The object of the invention and fields of application:

The object of our invention is an energy saving spatial capillary heater family operating on high temperature range (55 - 95 °C) (hereinafter referred to as: "capillary heater family", one element as "capillary heater", respectively), to be used in any building type and their rooms, realizing the heat output through intense radiation; a capillary heating system able to replace the existing heating methods; moreover, it is also possible to realize to heat and temperate the buildings and rooms completely, in such a way that the capillary heaters fit in their environment, especially regarding their form, color and design as well.

State of current technology:

The radiant heating methods are well-known technologies nowadays; there is a wide range of types (wall heating, ceiling heating, floor heating, etc.).

These systems work at low temperature, so a big surface is required for their application.

Other heating unit types are (http://www.geotermikus.com/DEKOR-FUTOPANEL.html) the unique solutions fitted with tubes known -from conventional systems (e.g. five-layer tubes), but their design is not energy-efficient, whereas the heating water quantity reflected to heating surface (600 - 1 000 ml/m2) equals to that of the conventional systems. Instead, the capillary heaters of the capillary heater family work with less than 600ml of heat transfer fluid or heating water quantity per 1 m2 of heating surface.

The wall-heating panels (U1000072) are pre-built components; their design means that they are capable of heating the room only if they are attached in units forming large surface and through the construction of a large-diameter backbone conduit. Our capillary heater family is able to perform this task as a stand-alone unit. Practically, 1 capillary heater with 0,5 m2 of heating surface is able to heat up a room of 10 - 12 m2 surface and inner height of 2.7m, using small amount of heat transfer fluid or heating water.

Wall heating panel is able to perform its task by itself only on big surface; it cannot be used on small surface by itself, whereas it needs to be attached to building components or it needs to be fitted as building structure component by itself. Moreover, it is able to deliver the desired heating performance only on several square meters of surface. Instead, the capillary heaters of the capillary heater family may be installed on any surface in itself, without dismantling or redesigning the building.

For the reason of its design, it is able to deliver the desired heating performance on small surface (0,5 m2); thus, there is no need for large surfaces, consequently it does not limit the placement and it does not affect the arrangement of the environment.

(P0104427) is also able to deliver the desired heating performance only on big surface; ex-post installation is not possible, whereas the design of the panel system desires to facilitate the installation of wall heaters; this means a great help during the construction phase. Its operation parameters require for it to be placed on big surface and the construction of backbone conduit. Instead, the capillary heater family and capillary heating system perform the same task without the construction of backbone conduit, on small surface and with decorative appearance.

(Delej CD klimapanel, www.klimapanel.hu) board-shaped heating-cooling panel, with the same characteristics as the cooling panel listed above; it cannot be applied on small surface and its board- shape greatly narrows the possibilities of use. Instead, our capillary heating system is able to form a variety of three-dimensional shapes, blending into the surroundings and serving as furnishing article (e.g.: column surface, furniture, capillary heater with lighting) as well.

(U0900025) board shaped panel; in order to achieve the desired heating power, a large surface has to be made through linking multiple boards to achieve the desired heating performance. It requires the construction of backbone conduit, and after the installation, the entire built-in surface needs the layering of the surface (plastering works, dry architecture, painting). Instead, the surface-treated heating elements of our capillary heating system can be installed on small surface, outside the wall as an additional furnishing or decorative element, without any necessary additional works.

Wall heating: well-known and economical form of heating. The disadvantage is that the ex-post installation is nearly impossible (it can be performed only in the appropriate stage of construction), requires a lot of work and it cannot be modified after the installation is done (not mobile), narrowing the options for arrangement significantly. Instead, the capillary heating system developed by our company allows simple ex-post installation; it is also highly variable, and for not being the part of the building structure (like P0600430), it is movable as well.

Electric infrared heaters: aesthetically pleasing and easy-to-install heaters. Their disadvantage is that electrical supply needs to be provided for each of the heaters, which means great strain on the electrical network if more heaters are operated at the same time (an electric panel of 0,5 m2 heating surface is about 500 W (power input 2,2 A/220 V). For this reason, it cannot be considered as economical heating method. Instead of this, converting to electric power, one element of the capillary heating system may be operated with power input of 250 W (1 ,13 A 220 V), with heat transfer fluid of 85 °C for surface of 0,5 m2. The capillary heating system can be operated from any type of heating unit (gas, electric or multi- fired boilers), for every capillary heater works with heat transfer fluid of 55 - 95 °C circulating within the unit itself.

Radiant screen types: good solution for big hangars and workshops, but they cannot be used in apartments and family houses for the 400 - 900 °C operating temperature range. Instead of this, the capillary heating system can be used in every building type or room, because of its high variability and diversity of its shapes.

Prior to the development of the capillary heating system (which is part of our invention), the pipes (up to a size of 8mm) could be used in heating system only after the construction of appropriately dimensioned backbone conduits; in case of leaving these, the applied circulation pumps were not able to circulate the liquid in order to overcome the resistance that has highly increased for the necessary pipes and frequent changes of direction. In case of heating system having big heat output surface (e.g.: wall heating), the length of the pipe required is 1500-2000 running meters for a building of 100m2; in case of using our capillary heating system, this amount is only 100-200 running meters. This characteristic of the capillary heating system provides the applicability of conventional, low power circulation pump, whereas the pump needs to recover only the minimal losses generated from the frequent changes of direction.

Description of the conventional (radiator) heating systems:

The radiators emit the 80% of the heat through the so-called convection heat-transfer, while they emit the rest through radiation.

The convection heat-transfer means that the radiator heats the air between the radiator ribs, which heats up the environment through generating artificial airflow created by the difference of specific air gravity (the warm air is forced to rise up, being replaced by the cold air). As a result, the air temperature rises. That is why the floor is cold, while the warm gets trapped under the ceiling. So it is warmer on the top than on the bottom. This may affect the comfort negatively, moreover it significantly reduces the energy efficiency.

Description of the radiant heat transfer:

The radiant heating method is similar the most to solar radiation. The solar radiation heats up the soil first, then the objects on it; the air heats only after that, from down to upwards. This effect can be detected on a cold winter day with sunshine: if a cloud covers the sun when you are outside, you get a feeling of cold, yet the air temperature did not change. The radiant heaters work on similar principle. Their unique characteristics mean that, unlike the radiation and other conventional warm-air-based heating solutions, they heat up the body and the objects first. As a result, provides far more warm sensation than other heating solution, its effects can be felt much sooner and the operation means reduced costs.

Compared to the conventional solutions, the usage of the radiant heating method means the following advantages for the user:

• Whereas the air of the room is not heated up directly, it is a highly effective heating method, meaning an energy saving of 30-50%.

• High-temperature air layer is not generated on the ceiling, which also contributes to save energy,

• The same warm sensation can be achieved with lower air temperature,

• Short heating-up period,

• No rising dust, for the lack of intense upward flow of warm air,

• Clean and silent operation,

• In case of bigger areas (e.g. factory halls) it is possible to design zones which are heated in different degree, if required; this means that only the necessary amount of energy is used, as well as it is possible to create locally heated areas in cooled environment, within an indoor area,

• Minimal service / maintenance required,

• High working life,

• Favorable physiological effects on living organisms,

The energy delivered by the radiant heater reaches the human body and the surrounding objects, as well as the floor and the walls. This means that every surface within the room will have regulated and balanced temperature, developing an even heat sensation. E.g. taking a room of inner height of 3m as example, the difference between the ceiling and the floor is only 1 - 3 °C when using radiant heating; in case of conventional heating method, this difference can be even 7 - 10 °C. The temperature of the wall and floor surfaces may be higher with 3 °C than the ambient air; also, the temperature of the inner side of the windows increases significantly. The result: decreasing inner draft, generating higher comfort even in rooms with higher inner height.

The challenge to be solved with the invention:

Recognition: Starting from the formula Q = c * m ^χ ΔΤ, through reducing the value "m", with the desired change of ,,ΔΤ" the input energy may be reduced.

Taking into account the aspects of interior design, it is necessary to create a capillary heater family, which may be fitted in an aesthetic way, or other capillary heaters, which may be combined with other furnishing articles or even be replaced with them, without affecting the original function of these objects. The high mobility and multiple workability of the family of capillary heater requires the creation of a brand new and modern capillary heating system.

The combined application of the family of intensive radiating spatial capillary heater family and the capillary heating system, at least 20% of energy can be saved compared to the heating systems mentioned above; this amount can be calculated easily with the formula. In other words, the less the amount of the liquid, the less energy input is required for the heating and to maintain the temperature constant. The significant reduction of heat transfer fluid required the development of a new capillary heater family operating on relatively high temperature range, whereas this type of heat transfer may be realized only with intense radiant heat transfer. Taking these characteristics into account, our capillary heaters were designed in such a way that the heat is stored in the composite layer instead of the heating fluid; consequently the amount of the heating fluid can be reduced significantly.

This property provides a unique applicability, whereas the structural design does not affect the appearance and form of the capillary heaters, consequently, it may be produced in any shape and size.

Small-surface, family of intensively radiating capillary heater family operating on high temperature range (55 - 95 °C) compared to the existing similar systems mentioned above, in which the water or other circulated fluid acts as heat-transfer substance, without contributing to heat storage. By doing so, it is possible to reduce the amount of the heat transfer fluid below 600 ml per every square meters of heating surface in the heaters of the capillary heating system.

It is necessary to create a heating system, which may be installed into any building type, with any degree of preparedness (even after the completion of the construction) easily and aesthetically, without destruction.

The capillary heating system combines the variability of the conventional (radiator) heating systems with the radiant heat transfer of-infrared heaters. In addition, it can be operated economically and can be installed in any building type with ease. This is a modern and economic heating system, able to meet the formal and aesthetic requirements.

The capillary heating system serves as a solution for the heating of any house or flat, where the conventional or other known systems could not be installed, or their installation is not recommended due to economic or operational reasons. The pipes (up to a size of 8mm) applied in capillary heating system are extremely flexible and can be hidden with ease, so they can be fitted even after the completion of the construction, in any building type. This property means that the installation options are much more wider than any other system (monuments, glass wall surfaces, decorated marble halls etc.), even for those building structures, where this has not been possible in a decorative way thus far. Before our capillary heating system, there has not been any heating system that could have been installed in any building type, in a hidden way.

List of figures:

1. figure structure of capillary heater

2. figure capillary heating system

General solution of the problem:

Heat transfer fluid: water in most cases, but any other fluid is appropriate; the fluid is heated up in a central unit (boiler) and is transferred through the pipes of the heating system to the heat delivery unit (e.g. radiator) and is recooled there, using the generated heat for the heating of the rooms.

The capillary heaters were designed in such a way that they might be able to intense radiant heat transfer, using minimum amount of heat transfer fluid, regardless the design of the surfaces. This solution has been achieved through changing the different applied materials and the factors influencing the effect of one to other with relatively high temperature (55 - 95 °C). As a result, the maximum heat radiation is provided regardless of surface treatment. Thus, we are able to meet the most important criteria, through creating a compact, decorative and fully equipped capillary heater family. Capillary heater family: energy saving capillary heating system operating on high temperature range (55 - 95 °C), consisting of intensive heat radiation elements; it can be formed also to different three-dimensional shapes (any extension or shape, e.g.: sphere, cone, statue, column, pyramid, furnishing element, etc.) which

Forming a self-supporting unit consisting of 1. bedding composite material joined with material having the same properties as quartz, granite, marble, or resin (grain size: less than 4mm) with equal properties as the materials mentioned above, 2. integrated, continuously placed (gaps: less than 60mm) oxygen-diffusion-free pipe (up to a size of 8mm), 3. appropriately rigid frame element (maximum thickness: 3mm) to facilitate pipe fitting and the construction of frame structure and 4. backside thermal insulation and heat mirror.

Typical figure: Figure No. 1

The capillary heater is only able to work in capillary heating system fitted with capillary pipes having appropriate size and material, whereas the circulation pump would not be able to maintain the continuous circulation in a pipe system having such a small cross-section. In case of a system installed this way, for the presence of capillary effect, the pump remains able to maintain the circulation in the pipe system consisting of small-cross section pipes, for this reason we request the patent for the entire heating system, because the single elements cannot be used by themselves. Practical tests have shown that a circulation pump with significantly lower power is also appropriate for the operation of the capillary heating system. In the course of the practical tests, the use of a circulation pump with 2m lifting height proved to be sufficient for a level difference of 6m, in a heating system consisting of 10 capillary heaters and 200 running meters of pipes. These data proved that, besides the energy efficiency of the system, the presence of the capillary effect and continuous maintainability thereof. Based on consultations with mechanical engineers, the system theorically would not be able to work according to the calculation. In contrast, we managed to prove properties that are completely opposite to the calculations.

In regard of the capillary heating system, the main unit is the capillary heater itself, whose unique design requires integrating the other elements into the system.

Main components of the capillary heating system:

Typical figure: Figure No. 2.

• 5. capillary heater with supporting structure,

• 1. heat generating unit (boiler or other appliance used for heating fluid),

• 2. circulation pump, with the installation of the necessary joints and connections,

• 3. safety devices (safety valve, expansion tank, etc.),

• 8. locking devices and threaded fittings,

• 4. distribution system 9. collection system, with 7. shut-off valves and joints,

• 6. heater pipe and its joints, which connects the connection points of the 4. distribution - and 9. collector with the connection points fitted on capillary heaters. Description of implementation methods:

Capillary heater family:

Typical figure: Figure No. 1.

Dimensions: according to design and depending on geometrical shape, cannot be categorized.

Shape: polygon or any other geometrical shape (e.g.: semi-sphere, cylindrical, truncated cone, parabolic dish, etc.). The heaters of the family of capillary heater can be used with any type of integrated lighting or combining with other three-dimensional unit and structure to be placed within them.

The capillary heater forming a self-supporting unit consisting of 1. bedding composite material joined with material having the same properties as quartz, granite, marble, or resin (grain size: less than 4mm) with equal properties as the materials mentioned above, 2. integrated, continuously spaced (gaps: less than 60mm) capillary pipe (up to a size of 8mm), 3. appropriately rigid fitting element (maximum thickness: 3mm) to facilitate pipe fitting and the construction of a frame structure and 4. backside thermal insulation and heat mirror. The specific properties of the materials provide opportunity for designing capillary heaters (heating units) with different shape, form and dimension (e.g. sphere, statue, geometrical shapes) or for transforming building structure components to capillary heater, keeping their original functions at the same time.

The design provides opportunity to build or use the capillary heaters of the family of capillary heater together with lighting, other units or appliances.

The 2. pipe (tup to a size of 8mm) will be continuously placed on the frame consisting of the 3. rigid modifiable element, in such a way that the intake and output points of the pipe should be prepared on the backside insulation or with lateral output. The 1. composite mixture will be placed on the front side, in such a way that it will include the 2. capillary pipe (up to a size of 8mm) as well.

The 1. can be heat storage and heat-emitting layer:. Bedding composite material having the same properties as quartz, granite, marble (grain size: less than 4mm) or other material having equal properties, joined with resin or other material having same properties as resin.

Presentation of the capillary heating system:

Typical figure: Figure No. 2.

The capillary effect: Capillary phenomena (capillarity), in small-diameter pipes, between plates placed on small distance from each other, in small gaps between soil particles etc, the water does not follow the law of communicating vessels; instead, it rises above the water level due to capillary phenomena. The rise and subsidence of fluid level due to capillary phenomena depends on the material and size of the capillaries and gaps and the material of the fluid. Among capillary phenomena, the rise of the water in thin pipes is generated according to the following: the water moists the wall, a concave surface is created, where the surface tension rises the water. The capillary phenomena are frequently used in physics and chemistry, during the examination of the properties of materials.

The operating principle of capillary heating system is equal to that of the conventional and well-known central heating systems; additionally, they efficiently use the capillary effect in capillary heating system. The heating medium is heated and is kept at its temperature level with a 1. central heating unit (e.g.: boiler). The necessary circulation for the operation is provided with a 2. appliance made for this purpose (e.g.: pump), moreover the necessary and required 3. safety and control equipment is also provided. The heated heat transfer fluid is transferred to a 4. distribution unit, and gets distributed from there, according to the number of the 5. capillary heaters integrated in the system. Each capillary heater is connected into the system individually. The 6. oxygen-diffusion free flexible heating pipe (up to a size of 8mm) between 4. distribution and 5. capillary heaters. Connects the connection points of the two units without using joints. The same is installed on the return side: the 7. outlet connections of the 5. capillary heaters are connected to the 8. recipient unit equally mounted as 4. distribution unit.

The small-diameter capillary pipes make possible to integrate the 6. heating pipes into the previously placed protecting conduits, moreover they can be hidden and fitted easily in decoration frames and other elements.

The application of small outer diameter pipes and the operation of capillary heating system is provided using the capillary phenomena, moreover it may be provided through the appropriate dimensioning of the units, so the construction of backbone conduit is not needed. When central heating unit with non- automatic temperature control (e.g.: multi-fired boiler) is applied, it is necessary to install a separate dual (primary-secondary) system, whereas these units are not capable of operating continuously by themselves, with small amount of heat transfer fluid. This application method of small outer diameter 6. heating pipes in heating system (fitted from 4. distributor, without using backbone conduit) is unprecedented in the industry. The capillary heating system built in this way is able to work with all known and applied equipment - 2. circulation pump and 3. fittings, - other special equipment is not needed. The capillary heating system works only with our 5. capillary heaters.

Advantages of the capillary heating system:

The radiant heat transfer has physiologically beneficial effect on the body. The capillary heaters are easy to be installed in any room aesthetically, thanks to their shape, surface and overall dimension. The construction of the capillary heating system is extremely simple and easy. No special tools needed for the installation. The applied pipes can be hidden easily and safely. No joints needed, which means that the heating pipe may be inserted subsequently into the protective conduit, or may be placed in frames (e.g. wood-based flooring) or in other decoration elements. Separate thermal insulation is needed only if the applied pipes are in close contact with the surfaces (e.g.: in basement). The installation and operation of the system is extremely cost-effective with the applied methods.