis 502 and being positioned distance 922 forward of a front edge of heel cap 410a on the medial side of longitudinal axis 502. Line 920 may alternatively be oriented orthogonal to length 904.

[0060] Distance 922 is preferably measured along the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal (projected onto a horizontal surface) or along a path that extends parallel to one or more axes (for example, longitudinal axis 502, length 904) from line 920 to a portion of heel cap 410a (for example, an intersection of the front edge of heel cap 410a and the inner edge of ridge 612, an intersection of the front edge of heel cap 410a and the outer edge of ridge 612, or a most rearward portion of the front edge of the bottom surface of heel cap 410a on the medial side of length 904). Distance 922 is preferably 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, or more percent of width 902 or one or more of lengths 904-908. The width of the metatarsal head cutout is preferably measured along line 920, from the most lateral portion of the metatarsal head cutout (for example, the most forward portion of heel cap 410a or a center point of the front edge of the bottom surface of heel cap 410a) to the a portion of heel cap 410a (for example, an intersection of the front edge of heel cap 410a and the inner edge of ridge 612, an intersection of the front edge of heel cap 410a and the outer edge of ridge 612, the most rearward portion of the front edge of the bottom surface of heel cap 410a on the medial side of length 904, or the most medial portion of the front edge of the heel cap 410a). The width of the metatarsal cutout is preferably

5, 10, 15, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or more of width 902 or one or more of lengths 904- 908.

[0061] The number, positions, sizes, or shapes of one or more of the reliefs may be selected based on the rigidity or stiffness of the material in one or more of the heel caps or insole pads. If more rigid or stiff material is used, the reliefs are preferably larger to offset the increase in haptic feedback provided by the insoles to the wearer. For example, nylon (flexural modulus of elasticity of approximately 400,000) is typically stiffer than polypropylene (flexural modulus of elasticity of approximately 200,000) or EVA (flexural modulus of elasticity of approximately 2,500). The number, positions, sizes, or shapes of one or more of the reliefs may be adjusted based on the footwear that receives the insoles. For example, the reliefs may be smaller if the insoles are intended to be inserted in performance shoes and may be larger if the insoles are intended to be inserted in casual shoes.

[0062] The peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 110a, 110b, 410a, 410b maintain the shape of the upper surface (not shown) of insoles 102a, 102b, 402a, 402b in a cup shape to facilitate cupping the wearer’s foot and provide increased surface area of insole pads 108a, 108b, 408a, 408b that is in contact with the wearer’s foot to reduce stress on the wearer’s foot. In contrast to relief cuts along the front edge of a heel cap to improve the flexibility of the heel cap in the vertical/longitudinal dimensions for easier walking motions by the wearer, the reliefs along the peripheral sidewalls of heel caps 110a, 110b, 410a, 410b mitigate haptic feedback provided to the peripheral portions of the wearer’s feet by the peripheral sidewalls of insoles 102a, 102b, 402a, 402b while influencing support provided to the wearer by insoles 102a, 102b,

402a, 402b. Heel caps 110a, 110b, 410a, 410b maintain the shape of the upper surface (not shown) of insoles 102a, 102b, 402a, 402b while allowing insoles 102a, 102b, 402a, 402b to be deconstructively accommodating. Accordingly, insoles 102a, 102b, 402a, 402b increase natural movement of the wearer’s feet while providing and holding a non-compressed shape of the wearer’s feet through the gate cycle.

[0063] Insoles may alter lower extremity kinetic, kinematics, and electromyography (EMG) muscle activity, and each individual may respond to a given insole differently. Differences in what people perceive as comfortable regarding insoles may be related to differences in shapes or materials of the insoles and may be linked to anthropometric, neuromechanical, and sensory factors for each person. If an insole is comfortable to a wearer, the insole likely enhances or supports the wearer’s preferred movement pathway (for example, how the configuration of the wearer’s bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons tends to cause the body to naturally move). Supporting the body’s preferred movement pathway may lead to a reduction in vibration and a reduction in EMG muscle activity to execute a given movement task (for example, running). Accordingly, comfort is important when considering insoles at least because evaluations of insoles using comfort reflect subjective perception and also differences in functional biomechanical variables. The concepts described herein facilitate generating insoles that provide increased levels of comfort and support to the wearer.

[0064] The foregoing examples should not be construed as limiting or exhaustive, yet rather, illustrative use cases to show implementations of at least one of the various embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, many changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, each feature of one or more of insoles 102a, 102b, 402a, 402b may be replaced with or combined with one or more corresponding features of one or more other ones of 102a, 102b, 402a, 402b, or one or more portions or features of one or more of insoles 102a, 102b, 402a, 402b may be omitted. As another example, each value discussed above preferably defines a range with that value at one end of the range and any other value discussed above at the other end of the range. In some versions, the values of the offset angles may be measured when the corresponding axes are projected onto a horizontal plane. Thus, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the examples. Instead, the invention should be determined entirely by reference to the claims that follow.