The invention relates to an electric lamp comprising: a lamp envelope, a light source within the lamp envelope, an electrically conductive lead extending from the light source to the exterior of the envelope, and a lamp cap having (i) an electrically insulative portion and (ii) a contact to which the electrically conductive lead is clamped.

Such a lamp is known from US-A-2,664,551. In the known lamp the contact has a tubular metal extension with four quadrants or flaps. The lead is secured to the tubular extension by folding the four flaps over each other, trapping the centre lead wire therebetween. This construction has the disadvantage of a complex shape and a complex assembly with numerous steps. The contact first must be secured in the insulative material, and then each of the four distinct flaps folded over each other to trap the lead therebetween. Additionally, the folded flaps present a different, if not unfinished, appearance from the smooth, button-shaped appearance provided by traditional soldering techniques.

US-A-3,775,634 shows another type of lamp cap construction in which the lead wire is clamped between a protruding boss of the insulative body and a metallic cap which forms the contact. The insulator body is of a fast firing glass-ceramic body and the cap is secured to the boss by a force fit, glue or solder. For a force fit, the cap has a tubular portion with an inner diameter slightly smaller than that of the combined diameter of the boss and the lead wire. This construction would require tight tolerances on the inner diameter of the cap because of the rigid nature of the glass-ceramic body and the un-slotted construction of the tubular portion of the metallic end cap, which requires local deformation of the tubular portion about the lead wire to obtain a suitable force fit. US-A-2,336,529 shows another design in which the lead wire is fixed within a central bore of the insulative body by a metallic plug with "snap action". The plug has a planar disk-shaped portion and a generally cylindrical portion which is split into a plurality of spring-like locking fingers. The fingers have bevelled edges at their free ends for snapping over the shoulder of the insulator body. The spring-like fingers are relatively complicated,

rendering the contact plug comparatively expensive to manufacture. Additionally, the plug is only secured to the insulator body by the force exertable by the elongate fingers, so movement of the plug and intermittent electrical contact with the end plug, with resultant arcing, would be expected. The above-mentioned designs generally concern the fixation of the centre lead wire to the centre contact. Various forms of clamping are also known in the prior art for the side lead wire. The above-mentioned US-A-2,336,529 discloses an embodiment in which the insulator body is secured in the threaded shell by rolling of the shell or a snap-fit action with the shell. The side lead wire is secured between the insulator body and the threaded shell. Despite the numerous known configurations for lamp caps with a mechanically fixed lead wire, lamp caps in which one or both lead wires is soldered or welded to a metal portion of the shell still predominate on commercially available lamps with threaded lamp caps, such as Edison bases. The solders which have been widely used in the industry contain lead. In addition to its increased expense in recent years, it is desirable to avoid the use of lead-containing materials. Additionally, welding is not always a viable alternative because of the difficulty in achieving reliable contact of both welding electrodes with many lamp cap configurations.

Accordingly, it is the object of the invention to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art lamp caps and to otherwise provide an electric lamp with an improved, solder-free and weld-free contact at the lamp cap.

The above objects are accomplished in that a lamp of the type described in the opening paragraph is characterized in that: the contact comprises (i) a contact portion for contacting a corresponding contact in a socket and (ii) a rigid shank extending from the contact portion; and the insulative portion has a bore wall defining a clamping bore for receiving the shank, the bore being sized and the insulative portion surrounding said clamping bore having an elasticity selected such that (i) the electric lead is securely clamped between the shank and the bore wall when the shank is inserted into the clamping bore with the contact portion seated against the insulative portion and (ii) the lamp contact is secured in the clamping bore solely by friction between the shank and the bore wall, the shank and the bore wall being free of any snap-type engagements.

The above features provide a simple, readily manufacturable lamp cap construction in which a simple insertion of the contact's shank into the clamping bore (i)

firmly secures the contact in the lamp cap and (ii) provides a reliable electrical connection of the lead to the contact and mechanical connection of the lead to the lamp cap. The contact itself is simple - there are no bendable leaves, tabs, lips, flaps or fingers. Accordingly, no closing of these elements is required as with prior art lamp caps. No additional welding, peening, pinning, swaging or other metal forming of this contact is required either. The simple shape of the contact and the simple axial insertion motion of the contact into the bore implies a rather simple mechanization, which is extremely important for the very high speed manufacturing necessary for a commercially successful lamp production.

According to a favourable embodiment, the lead extends through the insulative portion such that only its free end extends in the clamping bore, in the direction of insertion of the shank into the clamping bore. This avoids the possibility of the lead being pushed out of the bore back towards the lamp envelope when the shank is inserted in the clamping bore. This also has the significant advantage that since the free end of the lead is extending into the bore in the direction of the envelope that the lead does not extend to the exterior of the lamp cap. Thus, no trimming of the lead is necessary, further simplifying production.

The above-described orientation of the lead is carried out in one embodiment by a guide bore in the insulative portion which axially extends adjacent the clamping bore. The lead extends from the lamp envelope through the guide bore in the direction opposite the direction of insertion of the shank and then extends into the clamping bore, providing a simple threading path. Favourably, the guide bore includes tapered guide walls narrowing in the direction away from the lamp envelope for guiding the lead into and through the guide bore as the lamp cap is placed onto the lamp envelope to receive the lead. Thus, less criticality is required in aligning the lamp caps with the envelope to reliably thread the lead during high speed production. To provide a neat, tamper-proof appearance it is desirable that the guide bore terminates adjacent the clamping bore so that the guide bore and the lead extending therefrom into the clamping bore are fully covered by the contact portion of the lamp cap contact. To further improve appearance and tamper resistance, in another embodiment the insulative portion includes a counter bore having a shape complimentary to the contact portion and into which the contact portion is recessed. Recessing the circumferential outer edge of the contact in this manner renders it very difficult for a user to remove the contact without tools.

Instead of the guide bore extending axially adjacent the clamping bore for guiding the lead to the exterior, the guide bore may communicate directly with the clamping

bore and guide the lead directly into the clamping bore, for example, at right angles to its axis. This has the advantage that the clamping bore itself acts as a stop to limit the exposu of the lead, thereby automatically measuring the length of the lead to be clamped in the bor In yet another embodiment, suitable for lamps which use leads having a conductive core covered by an insulative sheath, such as the leads extending from a ballast within integral compact fluorescent lamps, the guide bore itself includes a stop which engages the sheath but not the core to control the length of the core inserted into the clamping bore. This feature also prevents the possibility of the lead from being pulled furth into the bore during insertion of the shank. The above features are also applicable to other embodiments of the lamp cap which include another lead clamped by an additional contact, such as a threaded shell which is placed over the insulative portion or which receives the insulative portion.

These and other features of the invention will be described with reference to t following drawings and detailed description, which are illustrative of the inventive features and not limiting.

Figure 1 is a fragment of an axial cross-section of a PAR lamp illustrating a first embodiment of a lamp cap according to the invention;

Figure 2 is an axial cross-section of the shell portion of a compact fluorescent lamp illustrating a second embodiment with a variation of the threading path of the centre lead wire from that shown in Figure 1;

Figure 3 is an axial cross section of a third embodiment illustrating another threading path for the centre lead-wire; and

Figure 4 is a fragment of an axial cross-section of an incandescent lamp illustrating further features of the invention.

In Figure 1 the lamp includes a lamp envelope 1 of hard glass having a plurali of recesses 3. A conductive centre lead wire 5 and a corresponding side wire 7 extend from respective ones of ferrules 9, 11 in the axial direction away from the lamp envelope 1. The ferrules 9, 11 hermetically seal the envelope 1 and provide mechanical support and electric connection to the light source 8, a filament in this Figure 1, in a well known manner. The lamp cap 15 has an electrically insulative portion 17 of synthetic resin material and an electrically conductive contact 19. The contact 19 has (i) a contact portion 21 for contactin a corresponding contact in a mating socket and (ii) a rigid shank 23 extending from the

contact portion 21.

The insulative portion 17 is a shell which is fixed on envelope 1 by a snap-fit connection between lugs 18 and recesses 3. The insulative portion 17 has a re-entrant portion 25 with a bore wall 27 defining a clamping bore for receiving the shank 23. The bore wall 27 has a diameter selected relative to that of shank 23 and the synthetic resin material of the insulative portion has a modulus of elasticity selected so that the centre lead 5 is securely clamped between the shank 23 and the bore wall 27 when the shank is inserted into the clamping bore with the underside 22 of the contact portion 21 seated against the end surface 29 of the reentrant portion 25. The contact 19 and lead wire S are secured in the clamping bore solely by the press fit between the shank 23 and the bore wall 27 due to the elasticity of the synthetic resin material of the bore wall.

In the lamp cap of Figure 1, the shank 23 and the bore wall 27 are both circular cylindrical in shape. The shank 23 has a rounded/chamfered edge 24 as does bore wall 27 (at reference numeral 28) to guide the shank during insertion into the clamping bore. Alternatively, the shank/bore may have a slight taper, for example on the order of l°-2° towards the lamp envelope. The shank 23 as shown is solid, but may be tubular. The simplicity of these shapes allow these elements to be more cheaply manufactured than some of the more complicated components present in the prior art, such as with the spring-fingers of the contact shown in US- A-2, 336,529 or the quadrant flaps of US-A-2,664,551. Additionally, the insertion of the contact into the clamping bore in the present invention completes the assembly. Accordingly, it is readily seen that the disclosed arrangement according to the invention is a simple, elegant, yet effective solution which has previously remained unrecognized by those in the lamp arts.

The lamp cap IS of Figure 1 further includes a threaded metallic contact 30, which is in electrical contact with the side lead wire 7. The side lead wire extends from ferrule 9 through bore 31 and then back towards the envelope 3 in the direction of insertion (indicated by Arrow A) of the threaded contact 30. The threaded shell 30 is circumferentially swaged or peened to the shell 17 at the axial location indicated by reference numeral 33 to mechanically secure it to the synthetic shell 17 and to provide electrical contact with side wire 7.

In Figure 2 parts identical to those in Figure 1 bear the same reference numerals. The threaded metal shell 30 and the side lead wire 7 are connected to the synthetic shell 37 in the same manner as to shell 17 in Figure 1. The shell 37 forms a housing which is suitable for enclosing a ballast and for holding a low pressure mercury vapour arc tube at

its end remote from the contact 19. The leads 5, 7 in this embodiment have an insulative sheath 5a, 7a about their conductive single-strand core 5b, 7b respectively. The shell 37 has tapered guide walls 49 for guiding the lead 5a through the guide bore 50. The guide walls 49 also serve as a stop for limiting the length of the trimmed end portion 5c (stripped of its insulative sheath) which extends out of the guide bore SO by engaging the end of the insulative sheath. The trimmed end portion Sc is clamped between shank 23 and the bore wall 47 of the re-entrant portion 45 in the same manner as in Figure 1. However, since the free end portion Sc extends in the same direction as the direction of insertion of the shank into the clamping bore, (indicated by arrow "c"), the free end portion cannot be pushed out of the bore during insertion of the shank 23. Movement of the lead wire 5 is further limited by the interaction of the end of the sheath 5a with the tapered guide walls.

The shell 37 also has a recess 53 which as a complementary shape to the outer circumferential edge 22b of contact 19. Recessing of this edge prevents tampering by the user to remove contact 19. The guide bore SO and lead 5 are also covered by the contact portion 21 of contact 19, providing a neat, clean appearance. Since end portion 5c extends into the guide bore in the direction of insertion of shank 23, it need not be trimmed as is the case with the excess shown in Figure 1 with dashed lines.

In Figure 3 the guide bore 61 communicates directly with the clamping bore 46, extending generally transversely to the direction of insertion (identified by arrow "c") of shank 23. The length of the free end portion 5c is limited by the opposing face of the bore wall 47, opposite that through which the guide bore extends. The contact 19 is not shown, to better illustrate the position of end portion 5c after threading through the guide bore 61. Upon insertion of shank 23 into the clamping bore, the end portion 5c will deflect downward and be clamped between bore wall 47 and shank 23. Since the guide bore 61 enters directly into the clamping bore, the lead 5c never extends to the outside and does not need to be trimmed.

In Figure 4 reference numeral 81 denotes a sealed end portion of a standard A- type incandescent lamp envelope. The lamp cap 70 has a metallic threaded shell portion 71 which is secured to the envelope 61 with cement 72 in a manner standard in the industry and serves as one of the contacts. Shell portion 71 has a reentrant portion 73 which receives insulative portion 80 with a snap-fit, or alternatively, a press fit connection. The side lead 7 extends through a bore 75, located at a U-shaped rim portion 76, initially in the direction away from the envelope 81 and then back towards envelope 81 along the face of reentrant portion 73. When insulative insert 80 is snap-fit into reentrant portion 73, the side lead 7 is

7 clamped therebetween providing both mechanical fixation and electrical connection. Since the free end of side lead 7 extends towards the lap envelope, i.e., in the direction of insertion of the insulative body 80 into reentrant portion 73, there is no danger of the free end portion being pushed back toward the lamp envelope. The contact 19 is received in the insulative body and the centre lead 5 is clamped therebetween in the same manner as described with respect to Figure 3.

In the embodiments shown above, suitable materials for the centre contact 19 include brass and aluminum. A suitable material for the insulative body 80 in the incandescent lamp of Figure 4 is a fibre reinforced artificial resin, e.g. phenolic resin e.g. FIBERITE ™ available from the ICI company of location. Suitable materials for the shell 37 of the CFL lamps of Figures 2 and 3 include polycarbonate and PBT. The shell 17 of the embodiment of Figure 1 may be made of polycarbonate and PBT, as well as of polyetherimide, polysulphide, polyphenylsulphide, and FIBERITE. The lead wires for the embodiment of Figure 1 (PAR lamp) were of nickel solid wire. The lead wires for the embodiments of Figures 2,3 had one (1) tinned copper strand with a PVC or nylon insulation sheath. Suitable lead wires for the embodiment of Figure 4 are standard leads used for incandescent lamps bases, such as copper, hardened copper, copper with 3% by weight of silicon and 1 % by weight of manganese, to name a few. The feasibility of the design has been demonstrated in CFL lamps with a plastic shell and eyelet (un-recessed as for the PAR lamp in Figure 1) which have burned for over 10,000 hours, base-up, in a high-hat fixture without failure.