FIELD OF VIEW AND METHODS

BACKGROUND

I. Technical Field

[001] The present disclosure relates generally to surveying technology for scanning a surrounding environment, and, more specifically, to systems and methods that use LIDAR technology to detect objects in the surrounding environment.

II. Background Information

[002] With the advent of driver assist systems and autonomous vehicles, automobiles need to be equipped with systems capable of reliably sensing and interpreting their surroundings, including identifying obstacles, hazards, objects, and other physical parameters that might impact navigation of the vehicle. To this end, a number of differing technologies have been suggested including radar, LIDAR, camera-based systems, operating alone or in a redundant manner.

[003] One consideration with driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles is an ability of the system to determine surroundings across different conditions including, rain, fog, darkness, bright light, and snow. A light detection and ranging system, (LIDAR a/k/a LADAR) is an example of technology that can work well in differing conditions, by measuring distances to objects by illuminating objects with light and measuring the reflected pulses with a sensor. A laser is one example of a light source that can be used in a LIDAR system. As with any sensing system, in order for a LIDAR-based sensing system to be fully adopted by the automotive industry, the system should provide reliable data enabling detection of far-away objects. Although the maximum illumination power of LIDAR systems is limited by the need to make the LIDAR systems eye-safe (i.e., so that they will not damage the human eye which can occur when a projected light emission is absorbed in the eye's cornea and lens, causing thermal damage to the retina.), the light source may increase the temperature inside an electro optical scanning unit of LIDAR systems. This in turn may influence the operation of a mirror of the electro-optical scanning unit used for reflecting the light the light source. Note that the actuation elements and the steering elements of electro-optical scanning units, as well as the mirror surface (bending) and the sensing element may behave differently under different temperatures.

[004] To ensure the desired accuracy of the electro-optical scanning unit and the LIDAR system, respectively, during operation, calibrating of the electro-optical scanning unit at different temperatures may be used during manufacture. Further, calibrating of the electro-optical scanning unit may also be required later, for example at regular maintenance intervals. However, the desired calibrating is a long and costly process.

[005] According, there is need for the present invention.

SUMMARY

[001] Embodiments consistent with the present disclosure provide systems and methods for using LIDAR technology to detect objects in the surrounding environment.

[002] Consistent with a disclosed embodiment, an electro-optical system for scanning illumination onto a field of view, includes a light source, a scanning unit including a light deflector arranged at a desired height for deflecting light from the light source, at least one actuator for controlling an orientation of the light deflector, and at least two sensors configured to measure respective measuring values which are correlated with a height of the light deflector in the scanning unit and an orientation of the light deflector, and a control unit connected with the at least two sensors and configured to receive for a given time a respective measuring value from each of the at least two sensors, to determine for the given time a first value indicative of an actual height and a second value indicative of an actual orientation of the light deflector as output of a model of the scanning unit using the measuring values as input of the model of the scanning unit, and to determine an actuation parameter for the at least one actuator using the first value and second value. Typically, the electoral optical system is a LIDAR-system or a part thereof.

[003] Consistent with a disclosed embodiment, a method for controlling a pivotable light deflector of a scanning unit of an electro-optical system configured to scan illumination onto a field of view, the method includes measuring for a given time at least two measuring values which are correlated with an actual height of the light deflector in the scanning unit and an actual orientation of the light deflector, determining for the given time a first value indicative of the actual height and a second value indicative of the actual orientation of the light deflector using the at least two measuring values as input of a model of the scanning unit, and controlling the light deflector using the first value and the second value.

[004] Other embodiments include (non-volatile) computer-readable storage media or devices, and one or more computer programs recorded on one or more computer-readable storage media or computer storage devices. The one or more computer programs can be configured to perform particular operations or processes by virtue of including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a system, in particular electro-optical systems as explained herein, cause the system to perform the operations or processes.

[005] Those skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description, and upon viewing the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[006] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate various disclosed embodiments. In the drawings:

[007] Fig. 1 A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary LIDAR system consistent with disclosed embodiments.

[008] Fig. IB is an image showing an exemplary output of single scanning cycle of a LIDAR system mounted on a vehicle consistent with disclosed embodiments.

[009] Fig. 1C is another image showing a representation of a point cloud model determined from output of a LIDAR system consistent with disclosed embodiments.

[010] Figs. 2A-2G are diagrams illustrating different configurations of projecting units in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[011] Figs. 3 A-3D are diagrams illustrating different configurations of scanning units in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[012] Figs. 4A-4E are diagrams illustrating different configurations of sensing units in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[013] Fig. 5A includes four example diagrams illustrating emission patterns in a single frame-time for a single portion of the field of view.

[014] Fig. 5B includes three example diagrams illustrating emission scheme in a single frame-time for the whole field of view.

[015] Fig. 5C is a diagram illustrating the actual light emission projected towards and reflections received during a single frame-time for the whole field of view. [016] Figs. 6A-6C are diagrams illustrating a first example implementation consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[017] Fig. 6D is a diagram illustrating a second example implementation consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[018] Figs. 7-37C are diagrams illustrating various examples of MEMS mirrors and associated components incorporated in scanning units of the LIDAR system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[019] Figs.38A-41 are diagrams illustrating different configurations of electro- optical system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[020] Fig. 42 is a flow chart of a method for controlling a pivotable light deflector of a scanning unit of an electro-optical system configured to scan illumination onto a field of view in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[021] Fig. 43 is a flow chart of a method for controlling a pivotable light deflector of a scanning unit of an electro-optical system configured to scan illumination onto a field of view in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

PET ATT, ED DESCRIPTION

[022] The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or similar parts. While several illustrative embodiments are described herein, modifications, adaptations and other implementations are possible. For example, substitutions, additions or modifications may be made to the components illustrated in the drawings, and the illustrative methods described herein may be modified by substituting, reordering, removing, or adding steps to the disclosed methods. Accordingly, the following detailed description is not limited to the disclosed embodiments and examples. Instead, the proper scope is defined by the appended claims.

Terms Definitions

[023] Disclosed embodiments may involve an optical system. As used herein, the term “optical system” broadly includes any system that is used for the generation, detection and/or manipulation of light. By way of example only, an optical system may include one or more optical components for generating, detecting and/or manipulating light. For example, light sources, lenses, mirrors, prisms, beam splitters, collimators, polarizing optics, optical modulators, optical switches, optical amplifiers, optical detectors, optical sensors, fiber optics, semiconductor optic components, while each not necessarily required, may each be part of an optical system. In addition to the one or more optical components, an optical system may also include other non-optical components such as electrical components, mechanical components, chemical reaction components, and semiconductor components. The non-optical components may cooperate with optical components of the optical system. For example, the optical system may include at least one processor for analyzing detected light.

[024] Consistent with the present disclosure, the optical system may be a LIDAR system. As used herein, the term “LIDAR system” broadly includes any system which can determine values of parameters indicative of a distance between a pair of tangible objects based on reflected light. In one embodiment, the LIDAR system may determine a distance between a pair of tangible objects based on reflections of light emitted by the LIDAR system. As used herein, the term “determine distances” broadly includes generating outputs which are indicative of distances between pairs of tangible objects. The determined distance may represent the physical dimension between a pair of tangible objects. By way of example only, the determined distance may include a line of flight distance between the LIDAR system and another tangible object in a field of view of the LIDAR system. In another embodiment, the LIDAR system may determine the relative velocity between a pair of tangible objects based on reflections of light emitted by the LIDAR system. Examples of outputs indicative of the distance between a pair of tangible objects include: a number of standard length units between the tangible objects (e.g. number of meters, number of inches, number of kilometers, number of millimeters), a number of arbitrary length units (e.g. number of LIDAR system lengths), a ratio between the distance to another length (e.g. a ratio to a length of an object detected in a field of view of the LIDAR system), an amount of time (e.g. given as standard unit, arbitrary units or ratio, for example, the time it takes light to travel between the tangible objects), one or more locations (e.g. specified using an agreed coordinate system, specified in relation to a known location), and more.

[025] The LIDAR system may determine the distance between a pair of tangible objects based on reflected light. In one embodiment, the LIDAR system may process detection results of a sensor which creates temporal information indicative of a period of time between the emission of a light signal and the time of its detection by the sensor. The period of time is occasionally referred to as “time of flight” of the light signal. In one example, the light signal may be a short pulse, whose rise and/or fall time may be detected in reception. Using known information about the speed of light in the relevant medium (usually air), the information regarding the time of flight of the light signal can be processed to provide the distance the light signal traveled between emission and detection. In another embodiment, the LIDAR system may determine the distance based on frequency phase-shift (or multiple frequency phase-shift). Specifically, the LIDAR system may process information indicative of one or more modulation phase shifts (e.g. by solving some simultaneous equations to give a final measure) of the light signal. For example, the emitted optical signal may be modulated with one or more constant frequencies. The at least one phase shift of the modulation between the emitted signal and the detected reflection may be indicative of the distance the light traveled between emission and detection. The modulation may be applied to a continuous wave light signal, to a quasi -continuous wave light signal, or to another type of emitted light signal. It is noted that additional information may be used by the LIDAR system for determining the distance, e.g. location information (e.g. relative positions) between the projection location, the detection location of the signal (especially if distanced from one another), and more.

[026] In some embodiments, the LIDAR system may be used for detecting a plurality of objects in an environment of the LIDAR system. The term “detecting an object in an environment of the LIDAR system” broadly includes generating information which is indicative of an object that reflected light toward a detector associated with the LIDAR system. If more than one object is detected by the LIDAR system, the generated information pertaining to different objects may be interconnected, for example a car is driving on a road, a bird is sitting on the tree, a man touches a bicycle, a van moves towards a building. The dimensions of the environment in which the LIDAR system detects objects may vary with respect to implementation. For example, the LIDAR system may be used for detecting a plurality of objects in an environment of a vehicle on which the LIDAR system is installed, up to a horizontal distance of 100m (or 200m, 300m, etc.), and up to a vertical distance of 10m (or 25m, 50m, etc.). In another example, the LIDAR system may be used for detecting a plurality of objects in an environment of a vehicle or within a predefined horizontal range (e.g., 25° , 50°, 100°, 180°, etc.), and up to a predefined vertical elevation (e.g., ±10°, ±20°, +40°-20°, ±90° or 0°-90°).

[027] As used herein, the term “detecting an object” may broadly refer to determining an existence of the object (e.g., an object may exist in a certain direction with respect to the LIDAR system and/or to another reference location, or an object may exist in a certain spatial volume). Additionally or alternatively, the term “detecting an object” may refer to determining a distance between the object and another location (e.g. a location of the LIDAR system, a location on earth, or a location of another object). Additionally or alternatively, the term “detecting an object” may refer to identifying the object (e.g. classifying a type of object such as car, plant, tree, road; recognizing a specific object (e.g., the Washington Monument); determining a license plate number; determining a composition of an object (e.g., solid, liquid, transparent, semitransparent); determining a kinematic parameter of an object (e.g., whether it is moving, its velocity, its movement direction, expansion of the object). Additionally or alternatively, the term “detecting an object” may refer to generating a point cloud map in which every point of one or more points of the point cloud map correspond to a location in the object or a location on a face thereof. In one embodiment, the data resolution associated with the point cloud map representation of the field of view may be associated with 0.1°x0.1° or 0.3°x0.3° of the field of view.

[028] Consistent with the present disclosure, the term “object” broadly includes a finite composition of matter that may reflect light from at least a portion thereof. For example, an object may be at least partially solid (e.g. cars, trees); at least partially liquid (e.g. puddles on the road, rain); at least partly gaseous (e.g. fumes, clouds); made from a multitude of distinct particles (e.g. sand storm, fog, spray); and may be of one or more scales of magnitude, such as ~1 millimeter (mm), ~5mm, ~10mm, ~50mm, ~100mm, ~500mm, ~1 meter (m), ~5m, ~10m, ~50m, ~100m, and so on. Smaller or larger objects, as well as any size in between those examples, may also be detected. It is noted that for various reasons, the LIDAR system may detect only part of the object. For example, in some cases, light may be reflected from only some sides of the object (e.g., only the side opposing the LIDAR system will be detected); in other cases, light may be projected on only part of the object (e.g. laser beam projected onto a road or a building); in other cases, the object may be partly blocked by another object between the LIDAR system and the detected object; in other cases, the LIDAR’ s sensor may only detects light reflected from a portion of the object, e.g., because ambient light or other interferences interfere with detection of some portions of the object.

[029] Consistent with the present disclosure, a LIDAR system may be configured to detect objects by scanning the environment of LIDAR system. The term “scanning the environment of LIDAR system” broadly includes illuminating the field of view or a portion of the field of view of the LIDAR system. In one example, scanning the environment of LIDAR system may be achieved by moving or pivoting a light deflector to deflect light in differing directions toward different parts of the field of view. In another example, scanning the environment of LIDAR system may be achieved by changing a positioning (i.e. location and/or orientation) of a sensor with respect to the field of view. In another example, scanning the environment of LIDAR system may be achieved by changing a positioning (i.e. location and/or orientation) of a light source with respect to the field of view. In yet another example, scanning the environment of LIDAR system may be achieved by changing the positions of at least one light source and of at least one sensor to move rigidly respect to the field of view (i.e. the relative distance and orientation of the at least one sensor and of the at least one light source remains).

[030] As used herein the term “field of view of the LIDAR system” may broadly include an extent of the observable environment of LIDAR system in which objects may be detected. It is noted that the field of view (FOV) of the LIDAR system may be affected by various conditions such as but not limited to: an orientation of the LIDAR system (e.g. is the direction of an optical axis of the LIDAR system); a position of the LIDAR system with respect to the environment (e.g. distance above ground and adjacent topography and obstacles); operational parameters of the LIDAR system (e.g. emission power, computational settings, defined angles of operation), etc. The field of view of LIDAR system may be defined, for example, by a solid angle (e.g. defined using f, Q angles, in which f and Q are angles defined in perpendicular planes, e.g. with respect to symmetry axes of the LIDAR system and/or its FOV). In one example, the field of view may also be defined within a certain range (e.g. up to 200m).

[031] Similarly, the term “instantaneous field of view” may broadly include an extent of the observable environment in which objects may be detected by the LIDAR system at any given moment. For example, for a scanning LIDAR system, the instantaneous field of view is narrower than the entire FOV of the LIDAR system, and it can be moved within the FOV of the LIDAR system in order to enable detection in other parts of the FOV of the LIDAR system. The movement of the instantaneous field of view within the FOV of the LIDAR system may be achieved by moving a light deflector of the LIDAR system (or external to the LIDAR system), so as to deflect beams of light to and/or from the LIDAR system in differing directions. In one embodiment, LIDAR system may be configured to scan scene in the environment in which the LIDAR system is operating. As used herein the term “scene” may broadly include some or all of the objects within the field of view of the LIDAR system, in their relative positions and in their current states, within an operational duration of the LIDAR system. For example, the scene may include ground elements (e.g. earth, roads, grass, sidewalks, road surface marking), sky, man-made objects (e.g. vehicles, buildings, signs), vegetation, people, animals, light projecting elements (e.g. flashlights, sun, other LIDAR systems), and so on. [032] Disclosed embodiments may involve obtaining information for use in generating reconstructed three-dimensional models. Examples of types of reconstructed three-dimensional models which may be used include point cloud models, and Polygon Mesh (e.g. a triangle mesh). The terms “point cloud” and “point cloud model” are widely known in the art, and should be construed to include a set of data points located spatially in some coordinate system (i.e., having an identifiable location in a space described by a respective coordinate system). The term “point cloud point” refer to a point in space (which may be dimensionless, or a miniature cellular space, e.g. 1 cm ³ ), and whose location may be described by the point cloud model using a set of coordinates (e.g. (C,U,Z), (G,F,Q)). By way of example only, the point cloud model may store additional information for some or all of its points (e.g. color information for points generated from camera images). Likewise, any other type of reconstructed three-dimensional model may store additional information for some or all of its objects. Similarly, the terms “polygon mesh” and “triangle mesh” are widely known in the art, and are to be construed to include, among other things, a set of vertices, edges and faces that define the shape of one or more 3D objects (such as a polyhedral object). The faces may include one or more of the following: triangles (triangle mesh), quadrilaterals, or other simple convex polygons, since this may simplify rendering. The faces may also include more general concave polygons, or polygons with holes. Polygon meshes may be represented using differing techniques, such as: Vertex -vertex meshes, Face-vertex meshes, Winged-edge meshes and Render dynamic meshes. Different portions of the polygon mesh (e.g., vertex, face, edge) are located spatially in some coordinate system (i.e., having an identifiable location in a space described by the respective coordinate system), either directly and/or relative to one another. The generation of the reconstructed three-dimensional model may be implemented using any standard, dedicated and/or novel photogrammetry technique, many of which are known in the art. It is noted that other types of models of the environment may be generated by the LIDAR system.

[033] Consistent with disclosed embodiments, the LIDAR system may include at least one projecting unit with a light source configured to project light. As used herein the term “light source” broadly refers to any device configured to emit light. In one embodiment, the light source may be a laser such as a solid-state laser, laser diode, a high power laser, or an alternative light source such as, a light emitting diode (LED)-based light source. In addition, light source 112 as illustrated throughout the figures, may emit light in differing formats, such as light pulses, continuous wave (CW), quasi-CW, and so on. For example, one type of light source that may be used is a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Another type of light source that may be used is an external cavity diode laser (ECDL). In some examples, the light source may include a laser diode configured to emit light at a wavelength between about 650 nm and 1150 nm. Alternatively, the light source may include a laser diode configured to emit light at a wavelength between about 800 nm and about 1000 nm, between about 850 nm and about 950 nm, or between about 1300 nm and about 1600 nm. Unless indicated otherwise, the term "about" with regards to a numeric value is defined as a variance of up to 5% with respect to the stated value. Additional details on the projecting unit and the at least one light source are described below with reference to Figs. 2A-2C.

[034] Consistent with disclosed embodiments, the LIDAR system may include at least one scanning unit with at least one light deflector configured to deflect light from the light source in order to scan the field of view. The term “light deflector” broadly includes any mechanism or module which is configured to make light deviate from its original path; for example, a mirror, a prism, controllable lens, a mechanical mirror, mechanical scanning polygons, active diffraction (e.g. controllable LCD), Risley prisms, non-mechanical-electro- optical beam steering (such as made by Vscent), polarization grating (such as offered by Boulder Non-Linear Systems), optical phased array (OP A), and more. In one embodiment, a light deflector may include a plurality of optical components, such as at least one reflecting element (e.g. a mirror), at least one refracting element (e.g. a prism, a lens), and so on. In one example, the light deflector may be movable, to cause light deviate to differing degrees (e.g. discrete degrees, or over a continuous span of degrees). The light deflector may optionally be controllable in different ways (e.g. deflect to a degree a, change deflection angle by Da, move a component of the light deflector by M millimeters, change speed in which the deflection angle changes). In addition, the light deflector may optionally be operable to change an angle of deflection within a single plane (e.g., Q coordinate). The light deflector may optionally be operable to change an angle of deflection within two non-parallel planes (e.g., Q and f coordinates). Alternatively or in addition, the light deflector may optionally be operable to change an angle of deflection between predetermined settings (e.g. along a predefined scanning route) or otherwise. With respect the use of light deflectors in LIDAR systems, it is noted that a light deflector may be used in the outbound direction (also referred to as transmission direction, or TX) to deflect light from the light source to at least a part of the field of view. However, a light deflector may also be used in the inbound direction (also referred to as reception direction, or RX) to deflect light from at least a part of the field of view to one or more light sensors. Additional details on the scanning unit and the at least one light deflector are described below with reference to Figs. 3 A-3C. [035] Disclosed embodiments may involve pivoting the light deflector in order to scan the field of view. As used herein the term “pivoting” broadly includes rotating of an object (especially a solid object) about one or more axis of rotation, while substantially maintaining a center of rotation fixed. In one embodiment, the pivoting of the light deflector may include rotation of the light deflector about a fixed axis (e.g., a shaft), but this is not necessarily so. For example, in some MEMS mirror implementation, the MEMS mirror may move by actuation of a plurality of benders connected to the mirror, the mirror may experience some spatial translation in addition to rotation. Nevertheless, such mirror may be designed to rotate about a substantially fixed axis, and therefore consistent with the present disclosure it considered to be pivoted. In other embodiments, some types of light deflectors (e.g. non-mechanical-electro-optical beam steering, OP A) do not require any moving components or internal movements in order to change the deflection angles of deflected light. It is noted that any discussion relating to moving or pivoting a light deflector is also mutatis mutandis applicable to controlling the light deflector such that it changes a deflection behavior of the light deflector. For example, controlling the light deflector may cause a change in a deflection angle of beams of light arriving from at least one direction.

[036] Disclosed embodiments may involve receiving reflections associated with a portion of the field of view corresponding to a single instantaneous position of the light deflector. As used herein, the term “instantaneous position of the light deflector” (also referred to as “state of the light deflector”) broadly refers to the location or position in space where at least one controlled component of the light deflector is situated at an instantaneous point in time, or over a short span of time. In one embodiment, the instantaneous position of light deflector may be gauged with respect to a frame of reference. The frame of reference may pertain to at least one fixed point in the LIDAR system. Or, for example, the frame of reference may pertain to at least one fixed point in the scene. In some embodiments, the instantaneous position of the light deflector may include some movement of one or more components of the light deflector (e.g. mirror, prism), usually to a limited degree with respect to the maximal degree of change during a scanning of the field of view. For example, a scanning of the entire the field of view of the LIDAR system may include changing deflection of light over a span of 30°, and the instantaneous position of the at least one light deflector may include angular shifts of the light deflector within 0.05°. In other embodiments, the term ’’instantaneous position of the light deflector” may refer to the positions of the light deflector during acquisition of light which is processed to provide data for a single point of a point cloud (or another type of 3D model) generated by the LIDAR system. In some embodiments, an instantaneous position of the light deflector may correspond with a fixed position or orientation in which the deflector pauses for a short time during illumination of a particular sub-region of the LIDAR field of view. In other cases, an instantaneous position of the light deflector may correspond with a certain position/orientation along a scanned range of positions/orientations of the light deflector that the light deflector passes through as part of a continuous or semi-continuous scan of the LIDAR field of view. In some embodiments, the light deflector may be moved such that during a scanning cycle of the LIDAR FOV the light deflector is located at a plurality of different instantaneous positions. In other words, during the period of time in which a scanning cycle occurs, the deflector may be moved through a series of different instantaneous positions/orientations, and the deflector may reach each different instantaneous position/orientation at a different time during the scanning cycle.

[037] Consistent with disclosed embodiments, the LIDAR system may include at least one sensing unit with at least one sensor configured to detect reflections from objects in the field of view. The term “sensor” broadly includes any device, element, or system capable of measuring properties (e.g., power, frequency, phase, pulse timing, pulse duration) of electromagnetic waves and to generate an output relating to the measured properties. In some embodiments, the at least one sensor may include a plurality of detectors constructed from a plurality of detecting elements. The at least one sensor may include light sensors of one or more types. It is noted that the at least one sensor may include multiple sensors of the same type which may differ in other characteristics (e.g., sensitivity, size). Other types of sensors may also be used. Combinations of several types of sensors can be used for different reasons, such as improving detection over a span of ranges (especially in close range); improving the dynamic range of the sensor; improving the temporal response of the sensor; and improving detection in varying environmental conditions (e.g. atmospheric temperature, rain, etc.).

[038] In one embodiment, the at least one sensor includes a SiPM (Silicon photomultipliers) which is a solid-state single-photon-sensitive device built from an array of avalanche photodiode (APD), single photon avalanche diode (SPAD), serving as detection elements on a common silicon substrate. In one example, a typical distance between SPADs may be between about 10pm and about 50pm, wherein each SPAD may have a recovery time of between about 20ns and about 100ns. Similar photomultipliers from other, non-silicon materials may also be used. Although a SiPM device works in digital/switching mode, the SiPM is an analog device because all the microcells may be read in parallel, making it possible to generate signals within a dynamic range from a single photon to hundreds and thousands of photons detected by the different SPADs. It is noted that outputs from different types of sensors (e.g., SPAD, APD, SiPM, PIN diode, Photodetector) may be combined together to a single output which may be processed by a processor of the LIDAR system. Additional details on the sensing unit and the at least one sensor are described below with reference to Figs. 4A-4C.

[039] Consistent with disclosed embodiments, the LIDAR system may include or communicate with at least one processor configured to execute differing functions. The at least one processor may constitute any physical device having an electric circuit that performs a logic operation on input or inputs. For example, the at least one processor may include one or more integrated circuits (IC), including Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), microchips, microcontrollers, microprocessors, all or part of a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), digital signal processor (DSP), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or other circuits suitable for executing instructions or performing logic operations. The instructions executed by at least one processor may, for example, be pre- loaded into a memory integrated with or embedded into the controller or may be stored in a separate memory. The memory may comprise a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read- Only Memory (ROM), a hard disk, an optical disk, a magnetic medium, a flash memory, other permanent, fixed, or volatile memory, or any other mechanism capable of storing instructions. In some embodiments, the memory is configured to store information representative data about objects in the environment of the LIDAR system. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may include more than one processor. Each processor may have a similar construction or the processors may be of differing constructions that are electrically connected or disconnected from each other. For example, the processors may be separate circuits or integrated in a single circuit. When more than one processor is used, the processors may be configured to operate independently or collaboratively. The processors may be coupled electrically, magnetically, optically, acoustically, mechanically or by other means that permit them to interact. Additional details on the processing unit and the at least one processor are described below with reference to Figs. 5A-5C.

System Overview

[040] Fig. 1 A illustrates a LIDAR system 100 including a projecting unit 102, a scanning unit 104, a sensing unit 106, and a processing unit 108. LIDAR system 100 may be mountable on a vehicle 110. Consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure, projecting unit 102 may include at least one light source 112, scanning unit 104 may include at least one light deflector 114, sensing unit 106 may include at least one sensor 116, and processing unit 108 may include at least one processor 118. In one embodiment, at least one processor 118 may be configured to coordinate operation of the at least one light source 112 with the movement of at least one light deflector 114 in order to scan a field of view 120. During a scanning cycle, each instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114 may be associated with a particular portion 122 of field of view 120. In addition, LIDAR system 100 may include at least one optional optical window 124 for directing light projected towards field of view 120 and/or receiving light reflected from objects in field of view 120. Optional optical window 124 may serve different purposes, such as collimation of the projected light and focusing of the reflected light. In one embodiment, optional optical window 124 may be an opening, a flat window, a lens, or any other type of optical window.

[041] Consistent with the present disclosure, LIDAR system 100 may be used in autonomous or semi-autonomous road-vehicles (for example, cars, buses, vans, trucks and any other terrestrial vehicle). Autonomous road-vehicles with LIDAR system 100 may scan their environment and drive to a destination vehicle without human input. Similarly, LIDAR system 100 may also be used in autonomous/semi-autonomous aerial -vehicles (for example, UAV, drones, quadcopters, and any other airborne vehicle or device); or in an autonomous or semi-autonomous water vessel (e.g., boat, ship, submarine, or any other watercraft). Autonomous aerial -vehicles and water craft with LIDAR system 100 may scan their environment and navigate to a destination autonomously or using a remote human operator. According to one embodiment, vehicle 110 (either a road -vehicle, aerial -vehicle, or watercraft) may use LIDAR system 100 to aid in detecting and scanning the environment in which vehicle 110 is operating.

[042] It should be noted that LIDAR system 100 or any of its components may be used together with any of the example embodiments and methods disclosed herein. Further, while some aspects of LIDAR system 100 are described relative to an exemplary vehicle- based LIDAR platform, LIDAR system 100, any of its components, or any of the processes described herein may be applicable to LIDAR systems of other platform types.

[043] In some embodiments, LIDAR system 100 may include one or more scanning units 104 to scan the environment around vehicle 110. LIDAR system 100 may be attached or mounted to any part of vehicle 110. Sensing unit 106 may receive reflections from the surroundings of vehicle 110, and transfer reflections signals indicative of light reflected from objects in field of view 120 to processing unit 108. Consistent with the present disclosure, scanning units 104 may be mounted to or incorporated into a bumper, a fender, a side panel, a spoiler, a roof, a headlight assembly, a taillight assembly, a rear-view mirror assembly, a hood, a trunk or any other suitable part of vehicle 110 capable of housing at least a portion of the LIDAR system. In some cases, LIDAR system 100 may capture a complete surround view of the environment of vehicle 110. Thus, LIDAR system 100 may have a 360- degree horizontal field of view. In one example, as shown in Fig. 1 A, LIDAR system 100 may include a single scanning unit 104 mounted on a roof vehicle 110. Alternatively, LIDAR system 100 may include multiple scanning units (e.g., two, three, four, or more scanning units 104) each with a field of few such that in the aggregate the horizontal field of view is covered by a 360-degree scan around vehicle 110. One skilled in the art will appreciate that LIDAR system 100 may include any number of scanning units 104 arranged in any manner, each with an 80° to 120° field of view or less, depending on the number of units employed. Moreover, a 360-degree horizontal field of view may be also obtained by mounting a multiple LIDAR systems 100 on vehicle 110, each with a single scanning unit 104. It is nevertheless noted, that the one or more LIDAR systems 100 do not have to provide a complete 360° field of view, and that narrower fields of view may be useful in some situations. For example, vehicle 110 may require a first LIDAR system 100 having an field of view of 75° looking ahead of the vehicle, and possibly a second LIDAR system 100 with a similar FOV looking backward (optionally with a lower detection range). It is also noted that different vertical field of view angles may also be implemented.

[044] Fig. IB is an image showing an exemplary output from a single scanning cycle of LIDAR system 100 mounted on vehicle 110 consistent with disclosed embodiments. In this example, scanning unit 104 is incorporated into a right headlight assembly of vehicle 110. Every gray dot in the image corresponds to a location in the environment around vehicle 110 determined from reflections detected by sensing unit 106. In addition to location, each gray dot may also be associated with different types of information, for example, intensity (e.g., how much light returns back from that location), reflectivity, proximity to other dots, and more. In one embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may generate a plurality of point-cloud data entries from detected reflections of multiple scanning cycles of the field of view to enable, for example, determining a point cloud model of the environment around vehicle 110.

[045] Fig. 1C is an image showing a representation of the point cloud model determined from the output of LIDAR system 100. Consistent with disclosed embodiments, by processing the generated point-cloud data entries of the environment around vehicle 110, a surround-view image may be produced from the point cloud model. In one embodiment, the point cloud model may be provided to a feature extraction module, which processes the point cloud information to identify a plurality of features. Each feature may include data about different aspects of the point cloud and/or of objects in the environment around vehicle 110 (e.g. cars, trees, people, and roads). Features may have the same resolution of the point cloud model (i.e. having the same number of data points, optionally arranged into similar sized 2D arrays), or may have different resolutions. The features may be stored in any kind of data structure (e.g. raster, vector, 2D array, ID array). In addition, virtual features, such as a representation of vehicle 110, border lines, or bounding boxes separating regions or objects in the image (e.g., as depicted in Fig. IB), and icons representing one or more identified objects, may be overlaid on the representation of the point cloud model to form the final surround- view image. For example, a symbol of vehicle 110 may be overlaid at a center of the surround-view image.

The Projecting Unit

[046] Figs. 2A-2G depict various configurations of projecting unit 102 and its role in LIDAR system 100. Specifically, Fig. 2 A is a diagram illustrating projecting unit 102 with a single light source; Fig. 2B is a diagram illustrating a plurality of projecting units 102 with a plurality of light sources aimed at a common light deflector 114; Fig. 2C is a diagram illustrating projecting unit 102 with a primary and a secondary light sources 112;Fig. 2D is a diagram illustrating an asymmetrical deflector used in some configurations of projecting unit 102; Fig. 2E is a diagram illustrating a first configuration of a non-scanning LIDAR system; Fig. 2F is a diagram illustrating a second configuration of a non-scanning LIDAR system; and Fig. 2G is a diagram illustrating a LIDAR system that scans in the outbound direction and does not scan in the inbound direction. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the depicted configurations of projecting unit 102 may have numerous variations and modifications.

[047] Fig. 2A illustrates an example of a bi-static configuration of LIDAR system 100 in which projecting unit 102 includes a single light source 112. The term “bi-static configuration” broadly refers to LIDAR systems configurations in which the projected light exiting the LIDAR system and the reflected light entering the LIDAR system pass through substantially different optical paths. In some embodiments, a bi-static configuration of LIDAR system 100 may include a separation of the optical paths by using completely different optical components, by using parallel but not fully separated optical components, or by using the same optical components for only part of the of the optical paths. In the example depicted in Fig. 2A, the bi-static configuration includes a configuration where the outbound light and the inbound light pass through a single optical window 124 but scanning unit 104 includes two light deflectors, a first light deflector 114A for outbound light and a second light deflector 114B for inbound light (the inbound light in LIDAR system includes emitted light reflected from objects in the scene, and may also include ambient light arriving from other sources). In the examples depicted in Figs. 2E and 2G, the bi-static configuration includes a configuration where the outbound light passes through a first optical window 124 A, and the inbound light passes through a second optical window 124B. In all the example configurations above, the inbound and outbound optical paths differ from one another.

[048] In this embodiment, all the components of LIDAR system 100 may be contained within a single housing 200, or may be divided among a plurality of housings. As shown, projecting unit 102 is associated with a single light source 112 that includes a laser diode 202 A (or one or more laser diodes coupled together) configured to emit light (projected light 204). In one non-limiting example, the light projected by light source 112 may be at a wavelength between about 800 nm and 950 nm, have an average power between about 50 mW and about 500 mW, have a peak power between about 50 W and about 200 W, and a pulse width of between about 2 ns and about 100 ns. In addition, light source 112 may optionally be associated with optical assembly 202B used for manipulation of the light emitted by laser diode 202A (e.g. for collimation, focusing, etc.). It is noted that other types of light sources 112 may be used, and that the disclosure is not restricted to laser diodes. In addition, light source 112 may emit its light in different formats, such as light pulses, frequency modulated, continuous wave (CW), quasi-CW, or any other form corresponding to the particular light source employed. The projection format and other parameters may be changed by the light source from time to time based on different factors, such as instructions from processing unit 108. The projected light is projected towards an outbound deflector 114A that functions as a steering element for directing the projected light in field of view 120. In this example, scanning unit 104 also include a pivotable return deflector 114B that direct photons (reflected light 206) reflected back from an object 208 within field of view 120 toward sensor 116. The reflected light is detected by sensor 116 and information about the object (e.g., the distance to object 212) is determined by processing unit 108.

[049] In this figure, LIDAR system 100 is connected to a host 210. Consistent with the present disclosure, the term “host” refers to any computing environment that may interface with LIDAR system 100, it may be a vehicle system (e.g., part of vehicle 110), a testing system, a security system, a surveillance system, a traffic control system, an urban modelling system, or any system that monitors its surroundings. Such computing environment may include at least one processor and/or may be connected LIDAR system 100 via the cloud. In some embodiments, host 210 may also include interfaces to external devices such as camera and sensors configured to measure different characteristics of host 210 (e.g., acceleration, steering wheel deflection, reverse drive, etc.). Consistent with the present disclosure, LIDAR system 100 may be fixed to a stationary object associated with host 210 (e.g. a building, a tripod) or to a portable system associated with host 210 (e.g., a portable computer, a movie camera). Consistent with the present disclosure, LIDAR system 100 may be connected to host 210, to provide outputs of LIDAR system 100 (e.g., a 3D model, a reflectivity image) to host 210. Specifically, host 210 may use LIDAR system 100 to aid in detecting and scanning the environment of host 210 or any other environment. In addition, host 210 may integrate, synchronize or otherwise use together the outputs of LIDAR system 100 with outputs of other sensing systems (e.g. cameras, microphones, radar systems). In one example, LIDAR system 100 may be used by a security system. This embodiment is described in greater detail below with reference to Fig. 7.

[050] LIDAR system 100 may also include a bus 212 (or other communication mechanisms) that interconnect subsystems and components for transferring information within LIDAR system 100. Optionally, bus 212 (or another communication mechanism) may be used for interconnecting LIDAR system 100 with host 210. In the example of Fig. 2A, processing unit 108 includes two processors 118 to regulate the operation of projecting unit 102, scanning unit 104, and sensing unit 106 in a coordinated manner based, at least partially, on information received from internal feedback of LIDAR system 100. In other words, processing unit 108 may be configured to dynamically operate LIDAR system 100 in a closed loop. A closed loop system is characterized by having feedback from at least one of the elements and updating one or more parameters based on the received feedback. Moreover, a closed loop system may receive feedback and update its own operation, at least partially, based on that feedback. A dynamic system or element is one that may be updated during operation.

[051] According to some embodiments, scanning the environment around LIDAR system 100 may include illuminating field of view 120 with light pulses. The light pulses may have parameters such as: pulse duration, pulse angular dispersion, wavelength, instantaneous power, photon density at different distances from light source 112, average power, pulse power intensity, pulse width, pulse repetition rate, pulse sequence, pulse duty cycle, wavelength, phase, polarization, and more. Scanning the environment around LIDAR system 100 may also include detecting and characterizing various aspects of the reflected light. Characteristics of the reflected light may include, for example: time-of-flight (i.e., time from emission until detection), instantaneous power (e.g., power signature), average power across entire return pulse, and photon distribution/signal over return pulse period. By comparing characteristics of a light pulse with characteristics of corresponding reflections, a distance and possibly a physical characteristic, such as reflected intensity of object 212 may be estimated. By repeating this process across multiple adjacent portions 122, in a predefined pattern (e.g., raster, Lissajous or other patterns) an entire scan of field of view 120 may be achieved. As discussed below in greater detail, in some situations LIDAR system 100 may direct light to only some of the portions 122 in field of view 120 at every scanning cycle. These portions may be adjacent to each other, but not necessarily so.

[052] In another embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may include network interface 214 for communicating with host 210 (e.g., a vehicle controller). The communication between LIDAR system 100 and host 210 is represented by a dashed arrow. In one embodiment, network interface 214 may include an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem, satellite modem, or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, network interface 214 may include a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. In another embodiment, network interface 214 may include an Ethernet port connected to radio frequency receivers and transmitters and/or optical (e.g., infrared) receivers and transmitters. The specific design and implementation of network interface 214 depends on the communications network(s) over which LIDAR system 100 and host 210 are intended to operate. For example, network interface 214 may be used, for example, to provide outputs of LIDAR system 100 to the external system, such as a 3D model, operational parameters of LIDAR system 100, and so on. In other embodiment, the communication unit may be used, for example, to receive instructions from the external system, to receive information regarding the inspected environment, to receive information from another sensor, etc.

[053] Fig. 2B illustrates an example of a monostatic configuration of LIDAR system 100 including a plurality projecting units 102. The term “monostatic configuration” broadly refers to LIDAR system configurations in which the projected light exiting from the LIDAR system and the reflected light entering the LIDAR system pass through substantially similar optical paths. In one example, the outbound light beam and the inbound light beam may share at least one optical assembly through which both light beams pass. In another example, the outbound light may pass through an optical window (not shown) and the inbound light radiation may pass through the same optical window. A monostatic configuration may include a configuration where the scanning unit 104 includes a single light deflector 114 that directs the projected light towards field of view 120 and directs the reflected light towards a sensor 116. As shown, both projected light 204 and reflected light 206 hits an asymmetrical deflector 216. The term “asymmetrical deflector” refers to any optical device having two sides capable of deflecting a beam of light hitting it from one side in a different direction than it deflects a beam of light hitting it from the second side. In one example, the asymmetrical deflector does not deflect projected light 204 and deflects reflected light 206 towards sensor 116. One example of an asymmetrical deflector may include a polarization beam splitter. In another example, asymmetrical 216 may include an optical isolator that allows the passage of light in only one direction. A diagrammatic representation of asymmetrical deflector 216 is illustrated in Fig. 2D. Consistent with the present disclosure, a monostatic configuration of LIDAR system 100 may include an asymmetrical deflector to prevent reflected light from hitting light source 112, and to direct all the reflected light toward sensor 116, thereby increasing detection sensitivity.

[054] In the embodiment of Fig. 2B, LIDAR system 100 includes three projecting units 102 each with a single of light source 112 aimed at a common light deflector 114. In one embodiment, the plurality of light sources 112 (including two or more light sources) may project light with substantially the same wavelength and each light source 112 is generally associated with a differing area of the field of view (denoted in the figure as 120A, 120B, and 120C). This enables scanning of a broader field of view than can be achieved with a light source 112. In another embodiment, the plurality of light sources 102 may project light with differing wavelengths, and all the light sources 112 may be directed to the same portion (or overlapping portions) of field of view 120.

[055] Fig. 2C illustrates an example of LIDAR system 100 in which projecting unit 102 includes a primary light source 112A and a secondary light source 112B. Primary light source 112A may project light with a longer wavelength than is sensitive to the human eye in order to optimize SNR and detection range. For example, primary light source 112A may project light with a wavelength between about 750 nm and 1100 nm. In contrast, secondary light source 112B may project light with a wavelength visible to the human eye. For example, secondary light source 112B may project light with a wavelength between about 400 nm and 700 nm. In one embodiment, secondary light source 112B may project light along substantially the same optical path the as light projected by primary light source 112A. Both light sources may be time-synchronized and may project light emission together or in interleaved pattern. An interleave pattern means that the light sources are not active at the same time which may mitigate mutual interference. A person who is of skill in the art would readily see that other combinations of wavelength ranges and activation schedules may also be implemented.

[056] Consistent with some embodiments, secondary light source 112B may cause human eyes to blink when it is too close to the LIDAR optical output port. This may ensure an eye safety mechanism not feasible with typical laser sources that utilize the near-infrared light spectrum. In another embodiment, secondary light source 112B may be used for calibration and reliability at a point of service, in a manner somewhat similar to the calibration of headlights with a special reflector/pattern at a certain height from the ground with respect to vehicle 110. An operator at a point of service could examine the calibration of the LIDAR by simple visual inspection of the scanned pattern over a featured target such a test pattern board at a designated distance from LIDAR system 100. In addition, secondary light source 112B may provide means for operational confidence that the LIDAR is working for the end-user. For example, the system may be configured to permit a human to place a hand in front of light deflector 114 to test its operation.

[057] Secondary light source 112B may also have a non-visible element that can double as a backup system in case primary light source 112A fails. This feature may be useful for fail-safe devices with elevated functional safety ratings. Given that secondary light source 112B may be visible and also due to reasons of cost and complexity, secondary light source 112B may be associated with a smaller power compared to primary light source 112 A. Therefore, in case of a failure of primary light source 112 A, the system functionality will fall back to secondary light source 112B set of functionalities and capabilities. While the capabilities of secondary light source 112B may be inferior to the capabilities of primary light source 112A, LIDAR system 100 system may be designed in such a fashion to enable vehicle 110 to safely arrive its destination.

[058] Fig. 2D illustrates asymmetrical deflector 216 that may be part of LIDAR system 100. In the illustrated example, asymmetrical deflector 216 includes a reflective surface 218 (such as a mirror) and a one-way deflector 220. While not necessarily so, asymmetrical deflector 216 may optionally be a static deflector. Asymmetrical deflector 216 may be used in a monostatic configuration of LIDAR system 100, in order to allow a common optical path for transmission and for reception of light via the at least one deflector 114, e.g. as illustrated in Figs. 2B and 2C. However, typical asymmetrical deflectors such as beam splitters are characterized by energy losses, especially in the reception path, which may be more sensitive to power loses than the transmission path. [059] As depicted in Fig. 2D, LIDAR system 100 may include asymmetrical deflector 216 positioned in the transmission path, which includes one-way deflector 220 for separating between the transmitted and received light signals. Optionally, one-way deflector 220 may be substantially transparent to the transmission light and substantially reflective to the received light. The transmitted light is generated by projecting unit 102 and may travel through one-way deflector 220 to scanning unit 104 which deflects it towards the optical outlet. The received light arrives through the optical inlet, to the at least one deflecting element 114, which deflects the reflections signal into a separate path away from the light source and towards sensing unit 106. Optionally, asymmetrical deflector 216 may be combined with a polarized light source 112 which is linearly polarized with the same polarization axis as one-way deflector 220. Notably, the cross-section of the outbound light beam is much smaller than that of the reflections signals. Accordingly, LIDAR system 100 may include one or more optical components (e.g. lens, collimator) for focusing or otherwise manipulating the emitted polarized light beam to the dimensions of the asymmetrical deflector 216. In one embodiment, one-way deflector 220 may be a polarizing beam splitter that is virtually transparent to the polarized light beam.

[060] Consistent with some embodiments, LIDAR system 100 may further include optics 222 (e.g., a quarter wave plate retarder) for modifying a polarization of the emitted light. For example, optics 222 may modify a linear polarization of the emitted light beam to circular polarization. Light reflected back to system 100 from the field of view would arrive back through deflector 114 to optics 222, bearing a circular polarization with a reversed handedness with respect to the transmitted light. Optics 222 would then convert the received reversed handedness polarization light to a linear polarization that is not on the same axis as that of the polarized beam splitter 216. As noted above, the received light-patch is larger than the transmitted light-patch, due to optical dispersion of the beam traversing through the distance to the target.

[061] Some of the received light will impinge on one-way deflector 220 that will reflect the light towards sensor 106 with some power loss. However, another part of the received patch of light will fall on a reflective surface 218 which surrounds one-way deflector 220 (e.g., polarizing beam splitter slit). Reflective surface 218 will reflect the light towards sensing unit 106 with substantially zero power loss. One-way deflector 220 would reflect light that is composed of various polarization axes and directions that will eventually arrive at the detector. Optionally, sensing unit 106 may include sensor 116 that is agnostic to the laser polarization, and is primarily sensitive to the amount of impinging photons at a certain wavelength range.

[062] It is noted that the proposed asymmetrical deflector 216 provides far superior performances when compared to a simple mirror with a passage hole in it. In a mirror with a hole, all of the reflected light which reaches the hole is lost to the detector. However, in deflector 216, one-way deflector 220 deflects a significant portion of that light (e.g., about 50%) toward the respective sensor 116. In LIDAR systems, the number photons reaching the LIDAR from remote distances is very limited, and therefore the improvement in photon capture rate is important.

[063] According to some embodiments, a device for beam splitting and steering is described. A polarized beam may be emitted from a light source having a first polarization. The emitted beam may be directed to pass through a polarized beam splitter assembly. The polarized beam splitter assembly includes on a first side a one-directional slit and on an opposing side a mirror. The one-directional slit enables the polarized emitted beam to travel toward a quarter-wave-plate/wave-retarder which changes the emitted signal from a polarized signal to a linear signal (or vice versa) so that subsequently reflected beams cannot travel through the one-directional slit.

[064] Fig. 2E shows an example of a bi-static configuration of LIDAR system 100 without scanning unit 104. In order to illuminate an entire field of view (or substantially the entire field of view) without deflector 114, projecting unit 102 may include an array of light sources (e.g., 112A-112F). In one embodiment, the array of light sources may include a linear array of light sources controlled by processor 118. For example, processor 118 may cause the linear array of light sources to sequentially project collimated laser beams towards first optional optical window 124 A. First optional optical window 124 A may include a diffuser lens for spreading the projected light and sequentially forming wide horizontal and narrow vertical beams. In another example, processor 118 may cause the array of light sources to simultaneously project light beams from a plurality of non-adjacent light sources 112. In the depicted example, light source 112A, light source 112D, and light source 112F simultaneously project laser beams towards first optional optical window 124 A thereby illuminating the field of view with three narrow vertical beams. The light beam from fourth light source 112D may reach an object in the field of view. The light reflected from the object may be captured by second optical window 124B and may be redirected to sensor 116. The configuration depicted in Fig. 2E is considered to be a bi-static configuration because the optical paths of the projected light and the reflected light are substantially different. [065] Fig. 2F illustrates an example of a monostatic configuration of LIDAR system 100 without scanning unit 104. Similar to the example embodiment represented in Fig. 2E, in order to illuminate an entire field of view without deflector 114, projecting unit 102 may include an array of light sources (e.g., 112A-112F). But, in contrast to Fig. 2E, this configuration of LIDAR system 100 may include a single optical window 124 for both the projected light and for the reflected light. Using asymmetrical deflector 216, the reflected light may be redirected to sensor 116. The configuration decipted in Fig. 2E is considered to be a monostatic configuration because the optical paths of the projected light and the reflected light are substantially similar to one another. The term “substantially similar” in the context of the optical paths of the projected light and the reflected light means that the ovelap between the two optical paths may be more than 80%, more than 85%, more than 90%, or more than 95%.

[066] Fig. 2G illustrates an example of a bi-static configuration of LIDAR system 100. The configuration of LIDAR system 100 in this figure is similar to the configuration shown in Fig. 2 A. For example, both configurations include a scanning unit 104 for directing projected light in the outbound direction toward the field of view. But, in contrast to the embodiment of Fig. 2A, in this configuration, scanning unit 104 does not redirect the reflected light in the inbound direction. Instead the reflected light passes through second optical window 124B and enters sensor 116. The configuration depicted in Fig. 2G is considered to be a bi-static configuration because the optical paths of the projected light and the reflected light are substantially different from one another. The term “substantially different” in the context of the optical pathes of the projected light and the reflected light means that the ovelap between the two optical paths may be less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, or less than 0.25%.

The Scanning Unit

[067] Figs. 3 A-3D depict various configurations of scanning unit 104 and its role in LIDAR system 100. Specifically, Fig. 3 A is a diagram illustrating scanning unit 104 with a MEMS mirror (e.g., square shaped), Fig. 3B is a diagram illustrating another scanning unit 104 with a MEMS mirror (e.g., round shaped), Fig. 3C is a diagram illustrating scanning unit 104 with an array of reflectors used for monostatic scanning LIDAR system, and Fig. 3D is a diagram illustrating an example LIDAR system 100 that mechanically scans the environment around LIDAR system 100. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the depicted configurations of scanning unit 104 are exemplary only, and may have numerous variations and modifications within the scope of this disclosure.

[068] Fig. 3 A illustrates an example scanning unit 104 with a single axis square MEMS mirror 300. In this example MEMS mirror 300 functions as at least one deflector 114. As shown, scanning unit 104 may include one or more actuators 302 (specifically, 302 A and 302B). In one embodiment, actuator 302 may be made of semiconductor (e.g., silicon) and includes a piezoelectric layer (e.g. PZT, Lead zirconate titanate, aluminum nitride), which changes its dimension in response to electric signals applied by an actuation controller, a semi conductive layer, and a base layer. In one embodiment, the physical properties of actuator 302 may determine the mechanical stresses that actuator 302 experiences when electrical current passes through it. When the piezoelectric material is activated it exerts force on actuator 302 and causes it to bend. In one embodiment, the resistivity of one or more actuators 302 may be measured in an active state (Ractive) when mirror 300 is deflected at a certain angular position and compared to the resistivity at a resting state (Rrest). Feedback including Ractive may provide information to determine the actual mirror deflection angle compared to an expected angle, and, if needed, mirror 300 deflection may be corrected. The difference between Rrest and Ractive may be correlated by a mirror drive into an angular deflection value that may serve to close the loop. This embodiment may be used for dynamic tracking of the actual mirror position and may optimize response, amplitude, deflection efficiency, and frequency for both linear mode and resonant mode MEMS mirror schemes.

[069] During scanning, current (represented in the figure as the dashed line) may flow from contact 304 A to contact 304B (through actuator 302 A, spring 306 A, mirror 300, spring 306B, and actuator 302B). Isolation gaps in semiconducting frame 308 such as isolation gap 310 may cause actuator 302A and 302B to be two separate islands connected electrically through springs 306 and frame 308. The current flow, or any associated electrical parameter (voltage, current frequency, capacitance, relative dielectric constant, etc.), may be monitored by an associated position feedback. In case of a mechanical failure - where one of the components is damaged- the current flow through the structure would alter and change from its functional calibrated values. At an extreme situation (for example, when a spring is broken), the current would stop completely due to a circuit break in the electrical chain by means of a faulty element.

[070] Fig. 3B illustrates another example scanning unit 104 with a dual axis round MEMS mirror 300. In this example MEMS mirror 300 functions as at least one deflector 114. In one embodiment, MEMS mirror 300 may have a diameter of between about 1 mm to about 5mm. As shown, scanning unit 104 may include four actuators 302 (302A, 302B, 302C, and 302D) each may be at a differing length. In the illustrated example, the current (represented in the figure as the dashed line) flows from contact 304 A to contact 304D, but in other cases current may flow from contact 304 A to contact 304B, from contact 304 A to contact 304C, from contact 304B to contact 304C, from contact 304B to contact 304D, or from contact 304C to contact 304D. Consistent with some embodiments, a dual axis MEMS mirror may be configured to deflect light in a horizontal direction and in a vertical direction. For example, the angles of deflection of a dual axis MEMS mirror may be between about 0° to 30° in the vertical direction and between about 0° to 50° in the horizontal direction. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the depicted configuration of mirror 300 may have numerous variations and modifications. In one example, at least of deflector 114 may have a dual axis square-shaped mirror or single axis round-shaped mirror. Examples of round and square mirror are depicted in Fig. 3 A and 3B as examples only. Any shape may be employed depending on system specifications. In one embodiment, actuators 302 may be incorporated as an integral part of at least of deflector 114, such that power to move MEMS mirror 300 is applied directly towards it. In addition, MEMS mirror 300 maybe connected to frame 308 by one or more rigid supporting elements. In another embodiment, at least of deflector 114 may include an electrostatic or electromagnetic MEMS mirror.

[071] As described above, a monostatic scanning LIDAR system utilizes at least a portion of the same optical path for emitting projected light 204 and for receiving reflected light 206. The light beam in the outbound path may be collimated and focused into a narrow beam while the reflections in the return path spread into a larger patch of light, due to dispersion. In one embodiment, scanning unit 104 may have a large reflection area in the return path and asymmetrical deflector 216 that redirects the reflections (i.e., reflected light 206) to sensor 116. In one embodiment, scanning unit 104 may include a MEMS mirror with a large reflection area and negligible impact on the field of view and the frame rate performance. Additional details about the asymmetrical deflector 216 are provided below with reference to Fig. 2D.

[072] In some embodiments (e.g. as exemplified in Fig. 3C), scanning unit 104 may include a deflector array (e.g. a reflector array) with small light deflectors (e.g. mirrors). In one embodiment, implementing light deflector 114 as a group of smaller individual light deflectors working in synchronization may allow light deflector 114 to perform at a high scan rate with larger angles of deflection. The deflector array may essentially act as a large light deflector (e.g. a large mirror) in terms of effective area. The deflector array may be operated using a shared steering assembly configuration that allows sensor 116 to collect reflected photons from substantially the same portion of field of view 120 being concurrently illuminated by light source 112. The term "concurrently" means that the two selected functions occur during coincident or overlapping time periods, either where one begins and ends during the duration of the other, or where a later one starts before the completion of the other.

[073] Fig. 3C illustrates an example of scanning unit 104 with a reflector array 312 having small mirrors. In this embodiment, reflector array 312 functions as at least one deflector 114. Reflector array 312 may include a plurality of reflector units 314 configured to pivot (individually or together) and steer light pulses toward field of view 120. For example, reflector array 312 may be a part of an outbound path of light projected from light source 112. Specifically, reflector array 312 may direct projected light 204 towards a portion of field of view 120. Reflector array 312 may also be part of a return path for light reflected from a surface of an object located within an illumined portion of field of view 120. Specifically, reflector array 312 may direct reflected light 206 towards sensor 116 or towards asymmetrical deflector 216. In one example, the area of reflector array 312 may be between about 75 to about 150 mm ² , where each reflector units 314 may have a width of about 10pm and the supporting structure may be lower than lOOpm.

[074] According to some embodiments, reflector array 312 may include one or more sub-groups of steerable deflectors. Each sub-group of electrically steerable deflectors may include one or more deflector units, such as reflector unit 314. For example, each steerable deflector unit 314 may include at least one of a MEMS mirror, in particular a MEMS tilt mirror, a reflective surface assembly, and an electromechanical actuator. In one embodiment, each reflector unit 314 may be individually controlled by an individual processor (not shown), such that it may tilt towards a specific angle along each of one or two separate axes. Alternatively, reflector array 312 may be associated with a common controller (e.g., processor 118) configured to synchronously manage the movement of reflector units 314 such that at least part of them will pivot concurrently and point in approximately the same direction.

[075] In addition, at least one processor 118 may select at least one reflector unit 314 for the outbound path (referred to hereinafter as “TX Mirror”) and a group of reflector units 314 for the return path (referred to hereinafter as “RX Mirror”). Consistent with the present disclosure, increasing the number of TX Mirrors may increase a reflected photons beam spread. Additionally, decreasing the number of RX Mirrors may narrow the reception field and compensate for ambient light conditions (such as clouds, rain, fog, extreme heat, and other environmental conditions) and improve the signal to noise ratio. Also, as indicated above, the emitted light beam is typically narrower than the patch of reflected light, and therefore can be fully deflected by a small portion of the deflection array. Moreover, it is possible to block light reflected from the portion of the deflection array used for transmission (e.g. the TX mirror) from reaching sensor 116, thereby reducing an effect of internal reflections of the LIDAR system 100 on system operation. In addition, at least one processor 118 may pivot one or more reflector units 314 to overcome mechanical impairments and drifts due, for example, to thermal and gain effects. In an example, one or more reflector units 314 may move differently than intended (frequency, rate, speed etc.) and their movement may be compensated for by electrically controlling the deflectors appropriately.

[076] Fig. 3D illustrates an exemplary LIDAR system 100 that mechanically scans the environment of LIDAR system 100. In this example, LIDAR system 100 may include a motor or other mechanisms for rotating housing 200 about the axis of the LIDAR system 100. Alternatively, the motor (or other mechanism) may mechanically rotate a rigid structure of LIDAR system 100 on which one or more light sources 112 and one or more sensors 116 are installed, thereby scanning the environment. As described above, projecting unit 102 may include at least one light source 112 configured to project light emission. The projected light emission may travel along an outbound path towards field of view 120. Specifically, the projected light emission may be reflected by deflector 114A through an exit aperture 314 when projected light 204 travel towards optional optical window 124. The reflected light emission may travel along a return path from object 208 towards sensing unit 106. For example, the reflected light 206 may be reflected by deflector 114B when reflected light 206 travels towards sensing unit 106. A person skilled in the art would appreciate that a LIDAR system with a rotation mechanism for synchronically rotating one or more light sources or one or more sensors, may use this synchronized rotation instead of (or in addition to) steering an internal light deflector.

[077] In embodiments in which the scanning of field of view 120 is mechanical, the projected light emission may be directed to exit aperture 314 that is part of a wall 316 separating projecting unit 102 from other parts of LIDAR system 100. In some examples, wall 316 can be formed from a transparent material (e.g., glass) coated with a reflective material to form deflector 114B. In this example, exit aperture 314 may correspond to the portion of wall 316 that is not coated by the reflective material. Additionally or alternatively, exit aperture 314 may include a hole or cut-away in the wall 316. Reflected light 206 may be reflected by deflector 114B and directed towards an entrance aperture 318 of sensing unit 106. In some examples, an entrance aperture 318 may include a filtering window configured to allow wavelengths in a certain wavelength range to enter sensing unit 106 and attenuate other wavelengths. The reflections of object 208 from field of view 120 may be reflected by deflector 114B and hit sensor 116. By comparing several properties of reflected light 206 with projected light 204, at least one aspect of object 208 may be determined. For example, by comparing a time when projected light 204 was emitted by light source 112 and a time when sensor 116 received reflected light 206, a distance between object 208 and LIDAR system 100 may be determined. In some examples, other aspects of object 208, such as shape, color, material, etc. may also be determined.

[078] In some examples, the LIDAR system 100 (or part thereof, including at least one light source 112 and at least one sensor 116) may be rotated about at least one axis to determine a three-dimensional map of the surroundings of the LIDAR system 100. For example, the LIDAR system 100 may be rotated about a substantially vertical axis as illustrated by arrow 320 in order to scan field of 120. Although Fig. 3D illustrates that the LIDAR system 100 is rotated clock- wise about the axis as illustrated by the arrow 320, additionally or alternatively, the LIDAR system 100 may be rotated in a counter clockwise direction. In some examples, the LIDAR system 100 may be rotated 360 degrees about the vertical axis. In other examples, the LIDAR system 100 may be rotated back and forth along a sector smaller than 360-degree of the LIDAR system 100. For example, the LIDAR system 100 may be mounted on a platform that wobbles back and forth about the axis without making a complete rotation.

The Sensing Unit

[079] Figs. 4A-4E depict various configurations of sensing unit 106 and its role in LIDAR system 100. Specifically, Fig. 4A is a diagram illustrating an example sensing unit 106 with a detector array, Fig. 4B is a diagram illustrating monostatic scanning using a two- dimensional sensor, Fig. 4C is a diagram illustrating an example of a two-dimensional sensor 116, Fig. 4D is a diagram illustrating a lens array associated with sensor 116, and Fig. 4E includes three diagram illustrating the lens structure. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the depicted configurations of sensing unit 106 are exemplary only and may have numerous alternative variations and modifications consistent with the principles of this disclosure.

[080] Fig. 4A illustrates an example of sensing unit 106 with detector array 400. In this example, at least one sensor 116 includes detector array 400. LIDAR system 100 is configured to detect objects (e.g., bicycle 208A and cloud 208B) in field of view 120 located at different distances from LIDAR system 100 (could be meters or more). Objects 208 may be a solid object (e.g. a road, a tree, a car, a person), fluid object (e.g. fog, water, atmosphere particles), or object of another type (e.g. dust or a powdery illuminated object). When the photons emitted from light source 112 hit object 208 they either reflect, refract, or get absorbed. Typically, as shown in the figure, only a portion of the photons reflected from object 208A enters optional optical window 124. As each ~15 cm change in distance results in a travel time difference of 1 ns (since the photons travel at the speed of light to and from object 208), the time differences between the travel times of different photons hitting the different objects may be detectable by a time-of-flight sensor with sufficiently quick response.

[081] Sensor 116 includes a plurality of detection elements 402 for detecting photons of a photonic pulse reflected back from field of view 120. The detection elements may all be included in detector array 400, which may have a rectangular arrangement (e.g. as shown) or any other arrangement. Detection elements 402 may operate concurrently or partially concurrently with each other. Specifically, each detection element 402 may issue detection information for every sampling duration (e.g. every 1 nanosecond). In one example, detector array 400 may be a SiPM (Silicon photomultipliers) which is a solid-state single photon-sensitive device built from an array of single photon avalanche diode (, SPAD, serving as detection elements 402) on a common silicon substrate. Similar photomultipliers from other, non-silicon materials may also be used. Although a SiPM device works in digital/switching mode, the SiPM is an analog device because all the microcells are read in parallel, making it possible to generate signals within a dynamic range from a single photon to hundreds and thousands of photons detected by the different SPADs. As mentioned above, more than one type of sensor may be implemented (e.g. SiPM and APD). Possibly, sensing unit 106 may include at least one APD integrated into an SiPM array and/or at least one APD detector located next to a SiPM on a separate or common silicon substrate.

[082] In one embodiment, detection elements 402 may be grouped into a plurality of regions 404. The regions are geometrical locations or environments within sensor 116 (e.g. within detector array 400) - and may be shaped in different shapes (e.g. rectangular as shown, squares, rings, and so on, or in any other shape). While not all of the individual detectors, which are included within the geometrical area of a region 404, necessarily belong to that region, in most cases they will not belong to other regions 404 covering other areas of the sensor 310 - unless some overlap is desired in the seams between regions. As illustrated in Fig. 4A, the regions may be non-overlapping regions 404, but alternatively, they may overlap. Every region may be associated with a regional output circuitry 406 associated with that region. The regional output circuitry 406 may provide a region output signal of a corresponding group of detection elements 402. For example, the region of output circuitry 406 may be a summing circuit, but other forms of combined output of the individual detector into a unitary output (whether scalar, vector, or any other format) may be employed. Optionally, each region 404 is a single SiPM, but this is not necessarily so, and a region may be a sub-portion of a single SiPM, a group of several SiPMs, or even a combination of different types of detectors.

[083] In the illustrated example, processing unit 108 is located at a separated housing 200B (within or outside) host 210 (e.g. within vehicle 110), and sensing unit 106 may include a dedicated processor 408 for analyzing the reflected light. Alternatively, processing unit 108 may be used for analyzing reflected light 206. It is noted that LIDAR system 100 may be implemented multiple housings in other ways than the illustrated example. For example, light deflector 114 may be located in a different housing than projecting unit 102 and/or sensing module 106. In one embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may include multiple housings connected to each other in different ways, such as: electric wire connection, wireless connection (e.g., RF connection), fiber optics cable, and any combination of the above.

[084] In one embodiment, analyzing reflected light 206 may include determining a time of flight for reflected light 206, based on outputs of individual detectors of different regions. Optionally, processor 408 may be configured to determine the time of flight for reflected light 206 based on the plurality of regions of output signals. In addition to the time of flight, processing unit 108 may analyze reflected light 206 to determine the average power across an entire return pulse, and the photon distribution/signal may be determined over the return pulse period (“pulse shape”). In the illustrated example, the outputs of any detection elements 402 may not be transmitted directly to processor 408, but rather combined (e.g. summed) with signals of other detectors of the region 404 before being passed to processor 408. However, this is only an example and the circuitry of sensor 116 may transmit information from a detection element 402 to processor 408 via other routes (not via a region output circuitry 406).

[085] Fig. 4B is a diagram illustrating LIDAR system 100 configured to scan the environment of LIDAR system 100 using a two-dimensional sensor 116. In the example of Fig. 4B, sensor 116 is a matrix of 4X6 detectors 410 (also referred to as “pixels”). In one embodiment, a pixel size may be about lxlmm. Sensor 116 is two-dimensional in the sense that it has more than one set (e.g. row, column) of detectors 410 in two non-parallel axes (e.g. orthogonal axes, as exemplified in the illustrated examples). The number of detectors 410 in sensor 116 may vary between differing implementations, e.g. depending on the desired resolution, signal to noise ratio (SNR), desired detection distance, and so on. For example, sensor 116 may have anywhere between 5 and 5,000 pixels. In another example (not shown in the figure) Also, sensor 116 may be a one-dimensional matrix (e.g. 1X8 pixels).

[086] It is noted that each detector 410 may include a plurality of detection elements 402, such as Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD), Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs), combination of Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD) and Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs)or detecting elements that measure both the time of flight from a laser pulse transmission event to the reception event and the intensity of the received photons. For example, each detector 410 may include anywhere between 20 and 5,000 SPADs. The outputs of detection elements 402 in each detector 410 may be summed, averaged, or otherwise combined to provide a unified pixel output.

[087] In the illustrated example, sensing unit 106 may include a two-dimensional sensor 116 (or a plurality of two-dimensional sensors 116), whose field of view is smaller than field of view 120 of LIDAR system 100. In this discussion, field of view 120 (the overall field of view which can be scanned by LIDAR system 100 without moving, rotating or rolling in any direction) is denoted “first FOV 412”, and the smaller FOV of sensor 116 is denoted “second FOV 412” (interchangeably “instantaneous FOV”). The coverage area of second FOV 414 relative to the first FOV 412 may differ, depending on the specific use of LIDAR system 100, and may be, for example, between 0.5% and 50%. In one example, second FOV 412 may be between about 0.05° and 1° elongated in the vertical dimension. Even if LIDAR system 100 includes more than one two-dimensional sensor 116, the combined field of view of the sensors array may still be smaller than the first FOV 412, e.g. by a factor of at least 5, by a factor of at least 10, by a factor of at least 20, or by a factor of at least 50, for example.

[088] In order to cover first FOV 412, scanning unit 106 may direct photons arriving from different parts of the environment to sensor 116 at different times. In the illustrated monostatic configuration, together with directing projected light 204 towards field of view 120 and when least one light deflector 114 is located in an instantaneous position, scanning unit 106 may also direct reflected light 206 to sensor 116. Typically, at every moment during the scanning of first FOV 412, the light beam emitted by LIDAR system 100 covers part of the environment which is larger than the second FOV 414 (in angular opening) and includes the part of the environment from which light is collected by scanning unit 104 and sensor 116.

[089] Fig. 4C is a diagram illustrating an example of a two-dimensional sensor 116. In this embodiment, sensor 116 is a matrix of 8X5 detectors 410 and each detector 410 includes a plurality of detection elements 402. In one example, detector 410A is located in the second row (denoted “R2”) and third column (denoted “C3”) of sensor 116, which includes a matrix of 4X3 detection elements 402. In another example, detector 410B located in the fourth row (denoted “R4”) and sixth column (denoted “C6”) of sensor 116 includes a matrix of 3X3 detection elements 402. Accordingly, the number of detection elements 402 in each detector 410 may be constant, or may vary, and differing detectors 410 in a common array may have a different number of detection elements 402. The outputs of all detection elements 402 in each detector 410 may be summed, averaged, or otherwise combined to provide a single pixel-output value. It is noted that while detectors 410 in the example of Fig. 4C are arranged in a rectangular matrix (straight rows and straight columns), other arrangements may also be used, e.g. a circular arrangement or a honeycomb arrangement.

[090] According to some embodiments, measurements from each detector 410 may enable determination of the time of flight from a light pulse emission event to the reception event and the intensity of the received photons. The reception event may be the result of the light pulse being reflected from object 208. The time of flight may be a timestamp value that represents the distance of the reflecting object to optional optical window 124. Time of flight values may be realized by photon detection and counting methods, such as Time Correlated Single Photon Counters (TCSPC), analog methods for photon detection such as signal integration and qualification (via analog to digital converters or plain comparators) or otherwise.

[091] In some embodiments and with reference to Fig. 4B, during a scanning cycle, each instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114 may be associated with a particular portion 122 of field of view 120. The design of sensor 116 enables an association between the reflected light from a single portion of field of view 120 and multiple detectors 410. Therefore, the scanning resolution of LIDAR system may be represented by the number of instantaneous positions (per scanning cycle) times the number of detectors 410 in sensor 116. The information from each detector 410 (i.e., each pixel) represents the basic data element that from which the captured field of view in the three-dimensional space is built. This may include, for example, the basic element of a point cloud representation, with a spatial position and an associated reflected intensity value. In one embodiment, the reflections from a single portion of field of view 120 that are detected by multiple detectors 410 may be returning from different objects located in the single portion of field of view 120. For example, the single portion of field of view 120 may be greater than 50x50 cm at the far field, which can easily include two, three, or more objects partly covered by each other.

[092] Fig. 4D is a cross cut diagram of a part of sensor 116, in accordance with examples of the presently disclosed subject matter. The illustrated part of sensor 116 includes a part of a detector array 400 which includes four detection elements 402 (e.g., four SPADs, four APDs). Detector array 400 may be a photodetector sensor realized in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS). Each of the detection elements 402 has a sensitive area, which is positioned within a substrate surrounding. While not necessarily so, sensor 116 may be used in a monostatic LiDAR system having a narrow field of view (e.g., because scanning unit 104 scans different parts of the field of view at different times). The narrow field of view for the incoming light beam — if implemented — eliminates the problem of out- of-focus imaging. As exemplified in Fig. 4D, sensor 116 may include a plurality of lenses 422 (e.g., microlenses), each lens 422 may direct incident light toward a different detection element 402 (e.g., toward an active area of detection element 402), which may be usable when out-of-focus imaging is not an issue. Lenses 422 may be used for increasing an optical fill factor and sensitivity of detector array 400, because most of the light that reaches sensor 116 may be deflected toward the active areas of detection elements 402

[093] Detector array 400, as exemplified in Fig. 4D, may include several layers built into the silicon substrate by various methods (e.g., implant) resulting in a sensitive area, contact elements to the metal layers and isolation elements (e.g., shallow trench implant STI, guard rings, optical trenches, etc.). The sensitive area may be a volumetric element in the CMOS detector that enables the optical conversion of incoming photons into a current flow given an adequate voltage bias is applied to the device. In the case of a APD/SPAD, the sensitive area would be a combination of an electrical field that pulls electrons created by photon absorption towards a multiplication area where a photon induced electron is amplified creating a breakdown avalanche of multiplied electrons.

[094] A front side illuminated detector (e.g., as illustrated in Fig. 4D) has the input optical port at the same side as the metal layers residing on top of the semiconductor (Silicon). The metal layers are required to realize the electrical connections of each individual photodetector element (e.g., anode and cathode) with various elements such as: bias voltage, quenching/ballast elements, and other photodetectors in a common array. The optical port through which the photons impinge upon the detector sensitive area is comprised of a passage through the metal layer. It is noted that passage of light from some directions through this passage may be blocked by one or more metal layers (e.g., metal layer ML6, as illustrated for the leftmost detector elements 402 in Fig. 4D). Such blockage reduces the total optical light absorbing efficiency of the detector.

[095] Fig. 4E illustrates three detection elements 402, each with an associated lens 422, in accordance with examples of the presenting disclosed subject matter. Each of the three detection elements of Fig. 4E, denoted 402(1), 402(2), and 402(3), illustrates a lens configuration which may be implemented in associated with one or more of the detecting elements 402 of sensor 116. It is noted that combinations of these lens configurations may also be implemented.

[096] In the lens configuration illustrated with regards to detection element 402(1), a focal point of the associated lens 422 may be located above the semiconductor surface. Optionally, openings in different metal layers of the detection element may have different sizes aligned with the cone of focusing light generated by the associated lens 422. Such a structure may improve the signal -to-noise and resolution of the array 400 as a whole device. Large metal layers may be important for delivery of power and ground shielding. This approach may be useful, e.g., with a monostatic LiDAR design with a narrow field of view where the incoming light beam is comprised of parallel rays and the imaging focus does not have any consequence to the detected signal.

[097] In the lens configuration illustrated with regards to detection element 402(2), an efficiency of photon detection by the detection elements 402 may be improved by identifying a sweet spot. Specifically, a photodetector implemented in CMOS may have a sweet spot in the sensitive volume area where the probability of a photon creating an avalanche effect is the highest. Therefore, a focal point of lens 422 may be positioned inside the sensitive volume area at the sweet spot location, as demonstrated by detection elements 402(2). The lens shape and distance from the focal point may take into account the refractive indices of all the elements the laser beam is passing along the way from the lens to the sensitive sweet spot location buried in the semiconductor material.

[098] In the lens configuration illustrated with regards to the detection element on the right of Fig. 4E, an efficiency of photon absorption in the semiconductor material may be improved using a diffuser and reflective elements. Specifically, a near IR wavelength requires a significantly long path of silicon material in order to achieve a high probability of absorbing a photon that travels through. In a typical lens configuration, a photon may traverse the sensitive area and may not be absorbed into a detectable electron. A long absorption path that improves the probability for a photon to create an electron renders the size of the sensitive area towards less practical dimensions (tens of um for example) for a CMOS device fabricated with typical foundry processes. The rightmost detector element in Fig. 4E demonstrates a technique for processing incoming photons. The associated lens 422 focuses the incoming light onto a diffuser element 424. In one embodiment, light sensor 116 may further include a diffuser located in the gap distant from the outer surface of at least some of the detectors. For example, diffuser 424 may steer the light beam sideways (e.g., as perpendicular as possible) towards the sensitive area and the reflective optical trenches 426. The diffuser is located at the focal point, above the focal point, or below the focal point. In this embodiment, the incoming light may be focused on a specific location where a diffuser element is located. Optionally, detector element 422 is designed to optically avoid the inactive areas where a photon induced electron may get lost and reduce the effective detection efficiency. Reflective optical trenches 426 (or other forms of optically reflective structures) cause the photons to bounce back and forth across the sensitive area, thus increasing the likelihood of detection. Ideally, the photons will get trapped in a cavity consisting of the sensitive area and the reflective trenches indefinitely until the photon is absorbed and creates an electron/hole pair.

[099] Consistent with the present disclosure, a long path is created for the impinging photons to be absorbed and contribute to a higher probability of detection. Optical trenches may also be implemented in detecting element 422 for reducing cross talk effects of parasitic photons created during an avalanche that may leak to other detectors and cause false detection events. According to some embodiments, a photo detector array may be optimized so that a higher yield of the received signal is utilized, meaning, that as much of the received signal is received and less of the signal is lost to internal degradation of the signal. The photo detector array may be improved by: (a) moving the focal point at a location above the semiconductor surface, optionally by designing the metal layers above the substrate appropriately; (b) by steering the focal point to the most responsive/sensitive area (or “sweet spot”) of the substrate and (c) adding a diffuser above the substrate to steer the signal toward the “sweet spot” and/or adding reflective material to the trenches so that deflected signals are reflected back to the “sweet spot.”

[0100] While in some lens configurations, lens 422 may be positioned so that its focal point is above a center of the corresponding detection element 402, it is noted that this is not necessarily so. In other lens configuration, a position of the focal point of the lens 422 with respect to a center of the corresponding detection element 402 is shifted based on a distance of the respective detection element 402 from a center of the detection array 400. This may be useful in relatively larger detection arrays 400, in which detector elements further from the center receive light in angles which are increasingly off-axis. Shifting the location of the focal points (e.g., toward the center of detection array 400) allows correcting for the incidence angles. Specifically, shifting the location of the focal points (e.g., toward the center of detection array 400) allows correcting for the incidence angles while using substantially identical lenses 422 for all detection elements, which are positioned at the same angle with respect to a surface of the detector.

[0101] Adding an array of lenses 422 to an array of detection elements 402 may be useful when using a relatively small sensor 116 which covers only a small part of the field of view because in such a case, the reflection signals from the scene reach the detectors array 400 from substantially the same angle, and it is, therefore, easy to focus all the light onto individual detectors. It is also noted, that in one embodiment, lenses 422 may be used in LIDAR system 100 for favoring about increasing the overall probability of detection of the entire array 400 (preventing photons from being "wasted" in the dead area between detectors/sub-detectors) at the expense of spatial distinctiveness. This embodiment is in contrast to prior art implementations such as CMOS RGB camera, which prioritize spatial distinctiveness (i.e., light that propagates in the direction of detection element A is not allowed to be directed by the lens toward detection element B, that is, to "bleed" to another detection element of the array). Optionally, sensor 116 includes an array of lens 422, each being correlated to a corresponding detection element 402, while at least one of the lenses 422 deflects light which propagates to a first detection element 402 toward a second detection element 402 (thereby it may increase the overall probability of detection of the entire array).

[0102] Specifically, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure, light sensor 116 may include an array of light detectors (e.g., detector array 400), each light detector (e.g., detector 410) being configured to cause an electric current to flow when light passes through an outer surface of a respective detector. In addition, light sensor 116 may include at least one micro-lens configured to direct light toward the array of light detectors, the at least one micro-lens having a focal point. Light sensor 116 may further include at least one layer of conductive material interposed between the at least one micro-lens and the array of light detectors and having a gap therein to permit light to pass from the at least one micro lens to the array, the at least one layer being sized to maintain a space between the at least one micro-lens and the array to cause the focal point (e.g., the focal point may be a plane) to be located in the gap, at a location spaced from the detecting surfaces of the array of light detectors.

[0103] In related embodiments, each detector may include a plurality of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) or a plurality of Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD). The conductive material may be a multi-layer metal constriction, and the at least one layer of conductive material may be electrically connected to detectors in the array. In one example, the at least one layer of conductive material includes a plurality of layers. In addition, the gap may be shaped to converge from the at least one micro-lens toward the focal point, and to diverge from a region of the focal point toward the array. In other embodiments, light sensor 116 may further include at least one reflector adjacent each photo detector. In one embodiment, a plurality of micro-lenses may be arranged in a lens array and the plurality of detectors may be arranged in a detector array. In another embodiment, the plurality of micro lenses may include a single lens configured to project light to a plurality of detectors in the array.

The Processing Unit

[0104] Figs. 5A-5C depict different functionalities of processing units 108 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, Fig. 5 A is a diagram illustrating emission patterns in a single frame-time for a single portion of the field of view, Fig. 5B is a diagram illustrating emission scheme in a single frame-time for the whole field of view, and. Fig. 5C is a diagram illustrating the actual light emission projected towards field of view during a single scanning cycle.

[0105] Fig. 5 A illustrates four examples of emission patterns in a single frame-time for a single portion 122 of field of view 120 associated with an instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114. Consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure, processing unit 108 may control at least one light source 112 and light deflector 114 (or coordinate the operation of at least one light source 112 and at least one light deflector 114) in a manner enabling light flux to vary over a scan of field of view 120. Consistent with other embodiments, processing unit 108 may control only at least one light source 112 and light deflector 114 may be moved or pivoted in a fixed predefined pattern.

[0106] Diagrams A-D in Fig. 5 A depict the power of light emitted towards a single portion 122 of field of view 120 over time. In Diagram A, processor 118 may control the operation of light source 112 in a manner such that during scanning of field of view 120 an initial light emission is projected toward portion 122 of field of view 120. When projecting unit 102 includes a pulsed-light light source, the initial light emission may include one or more initial pulses (also referred to as “pilot pulses”). Processing unit 108 may receive from sensor 116 pilot information about reflections associated with the initial light emission. In one embodiment, the pilot information may be represented as a single signal based on the outputs of one or more detectors (e.g. one or more SPADs, one or more APDs, one or more SiPMs, etc.) or as a plurality of signals based on the outputs of multiple detectors. In one example, the pilot information may include analog and/or digital information. In another example, the pilot information may include a single value and/or a plurality of values (e.g. for different times and/or parts of the segment).

[0107] Based on information about reflections associated with the initial light emission, processing unit 108 may be configured to determine the type of subsequent light emission to be projected towards portion 122 of field of view 120. The determined subsequent light emission for the particular portion of field of view 120 may be made during the same scanning cycle (i.e., in the same frame) or in a subsequent scanning cycle (i.e., in a subsequent frame). This embodiment is described in greater detail below with reference to Figs. 23-25.

[0108] In Diagram B, processor 118 may control the operation of light source 112 in a manner such that during scanning of field of view 120 light pulses in different intensities are projected towards a single portion 122 of field of view 120. In one embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may be operable to generate depth maps of one or more different types, such as any one or more of the following types: point cloud model, polygon mesh, depth image (holding depth information for each pixel of an image or of a 2D array), or any other type of 3D model of a scene. The sequence of depth maps may be a temporal sequence, in which different depth maps are generated at a different time. Each depth map of the sequence associated with a scanning cycle (interchangeably “frame”) may be generated within the duration of a corresponding subsequent frame-time. In one example, a typical frame-time may last less than a second. In some embodiments, LIDAR system 100 may have a fixed frame rate (e.g. 10 frames per second, 25 frames per second, 50 frames per second) or the frame rate may be dynamic. In other embodiments, the frame-times of different frames may not be identical across the sequence. For example, LIDAR system 100 may implement a 10 frames-per-second rate that includes generating a first depth map in 100 milliseconds (the average), a second frame in 92 milliseconds, a third frame at 142 milliseconds, and so on. [0109] In Diagram C, processor 118 may control the operation of light source 112 in a manner such that during scanning of field of view 120 light pulses associated with different durations are projected towards a single portion 122 of field of view 120. In one embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may be operable to generate a different number of pulses in each frame. The number of pulses may vary between 0 to 32 pulses (e.g., 1, 5, 12, 28, or more pulses) and may be based on information derived from previous emissions. The time between light pulses may depend on desired detection range and can be between 500ns and 5000ns. In one example, processing unit 108 may receive from sensor 116 information about reflections associated with each light-pulse. Based on the information (or the lack of information), processing unit 108 may determine if additional light pulses are needed. It is noted that the durations of the processing times and the emission times in diagrams A-D are not in-scale. Specifically, the processing time may be substantially longer than the emission time. In diagram D, projecting unit 102 may include a continuous-wave light source. In one embodiment, the initial light emission may include a period of time where light is emitted and the subsequent emission may be a continuation of the initial emission, or there may be a discontinuity. In one embodiment, the intensity of the continuous emission may change over time.

[0110] Consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the emission pattern may be determined per each portion of field of view 120. In other words, processor 118 may control the emission of light to allow differentiation in the illumination of different portions of field of view 120. In one example, processor 118 may determine the emission pattern for a single portion 122 of field of view 120, based on detection of reflected light from the same scanning cycle (e.g., the initial emission), which makes LIDAR system 100 extremely dynamic. In another example, processor 118 may determine the emission pattern for a single portion 122 of field of view 120, based on detection of reflected light from a previous scanning cycle. The differences in the patterns of the subsequent emissions may result from determining different values for light-source parameters for the subsequent emission, such as any one of the following. a. Overall energy of the subsequent emission. b. Energy profile of the subsequent emission. c. A number of light-pulse-repetition per frame. d. Light modulation characteristics such as duration, rate, peak, average power, and pulse shape. e. Wave properties of the subsequent emission, such as polarization, wavelength, etc.

[0111] Consistent with the present disclosure, the differentiation in the subsequent emissions may be put to different uses. In one example, it is possible to limit emitted power levels in one portion of field of view 120 where safety is a consideration, while emitting higher power levels (thus improving signal-to-noise ratio and detection range) for other portions of field of view 120. This is relevant for eye safety, but may also be relevant for skin safety, safety of optical systems, safety of sensitive materials, and more. In another example, it is possible to direct more energy towards portions of field of view 120 where it will be of greater use (e.g. regions of interest, further distanced targets, low reflection targets, etc.) while limiting the lighting energy to other portions of field of view 120 based on detection results from the same frame or previous frame. It is noted that processing unit 108 may process detected signals from a single instantaneous field of view several times within a single scanning frame time; for example, subsequent emission may be determined upon after every pulse emitted, or after a number of pulses emitted.

[0112] Fig. 5B illustrates three examples of emission schemes in a single frame-time for field of view 120. Consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure, at least on processing unit 108 may use obtained information to dynamically adjust the operational mode of LIDAR system 100 and/or determine values of parameters of specific components of LIDAR system 100. The obtained information may be determined from processing data captured in field of view 120, or received (directly or indirectly) from host 210. Processing unit 108 may use the obtained information to determine a scanning scheme for scanning the different portions of field of view 120. The obtained information may include a current light condition, a current weather condition, a current driving environment of the host vehicle, a current location of the host vehicle, a current trajectory of the host vehicle, a current topography of road surrounding the host vehicle, or any other condition or object detectable through light reflection. In some embodiments, the determined scanning scheme may include at least one of the following: (a) a designation of portions within field of view 120 to be actively scanned as part of a scanning cycle, (b) a projecting plan for projecting unit 102 that defines the light emission profile at different portions of field of view 120; (c) a deflecting plan for scanning unit 104 that defines, for example, a deflection direction, frequency, and designating idle elements within a reflector array; and (d) a detection plan for sensing unit 106 that defines the detectors sensitivity or responsivity pattern.

[0113] In addition, processing unit 108 may determine the scanning scheme at least partially by obtaining an identification of at least one region of interest within the field of view 120 and at least one region of non-interest within the field of view 120. In some embodiments, processing unit 108 may determine the scanning scheme at least partially by obtaining an identification of at least one region of high interest within the field of view 120 and at least one region of lower-interest within the field of view 120. The identification of the at least one region of interest within the field of view 120 may be determined, for example, from processing data captured in field of view 120, based on data of another sensor (e.g. camera, GPS), received (directly or indirectly) from host 210, or any combination of the above. In some embodiments, the identification of at least one region of interest may include identification of portions, areas, sections, pixels, or objects within field of view 120 that are important to monitor. Examples of areas that may be identified as regions of interest may include, crosswalks, moving objects, people, nearby vehicles or any other environmental condition or object that may be helpful in vehicle navigation. Examples of areas that may be identified as regions of non-interest (or lower-interest) may be static (non-moving) far-away buildings, a skyline, an area above the horizon and objects in the field of view. Upon obtaining the identification of at least one region of interest within the field of view 120, processing unit 108 may determine the scanning scheme or change an existing scanning scheme. Further to determining or changing the light-source parameters (as described above), processing unit 108 may allocate detector resources based on the identification of the at least one region of interest. In one example, to reduce noise, processing unit 108 may activate detectors 410 where a region of interest is expected and disable detectors 410 where regions of non-interest are expected. In another example, processing unit 108 may change the detector sensitivity, e.g., increasing sensor sensitivity for long range detection where the reflected power is low.

[0114] Diagrams A-C in Fig. 5B depict examples of different scanning schemes for scanning field of view 120. Each square in field of view 120 represents a different portion 122 associated with an instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114. Legend 500 details the level of light flux represented by the filling pattern of the squares. Diagram A depicts a first scanning scheme in which all of the portions have the same importance/priority and a default light flux is allocated to them. The first scanning scheme may be utilized in a start-up phase or periodically interleaved with another scanning scheme to monitor the whole field of view for unexpected/new objects. In one example, the light source parameters in the first scanning scheme may be configured to generate light pulses at constant amplitudes. Diagram B depicts a second scanning scheme in which a portion of field of view 120 is allocated with high light flux while the rest of field of view 120 is allocated with default light flux and low light flux. The portions of field of view 120 that are the least interesting may be allocated with low light flux. Diagram C depicts a third scanning scheme in which a compact vehicle and a bus (see silhouettes) are identified in field of view 120. In this scanning scheme, the edges of the vehicle and bus may be tracked with high power and the central mass of the vehicle and bus may be allocated with less light flux (or no light flux). Such light flux allocation enables concentration of more of the optical budget on the edges of the identified objects and less on their center which have less importance.

[0115] Fig. 5C illustrating the emission of light towards field of view 120 during a single scanning cycle. In the depicted example, field of view 120 is represented by an 8 X 9 matrix, where each of the 72 cells corresponds to a separate portion 122 associated with a different instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114. In this exemplary scanning cycle, each portion includes one or more white dots that represent the number of light pulses projected toward that portion, and some portions include black dots that represent reflected light from that portion detected by sensor 116. As shown, field of view 120 is divided into three sectors: sector I on the right side of field of view 120, sector II in the middle of field of view 120, and sector III on the left side of field of view 120. In this exemplary scanning cycle, sector I was initially allocated with a single light pulse per portion; sector II, previously identified as a region of interest, was initially allocated with three light pulses per portion; and sector III was initially allocated with two light pulses per portion. Also as shown, scanning of field of view 120 reveals four objects 208: two free-form objects in the near field (e.g., between 5 and 50 meters), a rounded-square object in the mid field (e.g., between 50 and 150 meters), and a triangle object in the far field (e.g., between 150 and 500 meters). While the discussion of Fig. 5C uses number of pulses as an example of light flux allocation, it is noted that light flux allocation to different parts of the field of view may also be implemented in other ways such as: pulse duration, pulse angular dispersion, wavelength, instantaneous power, photon density at different distances from light source 112, average power, pulse power intensity, pulse width, pulse repetition rate, pulse sequence, pulse duty cycle, wavelength, phase, polarization, and more. The illustration of the light emission as a single scanning cycle in Fig. 5C demonstrates different capabilities of LIDAR system 100. In a first embodiment, processor 118 is configured to use two light pulses to detect a first object (e.g., the rounded-square object) at a first distance, and to use three light pulses to detect a second object (e.g., the triangle object) at a second distance greater than the first distance.

[0116] In a second embodiment, processor 118 is configured to allocate more light to portions of the field of view where a region of interest is identified. Specifically, in the present example, sector II was identified as a region of interest and accordingly it was allocated with three light pulses while the rest of field of view 120 was allocated with two or less light pulses. This embodiment is described in greater detail below with reference to Figs. 20-22. In a third embodiment, processor 118 is configured to control light source 112 in a manner such that only a single light pulse is projected toward to portions Bl, B2, and Cl in Fig. 5C, although they are part of sector III that was initially allocated with two light pulses per portion. This occurs because the processing unit 108 detected an object in the near field based on the first light pulse. This embodiment is described in greater detail below with reference to Figs. 23-25. Allocation of less than maximal amount of pulses may also be a result of other considerations. For examples, in at least some regions, detection of object at a first distance (e.g. a near field object) may result in reducing an overall amount of light emitted to this portion of field of view 120. This embodiment is described in greater detail below with reference to Figs. 14-16. Other reasons to for determining power allocation to different portions is discussed below with respect to Figs. 29-31, Figs. 53-55, and Figs. 50- 52.

[0117] Additional details and examples on different components of LIDAR system 100 and their associated functionalities are included in Applicant’s United States Patent Application No. 15/391,916 filed December 28, 2016; Applicant’s United States Patent Application No. 15/393,749 filed December 29, 2016; Applicant’s United States Patent Application No. 15/393,285 filed December 29, 2016; and Applicant’s United States Patent Application No. 15/393,593 filed December 29, 2016, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Example Implementation: Vehicle

[0118] Figs. 6A-6C illustrate the implementation of LIDAR system 100 in a vehicle (e.g., vehicle 110). Any of the aspects of LIDAR system 100 described above or below may be incorporated into vehicle 110 to provide a range-sensing vehicle. Specifically, in this example, LIDAR system 100 integrates multiple scanning units 104 and potentially multiple projecting units 102 in a single vehicle. In one embodiment, a vehicle may take advantage of such a LIDAR system to improve power, range and accuracy in the overlap zone and beyond it, as well as redundancy in sensitive parts of the FOV (e.g. the forward movement direction of the vehicle). As shown in Fig. 6A, vehicle 110 may include a first processor 118A for controlling the scanning of field of view 120A, a second processor 118B for controlling the scanning of field of view 120B, and a third processor 118C for controlling synchronization of scanning the two fields of view. In one example, processor 118C may be the vehicle controller and may have a shared interface between first processor 118A and second processor 118B. The shared interface may enable an exchanging of data at intermediate processing levels and a synchronization of scanning of the combined field of view in order to form an overlap in the temporal and/or spatial space. In one embodiment, the data exchanged using the shared interface may be: (a) time of flight of received signals associated with pixels in the overlapped field of view and/or in its vicinity; (b) laser steering position status; (c) detection status of objects in the field of view.

[0119] Fig. 6B illustrates overlap region 600 between field of view 120A and field of view 120B. In the depicted example, the overlap region is associated with 24 portions 122 from field of view 120 A and 24 portions 122 from field of view 120B. Given that the overlap region is defined and known by processors 118 A and 118B, each processor may be designed to limit the amount of light emitted in overlap region 600 in order to conform with an eye safety limit that spans multiple source lights, or for other reasons such as maintaining an optical budget. In addition, processors 118A and 118B may avoid interferences between the light emitted by the two light sources by loose synchronization between the scanning unit 104A and scanning unit 104B, and/or by control of the laser transmission timing, and/or the detection circuit enabling timing.

[0120] Fig. 6C illustrates how overlap region 600 between field of view 120 A and field of view 120B may be used to increase the detection distance of vehicle 110. Consistent with the present disclosure, two or more light sources 112 projecting their nominal light emission into the overlap zone may be leveraged to increase the effective detection range.

The term “detection range” may include an approximate distance from vehicle 110 at which LIDAR system 100 can clearly detect an object. In one embodiment, the maximum detection range of LIDAR system 100 is about 300 meters, about 400 meters, or about 500 meters. For example, for a detection range of 200 meters, LIDAR system 100 may detect an object located 200 meters (or less) from vehicle 110 at more than 95%, more than 99%, more than 99.5% of the times. Even when the object’s reflectivity may be less than 50% (e.g., less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5%). In addition, LIDAR system 100 may have less than 1% false alarm rate. In one embodiment, light from projected from two light sources that are collocated in the temporal and spatial space can be utilized to improve SNR and therefore increase the range and/or quality of service for an object located in the overlap region. Processor 118C may extract high-level information from the reflected light in field of view 120A and 120B. The term “extracting information” may include any process by which information associated with objects, individuals, locations, events, etc., is identified in the captured image data by any means known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In addition, processors 118A and 118B may share the high-level information, such as objects (road delimiters, background, pedestrians, vehicles, etc.), and motion vectors, to enable each processor to become alert to the peripheral regions about to become regions of interest. For example, a moving object in field of view 120A may be determined to soon be entering field of view 120B.

Example Implementation: Surveillance system

[0121] Fig. 6D illustrates the implementation of LIDAR system 100 in a surveillance system. As mentioned above, LIDAR system 100 may be fixed to a stationary object 650 that may include a motor or other mechanisms for rotating the housing of the LIDAR system 100 to obtain a wider field of view. Alternatively, the surveillance system may include a plurality of LIDAR units. In the example depicted in Fig. 6D, the surveillance system may use a single rotatable LIDAR system 100 to obtain 3D data representing field of view 120 and to process the 3D data to detect people 652, vehicles 654, changes in the environment, or any other form of security-significant data.

[0122] Consistent with some embodiment of the present disclosure, the 3D data may be analyzed to monitor retail business processes. In one embodiment, the 3D data may be used in retail business processes involving physical security (e.g., detection of: an intrusion within a retail facility, an act of vandalism within or around a retail facility, unauthorized access to a secure area, and suspicious behavior around cars in a parking lot). In another embodiment, the 3D data may be used in public safety (e.g., detection of: people slipping and falling on store property, a dangerous liquid spill or obstruction on a store floor, an assault or abduction in a store parking lot, an obstruction of a fire exit, and crowding in a store area or outside of the store). In another embodiment, the 3D data may be used for business intelligence data gathering (e.g., tracking of people through store areas to determine, for example, how many people go through, where they dwell, how long they dwell, how their shopping habits compare to their purchasing habits).

[0123] Consistent with other embodiments of the present disclosure, the 3D data may be analyzed and used for traffic enforcement. Specifically, the 3D data may be used to identify vehicles traveling over the legal speed limit or some other road legal requirement. In one example, LIDAR system 100 may be used to detect vehicles that cross a stop line or designated stopping place while a red traffic light is showing. In another example, LIDAR system 100 may be used to identify vehicles traveling in lanes reserved for public transportation. In yet another example, LIDAR system 100 may be used to identify vehicles turning in intersections where specific turns are prohibited on red.

[0124] It should be noted that while examples of various disclosed embodiments have been described above and below with respect to a control unit that controls scanning of a deflector, the various features of the disclosed embodiments are not limited to such systems. Rather, the techniques for allocating light to various portions of a LIDAR FOV may be applicable to type of light-based sensing system (LIDAR or otherwise) in which there may be a desire or need to direct different amounts of light to different portions of field of view. In some cases, such light allocation techniques may positively impact detection capabilities, as described herein, but other advantages may also result.

[0125] It should also be noted that various sections of the disclosure and the claims may refer to various components or portions of components (e.g., light sources, sensors, sensor pixels, field of view portions, field of view pixels, etc.) using such terms as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc. These terms are used only to facilitate the description of the various disclosed embodiments and are not intended to be limiting or to indicate any necessary correlation with similarly named objects in other embodiments. For example, characteristics described as associated with a “first sensor” in one described embodiment in one section of the disclosure may or may not be associated with a “first sensor” of a different embodiment described in a different section of the disclosure.

Example Implementation: MEMS Mirror and Actuation Techniques

[0126] Fig. 7 illustrates an example embodiment of a scanning device (e.g., deflector 114 hereinafter “scanning device 8202”) and a processing device (e.g., processor 118 hereinafter controller 8204). Consistent with the present disclosure, controller 8204 may be local and included within scanning device 8202. Controller 8204 may include at least one hardware component, one or more integrated circuits, one or more FPGAs, one or more ASICs, one or more hardware accelerators, and the like. A central processor unit (CPU) and an actuation driver are some examples of a controller 8204.

[0127] As shown in Fig. 7, a mirror configuration may include mirror 8206 which can be moved in two or more axes (Q, cp). Mirror 8206 may be associated with an electrically controllable electromechanical driver such as actuation driver 8208. Actuation driver 8208 may cause movement or power to be relayed to an actuator/cantilever/bender such as actuator 8210. Actuator 8210 may be part of a support frame such as frame 8211. Additional actuators, such as actuators 8212, 8214 and 8216, may each be controlled/driven by additional actuation drivers as shown, and may each have a support frame 8213, 8215 and 8217 (appropriately). It is understood that frames 8211, 8213, 8215 and/or 8217 may comprise a single frame supporting all of the actuators or may be a plurality of interconnected frames. Furthermore, the frames may be electrically separated by isolation elements or sections. Optionally, a flexible interconnect element or connector (interconnect), such as spring 8218, may be utilized to adjoin actuator 8210 to mirror 8206, to relay power or movement from actuation driver 8208 to spring 8218.

[0128] Actuator 8210 may include two or more electrical contacts such as contacts 8210A, 8210B, 8210C and 8210D. Optionally, one or more contacts 8210A, 8210B, 8210C and/or 8210D may be situated on frame 8211 or actuator 8210 provided that they are electronically connected. According to some embodiments, actuator 8210 may be a semiconductor which may be doped so that sections actuator 8210 (except the piezoelectrical layer that is insulative) is generally conductive between contacts 8210A-210D and isolative in isolation 8220 and 8222 to electronically isolate actuator 8210 from actuators 8212 and 8216 (respectively). Optionally, instead of doping the actuator, actuator 8210 may include a conductive element which may be adhered or otherwise mechanically or chemically connected to actuator 8210, in which case isolation elements may be inherent in the areas of actuator 8210 that do not have a conductive element adhered to them. Actuator 8210 may include a piezoelectric layer so that current flowing through actuator 8210 may cause a reaction in the piezoelectric section which may cause actuator 8210 to controllably bend.

[0129] According to some embodiments, Controller 8204 may output/relay to mirror driver 8224 a desired angular position described by Q, f parameters. Mirror driver 8224 may be configured to control movement of mirror 8206 and may cause actuation driver 8224 to push a certain voltage amplitude to contacts 82 IOC and 8210D in order to attempt to achieve specific requested values for Q, f deflection values of mirror 8206 based on bending of actuators 8210, 8212, 8214 and 8216. In addition, position feedback control circuitry may be configured to supply an electrical source (such as voltage or current) to a contact, such as contact 8210A or 8210B, and the other contact (such as 8210B or 8210 A, respectively) may be connected to a sensor within position feedback 8226, which may be utilized to measure one or more electrical parameters of actuator 8210 to determine a bending of actuator 8210 and appropriately an actual deflection of mirror 8206. As shown, additional positional feedback similar to position feedback 8226 and an additional actuation driver similar to actuation driver 8208 may be replicated for each of actuators 8212-216 and mirror driver 8224 and controller 8204 may control those elements as well so that a mirror deflection is controlled for all directions.

[0130] The actuation drivers including actuation driver 8208 may push forward a signal that causes an electromechanical reaction in actuators 8210-216 which each, in turn is sampled for feedback. The feedback on the actuators’ (8210-8216) positions serves as a signal to mirror driver 8224, enabling it to converge efficiently towards the desired position Q, f set by the controller 8204, correcting a requested value based on a detected actual deflection. According to some embodiments, a scanning device or LIDAR may utilize piezoelectric actuator micro electro mechanical (MEMS) mirror devices for deflecting a laser beam scanning a field of view. Mirror 8206 deflection is a result of voltage potential applied to the piezoelectric element that is built up on actuator 8210. Mirror 8206 deflection is translated into an angular scanning pattern that may not behave in a linear fashion, for a certain voltage level actuator 8210 does not translate to a constant displacement value. A scanning LIDAR system (e.g., LIDAR system 100) where the field of view dimensions are deterministic and repeatable across different devices is optimally realized using a closed loop method that provides an angular deflection feedback from position feedback and sensor 8226 to mirror driver 8224 and/or controller 8204.

[0131] In some embodiments, position feedback and sensor 8226 may also be utilized as a reliability feedback module. According to some embodiments, a plurality of elements may include semiconductors or conducting elements, or a layer and accordingly, actuators 8201-8216 could at least partially include a semiconducting element, springs 8218, 8226, 8228 and 8230 may each include a semiconductor, and so may mirror 8206. Electrical Power (current and/or voltage) may be supplied at a first actuator contact via position feedback 8226, and position feedback 8226 may sense an appropriate signal at actuator 8212, 8214 and/or 8216 via contacts 8214A or 8214B and/or 8216A or 8216B. Some of the following figures illustrate MEMS mirrors, actuators and interconnects. The number of interconnects, the shape of the interconnects, the number of actuators, the shape of the actuators, the shape of the MEMS mirror, and the spatial relationships between any of the MEMS mirror, actuators and interconnects may differ from those illustrated in the following figures.

Interconnects

[0132] Fig. 8 illustrates four L-shaped interconnects 9021, 9022, 9023 and 9024 that are connected between circular MEMS mirror 9002 and four actuators 9011, 9012, 9013 and 9014. Each L-shaped interconnect (for example 9021) includes a first segment 90212 and a second segment 90211. The first and second segments are mechanically connected to each other. In Fig. 8 the first and second segments are normal to each other. In Fig. 8 the second segment of each L-shaped interconnect is connected to a circumference or an edge of an actuator and the first segment of each L-shaped interconnect is connected to the circumference or edge of the MEMS mirror. The second segment 90211 is normal to the circumference or edge of first actuator. The first segment is normal to the circumference of the MEMS mirror and/or may be directed towards a center of the MEMS mirror when the MEMS mirror is at an idle position. The MEMS mirror is at an idle position when all of the actuators that are coupled to the MEMS mirror are not subjected to a bending electrical field.

[0133] In one embodiment, using L-shaped interconnects may provide superior durability and stress relief. Using the L-shaped interconnects facilitates seamless movement about two axes of rotation (see dashed lines denoted AOR near interconnect 9024) that are normal to each other. Thereby, the bending and unbending of an actuator does not impose an undue stress on the L-shaped interconnect. Furthermore, the L-shaped interconnects are relatively compact and may have a small volume, which reduces the mechanical load imposed on the actuators, and may assist in increasing the scanning amplitude of the MEMS mirror. It should be noted that the different segments of the interconnect may be oriented in relation to each other (and/or in relation to the MEMS mirror and/or in relation to the actuator) by angles that differ from ninety degrees. These angles may be substantially equal to ninety degrees (substantially may mean a deviation that does not exceed 5, 10, 15 or 20 percent and the like). It should further be noted that the L-shaped interconnects may be replaced by interconnects that include a single segment or more than a pair of segments. An interconnect that has more than a single segment may include segments that are equal to each other and/or segments that differ from each other. Segments may differ by shape, size, cross section, or any other parameter. An interconnect may also include linear segments and/or nonlinear segments. An interconnect may be connected to the MEMS mirror and/or to the actuator in any manner.

[0134] Fig. 9 illustrates four interconnects 9021’, 9022’, 9023’ and 9024’ that are connected between circular MEMS mirror 9002 and four actuators 9011, 9012, 9013 and 9014. The first and second segments of each interconnect are connected by joints. For example, interconnect 9021’ includes a first segment 90212, a second segment 90211 and a joint 90213 that is connected to the first and second segments and facilitates relative movement between the first and second interconnects. The joint may be a ball joint or any other type of joint. [0135] Fig. 10 illustrates ten non-limiting examples of interconnects. Interconnects 90215, 90216, 90217, 90218 and 90219 do not include joints. Interconnects 90215’, 90216’, 90217’, 90218’ and 90219’ do include at least one joint. In addition, Fig. 10 illustrates interconnects that include linear segments, nonlinear segments, one segments, two segments and even nine segments. The interconnects may include any number of segments, have segments of any shape, and may include zero to multiple joints.

Response to mechanical vibrations

[0136] A scanning unit (e.g., scanning unit 104) may include the MEMS mirror, the actuators, the interconnector and other structural elements of the LIDAR system. Scanning unit 104 may be subjected to mechanical vibrations that propagate along different directions. For example, a LIDAR system that is installed in a vehicle may be subjected to different vibrations (from different directions) when the vehicle moves from one point to another. If all actuators have the same structure and dimensions the response of the unit to some frequencies may be very high (high Q factor). By introducing a certain asymmetry between the actuators, scanning unit 104 may react to more frequencies, however, the reaction may be milder (low Q factor).

[0137] Fig. 11 illustrates a first pair of actuators 9011 and 9013 that are opposite to each other and are shorter (by DeltaL 9040) than actuators of a second pair of actuators 9012 and 9014. Actuators 9012 and 9014 are opposite to each other and are oriented to actuators 9011 and 9013. Fig. 11 also illustrates L-shaped interconnects 9021, 9022, 9023 and 9024, and a circular MEMS mirror 9002. The resonance frequency of the unit may be outside the frequency range of the mechanical vibrations. The resonance frequency of the unit may exceed a maximal frequency of the certain frequency range by a factor of at least two. The resonance frequency of the unit is between four hundred hertz and one Kilohertz.

[0138] Fig. 12 illustrates a frame 9050 that surrounds the actuators 9011, 9012,

9013 and 9014, the interconnects 9021, 9022, 9023 and 9024, and the MEMS mirror 9002. Actuators 9011, 9012, 9013 and 9014 are connected to the frame 9050 at their bases 9071, 9072, 9072 and 9074 respectively. In one embodiment, the width of the base may be any fraction (for example below 50%) of the entire length of the actuator. In addition, the base may be positioned at any distance from point of connection of the actuator to the interconnect. For example, the base may be positioned near an end of the actuators that is opposite to the end of the connector that is connected to the interconnect. [0139] Fig. 13 illustrates a frame 9050 that surrounds the actuators 9011, 9012,

9013 and 9014, the interconnects 9021, 9022, 9023 and 9024, and the MEMS mirror 9002. Fig. 13 also illustrates a variable capacitor 9061 that is formed between the frame 9050 and actuator 9011. Variable capacitor 9061 includes multiple plates first plates 90612 that are connected to the actuator and multiple second plates 90611 that are connected to the frame. It may be beneficial to have at least three variable capacitors between at least three actuators and the frame. For simplicity of explanation only a single variable capacitor is shown. The variable capacitor may be located anywhere along the circumference of the actuator, and at any distance from the circumference of the actuator that is connected to the interconnect. In addition, the location of the variable capacitor may be determined based on the shape and size of the plates of the variable capacitor, and the amount of bending that can be experienced by different parts of the actuator. For example, positioning the variable capacitor near the base will result in smaller changed in the overlap area between the first and second plates, while positioning the variable capacitor near the connection point to the interconnect may result in a lack of overlap between the first and second plates.

[0140] Fig. 13 also illustrates (from left to right) first and second plates (90611 and 90612) that fully overlap, then (as the actuator starts bending) mostly overlap (overlap area 9068), and then only slightly overlap (small overlap area 9068) when the actuator continues to bend. The first plates 90612 are coupled in parallel to each other. The second plates 90611 are coupled in parallel to each other. The first and second plates are coupled to a capacitance sensor 9065 that is configured to sense the capacitance of the variable capacitor. A controller of the LIDAR system may estimate the orientation indicated by lines 9069 of the MEMS mirror based on the capacitance of one or variable capacitors.

[0141] Fig. 14 illustrates a frame 9050 that surrounds the actuators 9011, 9012,

9013 and 9014, the interconnects 9021, 9022, 9023 and 9024, and the MEMS mirror 9002. Fig. 14 also illustrates electrodes 9081, 9082, 9083 and 9084 that are connected to actuators 9011, 9012, 9013 and 9014. The electrodes may be connected to any part of the actuators. An actuator may be connected to multiple electrodes. The electrodes usually spread along significant regions of the actuator.

Monitoring the MEMS mirror using dummy piezoelectric elements

[0142] Consistent with the present disclosure, the provided electrode may convey electrical signals for bending the actuator and/or for sensing the bending of the actuator. The bending of the actuators may be monitored by using actuators that include dummy elements. The dummy elements may be dummy electrodes and dummy piezoelectric elements. A dummy piezoelectric element is mechanically coupled to a piezoelectric element that is subjected to a bending electrical field. The piezoelectric element is bent. This bending causes the dummy piezoelectric element to bend. The bending of the dummy piezoelectric element can be measured by electrodes coupled to the dummy piezoelectric element. Therefore, the dummy piezoelectric elements may form or be part of a feedback sensor. Accordingly the dummy elements and the dummy piezoelectric elements are in the following also referred to as sensing elements and sensing piezoelectric elements respectively.

[0143] Fig. 15 illustrates frame 9050 that surrounds the actuators 9011, 9012, 9013 and 9014, the interconnects 9021, 9022, 9023 and 9024, and the MEMS mirror 9002. Fig. 15 also illustrates electrodes 9081, 9082, 9083 and 9084 that are connected to piezoelectric elements 9111, 9112, 9113 and 9114 of actuators 9011, 9012, 9013 and 9014. Electrodes 9081, 9082, 9083 and 9084 are used to convey bending control signals. Fig. 15 also illustrates electrodes 9091, 9092, 9093 and 9094 that are connected to dummy piezoelectric elements 9011’, 9112’, 9113’ and 9114’ of actuators 9011, 9012, 9013 and 9014. Electrodes 9091, 9092, 9093 and 9094 are used to measure the state of dummy piezoelectric elements 9011’, 9112’, 9113’ and 9114’. Electrodes 9081, 9082, 9083, 9084, 9091, 9092, 9093 and 9094 usually cover a significant part of the piezoelectric elements. It should be noted that each piezoelectric element is positioned between pairs of electrodes, and that Fig. 15 illustrates only the external electrodes. Internal electrodes located between a substrate (or a body) of the actuator and the piezoelectric elements are not shown.

[0144] Fig. 16 is a cross sectional view of an actuator 9011, a feedback sensor 9142 and a steering source signal 9140. The actuator 9011 may include substrate (or body) layer 9121, internal electrode 9081’, internal dummy electrode 9091’, piezoelectric element 9111, dummy piezoelectric element 9111’, external electrode 9081 and external dummy electrode 9091. Steering signal sensor 9140 sends steering signals SSI 9151 and SS29152 to external electrode 9081 and internal electrode 9121 for bending actuator 9011. Feedback sensor 9142 sensed the bending of the dully piezoelectrical element 911 V be measuring the electrical field between internal dummy electrode 9091’ and external dummy electrode 9091. It should be noted that only one steering signal may be provided.

[0145] Fig. 17 illustrates that each actuator out of actuators 9011, 9012, 9013 and 9014 can be formed from four major layers: external electrode layer (9124, 9134, 9144 and 9154), a piezoelectric layer (9123, 9133, 9143 and 9153), internal electrode layer (9122,

9132, 9142 and 9152), and a substrate (or body) layer (9121, 9131, 9141 and 9151). Monitoring the MEMS mirror by measuring dielectric coefficient changes

[0146] Consistent with the present disclosure, the bending of the actuator may change the dielectric coefficient of the piezoelectric element. Accordingly, the actuator may be monitored by measuring changes in the dielectric coefficient of the piezoelectric element. The actuator may be fed with electrical field induced by one or more control signals from a control signal source, the one or more control signals are fed to one or more electrodes of LIDAR system 100, for example, a pair of electrodes that are positioned on opposite sides of the piezoelectric element. One control signal, both control signals and/or a difference between the control signals have an alternating bias component and a steering component. The bending of the body is responsive to the steering component. In some embodiments, the frequency of the alternating bias component may exceed a maximal frequency of the steering component (for example, by a factor of at least ten); and the amplitude of the alternating bias component may be lower than an amplitude of the steering component by any factor, for example, a factor that is not smaller than one hundred. For example, the steering component may be tens of volts while the alternating bias component may range between tens to hundreds of millivolts. Therefore, a sensor of LIDAR system 100 may be configured to sense dielectric coefficient changes of the actuator due to the bending of the actuator.

[0147] Fig. 18 illustrates an actuator that includes external electrode layer 9124, piezoelectric layer 9123, internal electrode layer 9122 and a substrate layer 9121. Steering signal source 9140 sends control signal SSI 9151 to external electrode layer 9124 and sends control signal SS2 9152 to internal electrode layer 9122. At least one of control signals SSI 9151 and SS29152 or the difference between the control signals includes the alternating bias component and the steering component. Feedback sensor 9124 is coupled to external electrode layer 9124, and to internal electrode layer 9122 and may sense (directly or indirectly) changes of the dielectric coefficients of piezoelectric layer 9123. Feedback sensor 9124 may be, for example, a current amplitude sensor or a combination of a current amplitude sensor and a phase shift sensor. The LIDAR sensor may include a controller that may be configured to receive (from feedback sensor 9142) information about the dielectric coefficient changes and to determine an orientation of the MEMS mirror. Fig. 18 also illustrates the steering signal source 9140 as including an initial signals source 9141 that outputs the steering components (9161 and 9164) of control signals SSI 9151 and SS2 9152. These steering components are mixed (by mixers 9163 and 9165) with the alternating bias components (generated by oscillators 9162 and 9165) to generate control signals SSI 9151 and SS2 9152. The actuator may be monitored by sensing the resistance of the actuator. [0148] Fig. 19 illustrates two electrodes 9211 and 9212 that are positioned at two opposite ends of actuator 9011, and are used for measuring the resistance of the actuator. Electrode 9135 is used for bending the actuator. Electrodes 9211, 9212 and 9135 are electrically coupled to three conductors 9201, 9202 and 9203.

[0149] Fig. 20 illustrates stress relief apertures 9220 that are formed in actuator 9011. The stress relief apertures of Fig. 20 are curved and are substantially parallel to each other. The number of the stress relief apertures may differ from four, the slots may have any shape or size and may differ from each other. In some of the previous figures the piezoelectric element was positioned above the substrate. It should be noted that the piezoelectric element may be positioned below the substrate. Piezoelectric elements may be positioned below and above the substrate.

[0150] Fig. 21 illustrates actuator 9012 as including seven major layers: external electrode layer 9124, piezoelectric layer 9123, internal electrode layer 9122, substrate (or body) layer 9121, additional internal electrode layer 9129, additional piezoelectric layer 9128, and additional external electrode layer 9127. External electrode layer 9124, piezoelectric layer 9123 and internal electrode layer 9122 are positioned above substrate layer 9121. Additional internal electrode layer 9129, additional piezoelectric layer 9128, and additional external electrode layer 9127 are positioned below substrate layer 9121. The additional piezoelectric layer 9128 may equal the piezoelectric layer 9123 or may differ from the piezoelectric layer 9123 by at least one out of size, shape and the like. Specifically, any of the electrode layers may be the same or may differ from each other. Additional piezoelectric layer 9128 and piezoelectric layer 9123 may be controlled independently from each other or in a dependent manner. Additional piezoelectric layer 9128 may also be used for bending the actuator downwards while piezoelectric layer 9123 may be used for bending the actuator upwards. The additional piezoelectric layer 9128 may be used as a dummy piezoelectrical sensor (for monitoring the actuator) when the piezoelectric layer 9123 is activated for bending the actuator. In one example, the piezoelectric layer 9122 may be used as a dummy piezoelectrical sensor (for monitoring the actuator) when the piezoelectric layer 9128 is activated for bending the actuator.

[0151] Fig. 22 illustrates, from top to bottom, (A) an idle state of mirror 9002, (B) a downward bent actuator that lowers the circumference of MEMS mirror 9002, and (C) an upward bent actuator that elevates the circumference of MEMS mirror 9002. MEMS mirror 9002 is coupled to the actuator via interconnect 9300. The MEMS mirror 9002 may include a thin reflecting surface that is reinforced by reinforcing elements. [0152] Figs. 23 and 24 illustrate frame 9050 and a backside of MEMS mirror 9002. For simplicity of explanation the actuators are not shown. The reinforcing elements 9003 include concentric rings and radial segment. Any arrangement and shapes of reinforcing elements may be provided.

[0153] The orientation of the MEMS mirror may be monitored by illuminating the backside of the MEMS mirror 9002. It may be beneficial to illuminate at least one area of the MEMS mirror and to sense reflected light in at least three locations. The orientation of the MEMS mirror may be monitored by illuminating the backside of the MEMS mirror 9002. It may be beneficial to illuminate at least one area of the back side of the MEMS mirror and to sense reflected light in at least three locations. It is noted that LIDAR system 100 may include a dedicated light source for illuminating the back side of the MEMS mirror. The dedicated light source (e.g., LED) may be located behind the mirror (i.e., away from its main reflective sensor used for the deflection of light from the at least one light source 112). Alternatively, LIDAR system 100 may include optics to direct light onto the back side of the mirror. In some examples, light directed at the back side of the MEMS mirror (e.g. light of the dedicated light source) is confined to a backside area of the mirror, and prevented from reaching the main reflective side of the MEMS mirror. The processing of the signals of the back side sensors may be executed by processor 118, but may also be processed by a dedicated circuitry integrated into a chip positioned within a casing of the mirror. The processing may include comparing the reflected signals to different back side sensors (e.g. 9231, 9232, 9233), subtracting such signals, normalizing such signals, etc. The processing of such signals may be based on information collected during a calibration phase.

[0154] Fig. 25 illustrates an illuminated region 9030 and three sensors 9231, 9232 and 9233 that are positioned below the MEMS mirror and are arranged to sense light that is reflected (dashed lines) at three different directions thereby allowing to sense the orientation of the MEMS mirror. The illuminated region may be located anywhere at the backside of the MEMS mirror, and may have any shape and size. In embodiment, the MEMS mirror may not be parallel to a window of the Lidar system. The MEMS mirror may receive a light that passes through a window of the Lidar system and deflects the reflected mirror to provide deflected light that may pass through the window and reach other components (such as light sensors) of the Lidar system. A part of the deflected light may be reflected (by the window) backwards - toward the MEMS mirror, the frame or the actuators. However, when the MEMS mirror and the window are parallel to each other the light may be repetitively reflected by the MEMS mirror and the window thereby generating unwanted light artifacts. These light artifacts may be attenuated and even prevented by providing a window that is not parallel to the MEMS mirror or when the optical axis of the MEMS mirror and the optical axis of the window are not parallel to each other. When either one of the MEMS mirror and the window are curved or have multiple sections that are oriented to each other - then it may be beneficial that no part of the MEMS mirror should be parallel to any part of the window. The angle between the window and the MEMS mirror may be set so that the window does not reflect light towards the MEMS mirror, when the MEMS mirror is at an idle position or even when the MEMS mirror is moved by any of the actuators.

[0155] It is noted that illuminating a backside of the MEMS mirror may be implemented when the back of the mirror is substantially uniformly reflective (e.g. a flat back, without reinforcement ribs). However, this is not necessarily the case, and the back of the mirror may be design to reflect light in a patterned non-uniform way. The patterned reflection behavior of the back side of the mirror may be achieved in various way, such as surface geometry (e.g. protrusions, intrusions), surface textures, differing materials (e.g., Silicon, Silicon Oxide, metal), and so on. Optionally, the MEMS mirror may include a patterned back side, having a reflectivity pattern on at least a part of the back surface of the mirror, which cast a patterned reflection of the back side illumination (e.g. from the aforementioned back side dedicated light source) onto the back side sensors (e.g. 9231, 9232, 9233). The patterned back side may optionally include parts of the optional reinforcing elements 9003 located at the back of the MEMS mirror, but this is not necessarily so. For example, the reinforcing elements 9003 may be used to create shadows onto the sensors 9231 etc. at some angles (or to deflect the light to a different angle), which means that movement of the mirror would change the reflection on the sensor from shadowed to bright.

[0156] Optionally, the processing of the outputs of the backside sensors (9231,

9232, 9233 etc.) may take into account a reflectivity pattern of the backside (e.g. resulting from the pattern of the reinforcement ribs). Thus, the processing may use the patterning resulting from the backside surface pattern as part of the feedback being processed. Optionally, the backside mirror feedback option discussed herein may utilize a backside reflectivity pattern which can be processed by data from backside sensors which are located in greater proximity to the mirror (comparing to the uniform reflectivity implementation), which reduce the size of the MEMS assembly and improves its packaging. For example, the back side pattern may de designed so that the reflection pattern includes sharp transitions between dark and bright reflections. Those sharp transitions mean that even small changes in the angle/position of the MEMS mirror would cause significant changes in the light reflected to detectors which are positioned in even close distance. In addition, the reflectivity pattern may be associated with a reflectivity gradient iot sharp edges (i.e. - light or shadow). This embodiment, may have linearity from the first option of sharp edges, thus it may ease the post-processing process, and also support a larger angles range and will probably be less sensitive to assembly tolerances.

MEMS mirror that is not parallel to a window of the LIDAR system

[0157] Consistent with the present disclosure, the MEMS mirror may receive a light that passes through a window of the LIDAR system and deflects the reflected mirror to provide deflected light that may pass through the window and reach other components (such as light sensors) of LIDAR system 100. A part of the deflected light may be reflected (by the window) backwards, toward the MEMS mirror, the frame or the actuators. When the MEMS mirror and the window are parallel to each other, the light may be repetitively reflected by the MEMS mirror and the window thereby generating unwanted light artifacts. These light artifacts may be attenuated and even prevented by providing a window that is not parallel to the MEMS mirror or when the optical axis of the MEMS mirror and the optical axis of the window are not parallel to each other. When either one of the MEMS mirror and the window are curved or have multiple sections that are oriented to each other, then it may be beneficial that no part of the MEMS mirror should be parallel to any part of the window. The angle between the window and the MEMS mirror may be set so that the window does not reflect light towards the MEMS mirror, when the MEMS mirror is at an idle position or even when the MEMS mirror is moved by any of the actuators.

[0158] Fig. 26 illustrates a housing 9320 that includes window 9322. The housing encloses the MEMS mirror 9002. Housing 9320 may be a sealed housing that may be manufactured using wafer level packaging or any other technology. Housing 9320 includes a base 9310. Base 9310 may be transparent or not transparent. A transparent base may be useful when the backside of MEMS mirror 9002 is monitored by illumination. Light 9601 passes through window 9322 and impinges on MEMS mirror 9002. MEMS mirror 9002 deflects the light to provide a deflected light 9602. A part of the deflected light may pass through window 9322, but another part 9603 is reflected by mirror 9322 towards housing 9320. Accordingly, part 9603 may not reflected towards MEMS mirror 9002.

[0159] Fig. 27 illustrates the housing 9320 as including an upper part. The upper part includes mirror 9320 and two sidewalls 9321 and 9323. An intermediate part of the housing may be formed from the exterior part (such as but not limited to frame 9050) of an integrated circuit that includes various layers (such as 9121 and 9122). The integrated circuit may include MEMS mirror 9002 (having an upper reflecting surface 9004, various intermediate elements of layers 9121 and 9122, and reinforcing elements 9003), interconnects 9022 and 9021, actuators 9012 and 9014. A bonding layer 9301 may be positioned between the integrated circuit and base 9310.

[0160] Fig. 28 illustrates the housing 9320 that includes a transparent base. For simplicity of explanation this figure illustrates illumination unit 9243, beam splitter 9263 and a sensor 9253. Illumination unit 9243 and the light sensor 9253 are positioned outside the housing.

[0161] Fig. 29 illustrates an anti -reflective layer 9380 that is positioned on top of the actuators, and the interconnects. Fig. 30 illustrates anti -reflective layer 9380 that is positioned on top of the actuators, frame and the interconnects. Fig. 31 illustrates anti- reflective layer 9380 that is positioned on top of the frame. Any of the mentioned above anti- reflective layers may be replaced by one or more anti -reflective elements that may differ from a layer. The anti-reflective element may be parallel to the window, oriented in relation to the window, and the like.

[0162] Fig. 32 illustrates a housing that has a window that is parallel to the MEMS window. The housing includes a transparent base. For simplicity of explanation this figure illustrates illumination unit 9243, beam splitter 9263 and a sensor 9253. Illumination unit 9243 and the light sensor 9253 are positioned outside the housing. The MEMS mirror may be of any shape or size. For example, the MEMS mirror may be rectangular.

[0163] Figs. 33 and 34 illustrate a rectangular MEMS mirror 9402, two actuators 9404 and 9407, two interconnects 9403 and 9406, electrodes 9410 and 9413, and a rectangular frame that includes an upper part 9504, a lower part 9408 and two insulating parts 9411 and 9422 that are connected between the upper and lower parts of the frame. In Fig. 33, actuators 9404 and 9407 are parallel to each other opposite, face opposite sides of the MEMS mirror and are connected to opposite parts of the frame. In Fig. 34, actuators 9404 and 9407 are parallel to each other opposite, face opposite sides of the MEMS mirror and are connected to the same side of the frame.

[0164] Fig. 35 illustrates a rectangular MEMS mirror 9402, four actuators 9404, 9407, 9424, 9427, four interconnects 9403, 9406, 9423 and 9436, four electrodes 9410, 9413, 9440 and 9443, and a rectangular frame that includes an upper part 9504, a lower part 9408 and two insulating parts 9411 and 9422 that are connected between the upper and lower parts of the frame. The four actuators face four facets of MEMS mirrors 9402 and each is connected to a different facet of the frame. Although Figs. 30-36 illustrate a single MEMS mirror. LIDAR system 100 may include an array of multiple MEMS mirrors. Any number of MEMS mirrors may be monitored in order to provide feedback that is used to control any of the multiple MEMS mirrors. For example, if there are more N MEMS mirrors than any number between 1 and N, MEMS mirrors may be monitored to provide feedback that may be used for monitoring any number of MEMS mirrors of the N MEMS mirrors.

[0165] In one embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may include a window for receiving light; a microelectromechanical (MEMS) mirror for deflecting the light to provide a deflected light; a frame; actuators; interconnect elements that may be mechanically connected between the actuators and the MEMS mirror. Each actuator may include a body and a piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element may be configured to bend the body and move the MEMS mirror when subjected to an electrical field. When the MEMS mirror is positioned at an idle positioned it may be oriented in relation to the window. The light may be reflected light that may be within at least a segment of a field of view of the LIDAR system. The light may be transmitted light from a light source of the LIDAR system. During a first period the light is a transmitted light from a light source of the LIDAR system and during a second period the light is reflected light that is within at least a segment of a field of view of the LIDAR system.

[0166] In another embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may include at least one anti- reflective element that may be positioned between the window and the frame The anti- reflective element may be oriented in relation to the window. The angle of orientation between the MEMS mirror and the window may range between 20 and 70 degrees. The window may be shaped and positioned to prevent a reflection of any part of the deflected light towards the MEMS mirror. The MEMS mirror may be oriented to the window even when moved by at least one of the actuators. An interconnect element of the interconnect elements may include a first segment that may be connected to the MEMS mirror and a second segment that may be connected to the actuator, wherein the first segment and the second segments may be mechanically coupled to each other.

[0167] In related embodiments: the first segment may be oriented by substantially ninety degrees to the second segment; the first segment may be connected to a circumference of the MEMS mirror and may be oriented by substantially ninety degrees to circumference of the MEMS mirror; the first segment may be directed towards a center of the MEMS mirror when the MEMS mirror is positioned at an idle position; the second segment connected to a circumference of the actuator and may be oriented by substantially ninety degrees to the circumference of the actuator; a longitudinal axis of the second segment may be substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the actuator; the first segment and the second segment may be arranged in an L-shape when the MEMS mirror is positioned at an idle position; the interconnect element may include at least one additional segment that may be mechanically coupled between the first and second segments; the first segment and the second segment may differ from each other by length; the first segment and the second segment may differ from each other by width; the first segment and the second segment may differ from each other by a shape of a cross section; the first segment and the second segment may be positioned at a same plane as the MEMS mirror when the MEMS mirror is positioned at an idle position. The first segment and the second segment may be positioned at a same plane as the actuators.

[0168] In another embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may include a MEMS mirror that may have an elliptical shape (e.g., the MEMS mirror may be circular), and wherein the actuators may include at least three independently controlled actuators. Each pair of actuator and interconnect elements may be directly connected between the frame and the MEMS mirror. The MEMS mirror may be operable to pivot about two axes of rotation.

[0169] In related embodiments, the actuators may include at least four independently controlled actuators; a longitudinal axis of the MEMS mirror corresponds to a longitudinal axis of the light beam; a longitudinal axis of MEMS mirror corresponds to a longitudinal axis of a detector array of the LIDAR system; the actuators may include a first pair of actuators that may be opposite to each other along a first direction and a second pair of actuators that may be opposite to each other along a second direction; the first pair of actuators may differ from the second pair of actuators; the window, the MEMS mirror, the frame and the actuators may form a unit; the unit may respond differently to mechanical vibration that propagate along the first direction and to mechanical vibrations that propagate along the second direction; the actuators of the first pair, when idle, may have a length that substantially differs from a length of the actuators of the second pair, when idle; the actuators of the first pair, when idle, may have a shape that substantially differs from a shape of the actuators of the second pair, when idle; during operation, the LIDAR system may be subjected to mechanical vibrations having a certain frequency range; the resonance frequency of a unit may be outside the certain frequency range; the resonance frequency of the unit may exceed a maximal frequency of the certain frequency range by a factor of at least two; the resonance frequency of the unit may be between four hundred hertz and one Kilohertz; an actuator may include a piezoelectric element that may be positioned below the body of the actuator and another actuator may include a piezoelectric element that may be positioned above the body of the other piezoelectric element; the actuator may include a piezoelectric element that may be positioned above the body of the piezoelectric element; the LIDAR system may further include a controller which may be configured to receive from the sensor an indication of the state of the additional piezoelectric element; the controller may be configured to control the actuator based on the indication of the state of the additional piezoelectric element; and the controller may be configured to determine an orientation of the MEMS mirror based on the indication of the state of the additional piezoelectric element.

[0170] In another embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may include a variable capacitor and a sensor. The capacitance of the variable capacitor represents a spatial relationship between the frame and an actuator of the actuators the sensor may be configured to sense the capacitance of the variable capacitor.

[0171] In related embodiments, the variable capacitor may include a first plate that may be connected to the actuator and a second plate that may be connected to the frame the spatial relationship between the frame and the actuator determines an overlap between the first plate and the second plate; the variable capacitor may include multiple first plates that may be connected to the actuator and multiple second plates that may be connected to the frame; the actuator has a first end that may be mechanically connected to the frame and a second end that may be opposite to the first end and may be mechanically connected to the interconnect element; a distance between the variable capacitor and the first end exceeds a distance between the variable capacitor and the second end; the actuator has a first end that may be mechanically connected to the frame and a second end that may be opposite to the first end and may be mechanically connected to the interconnect element; and a distance between the variable capacitor and the first end may be smaller than a distance between the variable capacitor and the second end.

[0172] In another embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may include a controller which may be configured to receive an indication of a capacitance of the variable capacitor and to determine an orientation of the MEMS mirror based on the capacitance of the variable capacitor. A piezoelectric element may be configured to bend the body and move the MEMS mirror when subjected to an electrical field induced by a control signal from a control signal source, the control signal may be fed to an electrode of the LIDAR system.

[0173] The control signal has an alternating bias component and a steering component. A bending of the body may be responsive to the steering components, wherein a frequency of the alternating bias component exceeds a maximal frequency of the steering component. The sensor may be configured to sense dielectric coefficient changes of the actuator due to the bending of the actuator.

[0174] In related embodiments, the sensor may be a current amplitude sensor; the sensor may also be a current amplitude sensor and a phase shift sensor; an amplitude of the alternating bias component may be lower than an amplitude of the steering component by a factor of at least one hundred; the LIDAR system may further include a controller which may be configured to receive information about the dielectric coefficient changes and to determine an orientation of the MEMS mirror; the window may belong to a housing. The housing may be a sealed housing that encloses the MEMS mirror, the frame, and the actuators; the housing may include a transparent region that may be positioned below the MEMS mirror; the LIDAR system may further include at least one optical sensor and at least one light source, the at least one light source may be configured to transmit at least one light beam through the transparent region and towards a backside of the MEMS mirror; the at least one optical sensor may be configured to receive light from the backside of the MEMS mirror; the LIDAR system may include a controller which may be configured to determine an orientation of the MEMS mirror based on information from the at least one optical sensor; different parts of the housing may be formed by wafer level packaging; the frame may belong to an integrated circuit that forms a bottom region of the housing; an interconnect element of the interconnect elements may include multiple segments that may be mechanically coupled to each other by at least one joint; the joint may be a ball joint; and the joint may also be a MEMS joint.

MEMS mirror assembly including a strain gauge

[0175] Fig. 36 illustrates a Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirror assembly according to embodiments. The MEMS mirror assembly may function as the scanning unit of LIDAR system 100, of another LIDAR system, of another electro-optic system, or of any other system. The MEMS mirror assembly includes a MEMS mirror (or any other MEMS functional surface such as a piston or a valve), a frame (a supportive structure, possibly sharing wafer layers with the mirrors and/or actuators), and a plurality of actuators operable to rotate the MEMS mirror with respect to a plane of the frame. Each actuator is connected to the mirror by one or more interconnect element. The actuators elements may be actuated by piezoelectric actuation, capacitive actuation, magnetic actuation, thermal actuation, electromagnetic actuation, or any other way known in the art. The MEMS mirror assembly further includes a plurality of strain gauges, each strain gauge is used for measuring a movement of an actuator and includes: a. A plurality of interconnected resistors implemented on the MEMS mirror assembly, the plurality of interconnected resistors including: (i) at least one movable resistor implemented on the actuator and (ii) at least one immovable resistor implemented on the frame (or on another immovable part of the MEMS mirror assembly); and b. Circuitry for processing the response of the plurality of interconnected resistors to applied voltage to determine at least one electrical property of the at least one movable resistor, and to determine a location of the actuator based on the at least one movable resistor.

[0176] The circuitry (or another processor) may determine a position (e.g., location, tile angle and/or height) of the MEMS mirror based on the determined locations of one or more of the actuators which move the mirror.

[0177] In the example of Fig. 7, strain gauge was illustrated only for one of the actuators (the lower right actuator in the diagram out of the four actuators of the system). In different LIDAR systems, such strain gauges may be implemented for one, some, or all of the actuators of the MEMS mirror. Referring to the examples of figs. 37A, 37B and 37C, it is noted that the example may be implemented for a mirror which is actuated by four actuators denoted “A”, “B”, “C”, and “D” (arranged around the mirror in this order). The strain gauge for each of the actuators is marked using the same reference letter (“A”, “B”, “C”, and “D”, respectively).

[0178] Referring to the example of Fig. 36, it is noted that the power assembly which applies voltages to the different resistor may be implemented on the wafer (as illustrated in the example), but this is not necessarily so. The power assembly may be implemented anywhere in the LIDAR system, and be connected electrically to components on the wafer (especially some or all of the resistors). Referring to the example of Fig. 36, it is noted that the comparator or other processor may be implemented on the wafer (as illustrated in the example), but this is not necessarily so. The comparator or other processor may be implemented anywhere in the LIDAR system, and be connected electrically to components on the wafer (especially some or all of the resistors).

[0179] The one or more movable resistor move as the actuator on which the actuator in which they are implemented moves, and are designed so that their resistivity changes as they move. The resistivity of the movable resistor changes with the movement of the actuator due to strain or other forces (especially - mechanical forces) which are applied onto the movable resistor as a result of the movement. For example, the movement of the actuator may result in stretching of the movable resistor and therefor in increased resistivity. [0180] The circuitry which is used to assess the electrical property of the at least one movable resistor based on the response of the plurality of interconnected resistors to applied voltage may include, for example, a bridge circuit which includes the plurality of interconnected resistors. The bridge circuit may be a Wheatstone bridge or any other type of bridge. The circuitry may assess the resistance of the movable actuator directly or indirectly, and may alternatively assess other electromagnetic parameters of the one or more resistors (such as impedance). The strain gauge may include other electric component not discussed above (e.g., capacitors, inductors, comparators, amplifiers).

[0181] While not necessarily so, the actuator may include at least one actuation electrode implemented on a same layer as the at least one movable resistor. For example, the actuation electrode and the movable resistor may include parts made of platinum/titanium/etc., which are implemented on the same layer (platinum/titanium/etc.) of the wafer. Alternatively, these components may be implemented on any other conductive layer of the wafer. The actuation electrode may belong to a piezoelectric actuation assembly of the actuator, or to any other type of actuation assembly. Optionally, the at least one movable resistor and the at least one immovable resistor are made of titanium.

[0182] In the example of Fig. 36 there are four resistors and all of them are implemented on the wafer of the MEMS mirror assembly. Nevertheless, the plurality of interconnected resistors may include one or more resistors that are external to a wafer of the MEMS mirror. Other parts of the strain gauge may also be optionally implemented outside the wafer (e.g. - the aforementioned circuitry). Some or all of the resistors may be implemented as elongated pieces of metal, but other forms of resistors may also be used.

[0183] While not necessarily so, the movable resistor may be implemented on the actuator in proximity to an immovable resistor which is implemented on the frame (e.g., as exemplified in Fig. 36). The relative proximity means that the resistors (movable and immovable) are subject to similar physical conditions (especially temperature, but also other ambient factors) and therefore both resistors react similarly to changes in conditions (e.g., due to changes in temperature). The circuitry of the strain gauge may be designed so that changes to both resistors happens concurrently and in unison, and the circuitry is designed so that such changes (e.g., due to temperature) do not significantly affect the determination of the position of the actuator. For example, the movable resistor may be located less than 1mm, 0.5mm, 0.2mm, 0.1mm etc. from one or more of the immovable resistors.

[0184] Figs. 37A, 37B, and 37C are electric charts of the circuitry and the resistors of the MEMS mirror assembly, in accordance with examples of the presently disclosed subject matter. Fig. 37A illustrates a simple bridge. As exemplified in Fig. 37B, the strain gauge may include power assembly for providing a plurality of voltages to the plurality of interconnected resistors at different times. This may be used, for example, in order to improve a dynamic range of the resistors, or to overcome inaccuracies in the manufacturing accuracy of the resistance of the resistors. The Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) circuits may be used to define the dynamic range of output signals which are generated in the possible locations of the respective actuator.

[0185] Optionally (e.g., as exemplified in Fig. 37C), the circuitry may determine the relative position of two actuators with respect to each other, or be otherwise indicative of the positions of more than one actuator.

Electrooptical system for scanning illumination onto a field of view

[0186] Figs. 38A-41 are diagrams illustrating different configurations of electro- optical systems. The illustrated exemplary electro-optical systems typically represent parts of a scanning unit 104 of a LIDAR-system as explained above. In figures 38A and 38B, a light source 112 of a projecting unit 102 of the LIDAR-system is additionally shown.

[0187] The light source 112 is typically a laser, for example an infrared laser. The projecting unit 102 may have more than one light source. However, only one light source 112 is illustrated in figures 38 A, 38B for sake of clarity.

[0188] As illustrated in figures 38 A, 38B, the scanning unit 104 has a pivotable light deflector 114 arranged at a desired height h for deflecting light from the (at least one) main light source 112 at a main reflective side 114m.

[0189] The desired height h may be a calibration height of the light deflector 114 in the scanning unit 104 and/or a height of the light deflector 114 at rest.

[0190] Typically, the light deflector 114 is a mirror, in particular a MEMS mirror.

[0191] Further, the scanning unit 104 has at least one actuator (not shown) for controlling an orientation Q, f of the pivotable light deflector.

[0192] As indicated by the rotational angles (also referred to as pivot angles) Q, f, the exemplary light deflector 114 is a dual axis light deflector such as dual axis MEMS mirror for deflecting incident light from the light source 112 with two degrees of freedom.

[0193] For example, the angles Q, f of deflection of a dual axis MEMS mirror may vary within a range of about 30° with respect to the (vertical) direction z and within a range of about 50° with respect to an independent second direction. Note that a dual axis MEMS mirror may be configured to deflect light in a horizontal direction and in a vertical direction. [0194] In other embodiments, the light deflector is a single axis light deflector.

[0195] As illustrated by the full arrows in figures 38 A, 38B, the directions of the reflected light may deviate from the desired directions (dashed arrows) when the height of the light deflector 114 is, at a given time t, changed from a desired height h to a different height h’, even if the rotational angles Q, f remain unchanged as illustrated in Fig. 38 A. In Fig. 38B as situation is illustrated in which the rotational angles Q, f are changed in addition to different values q’, f’.

[0196] Thus, projected light exiting the system may be changed due to undesired height changes of the light deflector 114. Geometrically this is due to changing the arrangement of the light source 112 with respect to the light deflector 114.

[0197] Likewise, reflected light entering the system may be changed due to undesired height changes of the light deflector(s). This also applies to bi-static configurations, in which the reflected light entering the system pass through a substantially different optical path to a sensor for detecting the reflected light from the FOV.

[0198] Accordingly, the accuracy and/or reliability of scanning a FOV and detecting objects in the FOV may be reduced if the height of the light deflector 114 within the scanning unit 104 changes in an undesired way.

[0199] Typically, the height h and the orientation (pivot angles) Q, f of the light deflector 114 are determined with respect to a coordinate system x, y, z which is defined by the scanning unit 104.

[0200] The coordinate system x, y, z may be fixed with respect to a frame of the scanning unit 104, a baseplate of the scanning unit 104, a main surface of a mounting plate of the scanning unit 104 used for mounting the actuator 302 and the light deflector 114, respectively. In embodiments referring to MEMS-mirrors as light deflector, the coordinate system x, y, z may be fixed with respect to a wafer of the respective MEMS-mirror, for example a main surface of the wafer.

[0201] Accordingly, the height of the light deflector may refer to a respective distance of the light deflector from the mounting plate or the wafer. In particular, the height may refer to a direction perpendicular to a main surface of the mounting plate or the wafer.

[0202] The height may also refer to a direction perpendicular the main reflective side of the light deflector or a central portion thereof.

[0203] Further, the height may refer to a direction of an optical axis of the light deflector (at rest). [0204] Even further, the height may refer to a distance of a center of the light deflector from a center of the light deflector at rest and/or in a calibrated position.

[0205] As the system and method explained herein aim at suppressing or at least reducing undesired height changes, different suitable coordinate systems x,y,z may be used for measuring the heights. However, the coordinate systems x,y,z is typically at least fixed with respect to a non-moving part of the scanning unit 104 even during scanning a FOV. For example, the coordinate systems x,y,z used for measuring the height may be fixed with respect to a frame of the scanning unit 104 or point of the light deflector 114 that does at least substantially not move during scanning operation of the scanning unit 104, e.g. a center point of the light deflector 114, a center of mass of the light deflector 114. The coordinate systems x,y,z may be fixed with respect to a mass center of the scanning unit 104.

[0206] Note that the undesired height changes of the light deflector 114 may occur even if the light deflector 114 is mounted at fixed desired height (un-hinged light deflector).

[0207] Physically, the undesired height changes of the light deflector 114 may be due to a temperature change that may be caused by the light source 112 or other reasons.

[0208] Note that the properties of actuator(s) for controlling the orientation Q, f of the light deflector 114 and any sensing element as well as a bending of the main reflective side 114m (mirror surface) of the light deflector 114 may be temperature dependent. Furthermore, the temperature dependencies of these elements may be different.

[0209] The exemplary embodiment illustrated in figure 39A refers to single axis scanning unit 104. The illustrated scanning unit 104 has an internal light source 113 for illuminating a backside 114b of the light deflector 114 and two light sensors 115 A, 115B which are configured to measure respective measuring values Si, S2 representing a respective portion of light that is received from (scattered and/or reflected at) the backside 114 during illumination with the internal light source 113.

[0210] The internal light source 113 may be a dedicated light source, in particular an LED. The dedicated light source (e.g., LED) may, with respect to the light source 112 used for scanning, be located behind the mirror, i.e. behind the main reflective side 114m.

[0211] To avoid and/or reduce interferences with light of the main light source 112, the spectra of the internal light source 113 and the main light source 112 are typically at least substantially disjunct. [0212] In other words, the backside 114b is typically arranged between the main reflective side 114m and at least one of the internal light source 113 and the light sensors 115A, 115B.

[0213] Alternatively, the system may include optics to direct light onto the back side of the light deflector 114. In some examples, light directed, e.g. via a beam splitter to the back side of the light deflector 114 (e.g. light of the main light source used for scanning the FOV) is confined to a backside area of the light deflector 114, and prevented from reaching the main reflective side 114m.

[0214] Due to the arrangement of the internal light source 113 and the light sensors 115 A, 115B, the measuring values Si, S2 depend on the height of the light deflector 114 and the orientation of the light deflector 114. Therefore, the light sensors 115 A, 115B are in the following also referred as feedback sensors.

[0215] The measuring values Si, S2 may be determined continuously throughout the scanning path, or discerningly at several points in each scanning cycle. For example, measuring values Si, S2 may be measured with a rate of at least a few times per cycle, at least hundred times per cycle, or even at least 1000 times per cycle.

[0216] Further, the light sensors 115 A, 115B may measure a light intensity and/ or a polarization of the light received during illuminating the backside 114b of the light deflector for determining the values Si, S2 _.

[0217] Based on the measuring values Si, S2, one or more actuation parameters cs may be determined and send to one or more actuators 302 such that an undesired height change and/or undesired orientation deviation is (expected to be) reduced in the next time step. The controlling of the light deflector is typically performed in a closed-loop manner.

[0218] Accordingly, the above described undesired height changes (and/or undesired orientation deviations) of the light deflector 114, in particular undesired height changes which are due to temperature changes may be avoided or at least substantially reduced, in particular kept within a desired height range ho +/- Ah from a height ho, in particular a height ho in which the system was calibrated.

[0219] For example, the ratio Ah/ho may be less than 5%, more typically less than 1% or even 0.5%.

[0220] Accordingly, time consuming, complicated calibration procedures may be avoided.

[0221] Surprisingly, this approach is more reliable, more accurate and/or computationally less demanding compared to measuring the temperature inside the scanning unit 104 and taking into account (explicitly) measured temperature value(s) as a basis for calculating the actuation parameter(s).

[0222] This is mainly due to the fact that the temperature dependencies of the relevant elements of the scanning unit 104 including the actuators 302 and sensors 115 A,

115B (efficiency, gain) differ and may even change with time. Even further, the elements of the scanning unit 104 may have different response times with respect to temperature changes. Accordingly, it is difficult to take into account all these dependencies explicitly.

[0223] Depending on the measurement frequency of the measuring values Si, S2, the measuring values Si, S2 may be averaged prior to further processing.

[0224] Typically, a model of the scanning unit 104 is used for determining suitable actuation parameter(s) cs for correcting displacements.

[0225] In particular, the measuring values Si, S2 may be fed as input to the model of the scanning unit 104 that determines a first value indicative of an actual height h(t) and a second value indicative of an actual orientation 0(t) of the light deflector 114 at the measuring time t.

[0226] The model of the scanning unit 104 may be based on a set of differential equations describing the properties of the scanning unit (at least mechanical properties) or a suitable approximation of the set of differential equations.

[0227] However, the model of the scanning unit 104 may also be implemented as a so-called neural network, in particular a trained neural network. Once trained, a neural network may be very reliable and/or efficient for determining the values indicative of the actual height and the actual orientation. Accordingly, memory footprint may be reduced and/or performance improved.

[0228] The term "neural network" (NN) as used in this specification intends to describe an artificial neural network (ANN) or connectionist system including a plurality of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons. The output signal of an artificial neuron is calculated by a (non-linear) activation function of the sum of its inputs signal(s). The connections between the artificial neurons typically have respective weights (gain factors for the transferred output signal(s)) that are adjusted during one or more learning phases. Other parameters of the NN that may or may not be modified during learning may include parameters of the activation function of the artificial neurons such as a threshold. Often, the artificial neurons are organized in layers which are also called modules. The most basic NN architecture, which is known as a “Multi-Layer Perceptron”, is a sequence of so called fully connected layers. A layer consists of multiple distinct units (neurons) each computing a linear combination of the input followed by a nonlinear activation function. Different layers (of neurons) may perform different kinds of transformations on their respective inputs. Neural networks may be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof. In the learning phase(s), a machine learning method, in particular a supervised, unsupervised or semi-supervised (deep) learning method may be used. For example, a deep learning technique, in particular a gradient descent technique such as backpropagation may be used for training of (feedforward) NNs having a layered architecture. Modern computer hardware, e.g. GPUs makes backpropagation efficient for many-layered neural networks.

[0229] After determining, the first value and second value may be used to determine actuation parameter(s) cs for the actuator(s) 302 of the light deflector 104.

[0230] As indicated in Fig. 39A by the capital letter M in the box 109 representing the control unit, the processes of determining the actuation parameter(s) are typically carried out by the control unit 109 receiving the measuring values Si, S2 from the sensors 115 A,

115B.

[0231] In other words, the control unit 109 is typically connected with the sensors 115 A, 115B and configured to receive from each of the sensors 115 A, 115B a respective measuring value Si, S2 obtained for a given time t, to determine for the given time t values which are indicative of an actual height h(t) and an actual orientation 0(t) of the light deflector as output of a model of the scanning unit 104 using the measuring values Si, S2 as input of the model of the scanning unit 104, to determine, based on the determined values, one or more actuation parameter cs for the one or more actuators 302, and to send the one or more actuation parameter cs to the one or more actuators 302.

[0232] Typically, a closed-loop control of the height h(t) is performed.

[0233] Note that the control unit 109 is typically separate from but connected with the processing unit 108 explained above. However, the control unit 109 may also be a part of the processing unit 108.

[0234] The exemplary embodiment illustrated in Fig. 39B may refer to a single axis or a dual axis scanning unit 104.

[0235] However, the control unit 109 in Fig. 39B is connected with the internal light source 113 and configured to control the internal light source 113 by sending respective control commands SLS to the light source 113.

[0236] For example, the light source 113 may be a switched, and/or a light intensity of the internal light source may be changed or even modulated. [0237] In particular, the intensity of the internal light source 113 may be increased if the signal detected by the sensors 115A to 115C is too low.

[0238] Further, the light intensity of the light source 113 may be modulated with a frequency that is at most equal to the scanning frequency of the light deflector 114.

[0239] Accordingly, a signal-to-noise ratio of the measured signals at the sensors 115 A to 115C may be increased.

[0240] Furthermore, a rate of measurement determined by switching on and off the internal light source 113 may be chosen in dependence of an inaccuracy of previous measurement(s) or another parameter of the system such as the temperature.

[0241] Even further, determining the actual heights and actual angles of the light deflector 114 may be decoupled by appropriately driving the internal light source 113.

[0242] In addition, the scanning unit 104 of Fig. 39B has three sensors 115 A to 115C for measuring respective measuring values Si to S3 which are correlated with the height h(t) and the orientation of the light deflector 114.

[0243] Accordingly, there is one additional measuring value at each measuring time t than required for determining the first value indicative of the actual height h(t) and the second value indicative of an actual rotation angle is 0(t).

[0244] Thus, the control unit 109 in Fig. 39B may be configured to additionally determine a third value indicative of a further actual orientation angle (f(ΐ)) in a dual axis setup.

[0245] In other words, the scanning unit 104 may have N+l feedback sensors (N=2 in the exemplary embodiment of figure 39B) configured to measure respective measuring values ({ S _k }, k=l..N+l) which are correlated with the actual height h(t) and the actual orientation Q, f, and the control unit 104 may be configured to determine for the given time t the first value indicative of the actual height h(t) and N second values which are indicative of the actual orientation 0(t), f(ΐ) of the light deflector 114 as output of a model M using the N+l measuring values { S _k (t) } as input of the model M of the scanning unit.

[0246] Alternatively, the control unit 109 in Fig. 39B may be configured to additionally determine, in a single axis setup, a parameter p of the model M.

[0247] The parameter p of the model M may be indicative of and/or refer to a temperature of the scanning unit, in particular an effective temperature of the feedback sensors and/or may be indicative of and/or refer to a gain of the scanning unit, in particular a gain of at least one of the sensors, in particular the light sensors. [0248] Accordingly, a typically tedious further calibration of the scanning unit 104 may be omitted.

[0249] The exemplary dual axis scanning unit 104 illustrated in Fig. 40 is similar to the scanning unit explained above with regard to Fig. 39B but the control unit 109 is connected with four feedback sensors 115A to 115D for determining respective measuring values Si to S4 which are correlated with a height h of the light deflector 114 and the orientation Q, f of the light deflector 114.

[0250] Accordingly, the control unit 109 may receive for a given time four measuring values Si to S4 and use the four measuring values Si to S4 as inputs of the model M to calculate for the given time three values which are indicative for the actual height h and the two pilot angles Q, f as well as a value indicative of one parameter p of model M.

[0251] In a further embodiment, the scanning unit 104 has more than four feedback sensors. Accordingly, more than one parameter p may be determined at a time.

[0252] According to embodiments, a scanning unit with N degrees of freedom of its light deflector 114 has N+P+l feedback sensors 115A-115D, and the control unit 109 is configured to use the N+P+l measuring values ({ S _k (t)}, k=l.. N+P+l) as input of the model M of the scanning unit 104 to determine the first value indicative of the actual height h(t) and N second values which are indicative of the actual orientation 0(t), f(ΐ) as well as at most P values which are indicative for and/or represent P parameters p.

[0253] As already mentioned above, the light deflector is typically provided by a MEMS-mirror as described herein.

[0254] Accordingly, the typically used actuators of the MEMS-mirror may also provide feedback signals for the control unit 109 (see figures e.g. 7, 16, 18, 35 for more details). This is also explained in more detail below with regard to figure 41.

[0255] Thus, the light sensors 115A to 115D may be supplemented with integrated feedback sensors of the MEMS-mirror.

[0256] Alternatively and/or in addition, at least a part of light sensors 115 A to 115D may be replaced by the integrated feedback sensors of the MEMS-mirror.

[0257] As illustrated in figure 40B, even the internal light source may be omitted if (only) measuring values { S _k (t)} from N+P+l integrated feedback sensors of the MEMS- mirror 114 are fed to the control unit 109 and used as input of the model M(p) to calculate as output the first value indicative of the actual height h(t) and N second values which are indicative of the actual orientation 0(t), f(ΐ) as well as at most P values for respective parameters p, with N>=1, and P>=0. Again, the actuation parameter(s) {cs}are calculated based on the output of the model M(p).

[0258] According to an embodiment, the scanning unit 104 includes a light deflector 114 arranged at a desired height for deflecting light from at least one light source (112) to a field of view, one or more actuators 302 for controlling an orientation Q, f of the light deflector 114, and at least two sensors configured to measure respective measuring values { S _k } which are correlated with a height h of the at least one light deflector 114 and an orientation Q, f of the light deflector 114 determined with respect to a coordinate system x, y, z that is fixed with respect to a non-moving, in particular non-oscillating point and/or part of the scanning unit 104, and a control unit 109 configured to receive for a given time t a respective measuring value { S _k (t)} from each of the at least two sensors, determine for the given time t a first value indicative of an actual height h(t) and one or more second value indicative of an actual orientation (0(t), f(ΐ)) of the light deflector 114 as output of a model M(p) describing the scanning unit 104 using the measuring values { S _k (t) } as input of the model M(p), and to calculate actuation parameter(s) (csl }for the one or more actuators 302 using the first value and second value.

[0259] The at least two sensors may be feedback sensors of a MEMS-mirror. As explained in more detail below with respect to figure 41, the sensors may, in each measurement, measure L respective measuring values (e.g., 4, if four sensors are used).

Based on O measurements the control unit 109 may determine three (x, y, z) O-long vectors of actuation instructions for the next time frame, and a parameter of the model. For example, the three actuation vectors may be translated to (a set of) four instruction if four actuators are used to control the orientation of the MEMS-mirror.

[0260] The feedback sensors of a MEMS-mirror may include a respective electrode pair, a respective piezoelectric element, a respective resistor, and/ or may be implemented as acapacitance sensor, a resistance sensor, a magnetic sensor, an inductance sensor or a strain sensor.

[0261] However, the feedback sensors may also be implemented as distance sensors, in particular ultra-sound sensors or light sensors as explained above with regard to figures 39A to 40 A.

[0262] Using distance sensors, in particular light sensors, ultra-sound sensors or magnetic sensors as feedback sensors has the advantage that these sensors are independent of the actuation. [0263] Fig. 41 illustrates an example embodiment of a scanning unit 104 that is similar to the scanning device illustrated above with regard to figure 7 and also includes a mirror configuration with a MEMS-mirror 300 which can be moved in two or more axes (Q, cp). The mirror 300 may be associated with four exemplary actuators 302 A to 302D typically including respective electrically controllable electromechanical drivers (not shown).

[0264] However, the scanning unit 104 of Fig. 41 has an internal light source 113 and four optical feedback sensors 115 as explained above with regard to figure 40A for measuring respective measuring values Si to S4.

[0265] Figure 41 may correspond to a schematic view on a front side of the scanning unit 104. Therefore, the internal light source 113 and the four optical feedback sensors 115 arranged at/below a backside of the MEMS-mirror 300 are not visible from above and drawn as dashed circles.

[0266] A main controller 8204 of the scanning unit 104 may output/relay to a mirror driver 8224B of the control unit 109 a desired angular position/orientation described by Q*, cp* parameters, and optionally a desired height ho of the mirror 300. The desired height ho of the mirror 300 may also be stored in the control unit 109.

[0267] Optionally, the mirror driver 8224B is connected with the internal light source 113 and configured to send control signals SLS to the light source 113.

[0268] Further, the main controller 8204 may also be part of the control unit 109.

[0269] The mirror driver 8224 may be configured to control movements of mirror 300 by sending respective actuation parameters csl-cs4 to actuation drivers of the actuators 302A - 302D in order to attempt to achieve the specific requested values Q*, cp* and ho of the mirror 300.

[0270] Due to illuminating the backside of the mirror 300 with light of the internal light source 113, the light sensors 115 may measure and send respective measuring values Si to S4 to the control unit 109, in particular to a computational component 8224 A thereof implementing a model M of the control unit 109.

[0271] Depending on the sensors, the component 8224 A may include analog-to- digital converters (ADC) for converting analog measuring values of the sensors 115 into digital ones.

[0272] Further, the component 8224 A of the control unit 109 may include a CPU, a GPU, a DSP and/or is an FPGA for implementing the model M and processing the digital measuring values, respectively. [0273] The component 8242 A determines based on the model M actual values of the height h and the orientation q, f as (positive) feedback signal to the mirror driver 8224B.

[0274] Optionally, a parameter p of model M is additionally determined by the component 8224 A and sent to the mirror driver 8224B.

[0275] The mirror driver 8224B is configured to take into account the received actual height h for determining the actuation parameters csl-cs4 so that an undesired deviation from the desired height value h* is at least reduced in the next time step.

[0276] Furthermore, the mirror driver 8224B typically also takes into account the values of the actual orientation Q, f of the mirror 300 and optionally the parameter p for determining the actuation parameters csl-cs4.

[0277] Alternatively or in addition, respective signals of a position feedback control circuitry of the mirror 300 which may be integrated into the MEMS device may be fed to the component 8242A and used as input for the model M.

[0278] For example, the position feedback control circuitry as explained above with regard to figure 7 may be used for this purpose.

[0279] Likewise, feedback sensor as explained above with regard to figure 16, 18 and 35 may be used to provide respective measuring values for the component 8242 A and the model M, respectively.

[0280] Typically, the control unit 104 performs a closed loop control of the height, more typically a close loop control of the height and the orientation Q, f of the mirror 300.

[0281] The control unit 104 may be a control unit of a LIDAR system.

[0282] Further, the control unit 104 is typically configured to perform the method explained in the following with regard to Fig. 42 and Fig. 43.

[0283] Fig. 42 is a flow chart of a method 1000 for controlling a pivotable light deflector of a scanning unit of an electro-optical system configured to scan illumination onto a field of view, in particular a scanning unit of the LIDAR system.

[0284] In a first block 1100, N+l measuring values { S _k (t)} each of which is typically correlated with an actual height h(t) of the light deflector and an actual orientation 0(t), f(t) of the light deflector with respect to the scanning unit are measured for a given time t. The integer number N typically corresponds is to the number of rotational degrees of freedom of the light deflector (N>1). [0285] In a subsequent block 1200, a first value indicative of the actual height h(t) and N second values indicative of the actual orientation 0(t), f(ΐ) of the light deflector are determined as outputs of a model using the N measuring values { S _k (t) } as input of the model.

[0286] Note that the first value may correspond to and/or represent the actual height or a function of the actual height.

[0287] Likewise, the N second values may correspond to and/or represent a respective actual pivot angle(s) 0(t), f(ΐ) or a respective function thereof.

[0288] Thereafter, the first value and the N second values may be used for controlling the light deflector in a block 1300.

[0289] Typically, actuation parameter(s) {cs} for actuators of the light deflector are determined in block 1300.

[0290] Furthermore, determining the actuation parameter(s) {cs} is typically done so that deviation of a desired height ho of the light deflector is at least reduced in the next time step.

[0291] The desired height ho of the light deflector may be used as a setpoint for controlling the height h(t) of the light deflector.

[0292] Accordingly, the light deflector may be kept at or at least close to the desired height ho, i.e. within a predefined range.

[0293] Typically, none of the measuring values { S _k (t)} is only correlated with the actual height of the light deflector.

[0294] More typically, each of the measuring values is { S _k (t) } is correlated with the actual height of the light deflector and the actual orientation of the light deflector.

[0295] In particular in embodiments referring to non-hinged mounted light deflectors such as un-hinged mirrors, in particular unhinged MEMS-mirrors, the desired height ho is typically a calibration height of the light deflector in the scanning unit.

[0296] As indicated by the dashed dotted arrow in figure 42, method 1000 is typically implemented as a closed-loop control.

[0297] In particular, the height h of the light deflector may be closed-loop controlled.

[0298] However, the orientation 0(t), f(ΐ) of the light deflector may also be closed- loop controlled.

[0299] Fig. 43 is a flow chart of a method 1001 for controlling a pivotable light deflector of a scanning unit of an electro-optical system configured to scan illumination onto a field of view in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Method 1001 is similar to method 1000 explained above with regard to figure 42.

[0300] However, N+P+l measuring values { S _k (t)} with P>0 are determined in block 1100 and used as inputs of a model in block 1201 to determine in addition to the first and second values a further value which is indicative for a parameter p(t) of the model.

[0301] Typically, the desired orientation Q*, f* of methods 1000, 1001 illustrated in figures 42, 43 is changed in accordance with the requirements of scanning for detecting objects using a LIDAR system.

[0302] During operation of LIDAR system in a manner consistent with the presently disclosed embodiments, beside setting the desired orientation Q*, f* for controlling at least one light deflector 114 to deflect light from at least one (main) light source (112) in order to scan the field of view, the at least one main light soured 12 may be controlled in a manner enabling light flux to vary over a scan of a field of view using light from the at least one light source 112.

[0303] In some embodiments, the methods 1000, 1001 may include scanning of a field of view over a plurality of scanning cycles, wherein a single scanning cycle includes moving the at least one light deflector across a plurality of instantaneous positions. While the at least one light deflector is located at a particular position, the methods may include deflecting a light beam from the at least one light source toward an object in the field of view, and deflecting received reflections from the object toward at least one sensor 116 of a sensing unit 106 as explained above.

[0304] According to an embodiment of a LIDAR system, the LIDAR system includes a light source for illuminating a field of view, and a scanning unit comprising a mirror arranged at a desired height for deflecting light from the light source to the field of view, at least one actuator for controlling an orientation of the mirror, and at least two sensors configured to measure respective measuring values which are correlated with an actual height of the mirror in the scanning unit and an actual orientation of the mirror. The LIDAR system further includes a control unit connected with the at least two sensors and configured to use the measuring values for determining a first value indicative of an actual height and at least one second value indicative of an actual orientation of the light deflector, and to use the desired height, the first value and the at least one second value for determining a respective actuation parameter for the at least one actuator. [0305] Typically, the control unit implements a model of the control unit for determining the first value and the at least one second value using the measurement values as inputs.

[0306] The foregoing description has been presented for purposes of illustration. It is not exhaustive and is not limited to the precise forms or embodiments disclosed. Modifications and adaptations will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosed embodiments. Additionally, although aspects of the disclosed embodiments are described as being stored in memory, one skilled in the art will appreciate that these aspects can also be stored on other types of computer readable media, such as secondary storage devices, for example, hard disks or CD ROM, or other forms of RAM or ROM, USB media, DVD, Blu-ray, or other optical drive media.

[0307] Computer programs based on the written description and disclosed methods are within the skill of an experienced developer. The various programs or program modules can be created using any of the techniques known to one skilled in the art or can be designed in connection with existing software. For example, program sections or program modules can be designed in or by means of .Net Framework, .Net Compact Framework (and related languages, such as Visual Basic, C, etc.), Java, C++, Objective-C, HTML, HTML/ AJAX combinations, XML, or HTML with included Java applets.

[0308] Moreover, while illustrative embodiments have been described herein, the scope of any and all embodiments having equivalent elements, modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., of aspects across various embodiments), adaptations and/or alterations as would be appreciated by those skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. The limitations in the claims are to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to examples described in the present specification or during the prosecution of the application. The examples are to be construed as non-exclusive. Furthermore, the steps of the disclosed methods may be modified in any manner, including by reordering steps and/or inserting or deleting steps. It is intended, therefore, that the specification and examples be considered as illustrative only, with a true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims and their full scope of equivalents.