COMMUNICATION VIA ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY AND METHOD THEREOF

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is related to and claims the benefit under 35 U.S. C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/096,415, entitled "Energy Device with Integral Conductive Surface for Data Communication Via Electromagnetic Energy and

Method Thereof," filed on September 12, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] This invention relates to an apparatus, system, and/or method of transmitting and receiving communications through RF or other electromagnetic signals. In particular, the present invention relates, for example, to the use of an energy generating or storing device that, may make use of at least one of its components to enable it to transmit and/or receive communications through RF or other electromagnetic signals. [0003] Generally, systems have tended to be made up of separate components, each of which were redesigned to perform its own function with its own components, but not optimally designed for dual functionality of certain components or synergies within the system. Any reduction in size has been typically achieved by the reduction in size of the components. [0004] Presently, as the need for electronic devices to become smaller is growing, designers are experiencing certain physical limitations in present designs, typically due to the limitations in the sizes of the components. This is particularly the case in wireless communications where it is often necessary for the size of the antenna be at least the length of one quarter of the wavelength of the transmitted signal.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0005] It is one object of certain exemplary embodiments of this invention to operate by receiving wireless communications from the surrounding environment, or transmitting wireless communications into the surrounding environment, through a surface element that is either an existing or added layer of, for example, an energy storage or generation device. Various aspects and embodiments of the present invention, as described in more detail and by example below, address certain of the shortfalls of the background technology and emerging needs in the relevant field. [0006] The present invention may include, for example, an apparatus, system, and method of transmitting and receiving communications through RF or other electromagnetic signals. In a preferred embodiment the invention may include at least one electrically conductive surface that is adapted to transmit or receive wireless communications.

[0007] An embodiment of the present invention may include, for example, a metallic or conductive surface within the energy storage component of an energy device (storage or generation) as an antenna to receive and/or transmit wireless communications. The conductive surface may preferably be an integral portion of the energy device, such as a charge collection surface within a battery (anode or cathode) or a capacitor that may provide the battery or a capacitor with another necessary function. The conductive surface may also be a casing or encapsulation of the energy device or an added layer to the energy device.

[0008] In another embodiment of the invention a metallic or conductive surface may be added to and specifically built into the energy device during manufacturing at least in part for the purpose of receiving and/or transmitting a wireless signal but may otherwise be unnecessary for the energy device. [0009] Added features, patterns, or shapes may be applied to the conductive surface of an energy device to increase efficiency and/or capacity in the transmitting and/or receiving of wireless communications in a specific frequency band, broad band, or other energy applications. For certain embodiments, including, for example, certain flexible devices, the integral conductive surface may be curved (e.g., z-axis displacement) to enhance its antenna properties to, for example, enhance its directional reception characteristics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0010] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and is incorporated in and constitutes a part of this specification, illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the invention that, together with the description, serve to explain, but not limit, the principles of the invention.

[0011] Figure 1 is a cross section of an embodiment of the present invention where the energy device is an energy storage component comprising an electrochemical cell. [0012] Figure 2A is a top down view of an embodiment of the present invention with the antenna on top.

[0013] Figure 2B is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of the present invention. [0014] Figure 3A is a top down view of an embodiment of the present invention with the antenna on top and without adding a depiction of the substrate below it which might extend beyond the dimensions of the antenna.

[0015] Figure 3B is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of the present invention adding a diode. [0016] Figure 4 is cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of an omni-directional array of the present invention.

[0017] Figure 5 is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of a dual frequency array of the present invention.

[0018] Figure 6 is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of a curved surface energy device used in an omni directional format of the present invention.

[0019] Figure 7A is a cross-sectional top view of a multi-planar embodiment of the present invention.

[0020] Figure 7B is a side view of one device of a multi-planar embodiment of the present invention. [0021] Figure 7C is a side view from a different angle of a second device of a multiplanar embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0022] It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the particular methodology, compounds, materials, manufacturing techniques, uses, and applications described herein, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include the plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to "an element" is a reference to one or more elements, and includes equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art. Similarly, for another example, a reference to "a step" or "a means" is a reference to one or more steps or means and may include sub-steps or subservient means. All conjunctions used are to be understood in the most inclusive sense possible. Thus, the word "or" should be understood as having the definition of a logical "or" rather than that of a logical "exclusive or" unless the context clearly necessitates otherwise. Structures described herein are to be understood also to refer to functional equivalents of such structures. Language that may be construed to express approximation should be so understood unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0023] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Preferred methods, techniques, devices and materials are described although any methods, techniques, devices, or materials similar or equivalent to those described may be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. Structures described herein are to be understood also to refer to functional equivalents of such structures.

[0024] All patents and other publications are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be useful in connection with the present invention. These publications are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason. [0025] This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/561,277, entitled "Hybrid Thin-Film Battery," filed on November 17, 2006, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. provisional patent applications Ser. No. 60/737,613, filed November 17, 2005, Ser. No. 60/759,479, filed January 17, 2006, and Ser. No. 60/782,792, filed March 16, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/687,032, entitled "Metal Foil Encapsulation," filed on March 16, 2007, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/782,792, filed March 16, 2006; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/087,927, entitled "Energy Device with Integral Collector Surface for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting and Method Thereof," filed on August 11, 2008, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/539327, entitled "Energy Device with Integral Collector Surface for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting and Method Thereof," filed on August 11 , 2009, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0026] The present application further relates to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/209,536, entitled "Electrochemical Apparatus with Barrier Layer Protected Substrate," filed August 23, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/374,282 (converted from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/690,697), entitled "Electrochemical Apparatus with Barrier Layer Protected Substrate," filed June 15, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/215,190, entitled "Methods of and Device for Encapsulation and Termination of Electronic Devices," filed August 9, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,679, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety

[0027] Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional side view of one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the electrically conductive surface 180 forms part of the structure of the energy device. In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the energy device is an electrochemical cell having a cathode 130 and anode 150 separated by an electrolyte 140. This embodiment contains a barrier layer 120 and positive terminal substrate 110. An insulating layer 160 encapsulates the electrochemical cell with conductors 170 extending from anode 150 to the electrically conductive surface 180.

[0028] In one particular embodiment, the electrochemical cell is a thin film battery as disclosed in U.S Patent Application Ser. No. 11/561,277 and previously incorporated in its entirety by reference. In this embodiment, from bottom to top, the device may, for example, contain a metal foil substrate 110 serving as a positive contact; a barrier layer 120 serving as a cathode current collector and preferably composed of, for example, a two conductor sublayer; a cathode 130, preferably composed of, for example, Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO ₂ ); a solid-state electrolyte 140 preferably made of, for example, LiPON; and an anode 150 preferably comprising Lithium. An insulating/adhesive layer 160 preferably made of, for example, a Surlyn layer that may cover the electrochemical device and a wire mesh conductor 170 may be woven between and in contact with the electrically conductive surface 180 and the electrochemical device. [0029] As depicted, for example, in Figure 2A and 2B, the height of the dielectric 260 may conform to the thickness of a dielectric in a capacitor or a battery or the separating element in a battery or capacitor or a combination of both. It may, for example, represent a battery cathode thickness plus a separator material. Substrate 230 in Figure 2B may be provided, for example, by the cathode current collector of a thin film battery. The antenna element 280 may, for example be provided by an anode current collector of a battery or a separate element. The dimensions for the various elements may be derived, for example, by extrapolating from the descriptions found in Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, 2 ^nd edition, Constantine A. Balanis, 1982, 1997, ISBN 0-471-59268-4, incorporated herein in its entirety. The height of the dielectric (h), it's dielectric constant (ε _r ), and the frequency of interest ( f _r ) may be adjusted by design. Once these values are set, the following equations may, for example, be used to optimize length, and appropriate width ratios. The lengths of the antenna may be some even division of wavelength ( λ ), such as λ/2, λ/4, λ/8, λ/16, and so forth. Vo below is the velocity of light in free space.

L = [I /(2fryJ '& _{eff y} l ^' //ofo )] - 2AL where ε _re g- is the effective dielectric:

&e _ff = [(& + 1) / 2] + [O - 1) / 2 * [l + Uh I W] ^~1 ' ²

[0030] In addition to an electrochemical storage device such as a battery or thin film battery, the energy device may be an electrical storage device such as a capacitor or thin- film capacitor but may also be mechanical energy storage device, such as, for example, a flywheel, micro-flywheel, micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS), or a mechanical spring. The energy storage component may also be an electro-mechanical device, such as a piezoelectric element or a magneto-electric element, such as, for example, various embodiments of the invention disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,088,031, entitled "Method and Apparatus for an Ambient Energy Battery or Capacitor Recharge System" which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The energy storage component may also be a thermal energy storage device, such as a thermal mass container, or it may be a chemical energy storage device, such as, for example, a hydrogen generator with hydrogen container or an ozone generator with ozone container. Each one of these devices may be used to store energy based on certain exemplary elements of the system.

[0031] Further, the energy device may be an energy generating device. For example, the energy device may be an electric generator that is mechanically driven by an external force such as a moving fluid like wind, water, or steam, but may also be obtained from certain vibrations, as in a piezo-electric generator, or the thermal expansion of a material, such as in a Sterling engine. The energy device may also generate energy using the method of a fuel cell, thermal-electric generator, atomic particle electric generator, photovoltaic cell, and magnetostrictive and magnetostrictive-electroactive generators, depending on the application for the device. [0032] Similarly, the material and geometry of the electrically conductive surface may vary depending on the system application. In a preferred embodiment, the electrically conductive surface has suitable electromagnetic impedance that is adapted to the frequencies of the transmitted and/or received wireless signals. In some embodiments, the electrically conductive surface may be made of metals, alloys, semiconductors, conductive organics, and polymers, and conductive composites. The device may also be flexible, for example, and made to be wound upon itself or other objects in order to better transmit and/or receive certain types of wireless signals. The electrically conductive surface may extend beyond the other components of the energy device but also may wrap around the energy device one or more times and in one or more directions.

[0033] In several embodiments, the antenna may also be an integral part of the energy device. For example, an antenna may be embodied by the anode of an electrochemical storage device, the anode current collector of an electrochemical storage device, the cathode of an electrochemical storage device, the cathode current collector of an electrochemical storage device, the encapsulation of an electrochemical storage device, the substrate of an electrochemical storage device, the casing of an electrochemical storage device, the negative electrode of a capacitor, the positive electrode of a capacitor, the casing of a capacitor, the casing of a mechanical energy storage device, a mechanical spring, a metal frame of a flywheel, the electrodes of a piezo-electric element, the wiring of a magneto-electric element, the electrodes of a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS), or the casing of a thermal energy storage device. In the case of an energy generating device, the antenna may also be the casing of a fuel cell, the electrodes of a fuel cell, the electrical interconnects between fuel cells, the casing of hydrogen generator with hydrogen container, the casing of an ozone generator with ozone container, the electrodes in a Peltier electric generator, the electrically and thermally conductive heat sinks within a Peltier electric generator, the casing of Peltier electric generator, the electrodes in an atomic particle generator, the casing of an atomic particle generator, the collectors in a magnetostrictive generator, and/or the casing of a magnetostrictive generator.

[0034] In some embodiments where the electrically conductive surface is integral to the energy device, the surface may be, for example, structurally or chemically modified beyond the primary functional need of said energy device so as to optimize the adaptation of said surface to the reception and/or transmission of wireless signals. Structural modifications may include enlarging, reducing, or modifying the surface area of one or more surfaces by expanding, stretching, increasing, or otherwise extending, decreasing, or optimizing the surface to tune it for the desired frequency or wavelength. For example in the energy device of Figure 1 the surface 180 may be expanded, extended, or otherwise increased in shape. Similarly, surface 110, 170, or any other conductive surface may, for example, be modified to extend or reduce the surface area to improve receiving and/or transmitting a wireless signal of that or those elements alone or in combination. Additionally, these conductive surfaces may be increased in thickness or perforated in any preferable direction to increase surface area, geometry of these device elements.

[0035] The electrically conductive surface in various embodiments may be designed to be able to receive and/or transmit wireless signals in one or more particular forms. Such forms may, for example, include electrical field coupled energy, magnetic field coupled energy, light wave direct coupled energy, light wave thermally coupled energy, laser or coherent light coupled energy, sub-millimeter wavelength radiation coupled energy, broad band frequency, narrow band frequency, directed energy, indirect energy, ultra low frequency, super low frequency, very low frequency, low frequency, medium frequency, high frequency, very high frequency, ultra high frequency, super high frequency, extremely high frequency, infra red light frequency, visible light frequency, ultra violet light frequency, and x-ray frequency.

[0036] In some embodiments, the electrically conductive surface or other electrically conductive surfaces may serve the additional purpose of collecting energy to charge an energy storage device and/or reduce the power requirements of an energy generation device to supply energy to a given load. Electromagnetic energy harvesting may be performed solely, or in conjunction with another source of power, such as, for example, a solar cell or solar thermal collector. Such a combination would, for example, allow for an autonomous electrical circuit to operate with or without sunlight in an environment containing electromagnetic energy for an extended period of time.

[0037] Figures 3 A and 3B depict an embodiment of the invention providing a diode between an antenna surface 380 and conductive substrate surface 330. As described by example above, the antenna element 380 may, for example be provided by an anode current collector of a battery or a separate element. Dielectric 360 may be representative of the dielectric in a capacitor or a battery or the separating element in a battery or capacitor or a combination of both. It may, for example, represent a battery cathode thickness plus a separator material. Substrate 330 in Figure 3B may be provided, for example, by the cathode current collector of a thin film battery. Direct charging of the energy storage device may be accomplished, for example, by connecting a diode between the antenna surface and the conductive substrate surface. This connection may be of the cathode of the diode attached to the antenna surface 380 and the anode of the diode connected to the substrate surface 330. The diode may be an integral portion of the manufactured energy storage device or an external discreet component.

[0038] Additional components may also be included in certain embodiments of the present invention. For example, an embodiment of the present invention may include one or more electrical components for rectifying the alternating current induced onto an electrically conductive energy collecting surface into a direct current so that it may be easily stored in, for example, an energy storage device. These components may, for example, be external to the energy storage component, however they may also alternatively or additionally be imbedded within the energy storage component. For example, the semiconductor characteristics of Lithium Cobalt Oxide, which may be used as a component of an electrochemical cell and may be n-type and p-type doped in certain regions, thereby creating devices with diode characteristics, which may be configured to operate as a rectifier. Further, other electronic components may be formed on a Lithium Cobalt Oxide or other similar semiconductor substrates that may form electronic circuits.

[0039] A system for transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals is also, for example, provided by various disclosures herein. This system may for example include a plurality of transmitting/receiving devices connected together electrically, mechanically, or wirelessly to form an array. The arrangement of devices within the array may vary to, for example, optimize the transmission and/or reception of wireless signals in an omnidirectional or uni-directional manner. The wireless communication devices themselves may vary within a single system, for example, to optimize the reception and/or transmission of varying wavelengths — this may include the shape and size of the electrically conductive surface, but also the type of material. Further, the interconnection of the wireless communication devices may be arranged in series or parallel, for example, to create certain signal outputs.

[0040] Certain embodiments of the present invention may include a plurality of devices connected together into the form of an array. The arrangement of devices within the array may vary to, for example, optimize the collection of electromagnetic energy and/or including electromagnetic signals in an omni-directional or uni-directional manner. The energy storage devices themselves may vary within a single system, for example, to optimize the collection of electromagnetic energy and/or signals of varying wavelengths — this may include the shape and size of the electrically conductive surface, but also the type of material. Further, the interconnection of the energy storage devices may be arranged in series or parallel, for example, to create certain voltage outputs. One example of an omni-directional array, as depicted in Figure 4, provides for two substrates 430 to be placed together and the collection surfaces 481 and 482 to be directed outwardly. Dielectric layers 461 and 462 are provided between the substrate 430 and collection surfaces 481 and 482. Alternatively, a substrate with a battery or other energy storage device may be placed on either side of the substrate. Multiple surfaces of various configurations may also be provided. A multi- frequency array may be provided, for example as depicted in Figure 5 by providing two energy storage devices 581, 582, possibly with differing L/W ratios, for example, on one or more substrates 530. Multiple surfaces and/or devices may also be provided in various embodiments. Alternatively, the top of a single cell may be provided with an insulator/conductor patterned top that electrically "looks" like the arrangement of Figure 5, providing a multi-frequency antenna with no external alteration because the battery substrate would "look" like the total substrate in the figure. Figure 6 provides one example of a curved surface energy device that may be used in an omni directional format. The curve may be used to create a receiving surface that is, for example, some portion of a sphere to allow gathering energy and/or signals 610 and/or 620 as shown coming from the bottom or top of the drawing. As discussed, by way of example above, a diode may similarly be integrated into this exemplary design. Further, an antenna element 680, dielectric element 660 and substrate element 630 may be provided, for example, as shown.

[0041] An example of a multi-planar embodiment of the present invention is set forth, for example, in Figures 7A, 7B, and 1C. In this example, two or more devices (depicted in Figure 7 A as 781, 782) may be arranged at an angle a to each other. These devices may be built on separate substrates (depicted as 731 and 732 in Figure 7A) or on one substrate that is formed at the appropriate angle either during manufacturing or as a post process step. The angle a may be any angle, and may, for example range from 0° to 180°. The length, width and height values (L,W,and h), and ratio's for these values, for any given frequency, group of frequencies, or any pair of frequencies or bands may be identical or entirely different. Additionally, diode rectification may be performed on this or these embodiments similarly to a single plane device wherein a diode may be provided, for example, across each antenna/substrate.

[0042] This system may be used, for example, as a wireless signal listening device, tuned to a plurality of frequencies, and collecting transmitted information and/or performing a function, such as, for example, transmitting a signal, based on certain information that is received. The system may also be used, for example, as a wireless receiver component to an autonomous electrical circuit which, upon receiving a wireless command signal, performs a function. [0043] This invention has been described herein in several embodiments. It is evident that there are many alternatives and variations that can embrace the performance of ceramics enhanced by the present invention in its various embodiments without departing from the intended spirit and scope thereof. The embodiments described above are exemplary only. One skilled in the art may recognize variations from the embodiments specifically described here, which are intended to be within the scope of this disclosure. As such, the invention is limited only by the following claims. Thus is intended that the present invention cover the modifications of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.