ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0001] The invention relates to the field of devices that change color under the effect of an electric current, in particular, to electrochromic devices and methods of their manufacture. Various methods for manufacturing devices with electrically adjustable light-absorption properties, such as variable optical density filters, light modulators, information boards, and image-display panels are known in the art.

[0002] Description of the Related Art

[0003] Electrochromism is a physical phenomenon found in certain compositions of reversibly changing predetermined optical properties such as color or light transmittance with an application of an electrical voltage called a control voltage. Electrochromism provides the basis for operation of various electrochromic devices, such as smart glass well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. Various types of optical materials and structures can be used to construct the aforesaid compounds with electrochromic properties, with the specific structures being dependent on the specific purpose of the electrochromic device.

[0004] Known in the art is a method of manufacturing an electrochromic device (U.S. Patent No. 4,902,108 issued on 02/20/1990 and incorporated herein by reference) wherein an electrically conductive coating of one of two optically transparent electrodes is coated with a thickened solution of polymethylmethacrylate in a low-boiling-point solvent, the solvent then evaporating to yield a layer of polymethylmethacrylate.

Following this step, both optically transparent electrodes bond to each other on the perimeter while the electrodes are spaced at a predetermined distance from one another, and the thus-formed space is filled through an opening (openings) in the adhesive with an electrochromic solution that contains cathodic and anodic components; the filled space is then sealed. The layer of polymethylmethacrylate is dissolved, and, as a result, the electrochromic solution thickens, and this significantly reduces the negative effect of gravitational "delamination" of the composition in the electrically colored state. Thus, the electrochromic composition is actually prepared only after the completion of the assembly of the aforementioned electrochromic device. In addition, the electrochromic composition is a liquid phase having viscosity defined by the amount of polymeric thickener, and the indifferent electrolyte solution introduced into the electrochromic solution provides electroconductivity of the latter if the cathodic and anodic components are not soluble in the ionic state. An indifferent electrolyte is introduced into compositions based on quaternary salts of bipyridine.

[0005] Also known in the art is a method for manufacturing an electrochromic device (U.S. Patent No. 5,471 ,337 issued on 1 1/28/1995 and incorporated herein by reference) wherein the space between the electrodes is filled with an electrochromic dispersion system comprising the following: a dispersion medium in the form of a solvent that is thickened, preferably, with polymethylmethacrylate or is plasticized with a polymer solvent; a dispersion phase in the form of polyoxomethalate as the cathodic component; and an anodic component.

[0006] Additionally known are methods for making an electrochromic device by obtaining a solid-like film of an electrochromic composition directly in the device itself by polymerization alone and/or polymerization with crosslinking of monomer chains with the use of initiators of different types (EP 0612826 A1 of 08/31/1994; WO 97/34186 of 09/18/1997; and WO 98/42796 of 10/01/1998, incorporated herein by reference). However, such polymerization reactions are accompanied by volume shrinkage adversely affecting the quality of the electrochromic device. This negative effect can be particularly manifested in electrochromic devices with large interelectrode spaces (1 to 2 mm) usually provided in electrochromic devices having large work surfaces (more than 0.5 m2).

[0007] Also known in the art is a method for manufacturing a flexible electrochromic panel, which is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,826,124 B2 issued on 10/02/2008 and incorporated herein by reference, wherein insoluble polymeric chains of an organic material are applied onto one of the electrodes by electrochemical polymerization, and an ion storage film interacting with the polymeric chains of the first electrode is applied onto the counter electrode. A serious drawback of this technique is that a liquid electrolyte is needed for an effective interaction between the two layers deposited onto the flexible electrodes. On the other hand, the presence of a liquid electrolyte requires additional efforts and/or structures to maintain the electrochromic panel at a fixed thickness, and this, in turn, significantly complicates both the structure and method of the device manufacture.

[0008] Furthermore, also known in the art is a method for manufacturing a flexible electrochromic panel disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,256,925 B2 issued on 07/10/2006 and incorporated herein by reference, which involves locally applying, onto one of the electrodes, a semiconductor layer, which is then coated with an electrochromic composition. However, this design also requires the use of a liquid electrolyte between the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode, which makes it subject to the same drawbacks as the previously discussed method.

[0009] Therefore, new and improved methods for manufacturing of electrochromic devices are needed that would not be subject to the above deficiencies of the conventional technology.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The inventive methodology is directed to methods and systems that substantially obviate one or more of the above and other problems associated with conventional methods for manufacturing electrochromic devices.

[0011] In accordance with one aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided a method for manufacturing an electrochromic device comprising at least two flexible electrodes and a hermetically closed space between the at least two flexible electrodes, at least one of the at least two flexible electrodes being optically transparent, wherein the hermetically closed space between the at least two flexible electrodes is filled with an electrochromic composition, the method comprising: (1 ) preparing an initial deaerated electrochromic composition in the form of an electrochromic dispersion system containing at least one of a suspension and a colloid, wherein a dispersion medium of the electrochromic dispersion system comprises an electrochromic solution comprising liquid solvents (low-temperature and high- temperature solvents), a cathodic component, and an anodic component, wherein the dispersion phase consists of a highly dispersible polymer; (2) making at least one flexible electrode in such a manner that the conductive coating could be applied onto the polymeric substrate in the form of mutually isolated conductive layers of arbitrary shape; (3) coating two or at least one of the flexible electrodes with an initial electrochromic composition; (4) drying the initial electrochromic composition applied onto the flexible electrode(s) for removing the low-temperature solvent to form a solid homogeneous uniform electrochromic layer; (5) stitching (laminating) one flexible electrode with a second flexible electrode, the electrochromic layer facing inward; (6) connecting the flexible electrodes to current-carrying electrical buses (contacts); and (7) sealing the panel over the perimeter. In order to reduce the adverse effects of the atmospheric oxygen on the electrochromic composition, it is preferable to carry out all the procedures relating to manufacturing and assembling of the electrochromic panels in the atmosphere of inert gas such as argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.

[0012] In various embodiments, electrochromic panels are manufactured using flexible, optically transparent electrodes that comprise a polymeric (particularly polyethylene terephthalate) substrate, or a glass substrate coated on one side thereof with a transparent conductive coating. Coating of a polymeric substrate may be produced, for example, by applying a doped indium oxide (ln ₂ Os) or a doped tin oxide (SnO ₂ ), or a metal mesh, or both of them simultaneously. A conductive coating is applied to the polymeric substrate in the form of mutually isolated layers of an arbitrary shape. Application of a transparent conductive coating may be made by vacuum deposition of films of metals, metal oxides, metal nitrides through a template; or by printing using of a conductive ink.

[0013] In various embodiments, the final configuration of the electrochromic panel is determined by the configuration of the layers of conductive coatings disposed on the polymeric substrate, which are electrically insulated from one another, and which could be of arbitrary shapes. For example, using the aforesaid conductive layers of square shape allows to manufacture the electrochromic panel having a shape of a matrix.

[0014] Additional aspects related to the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Aspects of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations of various elements and aspects particularly pointed out in the following detailed description and the appended claims.

[0015] It is to be understood that both the foregoing and the following descriptions are exemplary and explanatory only and are not intended to limit the claimed invention or application thereof in any manner whatsoever. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification exemplify the embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain and illustrate principles of the inventive technique. Specifically:

[0017] Figure 1 shows the embodiment of an electrochromic panel with two optically transparent electrodes in the form of twenty five mutually isolated current- conductive square-shaped portions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] In the following detailed description, reference will be made to the accompanying drawing(s), in which identical functional elements are designated with like numerals. The aforementioned accompanying drawings show by way of illustration, and not by way of limitation, specific embodiments and implementations consistent with principles of the present invention. These implementations are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention and it is to be understood that other implementations may be utilized and that structural changes and/or substitutions of various elements may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be construed in a limited sense.

[0019] In accordance with one aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided an electrochromic device with an electrochromic composition in the form of a solid polymer layer that has an increased rate of discoloration in a wide temperature range and that imparts stability to the electrochromic device operating under conditions that maintain a long-term colored state and allow for low-voltage control and change of electrode polarity, which result in long-term uniformity of coloration and discoloration, especially for electrochromic devices having large work surface areas. Exemplary electrochromic compositions usable in connection with the described electrochromic device are disclosed in co-pending PCT application No. PCT/US15/54335, entitled "ELECTROCHROMIC COMPOSITION AND ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE USING SAME", incorporated herein by reference.

[0020] In accordance with another aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided an electrochromic device comprising at least two electrodes, wherein the electrodes are flexible and optically transparent and the interelectrode space is sealed and filled with the prepared electrochromic composition, as described above. The described device achieves long-term stability of a colored state and may operate under conditions that allow for low-voltage control and reversal of electrode polarity, resulting in uniformity of coloration and discoloration. In addition, the described electrochromic device may be manufactured to have a large surface area.

[0021] According to one or several aspects of the invention, an electrochromic panel is obtained by manufacturing an electrochromic device comprising at least two electrodes that are flexible and optically transparent with a hermetically closed space between the electrodes, which is filled with an electrochromic composition. According to one or several aspects, the method of the invention comprises the following steps: [0022] (1 ) preparing an initial electrochromic composition in the form of an electrochromic disperse system comprising a suspension and/or a colloid, wherein the dispersion medium contains a high-temperature liquid solvent, a low-temperature liquid solvent, a cathodic component, and an anodic component. The dispersed phase comprising a finely divided polymer. The initial electrochromic composition having a relatively low viscosity and is suitable for application by different methods well known in the art, such as gravitational spreading, substrate immersion coating, roll coating, dip coating, spin coating, flow coating or the like;

[0023] (2) manufacturing of at least one of the flexible electrodes in such a manner that the conductive coating could be applied onto the polymeric substrate in the form of mutually isolated conductive layers of an arbitrary shape; the second flexible electrode being optionally manufactured in the same manner or being made solid; (3) coating at least one of the flexible electrodes with an initial electrochromic composition;

(4) drying the initial electrochromic composition applied onto the flexible electrode(s) for removing the low-temperature solvent to form a solid homogeneous uniform electrochromic layer; (5) stitching (laminating) one flexible electrode with a second flexible electrode, the second flexible electrode being optionally made with a solid uniform electrochromic layer; (6) connecting the flexible electrodes to electrically conducting buses; and (7) sealing the electrochromic panel over the perimeter.

[0024] In one or more embodiments, the aforesaid electrochromic solution may additionally contain an indifferent electrolyte. Provision of an indifferent electrolyte additionally introduced into the dispersion medium accelerates discoloration of the electrically activated electrochromic device and prevents violation of uniformity in coloration and discoloration after operation of the electrochromic device under conditions of long-term polarization with application of DC voltage and/or after application of high (excessive, breakdown) voltage.

[0025] In one or more embodiments, it is desirable to use a finely divided polymer and a high-temperature solvent in quantities and ratios sufficient to form a solid, but flexible layer of an electrochromic composition, which is characterized by lack of brittleness when bent, can provide flexibility, and keep its integrity over a wide temperature range.

[0026] In one or more embodiments of the method, the low-temperature solvent is used to impart to the initial electrochromic composition low viscosity to allow the formation of an electrochromic layer on different substrates by known industrial methods such as gravitational spreading, substrate immersion coating, roll coating, dip coating, spin coating, flow coating or the like.

[0027] In one or more embodiments, after the low-temperature solvent is removed (e.g., by evaporating, including evaporation by heating), a solid but flexible electrochromic layer is formed on the substrate.

[0028] In one or more embodiments, one or both of the aforesaid low- temperature and high-temperature solvents, may comprise an individual chemical compound or mixture of chemical compounds.

[0029] In one or more embodiments, the cathodic component is an individual organic electrochromic compound having at polarograms at least one reversible reduction wave or a mixture of such organic electrochromic compounds. The anodic component is an individual organic electrochromic compound having at polarograms at least one reversible oxidation wave or a mixture of organic electrochromic compounds.

[0030] In one or more embodiments, the composition may further contain UV stabilizers, which protect the electrochromic composition from UV radiation. The composition also may additionally contain antioxidants that protect the electrochromic composition from adverse effects caused by its exposure to oxygen.

[0031] In one or more embodiments, all the procedures relating to the manufacture and assembly of the electrochromic device are carried out in an atmosphere of inert gas such as argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc. This will reduce the adverse effects of atmospheric oxygen on the electrochromic composition.

[0032] In one or more embodiments the aforementioned electrochromic device is manufactured by using flexible, optically transparent electrodes, which consist of a polymeric (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate), or a glass substrate coated on one side with a transparent conductive layer such as doped indium oxide (ln ₂ O3), or doped tin oxide (SnO2), or a metal mesh. Such coatings can be used individually or in combinations. The electrodes are sealed so that the conductive coating appears inside the closed space formed between the electrodes and filled with the electrochromic layer to prevent contact between the electrodes. A distance between the electrodes is determined by the thickness of the solid electrochromic layer, which is obtained after the electrochromic liquid composition has dried. [0033] In one or more embodiments of the manufacture, the electrochromic device is provided with electrically conducting buses arranged over the outer perimeter or along the long sides of the electrodes. These electrically conducting buses can be located either directly outside or inside the device with externally located output wires or other types of electrical contacts or connectors.

[0034] Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of an electrochromic panel with two optically transparent electrodes in the form of twenty-five conductive mutually isolated square- shaped portions. Also shown is a cross-sectional view of the electrochromic panel. The illustrated electrochromic panel contains flexible, optically transparent square-shaped electrodes 2, which are applied to a pair of substrates 3 in a quantity of twenty-five per each substrate. The substrates 3 are polymeric films, the surface area of which depends on the specific use of the electrochromic panel. A space between the substrates 3 with the square-shaped optically transparent electrodes 2 applied onto their surfaces is filled with an electrochromic layer 1 .

[0035] In one or more embodiments, electric current-conducting buses 7 are routed over the perimeter or along some sides of the electrochromic panel. The dimension of these electrically conducting buses 7 depends on the quantity of conductive layers which may have an arbitrary shape. Alternatively, it is possible to use double electrically conducting buses 7 for the upper and lower transparent conductive electrodes, respectively. The cross-sectional diameter of bus conductors 8 that form the buses 7 is determined on the basis of the area occupied by the arbitrary-shaped conductive layer 2 and properties of the electrochromic layer 1 . [0036] The conductive arbitrary-shaped layers 2, which are arranged along the periphery of the electrochromic panel, are directly electrically connected to the corresponding conductors of eight electrically conducting buses 7. The device is also provided with conductive contact line 9 intended for connection to the respective buses (lines) of those internal conductive arbitrary-shaped layers 2, which are located not at the periphery of the electrochromic panel. Each conductive contact line 9 is guided to one conductive arbitrary-shaped layer and is isolated from other lines. The other end of the each conductive contact line is connected to a predetermined conductor 8 of the electrically conducting bus 7.

[0037] In one or more embodiments, the electrochromic layer 1 is located between the transparent conductive electrodes. The electrochromic layer may be continuous without breaks at the boundaries of the arbitrary-shaped conductive layers

2. The thickness of the electrochromic layer is determined based on the properties of the electrochromic composition and the requirements for the electrochromic panel. The electrochromic layer may be different in composition and properties at different portions corresponding to different arbitrary-shaped conductive layers. Accordingly, the electrochromic layer may be colored in different colors at different portions corresponding to different arbitrary-shaped conductive layers. The electrochromic layer may be different in composition and properties within the limits of a portion of a conductive layer corresponding to a certain conductive arbitrary-shape layer.

Accordingly, the electrochromic layer may be colored in different colors within the limits of one portion that corresponds to a predetermined conductive arbitrary-shaped layer. [0038] In one or more embodiments, the conductive arbitrary-shaped layer arranged over the perimeter of the electrochromic panel can be connected by means of a conductive compound 1 1 . Connection of the conductive contact lines 9 with the inner conductive arbitrary-shaped layers (which are located not on the panel periphery) also can be made with the conductive compound 1 1 .

[0039] In one or more embodiments, the sealing of the electrochromic layer of the electrochromic panels is effected either by gluing loops around the perimeter of the panel or by using sealants that prevent the penetration of atmospheric oxygen into the electrochromic layer.

[0040] In one or more embodiments, an adhesive layer 5 that ensures adhesion of the electrochromic panel to the glass can be applied onto the panel-facing side of the electrochromic panel. The adhesive layer 5 that ensures adhesion of the electrochromic panel to the glass can be coated with a peelable protective film 6. Before attaching the electrochromic panel to the glass, the protective film 6 is removed. Any other self- adhesive tapes can be used instead of the adhesive layer 5.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, the transparent conductive electrodes of the electrochromic panel facing outward also may be coated with protective layers 4. The protective layers 4 may comprise layers that protect the electrochromic panel from mechanical effects, as well as from UV and IR radiation. The use of a single layer that combines all these protective properties is also an option.

[0042] Fig. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a design in which the electrochromic panel has conductive layers having a square configuration. In such a design the electrochromic panel has a common electrochromic layer 1 disposed between two flexible transparent conductive electrodes. Each transparent conductive electrode comprises a polymeric substrate 3 coated with a conductive metal mesh 2 divided into square portions. In total, twenty five square conductive portions are used.

[0043] Arranged over the periphery (perimeter) of the electrochromic panel are electrically conducting buses 7. Each such bus 7 contains six or seven electrically conducting wires 8.

[0044] The square conductive portions 2 arranged over the periphery (perimeter) of the panel are connected to the electrically conducting buses 7 by means of the compound 1 1 , while those square conductive portions which are located inside the electrochromic panel are connected to the perimeter of the electrochromic panel by conductive contact lines 9. Along the perimeter of electrochromic panel the conductive contact lines 9 are connected to the bus wires 8 by means of conductive compound 1 1 .

[0045] Gaps between the square conductive portions 2 are filled with an insulating compound 10.

[0046] One of the flexible transparent conductive electrodes of the electrochromic panel is coated with the adhesive layer 5, which, in turn, is coated with the protective film 6. Another flexible transparent conductive electrode of the electrochromic panel is coated with the protective layer 4.

[0047] The electrically conducting buses 7 arranged over the periphery (perimeter) of the electrochromic panel are connected to the control unit / power supply (not shown) which supplies the required voltage and current to each square conductor portion 2.

[0048] Example 1

[0049] In the first example, an electrochromic device was made with two flexible, optically transparent electrodes. Each flexible electrode comprised a polyethylene terephthalate substrate having a thickness of 175 microns and coated with a single layer of indium-doped SnO2 having the surface electrical resistance of 30 Ohm/cm ² . The size of each electrode was 5x6 cm ² . One electrode was uniformly coated with an electrochromic composition that contained the following components: a viologen derivative (1 .5 mass%) and a ferrocene derivative (0.75 mass%) in solvents, i.e., propylene carbonate and/or acetone; and a dispersed phase (35 mass%) of a copolymer of polymethyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, and a calcium salt of the latter. The electrochromic composition was dried for 20 hours to form a solid electrochromic layer on the flexible electrode having a thickness of 100 microns. Then, a second flexible electrode was laminated over the dried electrochromic layer at a temperature of 100°C with a 5 mm offset with respect to the first layer. Copper tapes connectable to the leads of the control/power unit were then pasted by means of a conductive adhesive composition to the uncoated areas of the flexible electrodes facing the conductive coatings.

[0050] In this embodiment the electrochromic device had light transmission in the visible range of the spectrum equal to 75%. Supply to the device of 2V DC current changed its color to intensive blue. The time of full color change from clear to dark blue was 7 seconds. After completion of the transient period, the application of voltage was stopped and the electrodes were short-circuited. The electrochromic device returned to its original (transparent) state within about 10 seconds.

[0051] Example 2

[0052] In the second example, the electrochromic device was manufactured by the same way as described in Example 1 , except that each flexible electrode comprised a polyethylene terephthalate substrate having a thickness of 100 microns coated with a metallic copper mesh with a cell size of 300 microns and with the surface electrical resistance equal to 2 Ohm/cm ² .

[0053] In this embodiment of the electrochromic device, the light transmission in the visible range of the spectrum was 80%. Supply to the device of DC 2V current changed the color of its electrochromic layer to the intense blue. Time of full color change from clear to dark blue was 4 seconds. After completion of the transient period, the application of voltage was stopped and the electrodes were short-circuited. The electrochromic device returned to its original (transparent) state within about 6 seconds.

[0054] Example 3

[0055] In the third example, the electrochromic device was manufactured by the same way as described in Example 2, except that the electrochromic composition was applied uniformly to each electrode in the half amount. After drying of the electrochromic layers, the flexible electrodes were laminated with the applied layers facing each other.

Such a treatment made it possible to obtain the electrochromic device with uniform adhesion of the electrochromic layer to the flexible electrodes. [0056] In this embodiment, an electrochromic device had a light transmission in the visible range of the spectrum equal to 80%. Supply to the device of DC 2V current changed the color of its electrochromic layer to the intense blue. Time of full color change from clear to dark blue was 4 seconds. After completion of the transient period, the application of voltage was stopped and the electrodes were short-circuited. The electrochromic device returned to its original (transparent) state within about 6 seconds. In this case, the electrochromic layer showed more uniform color than in the case of the device described in Example 2.

[0057] Example 4

[0058] In the fourth example, the electrochromic device was manufactured by the same way as described in Example 3, except that one of the flexible electrodes comprised a polyethylene terephthalate substrate having dimensions of 12x10 cm ² and a thickness of 100 microns coated with a metallic copper mesh divided into four bands, each of which had dimensions of 3x10 cm ² . The second flexible electrode comprised a polyethylene terephthalate substrate having dimensions of 12x10 cm ² coated with a continuous metallic copper mesh. In the completed state the flexible electrode with a continuous copper mesh was connected to one wire of the bus, while each flexible copper band of the second flexible electrode was connected to a separate wire of the bus.

[0059] In this embodiment of the electrochromic device, the flexible electrode with a continuous copper mesh obtained a 0 potential, while each copper band of the second flexible electrode could be independently supplied with -2V, 0, or +2 V. When any of the bands received -2V or +2V, the electrochromic layer of this band within 5 seconds changed its color to intense blue. Change of the voltage to the opposite one led within 2 seconds to discoloration of the respective band to 50% of the initial darkening and then to restoration of intense blue color over a time of about 2 seconds.

[0060] Example 5

[0061] In the fifth example, the electrochromic device was manufactured by the same way as described in Example 4, except that one of the flexible electrode comprised a polyethylene terephthalate substrate having the size of 10x10 cm ² and the thickness of 100 microns with a metallic copper mesh applied onto this flexible electrode and divided into nine squares each having dimensions of 2.6 c 2.6 cm ² . The square located in the middle had a contact line disposed in the gap between the other squares guided to the contact pad located on the edge of the flexible electrode. The second flexible electrode comprised a polyethylene terephthalate substrate having dimensions of 10x10 cm ² and coated with a continuous metallic copper mesh. In the completed state the flexible electrode with a continuous copper mesh was connected to one wire of the bus, while each flexible copper band of the second flexible electrode was connected to a separate wire of the bus.

[0062] In this embodiment of the electrochromic device, the flexible electrode with the solid copper mesh was set to a zero potential, while each square copper electrode of the second flexible electrode could independently receive the potentials of -2 V, 0, or

+2 V. When any of the squares received potentials of -2 or +2, the color of the electrochromic layer of the respective band changed within 4 seconds to intense blue. To accelerate the discoloration of any square portion of the electrochromic device, first the opposite potential was applied to provide 50% discoloration, and then this square portion was short-circuited with the second flexible electrode. In this case, discoloration of the respective square portion occurred within 4 seconds.

[0063] Finally, it should be understood that processes and techniques described herein are not inherently related to any particular apparatus and may be implemented by any suitable combination of components. Further, various types of general purpose devices may be used in accordance with the teachings described herein. It may also prove advantageous to construct specialized apparatus to perform the method steps described herein. The present invention has been described in relation to particular examples, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive.

[0064] Moreover, other implementations of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. Various aspects and/or components of the described embodiments may be used singly or in any combination in methods for manufacturing electrochromic compositions for use in devices with electrically controlled absorption of light. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.