| JP60104604 | DRILLING TOOL |
| WO/2006/059551 | EDGE REPLACEMENT TYPE CUTTING TIP AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME |
| JP60094211 | COMBINATION TWIST DRILL FOR HOLE FINISHING |
| 1. | Edgecarrying drill body (1), which is rotatable around a central geometric axis (C) and comprises a through channel (2) that is arranged for internal chip evacuation and that mouths in front and rear ends of the drill body, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that a front channel mouth is bridged over by a bridge (8) in which a plurality of cutting edges (9) are included, which are made integrally with the rest of the bridge, and in front of whichseen in the direction of rota tion of the drill bodythere are chip inlets (10) to the channel (2). |
| 2. | Drill body according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the same comprises a front head (4) in which the edge carrying bridge (8) is included, as well as a thinner, hollow shaft (5), which is insertable in and connectable with a tube (3) in order to, together with the same, form a drilling tool for deep hole drilling. |
| 3. | Drill body according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the same is detachably connectable with the tube (3) via a connection means that includes a thread (21) on the shaft (5). |
| 4. | Drill body according to claim 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the thread consists of a male thread (21) on the out side of the shaft (5). |
| 5. | Drill body according to claim 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the chaser of the male thread (21) along tangentially spaced areas of the shaft is interrupted while forming planar, chaserfree formations (24) with the purpose of facilitating form stripping of a green ware, which is to form. the drill body. |
| 6. | Drill body according to any one of claims 25, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the same includes a breakage weaken ing (25) with the purpose of separating the head (4) and the shaft (5) in the event the head would get stuck in a workpiece. |
| 7. | Drill body according to claim 6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the breakage weakening consists of a peripherical groove (25) formed in the shaft (5). |
| 8. | Drill body according to any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the edges (9) extend from a common, centring tip (28) to the periphery of the bridge (8). |
| 9. | Drill body according to claim 8, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the bridge (8) comprises three edges (9) that are separated by 120° and converge into the centring tip (28). |
| 10. | Drill body according to any one of claims 17, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the bridge (8) comprises two edges (9) that are parallel to each other, although displaced out of plane in relation to the geometrical centre axis (C) of the drill body, inner ends of the edges being interconnected via an inclined chisel edge (11) having a punch, which forms a cen tring tip. |
| 11. | Drill body according to any one of claims 210, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the head (4) of the drill body has an envelope surface (6) that is generally rotationally symmetrical and smooth so far that the same lacks protruding support strips. |
| 12. | Drill body according to any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the individual cutting edge (9) is formed with a plurality of steplike displaced part edges (9a, 9b, 9c) having the purpose of generating part chips, the width of which is smaller than the total length of the edge. |
Description of the Prior Art Within the field of chip forming machining, deep hole drilling constitutes an area difficult to master, in particular when the holes should be extraordinary long or deep. By long holes, holes having a relatively great ratio of hole depth to hole diameter are intended. Usually, it is about hole depths of from 5 x D up to 100 x D or more. For the machining in ques- tion, drilling tools of two different main categories are used, viz. so-called ejector drills and STS drills (Single Tube Sys- tem), respectively, the last-mentioned one of which includes a front drill body and at least one tube extending backwards from the same with which tube the drill body is detachably con- nected. In the last-mentioned case, supply of the cutting fluid requisite for lubrication and cooling takes place on the out- side of the tube, while the chip evacuation as well as the evacuation of the cutting fluid takes place internally via a through channel in the drill body and the interior of the tube.
The drilling is usually carried out in special deep hole drill- ing machines that are constructed for optional operation method, e. g. , rotary workpiece, rotary tool or a combination of both rotary workpiece and rotary tool. However, most common is that the workpiece rotates, while the tool solely guarantees the linear feed motion. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that drilling by means of STS drills may be carried out either by full drilling (when the hole is drilled in a solid material to a predetermined diameter in one single operation) or such as boring (compare also reaming and broaching).
Generally, the drill bodies of deep hole drills are made from a basic body of steel or the like, as well as one or more cutting inserts of cemented carbide or CERMET, the cutting
inserts being flat and including the cutting edge (s) that is (are) required for the chip removal. In coarser drills, viz. for hole diameters > 25 mm, the cutting inserts may be fastened on the basic body either by being soldered onto the same, or be detachably connected to the basic body, e. g. , by means of screws. In the last-mentioned case, the cutting inserts usually consist of indexable inserts. However, at small diameters (9-25 m), only soldered cutting inserts are possible because the req- uisite means for clamping detachable cutting inserts would com- plicate and weaken the comparatively weak steel body too much.
In both cases, however, not only the drill bodies as such, but also the manufacture of the same, are associated with a plural- ity of disadvantages. One disadvantage is that the drill bodies have to be made with asymmetrical tool geometry where the drill tip is displaced or eccentric in relation to the geometrical centre axis of the drill body. In order to, in this connection, carry the radial cutting forces, the drill body has to, on the outside thereof, be provided with support strips, which have the purpose of supporting the drill body during the drilling operation. The existence of said support strips may give rise to, on one hand, pressing-in of chips and particles in the machined hole surface, and on the other hand, by high pressure and high generation of heat as a consequence of the friction against the surrounding hole wall, cause cracks in the cutting inserts and strong wear of the same. Furthermore, the strips intrude on the width of the chip inlet (s) ; something that in turn increases the risk of chip stopping and inferior chip breaking. Another disadvantage of the previously known drilling tools is that the same may be totally destroyed if the drill body would get stuck in a workpiece, more precisely so far that not only the front drill body but also the tube being behind are demolished upon jamming. It should also be pointed out that the precision of the drill bodies during machining may become mediocre, in particular after one or more exchanges of cutting inserts. What is more, the production cost for the drill bodies is high as well as the cost for possible regrinding.
Objects and Features of the Invention
The present invention aims at obviating the above- mentioned disadvantages of previously known drill bodies for deep hole drilling and at providing an improved drill body.
Therefore, it is a primary object of the invention to provide an edge-carrying drill body having a symmetrical geometry, which becomes self-centring and which, therefore, may be manu- factured without any annoying support strips. An additional object is to provide a drill body, the chip inlets of which to the through chip evacuation channel can be constructed with optimum width with the purpose of improving the chip breaking and counteracting the risk of chip stopping. Yet an object of the invention is to provide a drill body that reduces the risk of total damage if the drill body would get stuck in a work- piece. It is also an object to provide a drill body that guar- antees a good machining precision and that has a long service life. An additional object of the invention is to provide a drill body, which during chip removal generates chips of a reduced width in order to facilitate the chip evacuation.
According to the invention, at least the primary object is attained by means of the features defined in the characterizing clause of claim 1. Preferred embodiments of the drill body according to the invention are furthermore defined in the dependent claims.
Summary of the Invention The invention is based on the idea of manufacturing such drill bodies intended for deep hole drilling that have an internal, through chip and cooling liquid channel, having a front bridge in which a plurality of edges are included, which are made integrally with the rest of the bridge, and in front of which-seen in the direction of rotation of the drill body - there are chip inlets to the channel. In practice, said bridge is advantageously made from cemented carbide or CERMET, wherein the bridge either may be included as an integrated part of the drill body in its entirety, or be made as a unit that in a suitable way is fixed on a rear unit of any material, e. g., steel. By the fact that the cutting edges are integrated in the bridge, in a simple way the drill body can be formed with a
symmetrical cutting geometry, which makes the drill body self- centring. In other words, any need for support strips on the outside of the drill body is eliminated.
Further Elucidation of Prior Art By, for instance, PCT/SE 00/02073, PCT/SE 02/01814, PCT/SE 02/01916 and PCT/SE 02/02060, it is previously known to manufacture detachable machining bodies, so-called loose tops, which are made with one or more edges integrally with a basic body of cemented carbide and fastenable on a front end of a long narrow shaft. However, in this case, the machining body as well as the shaft lack every form of internal chip channel through which chips and cooling liquid could be evacuated internally in the way which is required in the present inven- tion. Moreover, not even a edge-carrying, front bridge is included that can bridge over such a channel.
Brief Description of the Appended drawings In the drawings: Fig 1 is a perspective view of a drill body having two cut- ting edges made according to a first embodiment of the invention, Fig 2 is a front view of the drill body according to fig 1, Fig 3 is a longitudinal section A-A through the same drill body mounted in a tube that, together with the drill body, forms an operative drilling tool, Fig 4 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment having three cutting edges, and Fig 5 is a front view of the drill body according to fig 4.
Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments of the Invention In figs 1-2, a first embodiment is shown of an edge- carrying drill body 1, which is rotatable around a central geo- metric axis C and comprises a through channel generally desig- nated 2 arranged for internal chip evacuation. Said channel mouths in front and rear ends of the body 1.
The drill body 1 is connectable with a cylindrical tube 3 shown in fig 3, together with which tube the same forms
an operative drilling tool of the type that, by those skilled in the art, is denominated STS drill (Single Tube System).
Drills of this type are intended for deep hole drilling and are included in an extensive drilling equipment (or machine), which in the area of the rear end (not shown) of the tube 3 includes sealing devices via which cooling liquid can be introduced under pressure in the ring-shaped gap that is formed between the outside of the tube and a hole recessed by the drill body 1 in a workpiece. For this purpose, the tube 3 has an outer diameter that is smaller than the diameter of the recessed hole. Evacuation of the cooling liquid as well as the chips released by the drill body is carried out internally via the channel 2.
The drill body 1 comprises a front head 4, as well as a thinner, hollow shaft or sleeve 5. The head 4 has a cylindri- cal or rotationally symmetrical basic shape so far that the same has a cylindrical or slightly conical envelope surface 6.
Via a marked conical surface 7, the envelope surface 6 trans- forms into the shaft 5, which in turn has a cylindrical or rotationally symmetrical basic shape. In accordance with the invention, the drill body is, at the front end thereof, formed with a bridge 8, which bridges over the front opening or mouth of the through channel 2. In this case, in said bridge, two cutting edges 9 are included. As is seen in figs 2 and 3, two chip inlets 10 are defined on opposite sides of the bridge 8, which inlets are located in the area in front of the appurte- nant cutting edges 9 seen in the direction of rotation of the drill. The two cutting edges 9 are generally diametrically opposed each other and mutually parallel, although displaced out of plane in relation to the geometrical centre axis C of the drill body. In this connection, the inner ends of the edges are inter-connected via an inclined chisel edge 11, which in a conventional way may be formed with a centre punch (not shown), which forms a centring tip in connection with the entering of a workpiece by the drill. The drill body has a generally symmet- rical cutting geometry, more precisely so far that the two cutting edges are equidistantly spaced-apart (180°) in the tan- gential direction. This symmetrical geometry means that the
cutting forces on the two edges balance out each other so that the drill becomes self-centring. For this reason, the head of the drill body may be formed with an envelope surface 6, which is rotationally symmetrical and smooth in so far that the same lacks protruding support strips.
The through chip channel, in its entirety designated 2, includes three different sections or bores, one 12 of which is cylindrical and concentrical with the centre axis C, while the two other consist of the chip inlets 10. More precisely, the internal cylinder surface 13, which defines the bore 12, is entirely smooth from the front end 14 thereof to the rear open- ing 15. The front bores 10 extend separately in general at an obtuse angle to the bore 12. The interior surface 16 that defines the individual chip inlet 10 has a partially conical shape, more precisely in such a way that the inlet widens in the forward direction or outwards. Thus, the inlet is substan- tially funnel-like.
The front surface 17 of the bridge 8 has a generally conical shape so far that the surface in question converges from the periphery in the direction of the centre C of the drill body. The individual cutting edge 9 is formed in the transition between a planar surface 18 and the front surface 17, the surface 18 forming a cutting surface and the surface 17 a clearance surface. Although the cutting edge 8, per se, could consist of an edge that is entirely straight from the centre to the periphery, in the embodiment shown it has been preferred to form the edge in steps. More precisely, the cutting edge is stair-like and formed with three different part edges 9a, 9b, 9c, the radially innermost (9a) of which is displaced axially forwards in relation to the next (9b), etc. The level differ- ence between said part edges may be within the range of 0, 05- 0,3 mm. By the fact that the cutting edge in this way is composed of a plurality of different part edges, displaced axially in relation to each other, a plurality of different chips, which separately is thinner than the total length of the cutting edge, will be separated upon the drilling. In this way, chip breaking as well as chip evacuation is, to a large extent, facilitated.
The tubular piece of material that forms the shaft 5 includes a relatively thick, front wall section 19, as well as a thinner, rear wall section 20.
In order to detachably connect the drill body 1 with the tube 3, these components are formed with connection means.
In the example, said connection means consist of threads. More precisely, a male thread 21 is formed on the shaft 5 of the drill body, while a female thread 22 is formed on the inside of the tube 3. In this connection, it should be pointed out that the front wall section 23 of the tube 3 is somewhat thinner than the rest of the tube wall. Characteristic of the male thread 21 is that the chaser along tangentially spaced areas on the shaft is interrupted, while providing planar, chaser-free surfaces or formations 24. More precisely, said chaser-free formations are located on diametrically opposed sides of the shaft, the individual part chaser becoming substantially semi- circular and being delimited at opposite ends by wedge-shapedly tapering, substantially planar surfaces (see fig 1). The female thread 22 is, however, made in the form of a whole, continuous chaser. In this connection, it should be pointed out that the tube 3 is made from steel or the like, which can be machined by turning. Thus, the female thread 22 may be provided by conven- tional chasing of threads.
By forming flattened surfaces 24 in the above described way on opposite sides of the shaft, form stripping of an initially formed green ware of the type that will be described below is facilitated.
In the drill body 1, a breakage weakening is included, which in the example is in the form of a circumferen- tial groove 25 in the envelope surface of the shaft 5. This groove is advantageously circular and located in a plane that extends perpendicularly to the centre axis C. The groove is located between the transition surface 7 of the head 4 and the male thread 21 on the shaft. More precisely, the groove is located comparatively near the transition surface 7, whereby the same will be located in front of the front end of the tube 3 when the drill body is applied in the tube. By the existence of said breakage weakening, the drill body may be divided into
two parts if the head would get stuck in a workpiece. The tube 3 together with the separated, rear part of the drill body can, on that occasion, proceed to rotate without being demolished.
If the groove extends perpendicularly to the centre axis C, rotation of the tube (which at the rear end thereof is clamped in the drive mechanism of the drilling equipment) can be effected without axial forces being applied to the tube via the site of fracture. In this connection, it should, however, be pointed out that the groove or the breakage weakening also may be formed in such a way that rotation of the drill tube is stopped. Thus, the groove may be inclined in relation to the centre axis or be made curved or arched in order to, upon jam- ming of the drill body, apply an axial impulsive force to the drill tube, which stops the drive mechanism of the drilling equipment.
Manufacture of the Drill Body According to the Invention Series manufacturing of the described drill body may be effected in a moulding tool (not shown), especially con- structed for the purpose, in which a number of co-operating mould parts are included, which together define a tool cavity, the general shape of which corresponds to the external shape of the drill body to be. Two movable mould parts may be separated, from each other as well as from a third fixed mould part, so as to enable form stripping of a body formed in the cavity. In the tool cavity, three core pullers or male plugs may be inserted, which at free ends are formed so that they can be inter-con- nected in a common connection point. One of the male plugs is cylindrical and has the purpose of forming a vacant space in the cavity with the aim of providing the bore 12 in the com- pleted drill body 1. In the area of the free ends thereof, the two other male plugs are partially conical in order to form the chip inlets 10 in the drill body to be. Via an inlet to the tool cavity, a mouldable compound can be injected from a store in the injection-mould machine.
The compound that is injected in the tool cavity con- tains a mixture of hard particles, forming cutting material, as well as a degradable adhesive. The adhesive may in practice
consist of a combination of different plastics and waxes, which can be stripped away by extraction followed by thermal evapora- tion or solely thermal evaporation. The concept"cutting mate- rial"such as this is used in the present description and the subsequent claims should primarily be regarded to include cemented carbide and CERMET. Conventional cemented carbide is a powder metallurgical material, which essentially is built up by a number of carbides in at least one binder metal. The carbides that are of use are all very hard and may consist of primarily wolfram carbide (WC), but also titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide. (TaC) and/or niobium carbide (NbC), while the binder metal usually consists of cobalt (Co) or cobalt alloys. CERMET is, in turn, a common denomination of powder metallurgical materials in which the hard particles consist of titanium car- bide (TiC), titanium carbon nitride (TiCN) and/or titanium nitride (TiN). Characteristic of CERMET is that ceramic parti- cles are also included in the binder metal, which for instance may consist of cobalt or nickel-cobalt.
The manufacture is carried out in the following way: a) In a first step, the moulding tool in question is closed by the movable mould parts being interengaged in order to jointly define the tool cavity. In addition, the three male plugs are inserted into the cavity and are inter-connected.
In this state, the internal surfaces of the mould parts will determine the external shape of the body to be, while the internal shape of the bores 12, 10 is determined by the male plugs. b) In the next step, the compound is injected in the cavity via an inlet. When the cavity has been filled with com- pound, a certain holding pressure is maintained during a suitable time in order to guarantee that the compound is stabilized and absolutely completely fills out the entire cavity. In this connection, a green ware is formed, the shape of which corresponds to the shape of the cavity and the male plugs. c) In a third step, the formed green ware is form stripped by the fact that the mould parts are distanced from the green ware and the male plugs are removed from the same. Here-
upon, one of the male plugs leaves a cylindrical hollow space that is to form the bore 12 at the same time as the two other male plugs leave conical hollow spaces that are to form the chip inlets 10. d) When the green ware has been released, the adhesive (the plastic) is stripped away from the body. This takes place by extraction followed by thermal evaporation or solely by thermal evaporation. When the adhesive has been stripped away, only the particles that are to form the final cutting material remain in the green ware. e) In a final step, the green ware treated in this way is sin- tered by heating to at least 1 300 °C while obtaining a hardened drill body having the final shape and dimension.
In connection with the sintering, the green ware shrinks linearly by 17 to 20 % of the original dimensions thereof such as these are determined by the tool cavity.
Above, it has been described how a single homogeneous compound is injected in the moulding tool. The described manu- facturing method opens, however, also possibilities for making the drill body from two or more material compounds having dif- ferent properties. For instance, those material sections in which the cutting edge and the envelope surface of the head, respectively, are included, could be made from a material hav- ing greater hardness and resistance to wear than the material in other sections in the body. In practice, such multi-stage injection moulding may be effected by one or more additional male plugs in addition to the three above-described being inserted into the tool cavity and being drawn out one by one when a first basic body has been formed in the cavity. These supplementing male plugs then leave hollow spaces, which in one or more later steps may be filled with powder compounds that give material having other properties than the material in the basic body. In this case, naturally one or more additional injection inlets are also required together with the appurte- nant storage chambers for different powder compounds.
Brief Description of an Additional Embodiment of the Drill Body According to the Invention In figs 4 and 5, a second embodiment is illustrated, according to which a bridge 8 bridging over the chip channel opening is formed with three integrated cutting edges 9. Thus, in this case, the bridge includes three bars or bar-like mate- rial portions, which emanate from a central intermediate por- tion of a ring-shaped wall 26 in which three countersinks are formed, which form chip inlets 10 to the internal, through chip channel. The surface 27 defining each individual chip inlet 10 (see also the surface 16 in fig 1) is at least partially cone- shaped in order to facilitate the transportation of the chips into and through the inlet. The three bars together with the appurtenant edges are mutually equidistantly spaced-apart in the tangential direction, i. e. the separation between the same is 120°, the edges converging in a common point that forms a centring tip 28 located along the geometrical centre axis C of the drill body. In the extension of the three edges, guides 29 are formed with the purpose of abutting against the hole wall.
In the example according to figs 4 and 5, straight cutting edges 9 are shown. These could, however-like the cut- ting edges according to figs 1-3-also be composed of part edges mutually displaced level-wise for the generation of part chips of a reduced width.
Advantages of the Invention Within the range of deep hole drilling, the invention opens entirely new possibilities of efficient, cost efficient recession of deep holes in connection with full drilling as well as in connection with boring (and reaming and broaching, respectively). In particular, the invention enables recession of long holes having a limited diameter, e. g. diameters less than 15 mm while guaranteeing an extremely good precision. One reason for this is that the drill body can be produced in one single piece without the need of time-consuming and precision- deteriorating complementary mounting of separate cutting inserts (irrespective of these being soldered or consisting of clamped indexable inserts). Another substantial advantage is
that the invention makes it possible to manufacture self-cen- tring drill bodies for deep hole drilling. This has previously not been possible in such drill bodies that make use of sol- dered cutting inserts or indexable inserts. A particular advan- tage in connection with self-centring drill bodies of the type that do not require support strips on the outside thereof, is that the chip inlets may be formed with increased width, resulting in improved transportation of chips and reduced risk of chip stopping. Furthermore, by the existence of the particu- lar breakage weakening (which can be made by the simple measure of giving the mould parts a suitable design), the advantage is gained that the risk of total damage of the entire drill tool is reduced to a minimum.
Feasible Modifications of the Invention The invention is not solely limited to the embodi- ments described above and shown in the drawings. Thus, instead of a threaded joint, other types of connection means may be used, e. g. , bayonet couplings, in order to detachably connect the drill body with the tube of the drill. It is also possible to connect the drill body with the tube in another way, e. g., by soldering or the like. In this connection, it should also be pointed out that the drill tube may be composed of a plurality of tube sections in extension of each other. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that the cutting geometry of the drill body such as this primarily is determined by the shape and location of the cutting edges on the head of the drill body may vary most considerably within the scope of the subsequent claims. The drawings that have been used in order to illustrate the general idea according to the invention do not, accord- ingly, relate to any finished products and should only be regarded as principle drawings (which are influenced by pre- liminary prototypes of the final products). It should also be- mentioned that the described breakage weakening may be realized in another way than in the form of a continuous groove in the envelope surface of the shaft. It should be pointed out that the drill body also may be made from other cutting materials than the ones mentioned above, e. g. ceramics. In conclusion, it
should also be mentioned that the bridge made from cemented carbide or the like that carries the edges could be manufac- tured as a separate unit having a limited volume, the bridge being connectable with a rear drill body member that is manu- factured from another material, e. g. steel. The edge-carrying bridge could, for instance, form the coarse, front head of the drill, while the rear part consists of the shaft. In this con- nection, it is feasible to provide the breakage weakening in the interface between the bridge and the rear part of the drill body. Concerning the step-like formed cutting edges, it should be pointed out that the same not necessarily need to be stair- shaped. Thus, it is feasible to, for instance, countersink (or raise) the midmost of three part edges. Thus, the essential thing is that the different part edges are located on different levels in order to generate chips the width of which is smaller than the total width of the cutting edge.
List of Reference Designations 1 = drill body 2 = chip channel 3 = drill tube 4 = head 5 = shaft 6 = envelope surface on head 7 = transition surface 8 = bridge 9 = cutting edges 10 = chip inlet 11 = chisel edge 12 = main bore in chip channel 13 = limiting surface of main bore 14 = bore end 15 = bore opening 16 = limiting surface of chip inlet 17 = front surface 18 = cutting surface 19 = front shaft section 20 = rear shaft section 21 = male thread 22 = female thread 23 = front tube section 24 = flattened chaser section 25 = breakage weakening 26 = ring wall 27 = cone surface 28 = centring tip 29 = guide