INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0001] The entire contents of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/481,484, filed on April 4, 2017 are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, forming part of the present disclosure. Any feature, structure, material, method, or step that is described and/or illustrated in any embodiment in the foregoing provisional patent application can be used with or instead of any feature, structure, material, method, or step that is described in the following paragraphs of this specification and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0002] This application relates to an elbow joint prostheses and methods for assembling, fitting and implanting the same.

Description of the Related Art

[0003] Elbow prostheses are sometimes implanted in patients with deteriorating elbow joint function. The elbow joint function can deteriorate for a number of reasons, including osteoporosis, cartilage wear, trauma, and other reasons. The elbow is a complex joint involving three bones, with the joint being formed where the distal end of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and ulna meet. These bones are smaller than bones found at other joints more commonly replaced. As a result, the individual components are also smaller.

[0004] Because the lower arm is highly mobile, artificial elbow joint components must be highly mobile and able to sustain a wide variety of loads without failing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] In view of the foregoing, improved elbow joint prostheses and components therefore are desired. For example, an improved radial head assembly is desired that can sustain high loads and/or loads over a wider range of directions. [0006] In one embodiment, a radial head assembly is provided that includes a stem, a collar, a locking ring, and an articular member. The stem has a convex articular head on one end thereof. The collar has a collar wall that defines a first collar opening, a second collar opening, and a passage therethrough. The collar wall has an interior collar surface that has an angular portion proximate to the first collar opening. The locking ring has a ring wall. The ring wall has a ring opening. The ring wall has an angular outer surface and a slot configured to permit the ring wall to radially expand. The angular outer surface engages the angular portion of the interior collar surface. The articular member has a base and a projection. The base has an outer rim and a first concave surface. The projection extends from the base and has a second concave surface disposed between the first concave surface and an end of the articular member opposite the first concave surface. The projection has a peripheral surface configured to engage the interior collar surface. The articular member and the locking ring define an articular space within the collar. The articular space is configured to receive the convex articular head.

[0007] In another embodiment, an articular assembly is provided that includes an articular portion configured to couple with a stem coupled with a first bone. The articular portion has a concave surface, a collar, and a trapping member. The concave surface is disposed on the articular portion to face a second bone opposite the first bone. The collar has a collar wall that a collar opening opposite the concave surface and an interior trapping surface proximate to the collar opening. A space extends from the collar opening into the interior of the collar. The trapping member has an opening and a mating surface configured to engage the interior trapping surface. The articular assembly has a configuration in which the interior trapping surface engages the mating surface to prevent the trapping member from expanding such that a head of a stem disposed in the articular space can be retained in the articular space.

[0008] In another embodiment, a surgical method is provided. In the method, a distal portion of a stem is attached to a first bone. The stem has an articular head on a proximal end of the stem. An opening of an articular assembly is placed on the articular head. The articular assembly has a concave surface and a trapping member. The concave surface is disposed on the articular assembly opposite the opening to face a second bone opposite the first bone. A collar defines the opening. A space extends from the opening into the interior of the articular assembly. An interior trapping surface is disposed proximate to the opening of the articular assembly. The trapping member is disposed in the opening. The trapping member is expanded. The articular head is advanced through the trapping member such that the articular head is disposed between the trapping member and the concave surface. The trapping member is disposed between the articular head and the interior trapping surface.

[0009] In another embodiment, a kit is provided that includes a radial head assembly and a removal tool. The radial head assembly includes a collar and a locking ring. The collar has an opening that provides access into an internal space of the collar. An exterior wall extends from the opening. An interior wall extends from the opening. The collar wall has an aperture that extends from the exterior wall toward the interior wall. The locking ring has a flange and an angled surface. The locking ring is positionable in the internal space in a first position in which the flange is spaced away from the opening and in a second position in which the flange spans the opening to cause the locking ring to be securely retained in the opening. The removal tool has a distal end with a projection configured to be inserted through the aperture to compress the locking ring to enable the ring to move from the second position to the first position.

[0010] In another embodiment, an articular assembly is provided that includes a first articular member and an articular portion that is configured to couple with a stem coupled with a first bone. The first articular member comprises a concave surface. The concave surface is disposed on the first articular member to face a second bone opposite the first bone. The articular portion has a collar and a trapping member. The collar has a collar wall that defines a collar opening adjacent to the concave surface and an interior trapping surface proximate to the collar opening. A space extends from the collar opening into an interior of the collar. The trapping member has a trapping member opening and a mating surface configured to engage the interior trapping surface. The articular assembly has a configuration in which the interior trapping surface engages the mating surface to prevent the trapping member from expanding such that a head member coupled with the concave surface and disposed in the articular space can be retained in the articular space.

[0011] Any feature, structure, or step disclosed herein can be replaced with or combined with any other feature, structure, or step disclosed herein, or omitted. Further, for purposes of summarizing the disclosure, certain aspects, advantages, and features of the inventions have been described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily any or all such advantages are achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the inventions disclosed herein. No individual aspects of this disclosure are essential or indispensable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] These and other features, aspects and advantages are described below with reference to the drawings, which are intended for illustrative purposes and should in no way be interpreted as limiting the scope of the embodiments. Furthermore, various features of different disclosed embodiments can be combined to form additional embodiments, which are part of this disclosure. In the drawings, like reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout similar embodiments. The following is a brief description of each of the drawings.

[0013] Figure 1 is a schematic view of an elbow joint prosthesis;

[0014] Figure 2 is an exploded view of a radial head assembly;

[0015] Figure 3 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an articular assembly shown in Figure 2;

[0016] Figure 4 is a cross-section view of the articular assembly of Figure 3 taken at section plane 4-4;

[0017] Figure 4A is a cross-section view of an embodiment of an articular assembly in an unlocked configuration;

[0018] Figure 4B is a cross-section view of the articular assembly of Figure 4A in a locked configuration;

[0019] Figure 5 is a top view of a collar of the articular assembly of Figure 3;

[0020] Figure 6 is a bottom view of the collar shown in Figure 5;

[0021] Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of the collar shown in Figure 5 taken at the section plane 7-7;

[0022] Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of the collar shown in Figure 5 taken at the section plane 8-8;

[0023] Figure 9 is a top view of a locking ring of the articular assembly of Figure 3;

[0024] Figure 10 is a bottom view of the locking ring of Figure 9;

[0025] Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view of the locking ring of Figure 9 taken at the section plane 11-11; [0026] Figure 12 is a top view of an articular member of the articular assembly of Figure 3;

[0027] Figure 13 is a bottom view of the articular member of Figure 12;

[0028] Figure 14 is a side view of the articular member Figure 12;

[0029] Figure 15 is a cross-sectional view of the articular member of Figure 12 taken at the section plane 15-15;

[0030] Figure 16A illustrates a radial head assembly kit according to one embodiment herein;

[0031] Figure 16B illustrates another embodiment of a radial head assembly kit as disclosed herein;

[0032] Figure 17 shows another embodiment of a radial head assembly as disclosed herein;

[0033] Figure 18 illustrated a further embodiment of a radial head assembly as disclosed herein;

[0034] Figure 19 illustrated a further embodiment of a radial head assembly as disclosed herein;

[0035] Figure 20A is a schematic view illustrating a portion of a method of implanting a radial head assembly in a radius of a patient adjacent to an elbow joint;

[0036] Figure 20B illustrates a portion of a method of implanting a radial head assembly subsequent to the portion illustrated in Figure 20A;

[0037] Figure 20C is a perspective view of one embodiment of an assembly tool that can be used to secure an articular assembly to a stem;

[0038] Figure 21 illustrates a portion of a method of removing a radial head assembly in a radius of a patient adjacent to an elbow joint;

[0039] Figure 21 A shows an embodiment of a removal tool that can be used to remove an articular assembly from a stem;

[0040] Figure 22 shows one method of using the removal tool of Figure 21 A;

[0041] Figure 23A is a schematic view illustrating a portion of a method of implanting a radial head assembly in a radius of a patient adjacent to an elbow joint;

[0042] Figure 23B illustrates a portion of a method of implanting a radial head assembly subsequent to the portion illustrated in Figure 23 A; [0043] Figure 23C illustrates a portion of a method of implanting a radial head assembly subsequent to the portion illustrated in Figure 23B;

[0044] Figure 23D is a perspective view of one embodiment of a locking tool that can be used to secure an articular assembly to a stem; and

[0045] Figure 23E illustrates a portion of a method of implanting a radial head assembly subsequent to the portion illustrated in Figure 23C using the locking tool of Figure 23 D.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] This application is directed to an elbow joint prostheses and methods that can be used in elbow joint replacement procedures, which can be used to correct elbow joint conditions including deformity, wear, osteoarthritis, and trauma. As discussed in greater detail below the apparatuses and methods herein reduce risk of dislocation and decoupling, and also facilitate implantation and removal of the apparatuses during surgical procedures, and provide ranges of sizes to better fit a full range of patients.

I. ELBOW JOINT COMPONENTS AND FORCE DYNAMICS

[0047] Figure 1 shows an elbow joint prosthesis 10. The prosthesis 10 has a humeral stem 14, a humeral spool 18, and a radial stem 22. The radial stem 22 is shown embedded in a radius 26. The prosthesis 10 also can have an ulnar stem (not shown) embedded in the ulna 30. A radial head 34 is disposed on the radial stem 22 and is coupled with one end of the humeral spool 18. The radial head 34 can be capable of bipolar articulation. For example, the radial head 34 can rotate around a center of the spherical end of the humeral spool 18, if the humeral stem 14 is held stationary as the radius and ulna are rotated up toward the humerus. This motion corresponds to the direction provided by double arrow Rl. Also, where no or minimal rotation in the direction of the arrows Rl occurs, there can still be rotation of the lower arm, e.g., of the radius about a central axis of the lower arm. Such motion can correspond to the motion indicated by the double arrows R2. Moreover, it may be possible in some cases to pivot the radial head 34 relative to the radial stem 22. This rotation can be in the same directions as indicated by arrows Rl and R2 but without motion at the interface between the radial head 34 and the spherical portion of the humeral spool 18.

[0048] The radial head 34 is also subject to loading and must remain intact upon such loading. Two loads that can occur are a distraction load indicated by an arrow D and a side load indicated by the arrow L. The distraction load D can be applied at the joint in directions away from the joint toward the shoulder and/or toward the hand. The distraction load D could separate the radial head 34 from the stem 22. The side load L can occur in high ranges of twisting of the lower arm. Such twisting can result when the upper arm is held stationary and the hand is rotated, such as in the motion used to turn a knob. If the radial head 34 contacts a hard surface, such as a portion of the stem 22 or the radius 26, during such movement the radial head 34 could be pried off the stem 22. These concerns prompt the need for radial head designs with improved security. While improved security is beneficial, certain embodiments provide for ease of removal as well.

II. ELBOW JOINT ASSEMBLIES WITH ENHANCED SECURITY

[0049] A variety of elbow joint prosthesis assemblies and components are provided herein that provide enhanced performance, such as enhanced security of assembly over a wide range of anatomic loading and convenience in implantation and removal. Sections Π(Α) along with Figures 2-15, 11(C) along with Figure 17, and 11(D) along with Figures 18 and 19 illustrate various embodiments of radial head assemblies in which anatomic loading security and ease of implantation and removal are provided. Section 11(B) along with Figures 16A-16B illustrate various useful kits that can be provided to facilitate procedures. Section III(A) along with Figures 20A, 20B, and 23A- 23E illustrate methods of assembling radial head assemblies on patients. Section ΠΙ(Β) along with Figures 21, 21A, and 22 illustrate methods of removing radial head assemblies on patients.

A. Radial Head Assemblies With Enhanced Load Security

[0050] Figure 2 shows an exploded view of one embodiment of a radial head assembly 100. The radial head assembly 100 can form a portion of an elbow joint prosthesis of Figure 1. The radial head assembly 100 includes an articular assembly 104 and a stem 124. The articular assembly 104 includes a collar 108, a locking ring 112, and an articular member 116.

[0051] The stem 124 includes a distal end 125, a proximal portion 126. A distal portion 127 of the stem 124 extends from the distal end 125 toward the proximal portion 126. The distal portion 127 is configured to be embedded in bone, e.g., in the radius bone adjacent to an elbow joint, as discussed above. The distal portion 127 can have a textured surface, a rough surface or other structure or treatment adapted to provide for ingrowth of bone to integrate the stem into a radius bone. The textured surface provides for mechanical grip in bone cement where bone cement is used to secure the stem 124 in the bone. The textured surface also provides for bone ingrowth where the stem 124 is implanted as a press fit system or technique. The proximal portion 126 can include a convex articular head 128. The articular head 128 can be disposed on or extend from a proximal end 130 of the stem 124.

[0052] The stem 124 also can include an annular member 132. The annular member 132 can be disposed adjacent to the convex articular head 128. The annular member 132 can have a distal face that extends from adjacent to a proximal end of the distal portion 127 to an outer periphery. The outer periphery of the annular member 132 can be spaced a distance radially or transversely away from the proximal end of the distal portion 127. The distance between the proximal end of the distal portion 127 and the outer periphery of the annular member 132 can correspond to a width of the annular member 132. The width of the annular member 132 can be constant. The annular member 132 can be configured to interface with a proximal end face of a radius bone. In some methods, the annular member 132 provides a positive stop upon insertion of the stem 124 into the radius bone. In some embodiments, a proximal face of the annular member 132 opposite the distal face provides a portion of the radial head assembly 100 that lies between the articular assembly 104 and the proximal face of the radial bone. The annular member 132 can provide protection against impingement on the radius bone by the articular assembly 104.

[0053] In one embodiment, the proximal portion 126 includes the convex articular head 128 and an axial portion 134 that extends along a distance between the head 128 and the annular member 132. The axial portion 134 elevates the articular assembly 104 above the proximal face of the annular member 132. The axial portion 134 elevates the articular assembly 104 above the radius bone when the assembly 100 is implanted. Such elevation provides clearance between the articular assembly 104 and the proximal face of the radius bone into which the stem 124 is inserted, as discussed further below.

[0054] Figures 3 and 4 show that in one configuration the locking ring 112, which is an example of a trapping member disclosed herein, is disposed within the collar 108 and the articular member 116 is partially disposed within the collar 108. The articular member 116 can include a proximal portion 140 and a distal portion 142 (as shown in Figures 2, 14, and 15). The proximal portion 140 can include a proximal surface of the articular assembly 104. The proximal portion 140 can be exposed outside of a proximal portion 144 of the collar 108 (as shown in Figures 2, 7, and 8). The distal portion 142 of the articular member 116 can be configured to be advanced into the collar 108. The distal portion 142 is disposed distally of the proximal portion 144 of the collar 108 in Figure 4. The distal portion 142 can be disposed inside the collar 108. The axial length of the collar 108, e.g., along the direction from the proximal end to the distal end thereof, can be greater than the axial length of the distal portion 142 of the articular member 116 such that a distal end, or face, of the articular member 116 is proximal of a distal end of the collar 108. Figure 4 shows that the distal end of the distal portion 142 of the articular member 116 can be advanced more than half way into the collar 108. Figure 4 shows that the distal end of the distal portion 142 can be disposed well short of the distal end of the collar 108, which provides a range of motion of the locking ring 112, as discussed further below. In some embodiments, as illustrated in Figures 4A and 4B, respectively, the distal portion 142 of an articular member 116' can be disposed against the locking ring 112 when the articular assembly 104' is in the unlocked configuration and/or locked configuration.

[0055] Figure 4 illustrates that the articular member 116 mates with the collar 108. In one embodiment, the proximal portion 140 comprises a base 260 of the articular member 116 (as shown in Figures 14 and 15). The proximal portion 140 can have a dimension that is greater at least in part than an opening at the proximal portion 144 of the collar 108. This configuration allows the articular member 116 to be inserted until an outer rim 268 (as shown in Figures 14 and 15) of the proximal portion 140 is disposed over a proximal portion, e.g., a proximal wall, of the collar 108. The outer rim 268 can abut the proximal portion 144 of the collar 108. The abutment of the proximal portion 140 with the proximal portion 144 provides a positive stop for the articular member 116 as it the articular member 116 is inserted into the collar 108. The distal portion 142 can comprise a projection 264 of the articular member 116 (as shown in Figures 14 and 15). The projection 264 can project from the base 260 of the articular member 116. The distal portion 142 can be secured within the interior of the collar 108 with an interference fit, as discussed in greater detail below. For example, a peripheral surface or outer periphery of the articular member 116 can be larger than at least a portion of the interior surface, e.g., the inner periphery, of the collar 108 when the articular member 116 is separate from the collar 108. As such, at least some deformation of the distal portion 142 or compression of a portion of the inner periphery of the collar 108 can occur upon mating the articular member 116 with the collar 108. The compression or deformation creates sufficient friction to prevent the articular member 116 from inadvertently being separated from the collar 108, e.g., under operational loading in the elbow joint space.

[0056] In one embodiment, the articular member 116 is formed of a material, including a polymer such as polyethylene, PEEK, ceramics such as pyrocarbon, and the collar 108 is formed of a durable metal, such as cobalt chromium, titanium, or other similarly biocompatible durable material. Differences in the material properties of these materials may enable the articular member 116 to be deformed, e.g., compressed, upon insertion to create an interference fit.

[0057] The locking ring 112 has a proximal portion 148 and a distal portion 150 illustrated in Figures 2 and 11. Figures 3 and 4 show a configuration of the articular assembly 104 where the locking ring 112 is disposed within the collar 108. For example, the proximal portion 148 and the distal portion 150 can be disposed between a proximal end and a distal end of the collar 108. Figure 4 shows that in certain embodiments, the locking ring 112 can be disposed between a distal end of the articular member 116 and the distal end of the collar 108. Figure 4 shows that when the distal end of the locking ring 112 is disposed at the same position as the distal end of the collar 108 there is a gap Gl between the proximal end of the locking ring 112 and the distal end of the articular member 116. The gap Gl corresponds to positions of the locking ring 112 along a range of motion of the locking ring 112 in an axial direction within the collar 108. In this context, the axial direction corresponds to the direction along the longitudinal axis of the stem 124 (see Figure 20 A). Motion of the locking ring 112 in the axial direction decreasing the magnitude of the gap Gl advantageously allows the locking ring 112 to move from a locked configuration in which the locking ring 112 is confined or constrained by the collar 108 to a free configuration in which the locking ring 112 is relatively less constrained or confined. Reducing the confinement or constraint imposed by the collar 108 on the locking ring 112 allows the ring 112 to expand. For example, movement of the locking ring 112 toward the articular member 116 reduces the magnitude of the gap Gl. Movement of the locking ring 112 away the articular member 116 increases the magnitude of the gap Gl. If the locking ring 112 is moved into contact with the articular member 116 the gap Gl is eliminated. This is one example of a free configuration of the locking ring 112. When in the free configuration, a gap G8 (see Figure 20 A) is disposed between an outer periphery of the locking ring 112 and the interior of the collar 108. The gap G8 and the flexibility of the locking ring 112 enables the locking ring 112 to expand. When the gap Gl is largest, the locking ring 112 is in a locked configuration and is engaged over an opening of the collar 108. The locked configuration prevents the stem 124 from being inadvertently dislodged from the articular assembly 104, as discussed further below.

[0058] Figures 4A and 4B show that, in certain embodiments, the projection 264 of the articular member 116' may have a length sufficient to abut against the locking ring 112 when the locking ring 112 is disposed entirely within the collar 108, e.g., when in the unlocked configuration. As such, no gap may exist between the proximal end of the locking ring 112 and the distal end of the articular member 116'. In some embodiments, the articular member 116' may have an unlocked position and a locked position within the collar 108 (as shown in Figures 4A and 4B, respectively). For example, Figure 4A shows that, when the articular assembly 104' is in an unlocked configuration, the articular member 116' may be in proximal position in the collar 108 compared to the position of the articular member 116' in the collar 108 when in a locked position. A gap G10 may exist between a distal end face of a base 260 of the articular member 116' and a proximal end of the proximal portion 144 of the collar 108 when the articular member 116' is in the unlocked configuration. The length of the gap G10 can correspond to positions of the articular member 116' along a range of motion of the articular member 116' in an axial direction within the collar 108 relating to the unlocked and locked positions of the articular member 116'. In this context, the axial direction corresponds to the direction along the longitudinal axis of the stem 124 (see FIG. 23A-23E).

[0059] Moving the articular member 116' in an axial direction that decreases the magnitude of the gap G10 advantageously allows the articular member 116' to move from the unlocked configuration to the locked configuration. As the articular member 116' moves from the unlocked configuration to the locked configuration, a distal end face of the articular member 116' abuts against and, in turn, causes the locking ring 112 to also move from an unlocked configuration, in which the locking ring 112 is relatively less constrained or confined (as shown in Figure 4A), to a locked configuration, in which the locking ring confined or constrained by the collar 108 (as shown in Figure 4B). As discussed herein, increasing the confinement or constraint imposed by the collar 108 on the locking ring 112 causes the ring 112 to contract. Similar to other embodiments disclosed herein, when in the unlocked configuration, a gap G8 (see Figure 23A) is disposed between an outer periphery of the locking ring 112 and the interior of the collar 108. The gap G8 and the flexibility of the locking ring 112 enables the locking ring 112 to expand. When the gap G10 is the smallest and/or eliminated as the articular member 116' due to axial movement in a distal direction, the locking ring 112 is in a locked configuration and is engaged over an opening of the collar 108. The locked configuration prevents the stem 124 from being inadvertently dislodged from the articular assembly 104', as discussed further below.

[0060] Figures 5-8 show various views of the collar 108 of the articular assembly 104. The collar 108 has a collar wall 160 that extends between an outer periphery of the collar 108 and an inner periphery of the collar 108. The collar wall 160 defines a first collar opening 164, a second collar opening 168, and a passage 166 therethrough. The first collar opening 164 is disposed at the distal end of the collar 108. The second collar opening 168 is disposed at the proximal end of the collar 108. The collar wall 160 has an interior collar surface 172. The interior collar surface 172 can have an angular portion 176 proximate to the first collar opening 164. The angular portion 176 is configured such that a distal portion thereof is closer to a central longitudinal axis Al of the collar 108 than is a proximal portion thereof. The distal portion of the angular portion 176 is disposed adjacent to the first collar opening 164. The angular portion 176 can have a symmetrical configuration about the axis Al. Figures 7 and 8 show that the angular portion 176 can have a linear profile in cross-section to provide a frusto-conical portion of the passage 166. Figure 5 shows that in some embodiments, the second collar opening 168 is larger than the first collar opening 164.

[0061] As discussed further below, a secure connection is provided in at least one configuration of the articular assembly 104 between the collar 108 and the locking ring 112. The collar 108 preferably is configured to facilitate disengagement of the locking ring 112 from the collar 108 where appropriate. For example, the collar 108 can include an aperture 180 to provide access to a portion of the locking ring 112 disposed within the collar 108. The aperture 180 can be disposed in the distal portion 146 of the collar 108. For example, the aperture 180 can be located at the distal end of the collar 108 and can be extend proximally therefrom. The aperture 180 can have a semicircular shape with a diameter thereof located at the distal end of the collar 108. The aperture 180 can comprise a shape that matches the shape of a working end of a removal tool 324, discussed below in connection with Figures 16A and 21. While the aperture 180 has a semicircular shape, it is also contemplated the aperture 180 can have any suitable shape and/or configuration capable of interaction with the removal tool 324.

[0062] Figures 3, 8, 16A, and 21 show that the aperture 180 is configured to permit the removal tool 324 to be advanced into the aperture 180 and to disengage the locking ring 112 from the collar 108. Figure 3 shows that the aperture 180 provides access to the locking ring 112 in the configuration illustrated therein. Figures 20B and 21 show the locking ring 112 in the locked configuration, in which the locking ring 112 is secured by being advanced distally relative to the collar 108. In this configuration, a distal portion of the locking ring 112 is disposed over the first collar opening 164 and interference is provided between the distal portion 150 of the locking ring 112 and a distal portion of the collar wall 160 to secure the locking ring 112 to the collar 108. In the locked configuration, the locking ring 112 remains accessible through the aperture 180. Figure 8 shows that a compressive force Fl can be applied through the aperture 180 by the removal tool 324. The force Fl can be directed inward, e.g., transverse to the longitudinal axis of the stem 124. The force Fl can be directed axially, e.g., generally proximally and/or distally or generally aligned to the longitudinal axis of the stem 124. The force Fl can be sufficient to compress the locking ring 112 to allow it to move proximally into the collar 108, e.g., to the position of Figure 3 or to the free configuration at a position even closer to the articular member 116 where the gap Gl is smaller than depicted in Figure 4.

[0063] Figures 7 and 8 show that in some embodiments the interior collar surface 172 has at least one collar connection feature 184 for attachment to the articular member 116. The connection feature 184 can be disposed adjacent to the second opening 168. The connection feature 184 is configured to engage the peripheral surface of the articular member 116 to retain the member 116 in the collar 108. The collar connection feature 184 can include a peg, a barb, a thread, or other protruding structure configured to receive or be received by the articular member 116 by a screw fit, snap fit, interference fit, or otherwise. The connection feature 184 can include at least one anti-rotational feature 188 configured to prevent rotational displacement of the articular member 116 relative to the collar 108 when the articular member 116 and the collar 108 are engaged. The anti- rotation features 188 can include a groove, a scallop, a notch, a cavity, or other receding structure configured to receive or be received by the articular member 116. Figures 5 and 8 show that the anti-rotation feature 188 can includes an array of such scallops that extend outward into the collar wall 160. In one embodiment, the array of anti-rotation feature 188 includes a plurality of such features disposed along an axis of insertion of the articular member 116 (e.g., a proximal-distal axis of the articular assembly 104). In one embodiment, the array of anti -rotation feature 188 includes a plurality of such features disposed about the inner circumference of the collar, e.g., about the wall 172 at any one position along the axis of insertion of the articular member 116 (e.g., the proximal-distal axis of the articular assembly 104). In one embodiment, the array of anti-rotation feature 188 includes a plurality of such features disposed along the axis of insertion of the articular member 116 and about the inner circumference of the collar, e.g., about the wall 172 at any one position along the axis of insertion of the articular member 116. The connection feature 184 is configured to engage the projection or the distal portion 142 of the articular member 116 by interference fit or otherwise to prevent axial movement (e.g., the proximal-distal direction) or rotation (e.g., about the proximal-distal direction) of the member 116 in the collar 108.

[0064] Figures 9-11 show various views of the locking ring 112 of the articular assembly 104. The locking ring 112 has a ring wall 220 that extends between an outer periphery of the locking ring 112 and an inner periphery of the locking ring 112. The ring wall 220 defines a ring opening 224. The ring wall 220 can have an angular outer surface 228 and a slot 232 configured to permit the ring wall 220 to expand and to be compressed. The angular outer surface 228 is configured to engage the angular portion 176 of the interior collar surface 172 when the stem 124 is coupled with the articular assembly 104, e.g., when in the locked configuration with the articular head 128 disposed within the assembly 104. The locking ring 112 is configured to expand when in the free configuration to allow the articular head 128 to pass through the ring opening to be disposed within the collar 108. For example, the slot 232 is defined between two free ends 233 of the locking ring 112. The two free ends 233 can move both towards and away from each other in one embodiment when in a free configuration, e.g., when not fully constrained within the collar 108. The free ends 233 are constrained to some extent when the locking ring 112 is in the locked configuration, e.g., when engaged with the collar 108. For instance, in the position shown in Figure 3 and 4, the movement of the free ends 233 of the locking ring 112 away from each other is limited by the interior collar surface 172. Greater movement of the free ends 233 of the locking ring 112 away from each other can occur as the locking ring 112 is moved toward the articular member 116 and the gap Gl is decreased. This property of the articular assembly 104 is useful in the coupling thereof with the stem 124. The movement of the free ends 233 of the locking ring 112 away from each other is further constrained in the position of Figures 20B and 21, as will be discussed further below. Movement of the free ends 233 of the locking ring 112 toward each other can be enhanced by the aperture 180, as discussed above. In some embodiments the slot 232 is small, with the free ends 233 very close to each other, e.g., with no significant gap between the ends 233, in a free state. In such embodiments, the materials flexibility or deformability or ductility can enable the locking ring 112 to be secured in the collar 108.

[0065] The ring wall 220 of the locking ring 112 has an interior ring surface. The interior ring surface includes a proximal portion 238 adjacent to the proximal portion 148 of the locking ring 112. The proximal portion 238 may be tapered. The taper angle and length of the proximal portion can be configured to interface with the articular head 128 of the stem 124 when the stem 124 is coupled with the articular assembly 104, e.g., with the articular head 128 disposed through the locking ring 112. The proximal portion 238 may be shaped to correspond to the shape of the articular head 128 of the stem 124 when the locking ring 112 is in the locked configuration. The proximal portion 238 can include a spherical surface that matches the curvature of the articular head 128. The proximal portion 238 may extend along the entire width of the ring wall 220.

[0066] The interior ring surface may have a middle portion 242. The middle portion 242 can be substantially straight or tapered. The middle portion 242 defines an inner diameter D of the locking ring 112. The inner diameter D can increase as the locking ring 112 is expanded to permit insertion of the stem 124 into the articular assembly 104. For example, if the locking ring 112 has free ends 233, the inner diameter D can expand as the free ends 233 move away from each other. When the locking ring 112 is in the free configuration, the inner diameter D may be the same as or smaller than a width of the articular head 128 of the stem 124. When the locking ring 112 is in the locked configuration, the inner diameter D may be smaller than a width of the articular head 128 of the stem 124 to inhibit disengagement of the stem 124 form the locking ring 112.

[0067] The interior ring surface can include a distal portion 240 adjacent to the distal portion 150 of the locking ring 112. The distal portion 240 is configured such that a portion thereof adjacent to the middle portion 242 of the interior ring surface is closer to a central longitudinal axis A4 of the locking ring 112 than is a portion thereof adjacent to the distal portion 150 of the locking ring 112. The distal portion 240 can have a symmetrical configuration about the axis A4 providing a conical and/or curved portion of the ring opening 224. In some embodiments, an inner diameter of the distal portion 240 is larger than an inner diameter of the proximal portion 238. The distal portion 240 can have a distally enlarging structure that provide increasing diameter in the free configuration from the middle portion 242 toward the distal portion 150. The range of diameters preferably extends to a diameter larger than the diameter of the articular head 128 so that the distal portion 240 can receive the articular head 128 and rest thereon prior to assembly, as discussed below.

[0068] The distal portion 150 of the locking ring 112 may include at least one ring connection feature 236. The ring connection feature 236 can protrude from the ring wall 228 of the locking ring 112. The ring connection feature 236 is disposed adjacent to the distal portion 240. The ring connection feature 236 is configured to engage the collar wall 160 to retain the locking ring 112 in the collar 108. The ring connection feature 236 can include a peg, a barb, a screw, or other protruding structure, configured to engaged the first collar opening 164 by a screw fit, snap fit, interference fit, or otherwise. Each ring connection feature 236 can be configured to inhibit disengagement of the locking ring 112 from the locked configuration. In some embodiments, the ring connection feature 236 is a flange extending radially outward from an end of the ring wall 220. The connection feature 236 can include an external concave structure that can receive a portion of the collar 108, as discussed herein. The external concave structure can include a circumferential groove 237 that extends around the locking ring 112. The circumferential groove 237 can extend entirely around the locking ring 112 between the free ends 233 thereof, in one embodiment. [0069] Figures 12-15 show various views of the articular member 116 of articular assembly 104. While the following discussion references articular member 116 as shown in Figures 12-15, the articular member 116' shown in Figures 4A and 4B is similar to articular member 116 shown in Figures 12-15. As such, it will be understood that the features described with reference to articular member 116 can be used with any other articular member described and/or contemplated herein. For example, articular member 116' of Figures 4A and 4B may include any feature, structure, material, step, or component described herein with reference to articular member 116 of Figures 12-15, unless otherwise noted.

[0070] The proximal portion 140 of the articular member 116 has a base 260. The distal portion 142 of the articular member 116 includes a projection 264 that protrudes from the base 260. In some embodiments, the base 260 can include an outer rim 268. The outer rim 268 can be disposed adjacent to the projection 264. The outer rim 268 can have a distal face 269 that extends from adjacent to a proximal end of the projection 264 to an outer periphery. The outer periphery of the outer rim 268 can be spaced a distance radially or transversely away from the proximal end of the projection 264. The distance between the proximal end of the projection 264 and the outer periphery of the outer rim 268 can correspond to a width of the outer rim 268. The width of the outer rim can be constant. The outer rim 268 can be configured to interface with the proximal portion 144 of the collar 108, as discussed previously.

[0071] In some embodiments, the base 260 includes a first concave surface 272. The first concave surface 272 can be disposed on a proximal surface of the base 260. For example, the first concave surface 272 can be located at a proximal end of the base 260 and can define recessed surface therein. The first concave surface 272 is configured to receive at least a portion of a corresponding humeral component, e.g., the humeral spool 18. The first concave surface 272 can be rounded, e.g. semicircular shape. The first concave surface 272 can have a smooth surface or other structure or treatment adapted to facilitate rotation along at least a portion of the humeral spool. The first concave surface 272 can be a region of the proximal portion 140. The first concave surface 272 can be disposed on a separate member that is inserted into and retained by the proximal portion 140.

[0072] The projection 264 of the articular member 116 extends from the base and can have a peripheral surface 284. The peripheral surface 284 is configured such that the peripheral surface 284 extends substantially parallel to a central longitudinal axis A8 of the articular member 116. The peripheral surface 284 can have a symmetrical configuration about the axis A8. The peripheral surface 284 of the projection 264 can be spaced a distance radially or transversely away from the central longitudinal axis A8. The distance between the peripheral surface 284 and the central longitudinal axis can correspond to a radius of the projection 264. The radius, and corresponding width, of the projection 264 can be substantially constant. The projection 264 can be configured to interface with the interior collar surface 172 of the collar 108. In some embodiments, the peripheral surface 284 includes at least one projection connection feature to facilitate attachment to the interior collar surface 172. Each projection connection feature can be a peg, a barb, a thread, or other protruding structure configured to receive or be received by the interior collar surface 274 by a screw fit, snap fit, interference fit, or otherwise. For example, the width of the projection 264 can be larger than the periphery of the interior collar surface 172, such that at least some deformation of the projection 264 occurs upon mating the articular member 116 with the collar 108. In some instances, the projection connection feature can include a threaded portion to threadably engage the interior collar surface 172.

[0073] The projection 264 may have a second concave surface 276. The second concave surface 276 can be disposed on a distal face of the projection 264. For example, the second concave surface 276 can be located between the first concave surface 272 and a distal end surface 280 of the articular member 116 opposite the first concave surface 272. The second concave surface 276 is configured to receive at least a portion of the articular head 128 of the stem 124 when the stem 124 is coupled with the articular assembly 104. The second concave surface 276 may be shaped to correspond to the shape of the articular head 128. The second concave surface 276 can be rounded, e.g. semicircular shape. The second concave surface 276 can have a smooth surface or other structure or treatment adapted to facilitate rotation along at least a portion of the articular head 128.

[0074] The distal portion 142 of the articular member 116 extends proximally from the distal end surface 280 of the articular member 116. The distal end surface 280 may be tapered. The taper angle and length of the distal end surface 280 can be configured to facilitate insertion of the articular member 116 into the collar 108. The taper may extend along at least a portion of the end surface 280. The distal end surface can have a symmetrical configuration about the axis A8 providing a curved portion extending along an outer periphery of the second concave surface 276.

[0075] The articular member 116 and the locking ring 112 at least partially define an articular space 120 within the collar 108 when the articular assembly 104 is fully assembled (as shown in Figures 3-4B, 20B, 21, and 23E). The articular space is configured to receive and retain the articular head 128 of the stem 124. For instance, the articular space 120 can have a generally spherical shape to permit the articular assembly 104 to pivot about the stem 124, particularly when the radial head assembly 100 experiences a side load. The spherical space can be made up of spherical surfaces on the locking ring 112 and the articular member 116.

[0076] The articular assembly 104 is capable of bipolar articulation when the articular head 128 is inserted within the articular space 120, e.g., when the articular assembly 104 is in the locked configuration. Bipolar articulation can provide for rotation of the articular member 116 over the articular head 128 and articulation of the articular member 116 over the spherical portion of the humeral spool 18. The engagement mechanism though which the articular assembly 104 interacts with the articular head 128, e.g., including the manner in which the locking ring 112 engages the collar 108, as described herein, provides an enhanced attachment security. The enhanced security reduces the risk of dislocation and/or decoupling as the radial head assembly 100 may become subject to a variety of radial motions and loading forces.

B. Radial Head Assembly Kits for Implanting And/Or Removing An Articular Assembly

[0077] Figure 16A shows an elbow joint prosthesis kit 320A that can be provided. The kit 320A includes an articular assembly 104, a stem 124, a removal tool 324 and a locking tool 328. During a normal elbow joint replacement procedure, the stem 124 may be used to anchor the articular assembly 104 to the radius when they are assembled into the radial head assembly 100, as discussed herein. It may be advantageous to provide for the removal of the articular assembly 104 through the inclusion of a removal tool 324 in kit 320A.

[0078] Figure 16A illustrates an example of the removal tool 324. The removal tool 324 may have a distal end with a projection 326. The projection 326 can be configured to be inserted through the aperture 180. When so inserted, acting on the proximal end of the tool 324 can cause the force Fl (as shown in Figures 21 and 22) to be applied to the locking ring 112 to disengage the locking ring 112 from the collar 108. When in the locked configuration, the locking ring 112 engages the collar wall 160 to retain the locking ring 112 in the collar 108, as discussed above. For example, an edge of the collar 108 is received by the ring connection feature 236 securing the locking ring 112 and the articular head 128 in position. The removal tool 324 can apply a compressive force Fl (as shown in Figures 8, 11, and 21) through the aperture 180 to at least a portion of the locking ring 112. The compressive force Fl compresses the locking ring 112 and causes the two free ends 233 to move towards each other. As the two free ends 233 move toward each other, a width of the locking ring 112 decreases and the ring connection feature 236 can disengage from the edge of the collar wall 160. Once disengaged from the collar wall 160, the locking ring 112 may be advanced toward the articular member 116 from a position in the locked configuration to another second position in the free configuration. The free configuration permits the locking ring 112 to expand and the articular head 128 to pass through the locking ring 112. As such, the articular assembly 104 can be removed from the stem 124.

[0079] With continued reference to Figure 16 A, the kit 320A may comprise a locking tool 328. The locking tool 328 may have a distal end with a collar engagement portion 330 and an articular member engagement portion 332. The collar engagement portion 330 can be configured to abut against a distal end face of the collar 108, and the articular member engagement portion 332 can be configured to abut against a proximal end face of the articular member 116'. The collar engagement portion 330 and/or the articular member engagement portion 332 can, in some instances, be configured to engage any other portion of the radial head assembly 100' to transition the articular assembly 104' from an unlocked configuration to a locked configuration. When so engaged, acting on the proximal end of the locking tool 328 can cause the forces F10 and F10' (as shown in Figure 23C) to be applied to the articular assembly 104' to move the articular member 116' and the locking ring 112 in a distal direction relative to the collar 108. As the articular member 116' and the locking ring 112 are distally displaced, the articular assembly 104' transitions from an unlocked configuration to a locked configuration. As discussed herein, when in the locked configuration, the locking ring 112 engages the collar wall 160 to retain the locking ring 112 in the collar 108. For example, an edge of the collar 108 is received by the collar engagement portion 330 securing the collar 108 in position. The locking tool 328 can apply one or more compressive forces F10 and F10' (as shown in Figures 23C and 23E) to the articular member 116' through the articular member engagement portion 332. The compressive forces F10, F10' causes the articular member 116' to move distally relative to the collar 108, contact a proximal face of the locking ring 112, and, in turn, moves the locking ring 112 in a distal direction relative to the collar 108. As the locking ring 112 is moved, the locking ring 112 engages with the collar 108 to enter a locked configuration.

[0080] Elbow joint prosthesis kits, according to some embodiments, may include multiple articular assemblies 104 of different sizes to better fit a full range of patients. In some embodiments of a kit the stem 124 comes in varying sizes, such as with different heights for the head 128. Figure 16B illustrates a kit 320B including a plurality of, e.g., at least four, articular assemblies 104 of various sizes and at least one removal tool 324. The various articular assemblies 104 permit the implantation of an articular assembly that matches the patient's anatomy. More or fewer than four sizes can be provided. More than one removal tool 324 can be provided if the aperture 180 is modified based on the size. In some embodiments, a removal tool can be configured to be used on more than one size, such as by having tapered working ends and/or multiple working features as shown in Figure 20C.

[0081] The articular assembly 104 for the elbow joint prostheses may be selected and implanted according to a range of one or more sizes for a given corresponding humeral spool 18. For example, Figure 16B illustrate three different sizes of articular assembly 104. Figure 16B shows an articular assembly 104' , an articular assembly 104" that is larger than articular assembly 104' ; and an articular assembly 104" ' that is larger than articular assembly 104". The different sizes of articular assemblies 104' , 104" , 104" ' permit the articular assembly to correspond with the respective humeral spool in the elbow joint. In some embodiments, the kit may include a multiplicity of articular assemblies 104 of the same size. For example, Figure 16B illustrates a kit 320B with at least two large articular assemblies 104' ".

[0082] As discussed above, the inclusion of the removal tool 324 permits the removal of the articular assembly 104 following impnatation. If an implanted articular assembly 104 is determined to not be the proper size for the patient, the removal tool 324 may be used to remove and replace the implanted articular assembly 104 with one of a different size included in the kit 320B. This is superior to existing radial head assemblies which often have a fixed assembly size that may not be removed and/or replaced after the articular assembly is implanted.

C. Radial Head Assemblies With An Alternative Locking Ring Engagement Mechanism

[0083] Figure 17 shows another embodiment of a radial head assembly 400. The radial head assembly 400 resembles or is similar to the radial head assembly 100 except as described differently below. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of the radial head assembly 100 shown in Figures 2-15 are incremented by a factor of 300 to identify similar features of the radial head assembly 400 shown in Figure 17. The foregoing descriptions can be combined with the specific discussion below in other various embodiments.

[0084] The radial head assembly 400 includes an articular assembly 404 and a stem 424. The articular assembly 404 includes a collar 408, a locking ring 412, and an articular member 416. Figure 17 shows that in one configuration the locking ring 412 is disposed within the collar 408 and the articular member 416 is at least partially disposed within the collar 408. The locking ring 412 can be configured to be advanced into the collar 408, e.g., with at least a portion of the locking ring 412 being disposed within a first opening of the collar 408, as discussed in further detail below.

[0085] The collar 408 has a collar wall that extends between an outer periphery of the collar 408 and an inner periphery of the collar 408. The collar wall defines the first collar opening, a second collar opening, and a passage therethrough. The first collar opening is disposed at a distal end 446 of the collar 408. The second collar opening is disposed at the proximal end 444 of the collar 408. The collar wall can have an interior collar surface configured to couple with the locking ring 412.

[0086] In some embodiments, the interior collar surface has an inner rim 450. The inner rim 450 can be disposed adjacent to a distal end of the collar wall. The inner rim 450 can have an inner face that extends from adjacent to a distal end of the collar wall to an inner periphery. The inner periphery of the inner rim 450 can be spaced a distance radially or transversely away from the distal end of the collar wall. The distance between the distal end of the collar wall and the inner periphery of the inner rim 450 can correspond to a width of the inner rim 450. The width of the inner rim 450 can be constant. The inner rim 450 can be configured to interface with a mating surface 462 of the locking ring 412, discussed in further detail below. The inner rim 450 is configured to abut the locking ring 412 when the locking ring 412 is inserted into the collar 408. In this configuration, the inner rim 450 engages the locking ring 412 and prevents the locking ring 412 from expanding radially such that an articular head 426 of the stem 424 coupled with the articular assembly 404 can be retained within an articular space 420.

[0087] The inner rim 450 can have an angular portion 454 proximate to the first collar opening. The angular portion 454 of the inner rim 447 may correspond with a distal end 458 of the locking ring 412. The distal end 458 also can have an angular portion. The angular portion 454 may facilitate expansion of the locking ring 412 as the locking ring 412 is advanced proximally within the collar 408. Also, the angular portion 454 can facilitate compression by the sliding of the angular portion of the distal end 458 over the angular portion 454. Specifically, the angular portion 454 forces the ring inward as the angular portion of the distal end 458 moves over the angular portion 454.

[0088] The locking ring 412 has a proximal portion and a distal portion. The proximal portion can include a mating surface 462 configured to engage the inner rim 450, as shown in Figure 17. The mating surface 462 can have a dimension that is greater at least in part than an inner periphery of the inner rim 450. This configuration allows the locking ring 412 to be inserted until the mating surface 462 abuts the inner rim 450. The abutment of the mating surface 462 with the inner rim 450 provides a positive stop for the locking ring 412, preventing the ring 412 from pulling out upon application of a force away from the articular member 416. In some embodiments, the distal portion of the locking ring 412 can be secured within the first collar opening with an interference fit. For example, an outer periphery of the distal portion of the locking ring 412 can be larger than an inner periphery of the first collar opening such that at least some deformation of the distal portion occurs upon mating the locking ring 412 with the collar 408. The material of the locking ring 412 and/or the collar 408 may enable the locking ring 412 to be deformed, e.g., compressed, upon insertion to create an interference fit.

[0089] The axial length of the locking ring 412, e.g., along the direction from the proximal portion to the distal portion thereof, can be greater than the axial length of the inner rim 450 such that the distal end 458 of the locking ring 412 is proximal of a distal end of the collar 408 while the proximal end of the locking ring 412 is proximal of the inner rim 450. Figure 17 shows that the distal end 458 of the locking ring can be advanced more than half way into the first collar opening. A proximal end of the locking ring 412 may be disposed well short of a distal end of the articular member 416, which provides a range of motion of the locking ring 412.

[0090] Figure 17 further shows that when the distal end of the locking ring 412 is disposed at the same position as the distal end of the collar 408 there is a gap G4 between the proximal end of the locking ring 412 and the distal end of the articular member 416. The gap G4 corresponds to one position of the locking ring 112 along a range of motion of the locking ring 412 in an axial direction within the collar 408. Motion of the locking ring 412 in the axial direction advantageously allows the locking ring 412 to move from a position in the collar 408 in which the ring 412 is confined or constrained by the collar 408, e.g., by radially inwardly facing features of the inner rim 450 (as shown in Figure 17) to a position in which it is relatively less constrained or confined. Reducing the confinement or constraint imposed by the collar 408, e.g., by the inner rim 450, on the locking ring 412 allows the locking ring 412 to expand. For example, movement of the locking ring 412 toward the articular member 416 reduces the gap G4 but moves the locking ring 412 to a position at which the distal end 458 of the locking ring is disposed proximal to the inner rim 450. In the portion of the collar 408 proximal to the inner rim 450, a larger transverse width is provided, which is sufficient to allow the ring 412 to expand to allow the head 426 of the stem 424 to be withdrawn from the collar 408.

D. Radial Head Assemblies With An Articular Portion Coupled To A Stem

[0091] Figures 18 and 19 show other embodiments of a radial head assembly that is similar to the radial head assembly 100, except as described differently below. The foregoing descriptions can be combined with the specific discussion below in other various embodiments.

[0092] In another embodiment, an articular assembly 480 includes a first articular member 492 and an articular portion 484 that is configured to couple with a stem 488 coupled with a first bone. The articular portion 484 has a collar 496 and a trapping member 500. The stem 488 includes a proximal portion 490 and a distal portion. The distal portion of the stem 488 extends from the proximal portion 490 toward a distal end of the stem 488. The distal portion 490 is configured to be embedded in bone, e.g., in the radius bone adjacent to an elbow, as discussed above. The proximal portion 490 can include the articular portion 484. The articular portion 484 can be disposed on or extend from a proximal end of the stem 488.

[0093] The first articular member 492 has a proximal portion and a distal portion. The proximal portion has a base 493. The proximal portion can include an outer rim disposed adjacent to the distal portion. The outer rim can have a distal face that extends from adjacent to a proximal end of the distal portion to an outer periphery. The outer periphery of the outer rim can be spaced a distance radially or transversely away from the proximal end of the distal portion. The distance between the distal portion and the outer periphery of the outer rim can correspond to a width of the base 493. The width of the base 493 can be constant. The base 493 can be configured to interface with a proximal portion of the collar 496, as discussed previously.

[0094] In some embodiments, a first concave surface 495 is disposed on the base 493 of the first articular member 492 to face a second bone opposite the first bone. The first concave surface 495 can be disposed on a proximal surface of the base 493. For example, the first concave surface 495 can be located at a proximal end of the base 493 and can define recessed surface therein. The first concave surface 495 is configured to receive at least a portion of a corresponding humeral spool. The first concave surface 495 can be rounded, e.g. semicircular shape. The first concave surface 495 can have a smooth surface or other structure or treatment adapted to facilitate rotation along at least a portion of the humeral spool. The distal portion of the first articular member 492 includes a convex articular head 494. The articular head 494 can be configured to interface with the articular assembly 484.

[0095] The collar 496 has a collar wall that defines a collar opening 504 and an interior trapping surface 508 proximate to the collar opening 504. A space extends from the collar opening 504 into an interior of the collar 496. The trapping member 500 has a trapping member opening and a mating surface 512 configured to engage the interior trapping surface 508. The radial head assembly 480 has a configuration in which the interior trapping surface 508 engages a mating surface 512 of the collar 496 to prevent the trapping member 500 from expanding such that the articular head 494 disposed in an articular space 516 can be retained in the articular space 516. [0096] The articular portion 484 may comprise a second articular member 520. The second articular member 520 may be disposed within the collar 496 and have a second concave surface 524. The second concave surface 524 can be disposed on a distal face 525 of the second articular member 520. The second concave surface 524 is configured to receive at least a portion of the articular head 494 of the first articular member 492 when the first articular member 492 is coupled with the collar 496. The second concave surface 524 may be shaped to correspond to the shape of the articular head 494. The second concave surface 524 can be rounded, e.g. semicircular shape. The second concave surface 524 can have a smooth surface or other structure or treatment adapted to facilitate rotation along at least a portion of the articular head 494.

[0097] Figure 19 shows another embodiment of a radial head assembly with an articular portion coupled to a stem. Radial head assembly 540 is similar to the radial head assembly 480 of Figure 18, except as described differently. Figure 19 illustrates an embodiment of the radial head assembly 540 wherein the base 548 is removeably engaged with the first articular member 544. In some instances, it may become necessary to remove the base 548 from the first articular member 544, for example, if at least one of the first articular member 544 and the first concave surface 552 begins to wear. Any suitable technique for joining the articular member 544 to the base 548 can be provided, including interference fit, mating tapers, barbs or hooks, locking rings, threads or other trapping features.

III. IMPLANTATION METHODS FOR ENHANCED ELBOW JOINT ASSEMBLIES

[0098] Referring back to the radial head assembly 100 shown in Figures 2-15, in use, the stem 124 can be implanted in the radius before the articular assembly 104 is positioned on the stem 124. The stem 124 is secured to the articular assembly 104 by inserting the articular head 128 of the stem 124 into the articular space 120 of the articular assembly 104. In some cases, the radial head assembly 100 may need to be replaced. The stem 124 can remain coupled to the radius while the articular assembly 104 is replaced. The surgeon may provide a new articular assembly 104 or an articular assembly 104 of a different configuration. Figures 20A and 20B show aspects of surgical methods related to the implantation of apparatuses disclosed herein. Figure 21 shows aspects of surgical methods related to the removal of apparatuses disclosed herein.

A. Methods of Implanting An Articulation Assembly on an Articular Head of a Stem

[0099] Figures 2, 20A, 20B, and 23A-23E show various surgical methods for implanting an elbow joint prosthesis. In the methods, a distal portion of a stem 124 is attached to a first bone with the articular head 128 extending from a proximal end 130 of the stem 124. The joint may be separated or dislocated during the procedure, but the position of the head 128 will be in the joint space between the first bone and a second bone after the procedure. For example, the stem 124 may be attached to a radius bone adjacent to an elbow joint and the articular head 128 may be positioned between the radius bone and a humerus upon completion of the procedure. In some embodiments, the stem 124 includes an annular member 132. The annular member 132 can act as a positive stop upon insertion of the distal portion of the stem 124 into the first bone. The stem 124 may be inserted until the annular member 132 is at a position proximal to the first bone, as shown in Figure 20A. The annular member 132 can provide protection against impingement on the radius bone by the articular assembly 104.

[0100] With reference to Figures 2, 20A, and 20B, the articular assembly 104 can be fully assembled prior to implantation of the articular assembly 104 on the articular head 128, as shown in Figure 20A. The articular assembly 104 can be assembled by placing the locking ring 112 and the articular member 116 at least partially within the collar 108. The locking ring 112 may be inserted into the collar 108 through the second collar opening 168 with little to no compression. The locking ring 112 may be inserted into the collar 108 through the first collar opening 164 upon circumferential compression. The locking ring 112 can be disposed within the collar 108 in the free configuration, as shown in Figure 20 A. While in the free configuration, the locking ring 112 is disengaged with the collar 108 and may not be confined or constrained by the interior collar surface 172. The locking ring 112 is permitted to undergo a range of axial and/or radial motion within the collar 108, as previously discussed. Figure 20A shows a gap G8 disposed between the locking ring 112 and the interior collar surface 172. Gap G8 permits the locking ring 112 to expand circumferentially or transversely within the collar 108 without confinement by the interior collar surface 172. The locking ring 112 may be placed within the collar 108 in a position that the slot 232 is rotationally aligned with the aperture 180. The locking ring 112 may then be advanced within the collar 108 to a position where the slot 232 is longitudinally aligned with the aperture 180 to facilitate a removal of the locking ring 112, as described herein.

[0101] During assembly of the articular assembly 104, the articular member 116 is at least partially inserted within the collar 108. The projection 264 can be advanced into the collar 108 with the outer rim 268 acting as a positive stop upon insertion of the articular member 116 into the collar 108. The proximal portion 140 can be exposed outside a proximal portion 144 of the collar 108, thus leaving the first concave surface 272 located proximal to the second collar opening 168. The projection 264 can be secured within the collar 108 through interaction with at least one of the collar connection feature 184 and the anti-rotational feature 188 (as shown in Figures 7 and 8). As discussed previously, the distal end surface 280 can be disposed well short of the distal end of the collar 108, which provides the locking ring 112 with a range of axial and radial motion within the interior of the collar 108.

[0102] The collar 108, locking ring 112, and the articular member 116 define an articular space 120 within the interior of the articular assembly 104 when the articular assembly 104 is fully assembled. To insert the articular head 128 into the articular space 120, the first collar opening 164 of the articular assembly 104 is placed on the articular head 128, as shown in Figure 20A. The articular head 128 interacts with the distal portion 240 of the locking ring 112. The interaction with the articular head 128 may proximally advance the locking ring 112 within the collar 108 to a position abutting a distal end of the articular member 116. A force F4 in the direction of a longitudinal axis of the articular head 128 can be applied to the articular assembly 104. The force F4 may cause the articular assembly 104 to engage the articular head 128 and compress the locking ring 112 between the articular member 116 and the articular head 128. As force F4 is applied the articular head 128 may be advanced to within the ring opening 224 and may then cause the locking ring 112 to expand. The slot 232 permits the two free ends 233 to move away from each other. As such, the inner diameter D of the locking ring 112 is increased within the space provided by gap G8. The expansion of the locking ring 112 permits the articular head 128 to be advanced through the increased diameter D of the locking ring 112. Once inserted through the locking ring 112, the articular head 128 is disposed in the articular space 120 between the locking ring 112 and the second concave surface 276. The locking ring 112 is disposed between the articular head 128 and the angular portion 176 of the interior collar surface 172.

[0103] Figure 20B illustrates a method for placing the locking ring 112 in the locked configuration. When the articular head 128 is disposed within the articular space 120, a distraction force F8 can be applied between the stem 124 and the articular assembly 104 to position the radial head assembly 100 in the locked configuration. A distraction force F8, and a corresponding equal and opposite reactionary force F8', can be applied to the radial head assembly 100. The distraction force F8 causes the proximal portion 238 of the locking ring 112 (as shown in Figure 11) to interface with the articular head 128. As the distraction force F8 is applied, the articular head 128 may distally advance the locking ring 112 to a position adjacent to the first collar opening 164. The angular outer surface 228 of the locking ring 112 can engage the angular portion 176 of the interior collar surface 172. Movement of the locking ring 112 distally decreases the gap G8 between locking ring 112 and the interior collar surface 172. As the gap G8 decreases, the ability of the locking ring 112 to expand decreases. This prevents the stem 124 from being inadvertently dislodged from the articular assembly 104.

[0104] In some embodiments, a continued application of the distraction force F8 to the articular head 128 causes a distal portion 150 of the locking ring 112 to enter the locked configuration disposed distal to the first collar opening 164. The at least one ring connection feature 236 can engage the collar wall 160 to retain the locking ring 112 in the collar 108. As described previously, the ring connection feature 236 can include a groove or flange that can be configured to inhibit disengagement of the locking ring 112 from the collar 108. The collar wall 160 can confine the locking ring 112 and inhibit expansion of the locking ring 112 when in the locked configuration. The locked configuration prevents the articular head 128 from passing through the locking ring 112 and disengaging the articular assembly 104. The locked configuration still allows bipolar articulation, however, providing a great degree of movement to provide natural or near natural joint motion in a prosthesis employing the radial head assembly 100.

[0105] Figure 20C shows another method of confirming the connection between the circumferential groove 237 of the locking ring 112 and the distal portion 146 of the collar 108. An actuator 600 can be provided that has a distal end 604 that is configured to seat the locking ring 112 around the collar 108. The distal end can have a U-shaped configuration that has two opposing tines that can be inserted between the annular member 132 and the distal portion of the locking ring 112. Once inserted into the space between the annular member 132 and the locking ring 112 further insertion and/or rotation about the stem 124 can engage the circumferential groove 237 with the distal portion 146 of the collar 108. The proximal end 608 for the actuator 600 can have another U-shaped portion with tines configured to be similarly inserted. The depth of the tines (as measured from the underside to the upper side of the actuator 600) is greater at the proximal end 608 than at the distal end 604. The tines at the proximal end 608 are suitable for longer stems where the distance from the annular member 132 to the locking ring 112 is greater. The actuator 600 can be configured as an elongate bar member. In a span 412 between the distal and proximal ends 604, 608 gripping portions 616 can be formed on an underside and gripping portions 620 can be formed on an upper side. The gripping portions 616, 620 aid the surgeon in grasping and actuating the actuator 600.

[0106] Although this method is described in the context of the radial head assembly 100 shown in Figures 2-15, a similar method can be used to implant the radial head assemblies 400, 480 shown in Figures 17-19.

[0107] Figures 23A-23E are various views of surgical method for implanting an elbow joint prosthesis, according to some embodiments. In particular, Figures 23A- 23E illustrate a surgical method for implanting an articular assembly 104' including articular member 116' discussed herein with reference to Figures 4 A and 4B. Unless otherwise noted, identical reference numerals in Figures 23A-23E refer to components that are the same as or generally similar to the components in the remaining figures discussed herein. It will be understood that the features described with reference to articular member 116' shown in Figures 23A-23E can be used with any of the embodiments described and/or contemplated herein. It will also be understood that any feature, structure, material, step, or component of any embodiment described and/or illustrated herein can be used with or instead of any other feature, structure, material, step, or component of any embodiment of articular member 116' shown in Figures 23A-23E.

[0108] In some instances, the articular assembly 104' is assembled in an unlocked configuration prior to implantation of the articular assembly 104' on the articular head 128, as shown in Figure 23 A. The articular member 116' may be partially inserted within the collar 108, thereby creating a gap G10 between a distal end face of a base 260 of the articular member 116' and a proximal end of the proximal portion 144 of the collar 108. The proximal portion 140 and at least a portion of the projection 264 can be exposed outside a proximal portion 144 of the collar 108. The portion of the projection 264 inserted within the collar 108 can be secured within the collar 108 through interaction with at least one of the collar connection feature 184 and the anti-rotational feature 188 (as shown and described in connection with Figures 7 and 8). In some embodiments, as shown in Figure 23 A, the distal end surface 280 of the articular member 116' (see Figures 14 and 15) can be disposed at a location proximal to the distal end of the collar 108, which provides the locking ring 112 with a range of axial and radial motion within the interior of the collar 108. Alternatively, the articular member 116' may be sufficiently inserted into the collar 108 so that the distal end surface 280 abuts against the locking ring 112 when the locking ring 112 is in the free or unlocked configuration within the collar 118.

[0109] As discussed herein, the collar 108, locking ring 112, and the articular member 116' define an articular space 120 within the interior of the articular assembly 104' when the articular assembly 104' is assembled. To insert the articular head 128 into the articular space 120, the first collar opening 164 of the articular assembly 104' is placed on the articular head 128, as would be shown by axial movement of the articular assembly 104' onto the articular head 128 as illustrated in Figures 23A and 23B. The articular head 128 interacts with the distal portion 240 of the locking ring 112. The interaction with the articular head 128 may proximally advance the locking ring 112 within the collar 108 to a position abutting a distal end of the articular member 116', as illustrated in Figure 23B. A force F4 in the direction of a longitudinal axis of the articular head 128 can be applied to the articular assembly 104'. The force F4 may cause the articular assembly 104' to engage the articular head 128 and compress the locking ring 112 between the articular member 116' and the articular head 128. As force F4 is applied the articular head 128 may be advanced to within the ring opening 224 and may then cause the locking ring 112 to expand. The slot 232 permits the two free ends 233 to move toward and away from each other. As such, the inner diameter D of the locking ring 112 (see Figures 9 and 10) is increased within the space provided by gap G8 or decreased as discussed further below. The expansion of the locking ring 112 permits the articular head 128 to be advanced through the increased diameter D of the locking ring 112. Once inserted through the locking ring 112, the articular head 128 is disposed in the articular space 120 between the locking ring 112 and the second concave surface 276. The locking ring 112 is disposed between the articular head 128 and the angular portion 176 (see Figures 7 and 8) of the interior collar surface 172, as illustrated in Figure 23C.

[0110] Figures 23C-23E illustrates a method for placing the locking ring 112 in the locked configuration through use of the locking tool 328 shown in Figure 23D. When the articular head 128 is disposed within the articular space 120, compressive forces F10, F10' (see FIG. 23C) can be applied between a distal end face of the collar 108 and a proximal end of the articular assembly 116' to position the radial head assembly 100' in the locked configuration. A compressive force F10, and a corresponding equal and opposite reactionary force F10', can be applied to the articular assembly 104'. The compressive forces F10, F10' causes the articular member 116' to move in a distal direction relative to the collar 108 and to interface with the locking ring 112. As the compressive forces F10, F10' are applied, the articular member 116' and the locking ring 112 may distally advance relative to collar 108 and cause the locking ring 112 to move to a position adjacent to the first collar opening 164. The angular outer surface 228 of the locking ring 112 can engage the angular portion 176 of the interior collar surface 172. Movement of the articular member 116' and the locking ring 112 distally decreases the gap G8 between locking ring 112 and the interior collar surface 172. As the gap G8 decreases, the ability of the locking ring 112 to expand decreases. This prevents the stem 124 from being inadvertently dislodged from the articular assembly 104'.

[0111] In some embodiments, upon continued application of the compressive forces F10 and F10', the projection 264 can be advanced into the collar 108 with the outer rim 268 acting as a positive stop upon insertion of the articular member 116' into the collar 108. The projection 264 of the articular member 116' may have a sufficient length to cause a distal portion 150 of the locking ring 112 to enter the locked configuration disposed distal to the first collar opening 164 when the outer rime 268 of the articular member 116' engages a proximal surface of the collar 108. The at least one ring connection feature 236 can engage the collar wall 160 to retain the locking ring 112 in the collar 108. As described previously, the ring connection feature 236 can include a groove or flange that can be configured to inhibit disengagement of the locking ring 112 from the collar 108. The collar wall 160 can confine the locking ring 112 and inhibit expansion of the locking ring 112 when in the locked configuration. The locked configuration prevents the articular head 128 from passing through the locking ring 112 and disengaging the articular assembly 104'. The locked configuration still allows bipolar articulation, however, providing a great degree of movement to provide natural or near natural joint motion in a prosthesis employing the radial head assembly 100.

B. Methods of Removing an Articular Assembly

[0112] As discussed above, the articulation and radial head assembles disclosed herein provide extremely secure connection. Disassembly is facilitated by advantageous features, as well. It may become necessary to remove the radial head assembly 100 from the articular head 128, for example, if the radial head assembly 100 begins to wear.

[0113] Figure 21 shows a surgical method for removing an elbow joint prosthesis system. In the method, an articular assembly 104 is fully assembled and engaged in the locked configuration with the stem 124. When in the locked configuration, a distal end 150 of the locking ring 112 is disposed distal to and engaged with the collar wall 160. At least one ring connection feature 236, e.g. a groove or flange, may engage a distal end surface of the collar wall to retain the locking ring 112 within the first collar opening 164, as previously discussed. The locking ring 112 is contained by the collar wall 160, inhibiting the locking ring 112 to expand.

[0114] The removal tool 324 may be used to disengage the locking ring 112 from the collar wall 160. The removal tool 324 can be configured such that the projection 326 at a distal portion thereof can be inserted through the aperture 180 within the collar wall 160 to disengage the locking ring 112. The removal tool 324 can apply a compressive force Fl (as shown in Figures 8, 11, and 21) through the aperture 180. The compressive force Fl may act upon at least one of the ring connection feature 236, the slot 232, free ends 233 of the ring 112, and the ring wall 220 to compress the locking ring 112. Application of the compressive force Fl may decrease a distance between the two free ends 233 of the locking ringl l2. As the two free ends 233 move closer to each other, a diameter of the locking ring 112 decreases and the locking ring 112 may disengage from the collar wall 160. Figures 21 A and 22 show that the removal tool 324 can act on the articular member 116 in some embodiments to hold the articular assembly 104 stationary such that the force Fl is focused on the locking ring 112. Figure 22 shows that the projection 326 can be formed on a tapered or wedge shaped distal end of one arm of the removal tool 324. The tapered or wedge shape of the distal end enables the tool 324 to be urged into the space between the annular member 132 and the locking ring 112. Once disengaged from the collar wall 160, the locking ring 112 may be advanced proximally within the collar 108 from the locking configuration to the free configuration. As discussed above in reference to Figure 20A, gap G8 may be disposed between the ring wall 220 and the interior collar surface 172. The free configuration permits the locking ring 112 to expand and allow the articular head 128 to pass through the locking ring 112. As such, the articular assembly 104 may be removed from the stem 124.

[0115] Although this method is described in the context of the radial head assembly 100 shown in Figures 2-15, a similar method can be used to implant the radial head assemblies 400, 480 shown in Figures 17-19.

Terminology

[0116] Although certain embodiments have been described herein, the implants and methods described herein can interchangeably use any articular component, as the context may dictate.

[0117] As used herein, the relative terms "proximal" and "distal" shall be defined from the perspective of the radial head assembly.

[0118] Conditional language, such as "can," "could," "might," or "may," unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements, and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments. [0119] The terms "comprising," "including," "having," and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term "or" is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term "or" means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. In addition, the articles "a," "an," and "the" as used in this application and the appended claims are to be construed to mean "one or more" or "at least one" unless specified otherwise.

[0120] The ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all overlap, subranges, and combinations thereof. Language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," "between," and the like includes the number recited. Numbers preceded by a term such as "about" or "approximately" include the recited numbers and should be interpreted based on the circumstances (e.g., as accurate as reasonably possible under the circumstances, for example ±5%, ±10%, ±15%, etc.). For example, "about 1" includes "1." Phrases preceded by a term such as "substantially," "generally," and the like include the recited phrase and should be interpreted based on the circumstances (e.g., as much as reasonably possible under the circumstances). For example, "substantially spherical" includes "spherical." Unless stated otherwise, all measurements are at standard conditions including temperature and pressure.

[0121] As used herein, a phrase referring to "at least one of a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, "at least one of: A, B, or C" is intended to cover: A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, and A, B, and C. Conjunctive language such as the phrase "at least one of X, Y and Z," unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be at least one of X, Y or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y and at least one of Z to each be present.

[0122] Although certain embodiments and examples have been described herein, it should be emphasized that many variations and modifications may be made to the elbow joint prosthesis shown and described in the present disclosure, the elements of which are to be understood as being differently combined and/or modified to form still further embodiments or acceptable examples. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure. A wide variety of designs and approaches are possible. No feature, structure, or step disclosed herein is essential or indispensable.

[0123] Some embodiments have been described in connection with the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understood that the figures are not drawn to scale. Distances, angles, etc. are merely illustrative and do not necessarily bear an exact relationship to actual dimensions and layout of the devices illustrated. Components can be added, removed, and/or rearranged. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with various embodiments can be used in all other embodiments set forth herein. Additionally, it will be recognized that any methods described herein may be practiced using any device suitable for performing the recited steps.

[0124] For purposes of this disclosure, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features are described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves one advantage or a group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

[0125] Moreover, while illustrative embodiments have been described herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the scope of the inventions extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to any and all embodiments having equivalent elements, modifications, omissions, combinations or sub-combinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments (e.g., of aspects across various embodiments), adaptations and/or alterations, and uses of the inventions as would be appreciated by those in the art based on the present disclosure. The limitations in the claims are to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to the examples described in the present specification or during the prosecution of the application, which examples are to be construed as non-exclusive. Further, the actions of the disclosed processes and methods may be modified in any manner, including by reordering actions and/or inserting additional actions and/or deleting actions. It is intended, therefore, that the specification and examples be considered as illustrative only, with a true scope and spirit being indicated by the claims and their full scope of equivalents. [0126] Any methods disclosed herein need not be performed in the order recited. The methods disclosed herein include certain actions taken by a practitioner; however, they can also include any third-party instruction of those actions, either expressly or by implication. For example, actions such as "placing an opening of an articular assembly on the articular head" include "instructing placement of an opening of an articular assembly on the articular head."