BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[00013 A wide variety of technologies exist for cooling applications, including but not limited to evaporative cooling, conveciive cooling, or solid state cooling such as elec troth emiic cooling. One of the most prevalent technologies in use for residential and commercial refrigeration and air conditioning is the vapor compression refrigerant heat transfer loop. These loops typically circulate a refrigerant having appropriate thermodynamic properties through a loop that comprises a compressor, a heat rejection, heat exchanger (i.e., heat exchanger condenser), an expansion device and a heat absorption heat exchanger (i.e., heat exchanger evaporator). Vapor compression refrigerant loops effectively provide cooling and refrigeration, in. a variety of settings, and in some sanations can. be run in reverse as a heat pump. However, many of the refrigerants can present environmental hazards such, as ozone depleting potential (O.DP) or global warming potential (GWP), or can be toxic or flammable. Additionally, vapor compression refrigerant loops can he impractical or disadvantageous in environments lacking a ready source of power sufficient to drive the mechanical compressor in the refrigerant loop. For example, in an electric vehicle, the power demand of an air conditioning compressor can. result in a significantly shortened vehicle battery life or driving range. Similarly, the weight and power requirements of the compressor can be problematic in various portable cooling applications.

(00021 Accordingly, there has been interest in developing cooling technologies as alternatives to vapor compression refrigerant loops.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0003 ] in some aspects of the invention, a heat transfer system comprises an electxocaloric element comprising a liquid crystal elastomer or a liquid form liquid crystal retained in an elastomeric polymer matrix. A pair of electrodes is disposed on opposite surfaces of the electrocaioric element. A first thermal How path is disposed between the elecirocaloric element and a heat. sink. A second thermal flow path is disposed between the electrocaioric element and a heat source. The system also includes a controller configured to control electrical current to the electrodes and to selectively direct transfer of heat energy from the elecirocalorie element to the heat sink, along the first thermal .flow path or from the heat source to the eleetrocaioric element along the second thermal flow path.

[0004] According to some aspects of the invention, a method of cooling a heat source coniprises applying an electric field as a voltage differential across an eleetrocaioric element comprising a liquid crystal elastomer or a liquid crystal retained in an elastomeric polymer matrix. The applied electric field causes a decrease in entropy and a release of heat energy by the eleetrocaioric element. At least a portion of the released heat energy is transferred to a heat sink. The electric field is then removed, which causes an increase i entropy and a decrease in. hea energy and absorption of heat energy by the eleetrocaioric element. Heat energy is transferred from the heat source to be absorbed by the eleetrocaioric element, resulting in cooling of the heat source.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[00051 The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims a the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which;

[0006] F1.G. 1 is a schematic depiction of an exemplary cooling system as described herein; and

[0007 ] FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of another exemplary cooling system as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION ^'

[0008] With reference to the Figures, FIG, 1 depicts an exemplary cooling system 10.

As shown in FIG. 1 , a cooling system 10 includes an eleetrocaioric element 12 having electrodes 14 and 16 o opposite sides of the eleetrocaioric element 12. As further described below, the eleetrocaioric element 12 comprises a liquid crystal elastomer or a liquid form liquid crystal retained in an elastomeric polymer matrix. The assembly of the eleetrocaioric element 12 and the electrodes 14 and 16 can be prepared by applying an eleetrode-foraiing ink (such as metal nanoparricle slurries, metal microparticles slurries, metal/carbon nanowire dispersions, graphene dispersions) or other composition to the solid or the liquid crystal elastomer or elastomeric polymer matrix. [ 0009] As used herein, the term "liquid crystal elastomer' ^* means a .matrix of polymer molecules comprising mesogenic groups that is elastic-ally deformable by neniatic or smectic ordering of the mesogenic groups in response to application of an external field. Liquid crystal elastomers are known in the art and are further described in "Liquid Crystal Elastomers", M. Warner and E.M. Terentjev, Oxford University Press 2007 (rev. ed.), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, to the extent allowable by law. In some exemplary embodiments, the liquid crystal elastomer comprises a polymer liquid crystal that has been modified with, a degree of erosslmking to impart an elasto erte response (i.e., elastic deformation and shape recover)' of the polymer matrix) compared to the non-recoverable fluid deformation of a polymer liquid crystal. As used herein, the term "polymer liquid crystal" means a matrix of polymer molecules comprising mesogenic groups that is fluidly deformable b nematic or smectic ordering of the mesogenic groups in response to application of an external field Polymer liquid crystals, or liquid crystal polymers, comprise polymer molecules thai include mesogenic groups. Mesogenic molecular structures are well-known, and are often described as rod-like or disk-like molecular structures having electron density orientations that produce a dipole moment in response to an exteraai field such as an external electric field. Liquid crystal polymers typically comprise numerous mesogemc groups connected by non-raesogenic molecular structures. The non- mesogemc connecting structures and their connection, placement and spacing in the polymer molecule along with mesogenic structures are important in providing the fluid deformable response to the external field. Typically, the connecting structures provide a stiffness that low enough so that a deformation response is induced by application, of the exteraai field, and high enough to provide the characteristics of a polymer when the external field is not applied.

[0010] In some exemplar embodiments, a liquid crystal polymer can have rod-like mesogenic structures in the polymer backbone separated by non-mesogenic spacer groups having flexibility to allow for re-ordering of the mesogenic groups in response to an external field. Such polymers are also known as main-chain liquid crystal polymers, la some exemplary embodiments, a liquid crystal polymer can have rod-like mesogenic structures attached as side groups attached to the polymer backbone. Such polymers are also known as side-chain liquid crystal polymers.

[003 .13 Examples of main-chain liquid crystal polymers include those having the repeating structures shown with Cut and Cs polyethylene spacer groups, respectively:

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

[0013] Of course, the above structures are exemplary. Many other liquid crystal polymers are known, and can be readily utilized by the skilled person.

[00 J j As mentioned above, in some embodiments iiqitid. crystal eiastomers can be based on liquid crystal polymers that have been modified with crosslinking. The crosslink density can be adjusted to be Sow enough so that local molecular ^" flexibilit is retained to allow nematie or smectic ordering of the mesogenic groups in response to an external field. However, the crosslink density is set high enough to produce a macro elasiic deformation response of the polymer to the external field instead of the Brownian molecular motion that results in. a .fluid, non-elastic .macro response to the external field. The crosslinking reaction can rely on any type of crosslinking mechanism such as including tri- or higher-functional monomer in the monomer reactants during polymerization or fay including functional side groups such as hydroxy! attached to the polymer chain, which can be reacted with a. crosslinking agent such as a diisocyanate. The functional, side groups can be selected to result in a mesogenic group integrated in the crosslink chain, or the mesogenic groups can be attached as side groups on the polymer chain separate from crosslink chains that are non- mesogenic. Many liquid crystal elastomers are known, and can be readily utilised by the skilled person.

[0015] As mentioned above, the electrocaloric element 52 can also comprise a liquid form liquid crystal retained in an elastomeric polymer matrix. Materials having liquid crysia! retained in a polymer matrix are known in the art as polymer dispersed, liquid crystal (PDLC), and can be prepared using various techniques including but not limited to po!ymerization- induced phase separation, thermal-induced phase separation, solvent-induced phase separation, to induce a phase separation resulting in a multiphase matrix having a polymer phase and a liquid, crystal phase. The liquid crystal phase can include a molecular liquid crystal, a polymer liquid crystal, or an oligomer liquid crystal. A polymer dispersed liquid crystal with an elastomeric polymer matrix can be prepared using known separation techniques for preparing PDLC in combination with generally known techniques of monomer selection, crosslinking, and processing to prepare an elastomerk polymer as the PDLC polymer matrix.

[0016] Turning again to FIG. I , the electrocaloric element 12 can be in thermal communication with a heat sink .17 through a first thermal, flow path 1.8. The electrocaloric element 12 can also be in thermal communication with, a heat source 20 through a second thermal flow path 22. A controller 24 is configured to control electrical current to the connected electrodes 14 and 16. The controller 24 is also configured to control eat How control devices 26 and 28 to selectively direct the transfer of heat along the first and second heat Dow paths 18 and 22, The type of heat flow path and hea flow control device is not limited and can include, for example, solid state heat ihemioelectric switches in thermally conductive contact with the electrocaloric element and the heat, source or heat sink, or thermomechanical switches in movable to establish thermally conducti ve contact between the electrocaloric element 12 and the heat source 20 or heat sink 17. in some exemplary embodiments, described in more detail below, heat transfer between the electrocaloric element 12 and the heat source 20 or heat sink 17 can include convectlve heat transfer to a flowing fluid to contact with the electrocaloric element 12. in such cases, the fluid, which should be dielectric to avoid electrochemical interaction with the electrocaloric element 12, can itself be the hea source (e.g., a conditioned airspace) o the heat sink (e.g. , outside air), or the fluid can be a dielectric heat transfer fluid (e.g., an organic compound) flowing between the electrocaloric element 12 and a remote heat source 20 or heat sink 17,

[0017] In operation, the system 1 cart be operated by the controller 24 applying an electric field as a voltage differential across the electrocaloric element 12 to cause a decrease in entropy and a release of heat energy by the electrocaloric element 12, The controller 24 activates the heat flow conirol device 26 to transfer at least a portion of the released heat energy along heat flow ath 18 to heat sink 1.7. This transfer of heat can occur after the temperature of the electrocaloric element 12 has risen to threshold temperature, in some effibodinients, it may be desirable to avoid excessive temperature, increase in order to maintain polymer physical properties of the liquid crystal elastomer during this entropy reduction phase, and in some embodiments, heat transfer to the heat sink 17 is begun as soon as the temperature of the electroeaioric element 12 increases to be about equal io the temperature of the heat sink 17. After application of ihe electric .field for a time to induce a desired release and transfer of heat energy from the electrocalotic element 12 to the heat sink 17, the electric field is removed. Removal of the electric field causes an increase in entropy and a decrease in heat energy of the electrocaloric element 12 as the eiastomeric polymer matrix elastkal!y returns to its original molecular alignment. This decrease in heat energy manifests as a reduction in temperature of the electrocaloric element 12 to a temperature below that of ihe heat source 20. The controller 24 deactivates heat flow control device 26 to terminate transfer of heat energy along heat flow path 18, and activates heat flow control device 28 to transfer heat energy from the heat source 20 to the colder electrocaloric element 1.2.

0018] In some embodiments, for example where a heat transfer system is utilized to maintain a temperature in a conditioned space or thermal target, the electric field can be applied to the electrocaloric element 12 to increase its temperature until the temperature of the electrocaloric element reaches a first threshold. After the first temperature threshold, the controller 24 activates heat flow control device 26 to transfer heat from ihe electrocaloric element 12 to the heat sink 17 until a second temperature threshold, is reached.. The electric field can continue to be applied during all or portion of the time period betwee the first and second temperature thresholds, and is then removed to reduce the temperature of the electrocaloric element 12 until a third temperature threshold is reached. The controller 24 then deactivates heat flow control device 26 to terminate heat flow transfer along heat flow path 18, and activates heat flow control device 28 to transfer heat from the heat source 20 to the electrocaloric element 12, The above steps can be optionally repeated until a target temperature of the conditioned space or thermal target (which can be either the heat source or the heat sink) is reached.

[0019] As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the thermal flow paths can involve a dielectric fluid, either air or other dielectric gas or liquid such as an organic compound heat transfer -fluid In such embodiments, the dielectric fluid can itself be the heat source or heat sink (e.g., outside air), or the dielectric fluid can flow to and transfer heat with a remote heat sink or remote heat source. A technical effec t of the use of a dielectric fluid is to facilitate application of electric field to the electrocaioric element with simultaneous transfer of heat from the electrocaioric element to the heal sink. Many prior art. systems that rely on conductive heat transfer to or from an electrocaioric element must avoid transferring heat during operation of the electrocaioric element. A cooling system 10' for transferring heat from a heat source (e.g., cooling a conditioned air space) to a heat sink (e.g., an external air space outside of the conditioned air space) is schematically depicted in FIG-. 2, which has like numbering for like parts as FIG. 1 that do not require further description below. FIG. 2 is generally configured and operated like FIG. 1, with heat transfer between the electrocaioric element 12 and the heat sink 17 or heat source 20 provided by a dielectric .fluid flowing through conduits connecting header spaces 30 and 32 that interfac with the electrocaioric element 12 to the heat sink 17 and heat source 20 through control valves 3 , 36, 38, and 40. Additionally, the electrocaioric element has flow channels 46 (schematically represented by cross-hatching) for fluid flow through the electrocaioric element 12 between header spaces 30 and 32. It should be noted that although the fluid How path through She electrocaioric element is depicted for convenience of illustration, as horizontal, it could also be vertical (transverse to the electrocaioric element 12) with, the channels extending through the electrodes or the electrodes being permeable to the dielectric fluid,

[0020] The operation of the system 10' is described below with respect to an air conditioning system where the heat source is a conditioned air space and the heat sink is outside ai , bu it is understood that the system can also be operated in. heat pump mode, or with a heat transfer fluid that transfers heat to and from remote heat sources/sinks, i operation, the system 10' can be operated b the controller 24 applying an electric field as a voltage differential across the electrocaioric element 12 to cause a decrease in entropy and a release of heat energy by the electrocaioric element 12. The controller 24 opens control valves 38 and 40, closes control valves 34 and 36, and activates blower 44 to drive airflow from outside air source (heat sink) 17 through the electrocaioric element to transfer at least a portion of the released heat energy from the electrocaioric element 12. After application of the electric field for a time to induce a desired release and. transfer of heat energy from the electrocaioric element 12, the electric field is removed. Removal, of the electric field causes increase in entropy and a decrease in heat energy of the electrocaioric element 12 as the elastomeric polymer matrix elastic-ally returns to its original molecular alignment.. This decrease in heat energy manifests as a reduction in temperature of the electrocaioric element 12 to a temperature belo thai of the conditioned space (heal source) 20. The controller 24 closes control valves 38 and 40 and opens control valves 34 and 36 to direct airflow from blower 44 between the electrocaioric element 12 and ihe conditioned space.

(0021] Liquid crystal elastomers and elastic polymer dispersed liquid crystals can be synthesized in bulk using conventional polymerization techniques to form membranes with a thickness ranging from micron meter to hundreds of micrometer to be used for the electrocaioric element 12. The liquid crystal domains are typically uniform in size. The liquid crystal elastomers can have mesogenic groups forming aligned nanocrystaUine regions with the size of nanometers to a hundred nanometers when external electric was appl ied. The liquid crystals domains can be in the ske of from a few nanometers (e.g., 3 mil) to a. hundred naometers in elastomer dispersed system. Different elastomer systems are available to disperse liquid crystals to form homogeneous spherical domains. The elastomer networks are typically mechanically stable over long time periods and have wide operation temperature range up io 20(FC, Because of the low modulus of elasticity of elastomers, lower electric field strength is needed for the alignment of the mesogenic groups formed domains in these systems. Upon the removal of the electric field, the intrinsic interaction between ihe elastomer network and the mesogenic groups/liquid, crystal molecules leads the nanostructure to rela and randomize. Compared to many prior art ferroelectric, thermoelectric, or electrocaioric systems thai can he used on small, scale for applications such as electronics cooling, but have had. limited, success in achieving scalability for use in high thermal load applications like refrigeration or residential, vehicular, or commercial heating or cooling applications, the systems describe herein have the potential to achieve high levels of performance by utilizing not only the conventional electrocaioric effect, caused by the decrease in entropy from, the nemaiic or smectic ordering of the mesogenic groups, but also an elastoeaSorie effect where field-induced nemaiic or smectic ordering of mesogenic structures induces an elastic deformation in the elastomer matrix (which can have a modulus of elasticity of from 1 MPa to i OMPaf which results in further release of heat energy that is transferred to tSie heat sink and later recovered from the heat source after the field is removed. Additionally, unlike small molecule liquid crystals where ionic impurities can migrate to the electrodes and interfere with performance^ the elastoraeric electroca!onc elements described herein are tolerant of ionic impurities existing in the dispersed phase,

[0022] The eSastocaloric effect can be achieved not only at the macro level, but also at the micro-domain level where different domains of liquid crystal, liquid crystal polymer liquid crystal elastomer, and/or conventional polymer or elastomer can be configured to interact under application of an external field to achieve significant entropy changes between field-applied and field-removed states. Liquid crystal elastomers can be in a smaie crystalline or monodomaln configuration where there is alignment of the mesogenie structures in the polymer in the absence of an external field. This can be accomplished by applying an external field during polymerization and/or erosstmkmg to form the polymer matrix with mesogenie group structural alignment. Crystalline polymer alignment can also be produced by conventional polymerization materials and techniques. Multiple crystalline domain polymer matrixes can be used where different liquid crystal elastomer domains are oriented to produce desired effects such as having re-alignment caused by the external field to cause elastic strain along different orientations to minimize macro strain on the article. In some embodiments, a liquid crystal elastomer, liquid crystal oligomer, liquid crystal polymer, or a liquid crystal in liquid form can be in a multiphase polymer composition with a second polymer or elastomer (or more than one other polymer or elastomer) thai does not have to have liquid crystal characteristics. In some embodiments, the second polymer is a continuous phase, and the liquid crystal elastomer, liquid crystal oligomer, liquid crystal polymer, or liquid crystal in liquid form is a discontinuous phase. In some embodiments, the second polymer is a discontinuous phase, and the liquid crystal elastomer or liquid crystal polymer is a continuous phase.

j 0023 J The systems described herein can. be operated in a cooling mode where the heat source is a conditioned space or cooling target. The systems described herein can also be operated in a heat pump mode where the heat sink is a conditioned space or heating target. It should also be noted that the described systems are exemplary in nature and that modifications can of course be made. For example, a single controller 24 is in each Figure, but control could be provided by distributed control or smart components such as temperature-sensitive heat transfer control devices. Also, although the systems are depicted with a single electrocaioric element and electrode assembly, it is understood by the skilled person that connected banks or arrays of elements can be used as well . [0024] While the invention has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood thai the invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the invention can be modified lo incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the invention have been described, it is to be und rst od that aspects of the invention may include only same of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.