ELECTRO-OPTIC DISPLAY WITH EDGE SEAL

[Para 1 ] This invention relates to an electro-optic display having an edge seal. This invention is particularly, but not exclusively intended for use with displays comprising encapsulated electrophoretic media. However, the invention can also make use of various other types of electro-optic media which are solid, in the sense that they have solid external surfaces, although the media may, and often do, have internal cavities which contain a fluid (either liquid or gas). Thus, the term "solid electro-optic displays" includes encapsulated electrophoretic displays, encapsulated liquid crystal displays, and other types of displays discussed below. [Para 2] Electro-optic displays comprise a layer of electro-optic material, a term which is used herein in its conventional meaning in the imaging art to refer to a material having first and second display states differing in at least one optical property, the material being changed from its first to its second display state by application of an electric field to the material. Although the optical property is typically color perceptible to the human eye, it may be another optical property, such as optical transmission, reflectance, luminescence or, in the case of displays intended for machine reading, pseudo-color in the sense of a change in reflectance of electromagnetic wavelengths outside the visible range.

[Para 3] The terms "bistable" and "bistability" are used herein in their conventional meaning in the art to refer to displays comprising display elements having first and second display states differing in at least one optical property, and such that after any given element has been driven, by means of an addressing pulse of finite duration, to assume either its first or second display state, after the addressing pulse has terminated, that state will persist for at least several times, for example at least four times, the minimum duration of the addressing pulse required to change the state of the display element. It is shown in U.S. Patent No. 7,170,670 that some particle-based electrophoretic displays capable of gray scale are stable not only in their extreme black and white states but also in their intermediate gray states, and the same is true of some other types of electro-optic displays. This type of display is properly called "multi-stable" rather than bistable, although for convenience the term "bistable" may be used herein to cover both bistable and multi-stable displays.

[Para 4] Several types of electro-optic displays are known. One type of electro- optic display is a rotating bichromal member type as described, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos. 5,808,783; 5,777,782; 5,760,761; 6,054,071 6,055,091; 6,097,531; 6,128,124; 6,137,467; and 6,147,791 (although this type of display is often referred to as a "rotating bichromal ball" display, the term "rotating bichromal member" is preferred as more accurate since in some of the patents mentioned above the rotating members are not spherical). Such a display uses a large number of small bodies (typically spherical or cylindrical) which have two or more sections with differing optical characteristics, and an internal dipole. These bodies are suspended within liquid-filled vacuoles within a matrix, the vacuoles being filled with liquid so that the bodies are free to rotate. The appearance of the display is changed by applying an electric field thereto, thus rotating the bodies to various positions and varying which of the sections of the bodies is seen through a viewing surface. This type of electro- optic medium is typically bistable.

[Para 5] Another type of electro-optic display uses an electrochromic medium, for example an electrochromic medium in the form of a nanochromic film comprising an electrode formed at least in part from a semi-conducting metal oxide and a plurality of dye molecules capable of reversible color change attached to the electrode; see, for example O'Regan, B., et al, Nature 1991, 353, 737; and Wood, D., Information Display, 18(3), 24 (March 2002). See also Bach, U., et al., Adv. Mater., 2002, 14(11), 845. Nanochromic films of this type are also described, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos. 6,301,038; 6,870.657; and 6,950,220. This type of medium is also typically bistable.

[Para 6] Another type of electro-optic display is an electro-wetting display developed by Philips and described in Hayes, R. A., et al., "Video-Speed Electronic Paper Based on Electrowetting", Nature, 425, 383-385 (2003). It is shown in copending Application Serial No. 10/711,802, filed October 6, 2004 (Publication No. 2005/0151709), that such electro-wetting displays can be made bistable. [Para 7] Another type of electro-optic display, which has been the subject of intense research and development for a number of years, is the particle-based electrophoretic display, in which a plurality of charged particles move through a fluid

under the influence of an electric field. Electrophoretic displays can have attributes of good brightness and contrast, wide viewing angles, state bistability, and low power consumption when compared with liquid crystal displays. Nevertheless, problems with the long-term image quality of these displays have prevented their widespread usage. For example, particles that make up electrophoretic displays tend to settle, resulting in inadequate service-life for these displays.

[Para 8] As noted above, electrophoretic media require the presence of a fluid. In most prior art electrophoretic media, this fluid is a liquid, but electrophoretic media can be produced using gaseous fluids; see, for example, Kitamura, T., et al, "Electrical toner movement for electronic paper-like display", IDW Japan, 2001, Paper HCSl-I, and Yamaguchi, Y., et al., "Toner display using insulative particles charged triboelectrically", IDW Japan, 2001, Paper AMD4-4). See also U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0001810; European Patent Applications 1,462,847; 1,482,354; 1,484,635; 1,500,971; 1,501,194; 1,536,271; 1,542,067; 1,577,702; 1,577,703; and 1,598,694; and International Applications WO 2004/090626; WO 2004/079442; and WO 2004/001498. Such gas-based electrophoretic media appear to be susceptible to the same types of problems due to particle settling as liquid-based electrophoretic media, when the media are used in an orientation which permits such settling, for example in a sign where the medium is disposed in a vertical plane. Indeed, particle settling appears to be a more serious problem in gas-based electrophoretic media than in liquid-based ones, since the lower viscosity of gaseous suspending fluids as compared with liquid ones allows more rapid settling of the electrophoretic particles. [Para 9] Numerous patents and applications assigned to or in the names of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and E Ink Corporation have recently been published describing encapsulated electrophoretic media. Such encapsulated media comprise numerous small capsules, each of which itself comprises an internal phase containing electrophoretically-mobile particles suspended in a liquid suspending medium, and a capsule wall surrounding the internal phase. Typically, the capsules are themselves held within a polymeric binder to form a coherent layer positioned between two electrodes. Encapsulated media of this type are described, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos. 5,930,026; 5,961,804; 6,017,584; 6,067,185; 6,118,426;

6,120,588; 6,120,839; 6,124,851; 6,130,773; 6,130,774; 6,172,798; 6,177,921; 6,232,950; 6,249,271; 6,252,564; 6,262,706; 6,262,833; 6,300,932; 6,312,304; 6,312,971; 6,323,989; 6,327,072; 6,376,828; 6,377,387; 6,392,785; 6,392,786; 6,413,790; 6,422,687; 6,445,374; 6,445,489; 6,459,418; 6,473,072; 6,480,182; 6,498,114; 6,504,524; 6,506,438; 6,512,354; 6,515,649; 6,518,949; 6,521,489; 6,531,997; 6,535,197; 6,538,801; 6,545,291; 6,580,545; 6,639,578; 6,652,075; 6,657,772; 6,664,944; 6,680,725; 6,683,333; 6,704,133; 6,710,540; 6,721,083; 6,724,519; 6,727,881; 6,738,050; 6,750,473; 6,753,999; 6,816,147; 6,819,471; 6,822,782; 6,825,068; 6,825,829; 6,825,970; 6,831,769; 6,839,158; 6,842,167; 6,842,279; 6,842,657; 6,864,875; 6,865,010; 6,866,760; 6,870,661; 6,900,851; 6,922,276; 6,950,200; 6,958,848; 6,967,640; 6,982,178; 6,987,603; 6,995,550; 7,002,728; 7,012,600; 7,012,735; 7,023,420; 7,030,412; 7,030,854; 7,034,783; 7,038,655; 7,061,663; 7,071,913; 7,075,502; 7,075,703; 7,079,305; 7,106,296; 7,109,968; 7,110,163; 7,110,164; 7,116,318; 7,116,466; 7,119,759; 7,119,772; 7,148,128; 7,167,155; 7,170,670; and 7,173,752; and U.S. Patent Applications Publication Nos. 2002/0060321; 2002/0090980; 2003/0011560; 2003/0102858; 2003/0151702; 2003/0222315; 2004/0014265; 2004/0075634; 2004/0094422; 2004/0105036; 2004/0112750; 2004/0119681; 2004/0136048; 2004/0155857; 2004/0180476; 2004/0190114; 2004/0196215; 2004/0226820; 2004/0239614; 2004/0257635; 2004/0263947; 2005/0000813; 2005/0007336; 2005/0012980; 2005/0017944; 2005/0018273; 2005/0024353; 2005/0062714; 2005/0067656; 2005/0078099; 2005/0099672; 2005/0122284; 2005/0122306; 2005/0122563; 2005/0134554; 2005/0146774; 2005/0151709; 2005/0152018; 2005/0152022; 2005/0156340; 2005/0168799; 2005/0179642; 2005/0190137; 2005/0212747; 2005/0213191; 2005/0219184; 2005/0253777; 2005/0270261; 2005/0280626; 2006/0007527; 2006/0024437; 2006/0038772; 2006/0139308; 2006/0139310; 2006/0139311; 2006/0176267; 2006/0181492; 2006/0181504; 2006/0194619; 2006/0197736; 2006/0197737; 2006/0197738; 2006/0198014; 2006/0202949; and 2006/0209388; and International Applications Publication Nos. WO 00/38000; WO 00/36560; WO 00/67110; and WO 01/07961; and European Patents Nos. 1,099,207 Bl; and 1,145,072 Bl.

[Para 1 0] Many of the aforementioned patents and applications recognize that the walls surrounding the discrete microcapsules in an encapsulated electrophoretic medium could be replaced by a continuous phase, thus producing a so-called polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display, in which the electrophoretic medium comprises a plurality of discrete droplets of an electrophoretic fluid and a continuous phase of a polymeric material, and that the discrete droplets of electrophoretic fluid within such a polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display may be regarded as capsules or microcapsules even though no discrete capsule membrane is associated with each individual droplet; see for example, the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,866,760. Accordingly, for purposes of the present application, such polymer-dispersed electrophoretic media are regarded as sub-species of encapsulated electrophoretic media.

[Para 1 I ] A related type of electrophoretic display is a so-called "microcell electrophoretic display". In a microcell electrophoretic display, the charged particles and the fluid are not encapsulated within microcapsules but instead are retained within a plurality of cavities formed within a carrier medium, typically a polymeric film. See, for example, U.S. Patents Nos. 6,672,921 and 6,788,449, both assigned to Sipix Imaging, Inc.

[Para 1 2] Other types of electro-optic materials may also be used in the present invention. Of particular interest, bistable ferroelectric liquid crystal displays (FLCs) are known in the art.

[Para 1 3] Although electrophoretic media are often opaque (since, for example, in many electrophoretic media, the particles substantially block transmission of visible light through the display) and operate in a reflective mode, many electrophoretic displays can be made to operate in a so-called "shutter mode" in which one display state is substantially opaque and one is light-transmissive. See, for example, the aforementioned U.S. Patents Nos. 6,130,774 and 6,172,798, and U.S. Patents Nos. 5,872,552; 6,144,361; 6,271,823; 6,225,971; and 6,184,856. Dielectrophoretic displays, which are similar to electrophoretic displays but rely upon variations in electric field strength, can operate in a similar mode; see U.S. Patent No. 4,418,346.

Other types of electro-optic displays may also be capable of operating in shutter mode.

[Para 1 4] An encapsulated electrophoretic display typically does not suffer from the clustering and settling failure mode of traditional electrophoretic devices and provides further advantages, such as the ability to print or coat the display on a wide variety of flexible and rigid substrates. (Use of the word "printing" is intended to include all forms of printing and coating, including, but without limitation: pre-metered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascade coating, curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spray coating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air knife coating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printing processes; thermal printing processes; ink jet printing processes; electrophoretic deposition (See US Patent Publication Number 2004/0226820); and other similar techniques.) Thus, the resulting display can be flexible. Further, because the display medium can be printed (using a variety of methods), the display itself can be made inexpensively.

[Para 1 5] An electro-optic display normally comprises a layer of electro-optic material and at least two other layers disposed on opposed sides of the electro-optic material, one of these two layers being an electrode layer. In most such displays both the layers are electrode layers, and one or both of the electrode layers are patterned to define the pixels of the display. For example, one electrode layer may be patterned into elongate row electrodes and the other into elongate column electrodes running at right angles to the row electrodes, the pixels being defined by the intersections of the row and column electrodes. Alternatively, and more commonly, one electrode layer has the form of a single continuous electrode and the other electrode layer is patterned into a matrix of pixel electrodes, each of which defines one pixel of the display. In another type of electro-optic display, which is intended for use with a stylus, print head or similar movable electrode separate from the display, only one of the layers adjacent the electro-optic layer comprises an electrode, the layer on the opposed side of the electro-optic layer typically being a protective layer intended to prevent the movable electrode damaging the electro-optic layer.

[Para 1 6] The manufacture of a three-layer electro-optic display normally involves at least one lamination operation. For example, in several of the aforementioned MIT and E Ink patents and applications, there is described a process for manufacturing an encapsulated electrophoretic display in which an encapsulated electrophoretic medium comprising capsules in a binder is coated on to a flexible substrate comprising indium-tin-oxide (ITO) or a similar conductive coating (which acts as one electrode of the final display) on a plastic film, the capsules/binder coating being dried to form a coherent layer of the electrophoretic medium firmly adhered to the substrate. Separately, a backplane, containing an array of pixel electrodes and an appropriate arrangement of conductors to connect the pixel electrodes to drive circuitry, is prepared. To form the final display, the substrate having the capsule/binder layer thereon is laminated to the backplane using a lamination adhesive. (A very similar process can be used to prepare an electrophoretic display usable with a stylus or similar movable electrode by replacing the backplane with a simple protective layer, such as a plastic film, over which the stylus or other movable electrode can slide.) In one preferred form of such a process, the backplane is itself flexible and is prepared by printing the pixel electrodes and conductors on a plastic film or other flexible substrate. The obvious lamination technique for mass production of displays by this process is roll lamination using a lamination adhesive. Similar manufacturing techniques can be used with other types of electro-optic displays. For example, a microcell electrophoretic medium or a rotating bichromal member medium may be laminated to a backplane in substantially the same manner as an encapsulated electrophoretic medium.

[Para 1 7] As discussed in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178, (see column 3, line 63 to column 5, line 46) many of the components used in electrophoretic displays, and the methods used to manufacture such displays, are derived from technology used in liquid crystal displays (LCD's). For example, electrophoretic displays may make use of an active matrix backplane comprising an array of transistors or diodes and a corresponding array of pixel electrodes, and a "continuous" front electrode (in the sense of an electrode which extends over multiple pixels and typically the whole display) on a transparent substrate, these components

being essentially the same as in LCD's. However, the methods used for assembling LCD's cannot be used with encapsulated electrophoretic displays. LCD's are normally assembled by forming the backplane and front electrode on separate glass substrates, then adhesively securing these components together leaving a small aperture between them, placing the resultant assembly under vacuum, and immersing the assembly in a bath of the liquid crystal, so that the liquid crystal flows through the aperture between the backplane and the front electrode. Finally, with the liquid crystal in place, the aperture is sealed to provide the final display.

[Para 1 8] This LCD assembly process cannot readily be transferred to solid electro- optic displays. Because the electro-optic material is solid, it must be present between the backplane and the front electrode before these two integers are secured to each other. Furthermore, in contrast to a liquid crystal material, which is simply placed between the front electrode and the backplane without being attached to either, a solid electro-optic medium normally needs to be secured to both; in most cases the solid electro-optic medium is formed on the front electrode, since this is generally easier than forming the medium on the circuitry-containing backplane, and the front electrode/electro-optic medium combination is then laminated to the backplane, typically by covering the entire surface of the electro-optic medium with an adhesive and laminating under heat, pressure and possibly vacuum. Accordingly, most prior art methods for final lamination of solid electrophoretic displays are essentially batch methods in which (typically) the electro-optic medium, a lamination adhesive and a backplane are brought together immediately prior to final assembly, and it is desirable to provide methods better adapted for mass production.

[Para 1 9] The aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178 describes a method of assembling a solid electro-optic display (including an encapsulated electrophoretic display) which is well adapted for mass production. Essentially, this patent describes a so-called "front plane laminate" ("FPL") which comprises, in order, a light- transmissive electrically-conductive layer; a layer of a solid electro-optic medium in electrical contact with the electrically-conductive layer; an adhesive layer; and a release sheet. Typically, the light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer will be carried on a light-transmissive substrate, which is preferably flexible, in the sense that

the substrate can be manually wrapped around a drum (say) 10 inches (254 mm) in diameter without permanent deformation. The term "light-transmissive" is used in this patent and herein to mean that the layer thus designated transmits sufficient light to enable an observer, looking through that layer, to observe the change in display states of the electro-optic medium, which will normally be viewed through the electrically- conductive layer and adjacent substrate (if present); in cases where the electro-optic medium displays a change in reflectivity at non-visible wavelengths, the term "light- transmissive" should of course be interpreted to refer to transmission of the relevant non-visible wavelengths. The substrate will typically be a polymeric film, and will normally have a thickness in the range of about 1 to about 25 mil (25 to 634 μm), preferably about 2 to about 10 mil (51 to 254 μm). The electrically-conductive layer is conveniently a thin metal or metal oxide layer of, for example, aluminum or ITO, or may be a conductive polymer. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films coated with aluminum or ITO are available commercially, for example as "aluminized Mylar" ("Mylar" is a Registered Trade Mark) from E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington DE, and such commercial materials may be used with good results in the front plane laminate.

[Para 20] The aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178 also describes a method for testing the electro-optic medium in a front plane laminate prior to incorporation of the front plane laminate into a display. In this testing method, the release sheet is provided with an electrically conductive layer, and a voltage sufficient to change the optical state of the electro-optic medium is applied between this electrically conductive layer and the electrically conductive layer on the opposed side of the electro-optic medium. Observation of the electro-optic medium will then reveal any faults in the medium, thus avoiding laminating faulty electro-optic medium into a display, with the resultant cost of scrapping the entire display, not merely the faulty front plane laminate.

[Para 21 ] The aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178 also describes a second method for testing the electro-optic medium in a front plane laminate by placing an electrostatic charge on the release sheet, thus forming an image on the electro-optic

medium. This image is then observed in the same way as before to detect any faults in the electro-optic medium.

[Para 22] Assembly of an electro-optic display using such a front plane laminate may be effected by removing the release sheet from the front plane laminate and contacting the adhesive layer with the backplane under conditions effective to cause the adhesive layer to adhere to the backplane, thereby securing the adhesive layer, layer of electro-optic medium and electrically-conductive layer to the backplane. This process is well-adapted to mass production since the front plane laminate may be mass produced, typically using roll-to-roll coating techniques, and then cut into pieces of any size needed for use with specific backplanes.

[Para 23] The aforementioned 2004/0155857 describes a so-called "double release sheet" which is essentially a simplified version of the front plane laminate of the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178. One form of the double release sheet comprises a layer of a solid electro-optic medium sandwiched between two adhesive layers, one or both of the adhesive layers being covered by a release sheet. Another form of the double release sheet comprises a layer of a solid electro-optic medium sandwiched between two release sheets. Both forms of the double release film are intended for use in a process generally similar to the process for assembling an electro-optic display from a front plane laminate already described, but involving two separate laminations; typically, in a first lamination the double release sheet is laminated to a front electrode to form a front sub-assembly, and then in a second lamination the front sub-assembly is laminated to a backplane to form the final display, although the order of these two laminations could be reversed if desired. [Para 24] The aforementioned copending Application Serial No. 11/550,114 describes a so-called "inverted front plane laminate", which is a variant of the front plane laminate described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178. This inverted front plane laminate comprises, in order, at least one of a light-transmissive protective layer and a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer; an adhesive layer; a layer of a solid electro-optic medium; and a release sheet. This inverted front plane laminate is used to form an electro-optic display having a layer of lamination adhesive between the electro-optic layer and the front electrode or front substrate; a

second, typically thin layer of adhesive may or may not be present between the electro-optic layer and a backplane. Such electro-optic displays can combine good resolution with good low temperature performance.

[Para 25] The aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178 also describes the importance of protecting the electro-optic medium from environmental contaminants, since some electro-optic media are sensitive to humidity and ultra-violet radiation, and most such media are susceptible to mechanical damage. This patent illustrates, in Figure 10, a process in which a protective film is laminated over a front plane laminate in the same lamination operation by which the front plane laminate is attached to a backplane; such a protective film can protect the electro-optic medium against ingress of moisture, other liquids, and some gases. However, even with such a protective film, the edge of the electro-optic medium is still exposed to the environment, and this patent teaches that it is also advisable for the display to include an edge seal, which serves to prevent the ingress of moisture and other contaminants around the outer edges of the display. Various types of edge seal are illustrated in Figures 11-17 of this patent. This edge seal can be composed of metallized foil or other barrier foil adhered over the edge of the FPL, dispensed sealants (thermal, chemical, and/or radiation cured), polyisobutylene or acrylate-based sealants, and so on. It has been found that hybrid radiation and thermal cure sealants (i.e. UV curable with thermal post-bake) offer certain advantages to display system performance. Threebond 30Y-491 material (from Threebond Corporation, Cincinnati, OH) is especially preferred because of its favorable water vapor barrier properties, low viscosity at elevated temperature, for easy dispensing of the edge seal material, good wetting characteristics, and manageable curing properties. Those skilled in the art and familiar with advanced sealants will be able to identify other sealants that offer comparable performance.

[Para 26] Figure 20 of the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178 shows a preferred form of electro-optic display having front protective layers and an edge seal. This preferred display comprises a thin film transistor (TFT) backplane generally similar to backplanes used with liquid crystal displays and having a matrix of pixel electrodes and associated thin film transistors and conductors for independently

controlling the voltage applied to the pixel electrodes. A tape connect package is connected to a peripheral portion of the backplane and is provided with a driver integrated circuit (which controls the operation of the display); the tape connect package is also connected to a printed circuit board which contains additional circuitry for controlling the operation of the display.

[Para 27] On the upper surface (as illustrated in the aforementioned Figure 20) of the backplane are disposed a layer of lamination adhesive, a layer of an electro-optic medium, a front electrode and a front substrate; the front electrode and front substrate are both conveniently formed from an indium-tin-oxide coated polymeric film, and such coated films are readily available commercially. The lamination adhesive layer, the electro-optic layer, the front electrode and front substrate are all derived from a front laminate which has been laminated to the backplane. One portion of the front electrode and front substrate extend beyond the electro-optic layer, and in the extended portion of the front electrode and front substrate, a conductive via formed from silver ink electrically connects the front electrode to circuitry provided on the backplane, while an adhesive layer secures the extended portion of the front electrode to the backplane.

[Para 28] Over the front substrate are disposed in succession a first layer of optically clear adhesive, a barrier film, a second layer of optically clear adhesive and a further, relatively thick protective film provided on its exposed surface with an anti-glare coating. The protective film acts to block ultra-violet radiation from reaching the electro-optic layer, and also prevents atmospheric moisture or other contaminants reaching this layer.

[Para 29] In order to form a complete seal around the electro-optic layer, the barrier film, the second layer of optically clear adhesive and the protective film are all made larger in both dimensions than the front substrate, so that these layers have peripheral portions which extend or "overhang" the outer edges of the front substrate. To complete the sealing of the electro-optic layer, a curable edge sealing material is injected, typically via a needle dispenser, into the area of the overhang, and cured to form an edge seal completely surrounding the electro-optic layer.

[Para 30] This type of edge seal is effective in preventing ingress of moisture and other environmental contaminants into the electro-optic medium. However, one of the advantages of encapsulated electrophoretic and other electro-optic media, for example rotating bichromal member and microcell media, is that they are sufficiently flexible to be used in flexible displays. The aforementioned type of edge seal, and similar edge seals, are not suitable for use in flexible displays since the edge seal itself imparts rigidity to the display.

[Para 31 ] Accordingly, there is thus a need for an edge seal which can be used in flexible electro-optic displays, and the present invention seeks to provide such an edge seal.

[Para 32] The present invention provides an electro-optic display comprising: a backplane; a layer of electro-optic material disposed adjacent the backplane, the layer of electro-optic material being smaller in both dimensions than the backplane so as to leave a peripheral portion of the backplane extending beyond the edges of the layer of electro-optic material; and a protective layer disposed on the opposed side of the layer of electro- optic material from the backplane, a peripheral portion of the protective layer extending beyond the edges of the layer of electro-optic material and being adhesively secured to the peripheral portion of the backplane.

[Para 33] In this display of the present invention, either or both of the backplane and the protective layer may be formed of flexible polymeric films. The backplane may, for example, comprise organic transistors printed on a polymeric film. The backplane may comprise a barrier coating adjacent the layer of electro-optic material, the barrier coating having a water vapor transmission rate not exceeding about 0.05 g/m ² /day at 40 ⁰ C. The adhesive used to secure the protective layer to the backplane may have a water vapor transmission rate not exceeding about 50 g/m ² /day at 40 ⁰ C. The adhesive used to secure the protective layer to the backplane may have a thickness not greater than about 25 μm and a width, parallel to the plane of the backplane, of at least about 1 mm.

[Para 34] The electro-optic display of the present invention may further comprise a light-transmissive front electrode disposed on the opposed side of the layer of electro- optic material from the backplane, and a front substrate disposed on the opposed side of the front electrode from the layer of electro-optic material, the front substrate mechanically supporting the front electrode, and wherein the protective layer is adhesively secured to the front substrate.

[Para 35] The electro-optic display of the present invention may make use of any of the types of electro-optic material discussed above. Thus, for example, the electro- optic material may comprise a rotating bichromal member or electrochromic material. Alternatively, the electro-optic material may comprise an electrophoretic material comprising a plurality of electrically charged particles disposed in a fluid and capable of moving through the fluid under the influence of an electric field. The electrically charged particles and the fluid may be confined within a plurality of capsules or microcells. Alternatively, the electrophoretic material may be of the polymer- dispersed type, with the electrically charged particles and the fluid present as a plurality of discrete droplets surrounded by a continuous phase comprising a polymeric material. The fluid used in the electrophoretic material may be liquid or gaseous.

[Para 36] The displays of the present invention may be used in any application in which prior art electro-optic displays have been used. Thus, for example, the present displays may be used in electronic book readers, portable computers, tablet computers, cellular telephones, smart cards, signs, watches, shelf labels and flash drives.

[Para 37] This invention also provides a process for sealing an electro-optic display, the process comprising: providing a layer of electro-optic material disposing a backplane adjacent the layer of electro-optic material, the backplane being larger than the layer of electro-optic material so as to leave a peripheral portion of the backplane extending beyond the edges of the layer of electro-optic material;

disposing a protective layer adjacent the layer of electro-optic medium material on the opposed side thereof from the backplane, the protective layer being larger than the layer of electro-optic material so as to leave a peripheral portion of the protective layer extending beyond the edges of the layer of electro-optic material; and adhesively securing the peripheral portion of the protective layer to the peripheral portion of the backplane, thereby sealing the display.

[Para 38] The sole Figure of the accompanying drawings is a is a schematic section through a sealed electro-optic display of the present invention. The drawing is schematic and not to scale; in particular, for ease of illustration, the thicknesses of the various layers in the drawings do not correspond to their actual thicknesses. Also, the thicknesses of the various layers are greatly exaggerated relative to their lateral dimensions.

[Para 39] As already mentioned, the present invention provides a sealed electro-optic display. The display comprises a layer of electro-optic material sandwiched between a backplane and a protective layer. Both the backplane and the protective layer are made larger than the layer of electro-optic material, so that both the backplane and the protective layer have peripheral portions extending beyond the edges (periphery) of the electro-optic material. The peripheral portions of the backplane and protective layer are adhesively secured to each other, thus sealing the layer of electro-optic material from the outside environment.

[Para 40] It is of course necessary to choose the adhesive material used to secure the backplane to the protective layer to ensure that it does not allow unwanted contaminants to diffuse into the electro-optic material. In particular, since several types of electro-optic material are sensitive to the presence of water, the adhesive material used (as well as the materials used to form the backplane and protective layer) should have low water vapor transmission. However, as illustrated in the accompanying drawing and discussed below, the present invention enables the adhesive material used to be present in the form of a layer having a small thickness (measured perpendicular to the plane of the layer of electro-optic material) and a substantial width (measured in this plane) so that the demands upon the adhesive material in the display of the present invention may be less rigorous than those upon

the sealing materials used in other display configurations, where the sealing material may need to have a substantially greater thickness and/or a substantially smaller width.

[Para 41 ] As discussed in more detail below with reference to the drawing, the present invention is especially adapted for use with flexible displays, in which both the backplane and the protective layer are formed of flexible materials, for example polymeric films; in such a display the backplane might comprise, for example, organic transistors formed on a polymeric film. The present display does not require the type of thick, rigid sealing member found in some prior art displays, and, provided the backplane and protective layer are sufficiently flexible, the peripheral portions of the backplane and protective layer adhered to each other can remain flexible. However, we do not exclude the possibility that the present invention could be used in rigid or semi-rigid displays.

[Para 42] The electrode arrangements in the display of the present invention can be of any of the types described in the aforementioned E Ink and MIT patents and applications. Thus, for example, the display may be of the direct drive type, in which the backplane is provided with a plurality of electrodes, each of which is provided with a separate connector by means of a which a controller can control the voltage applied to the specific electrode. In such a direct drive display, a single continuous front electrode is usually provided covering the whole display, although other front electrode arrangements are possible. Depending upon the type of electro-optic material used, it may be possible to use a passive matrix drive arrangement in which (typically) the backplane carries a plurality of elongate parallel electrodes ("column electrodes"), while on the opposed side of the electro-optic material there is provided a plurality of elongate parallel electrodes ("row electrodes") running at right angles to the column electrodes, the overlap between one specific column electrode and one specific row electrode defining one pixel of the display. The present display may also be of the active matrix type, typically with a single continuous front electrode covering the whole display and a matrix of pixel electrodes on the backplane, each pixel electrode defining one pixel of the display and having an associated transistor or other non-linear element, the active matrix display being scanned in the conventional

manner to write the display in a row-by-row fashion. Finally, the present display may also be of the stylus-driven type, with (typically) a single electrode on the backplane and no permanent front electrode, writing of the display being effected by moving a stylus across the front surface of the display.

[Para 43] A preferred embodiment of the display of the present invention will now be described, though by way of illustration only, with reference to the sole Figure of the accompanying drawings, which shows a schematic cross-section through the display (generally designated 100).

[Para 44] The display 100 comprises a backplane (generally designated 102), which itself comprises a polymeric substrate 104 bearing front and rear barrier coatings 106 and 108 respectively. The barrier coatings 106 and 108 may be formed from organic or inorganic barrier materials which should desirably give the backplane a water vapor transmission rate not exceeding about 0.05 g/m ² /day at 40 ⁰ C. Depending upon the specific barrier material and electro-optic material used, it may be possible to eliminate one of the barrier coatings 106 and 108. When both barrier coatings 106 and 108 are present, they are desirably formed of the same material and of the same thickness to minimize stresses on the backplane due to mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the two barrier layers; such CTE mismatch can cause curling or other distortion of a flexible backplane.

[Para 45] The backplane 102 carries an electrode layer, indicated schematically at 110, this electrode layer comprising one or more electrodes. As already indicated, the electrode layer 110 may be of any known type and may comprise, for example, a direct drive electrode layer comprising a plurality of discrete electrodes each provided with an associated conductor, a passive matrix electrode layer comprising a plurality of parallel elongate electrodes, or an active matrix electrode layer comprising a two- dimensional matrix of pixel electrodes each having an associated thin film transistor or other non-linear device. The backplane 102 is larger in both dimensions than the electrode layer 110 so that a peripheral portion of the backplane extends outwardly beyond the edges of the electrode layer 110 all around the periphery of this electrode layer.

[Para 46] The display 100 further comprises an electro-optic material layer 112 (illustrated as an encapsulated electrophoretic material although other types of electro- optic material can of course be used) disposed on the opposed side of the electrode layer 110 from the backplane 102, a front electrode 114 disposed on the opposed side of the electro-optic layer 112 from the electrode layer 110, and a front substrate 116 which lies adjacent, and mechanically supports, the front electrode 114. As previously mentioned, the front electrode 114 and the front substrate 116 are conveniently formed of an indium-tin-oxide (or similar transparent conductive) layer on a polymeric film, and such coated films are available commercially. The front substrate 116 is desirably of substantially the same material and thickness as the backplane 102 to avoid CTE mismatch which might cause distortion of a flexible display, although it is not normally necessary to provide the front substrate 116 with barrier layers. [Para 47] A thin conformal protective layer or barrier film 118 covers the exposed surface of the front substrate 116. The barrier film 118 is larger in both dimensions than the front substrate 116 and the electro-optic layer 112, so that a peripheral portion of the barrier film 118 extends some distance beyond the edges of the front substrate 116 and the electro-optic layer 112 all around the periphery of this substrate and layer. The peripheral portion of the barrier film 118 is adhesively secured to the peripheral portion of the backplane 102, as indicated at 120, so that the electro-optic layer 112 is completely sealed between the backplane 102 and the barrier film 118. The adhesive used is desirably flexible, and has a water vapor transmission rate of less than 50 g/m /day. The thickness of the adhesive layer between the barrier film and the backplane is desirably not greater than about 25 μm, and the width of the adhesive layer (measured parallel to the plane of the backplane) is desirably about 1 to about 9 mm; in some cases a width of about 1 to about 3 mm will suffice. [Para 48] To ensure optimum viewing of the display (which is of course viewed through the barrier film 118, that is to say downwardly as illustrated in the drawing), the barrier film 118 should be adhered to the front substrate 116, and in the preferred embodiment shown in the drawing this is effected by means of a thin (less than 50 μm) film of optically clear adhesive (not shown).

[Para 49] Several methods may be used to produce the display 100. The electro-optic material is conveniently supplied in the form of a double release film comprising a first release sheet, a first layer of lamination adhesive, the front substrate 116, the front electrode 114, the electro-optic layer 112, a second layer of lamination adhesive and a second release sheet. The second release sheet is first removed and the remaining layers of the double release film laminated to the backplane 102. (The drawing does not show a lamination adhesive layer between the electrode layer 110 and the electro-optic layer 112, although in practice such a lamination adhesive layer is normally present.) The first release sheet is then removed from the resultant sub- assembly and the barrier film 118 is laminated, via the first layer of lamination adhesive, to the front substrate 116. Finally, the peripheral portions of the barrier film 118 and the backplane 102 are adhesively secured together; methods for performing this step are described below.

[Para 50] In an alternative method, the electro-optic layer is supplied as part of an unmodified front plane laminate, i.e., one lacking the first release sheet and first lamination adhesive layer. The front plane laminate is laminated to the backplane as previously described, an adhesive is applied to the exposed surface of the front substrate, and the barrier film is laminated to the front substrate via this adhesive. In a further variation, the adhesive may be applied to the barrier film rather than to the front substrate.

[Para 51 ] The "edge seal" at 120 between the barrier film and the backplane may be formed by applying an appropriate adhesive to the backplane before applying the barrier film. Alternatively, of course, the adhesive could be placed on the barrier film. The laminations of the barrier film to the backplane and to the front substrate may be effected simultaneously or sequentially, and in the latter case in either order. The adhesive used to form the edge seal may be a pressure-sensitive adhesive, a thermally or radiation-curable adhesive or a two-part curable adhesive (for example, an epoxy adhesive). After forming the edge seal, any necessary curing of the adhesive may be effected.

[Para 52] When the adhesives for both the seal to the front substrate and the edge seal to the backplane are provided on the barrier film, it may be possible to provide a

single layer of adhesive on the barrier film and use this single layer of adhesive to form both seals.

[Para 53] Numerous changes and modifications can be made in the preferred embodiments of the present invention already described without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is to be construed in an illustrative and not in a limitative sense.