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Title:
ENHANCED MULTI-USER MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT (MU-MIMO) USING DYNAMIC ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS-NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS (OMA-NOMA) BASED CO-SCHEDULING AND SWITCHING
Document Type and Number:
WIPO Patent Application WO/2024/033676
Kind Code:
A1
Abstract:
A method, system and apparatus for enhanced multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) using dynamic orthogonal multiple access/non-orthogonal multiple access (OMA-NOMA) based coscheduling and switching are disclosed. According to one aspect, a method in a network node includes determining a distance metric for each of a plurality of pairs of wireless devices (WDs), the distance metric being based at least in part on a channel between each WD of a pair of WDs and the network node. The method also includes including WD pairs having a distance metric less than a first threshold in a first group for NOMA and apply a NOMA precoder to transmissions to WDs in the first group.

Inventors:
BAHCECI ISRAFIL (CA)
SOKUN HAMZA (CA)
Application Number:
PCT/IB2022/057384
Publication Date:
February 15, 2024
Filing Date:
August 08, 2022
Export Citation:
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Assignee:
ERICSSON TELEFON AB L M (SE)
International Classes:
H04B7/0452; H04B7/06; H04W72/121
Foreign References:
US20180375551A12018-12-27
US20110032839A12011-02-10
Other References:
ZHOU YONG ET AL: "Coverage and Rate Analysis of Millimeter Wave NOMA Networks With Beam Misalignment", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, IEEE SERVICE CENTER, PISCATAWAY, NJ, US, vol. 17, no. 12, 1 December 2018 (2018-12-01), pages 8211 - 8227, XP011699607, ISSN: 1536-1276, [retrieved on 20181207], DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2018.2874995
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
WEISBERG, Alan M. (US)
Download PDF:
Claims:
What is claimed is: 1. A network node (16) configured to communicate with a plurality of wireless devices, WDs (22), the network node (16) comprising processing circuitry configured to: determine a distance metric for each of a plurality of pairs of WDs (22), the distance metric being based at least in part on a channel between each WD (22) of a pair of WDs (22) and the network node (16); and include WD (22) pairs having a distance metric less than a first threshold in a first group for non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA and apply a NOMA precoder to transmissions to WDs (22) in the first group. 2. The network node (16) of Claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to include WDs (22) having a distance metric greater than a second threshold in a second group for multiple user multiple input multiple output, MU- MIMO, access and apply an MU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs (22) in the second group. 3. The network node (16) of Claim 2, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to include WDs (22) having distance metric less than the second threshold but greater than the first threshold in a third group for single user MIMO, SU-MIMO, access and apply an SU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs (22) in the third group. 4. The network node (16) of any of Claims 2 and 3, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to prioritize scheduling of WDs (22) in the first group over scheduling of WDs (22) in the second group. 5. The network node (16) of any of Claims 1-4, wherein the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on L selected singular vectors of a composite channel matrix of channel matrices of WDs (22) in the first group. 6. The network node (16) of any of Claims 1-4, wherein the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on determining a set of L strongest beams separated by at least a specified phase angle. 7. The network node (16) of any of Claims 1-6, wherein each distance metric is a first function of a first product of a channel matrix of a first WD (22) and a weight matrix X and is a second function of a second product of a channel matrix of a second WD (22) and the weight matrix X, where X has a dimension chosen to select a column space corresponding to selected beams. 8. The network node (16) of any of Claims 1-7, wherein a WD (22) is included in the first group only when the WD (22) has an interference mitigation capability for at least as many interfering signals as WDs (22) included in the first group. 9. The network node (16) of Claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to include additional WDs (22) in the first group until an interference mitigation capability of a WD (22) in the first group is exceeded. 10. The network node (16) of any of Claims 1-9, wherein the MU-MIMO precoder is determined based at least in part on a concatenation of channel matrices. 11. A method in a network node (16) configured to communicate with a plurality of wireless devices, WDs (22), the method comprising: determining (S134) a distance metric for each of a plurality of pairs of WDs (22), the distance metric being based at least in part on a channel between each WD (22) of a pair of WDs (22) and the network node (16); and including (S136) WD pairs having a distance metric less than a first threshold in a first group for non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA and apply a NOMA precoder to transmissions to WDs (22) in the first group. 12. The method of Claim 11, further comprising including WDs (22) having a distance metric greater than a second threshold in a second group for multiple user multiple input multiple output, MU-MIMO, access and apply an MU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs (22) in the second group. 13. The method of Claim 12, further comprising including WDs (22) having distance metric less than the second threshold but greater than the first threshold in a third group for single user MIMO, SU-MIMO, access and apply an SU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs (22) in the third group. 14. The method of any of Claims 12 and 13, further comprising prioritizing scheduling of WDs (22) in the first group over scheduling of WDs (22) in the second group. 15. The method of any of Claims 11-14, wherein the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on L selected singular vectors of a composite channel matrix of channel matrices of WDs (22) in the first group. 16. The method of any of Claims 11-15, wherein the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on determining a set of L strongest beams separated by at least a specified phase angle. 17. The method of any of Claims 11-16, wherein each distance metric is a first function of a first product of a channel matrix of a first WD (22) and a weight matrix X and is a second function of a second product of a channel matrix of a second WD (22) and the weight matrix X, where X has a dimension chosen to select a column space corresponding to selected beams. 18. The method of any of Claims 11-17, wherein a WD (22) is included in the first group only when the WD (22) has an interference mitigation capability for at least as many interfering signals as WDs (22) included in the first group. 19. The method of Claim 18, further comprising including additional WDs (22) in the first group until an interference mitigation capability of a WD (22) in the first group is exceeded. 20. The method of any of Claims 11-19, wherein the MU-MIMO precoder is determined based at least in part on a concatenation of channel matrices.
Description:
ENHANCED MULTI-USER MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT (MU- MIMO) USING DYNAMIC ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS-NON- ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS (OMA-NOMA) BASED CO- SCHEDULING AND SWITCHING TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and in particular, to enhanced multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) using dynamic orthogonal multiple access/non-orthogonal multiple access (OMA-NOMA) based coscheduling and switching. BACKGROUND The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has developed and is developing standards for Fourth Generation (4G) (also referred to as Long Term Evolution (LTE)) and Fifth Generation (5G) (also referred to as New Radio (NR)) wireless communication systems. Such systems provide, among other features, broadband communication between network nodes, such as base stations, and mobile wireless devices (WD), as well as communication between network nodes and between WDs. Massive MIMO systems are strategic for achieving extreme capacities for 5G and beyond wireless systems. In order to fully benefit from massive arrays, multi-user transmission is essential since the capacity for a single-user system is limited by the smaller of the number of transmit and receive antennas. However, being able to serve multiple users simultaneously on the same time/frequency resource requires careful inter-WD and inter layer interference management and/or cancellation. In some cases, the propagation medium allows for spatial separation of WDs in which case orthogonal spatial channels can be created. On the other hand, if that is not the case, non-orthogonal multiple-access is a preferrable solution. Recently, a number of solutions to enable NOMA and MU-MIMO based on interference alignment or channel correlation techniques have been proposed where either OMA or NOMA WDs 22 utilize the given resources at a time. Existing multi-user MIMO solutions in the literature are applicable only if composite channels of the WDs satisfy certain orthogonality conditions. If such WDs cannot be located, co-scheduling is not viable. In case of a large number of users, finding suitable pairs has a combinatorial complexity which makes user pairing algorithms very complicated. Alternatively, a NOMA scheme could be employed when WDs 22 are closely located. While non-orthogonal multiple access is suitable in cases where two or more WDs 22 can be separated in the power domain, the interference cancellation may not be as good as orthogonal multi-user MIMO if WDs 22 are not selected properly with separable power states. Solutions based on interference alignment have prohibitive complexity for real-time applications. While channel correlation-based solution can enable a standalone NOMA utilization at a given resource, such information will not suffice to co- schedule a mixture of OMA and NOMA users. This leads to underutilization of resources. In known multi-user MIMO systems, the access on each resource element is either performed via NOMA or OMA, or single user MIMO (SU-MIMO). If a system is served assuming only one type of multi-user transmission, the system will perform sub optimally since it will not be able to utilize all available degrees of freedom achievable by the most suitable multi-user method. Furthermore, existing solutions do not actively utilize beamforming for opportunistic user co-scheduling, e.g., creating spatial situations to improve spatial and spectral resource sharing opportunities. SUMMARY Some embodiments advantageously provide methods and network nodes for enhanced multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) using dynamic orthogonal multiple access/non-orthogonal multiple access (OMA-NOMA) based coscheduling and switching. Some embodiments provide dynamic and efficient co-scheduling and/or switching between spatially orthogonal multi-user MIMO access and non- orthogonal multiple access transmissions. Some embodiments allow for any OMA/NOMA/MU/SU MIMO user scheduling mixture at a given resource. To that end, a directional context criteria is disclosed to realize orthogonal and non- orthogonal multi-user MIMO transmission opportunities. In some embodiments, user groups are created, one or more of the MU access strategies for a selected group are selected and a suitable precoding for each user is determined. The achieved flexibility alleviates the burden on a MU-MIMO scheduler since the constraint on the pairs are relaxed. Further, depending on their spatial situation, an orthogonal or non-orthogonal access type is optimally determined. Some embodiments also provide a beamforming strategy where user groups are adjusted to be served by multi-user MIMO transmissions or by a non-orthogonal multiple access method, or both. Some embodiments provide for utilizing and/or controlling channel separation among the multi-user candidates and actively adjusting the channel distances to arrive at enhanced user pairing with orthogonal and non- orthogonal access based MIMO transmissions. Some embodiments increase MIMO channel capacities by increasing the number of simultaneously served WDs. Some embodiments improve scheduling by reducing the burden on user pairing computations and allowing for more efficient allocation of computing resources. Some embodiments use active beam-forming strategies to create user-tuples being served by a legacy orthogonal MU-MIMO type access mode, a NOMA method, or both, on the same time-frequency resource elements. This decision can be based at least in part on an angular distance matrix. According to one aspect, a network node configured to communicate with a plurality of wireless devices, WDs, is provided. The network node includes processing circuitry configured to determine a distance metric for each of a plurality of pairs of WDs, the distance metric being based at least in part on a channel between each WD of a pair of WDs and the network node. The processing circuitry is also configured to include WD pairs having a distance metric less than a first threshold in a first group for non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA and apply a NOMA precoder to transmissions to WDs in the first group. According to this aspect, in some embodiments, the processing circuitry is further configured to include WDs having a distance metric greater than a second threshold in a second group for multiple user multiple input multiple output, MU- MIMO, access and apply an MU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs in the second group. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry is further configured to include WDs having distance metric less than the second threshold but greater than the first threshold in a third group for single user MIMO, SU-MIMO, access and apply an SU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs in the third group. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry is further configured to prioritize scheduling of WDs in the first group over scheduling of WDs in the second group. In some embodiments, the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on L selected singular vectors of a composite channel matrix of channel matrices of WDs in the first group. In some embodiments, the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on determining a set of L strongest beams separated by at least a specified phase angle. In some embodiments, each distance metric is a first function of a first product of a channel matrix of a first WD and a weight matrix X and is a second function of a second product of a channel matrix of a second WD and the weight matrix X, where X has a dimension chosen to select a column space corresponding to selected beams. In some embodiments, a WD is included in the first group only when the WD has an interference mitigation capability for at least as many interfering signals as WDs included in the first group. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry is further configured to include additional WDs in the first group until an interference mitigation capability of a WD in the first group is exceeded. In some embodiments, the MU-MIMO precoder is determined based at least in part on a concatenation of channel matrices. According to another aspect, in some embodiments, a method in a network node configured to communicate with a plurality of wireless devices, WDs, is provided. The method includes determining a distance metric for each of a plurality of pairs of WDs, the distance metric being based at least in part on a channel between each WD of a pair of WDs and the network node. The method also includes including WD pairs having a distance metric less than a first threshold in a first group for non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA and apply a NOMA precoder to transmissions to WDs in the first group. According to this aspect, in some embodiments, the method also includes including WDs having a distance metric greater than a second threshold in a second group for multiple user multiple input multiple output, MU-MIMO, access and apply an MU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs in the second group. In some embodiments, the method includes including WDs having distance metric less than the second threshold but greater than the first threshold in a third group for single user MIMO, SU-MIMO, access and apply an SU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs in the third group. In some embodiments, the method includes prioritizing scheduling of WDs in the first group over scheduling of WDs in the second group. In some embodiments, the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on L selected singular vectors of a composite channel matrix of channel matrices of WDs in the first group. In some embodiments, the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on determining a set of L strongest beams separated by at least a specified phase angle. In some embodiments, each distance metric is a first function of a first product of a channel matrix of a first WD and a weight matrix X and is a second function of a second product of a channel matrix of a second WD and the weight matrix X, where X has a dimension chosen to select a column space corresponding to selected beams. In some embodiments, a WD is included in the first group only when the WD has an interference mitigation capability for at least as many interfering signals as WDs included in the first group. In some embodiments, the method also includes including additional WDs in the first group until an interference mitigation capability of a WD in the first group is exceeded. In some embodiments, the MU- MIMO precoder is determined based at least in part on a concatenation of channel matrices. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A more complete understanding of the present embodiments, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example network architecture illustrating a communication system connected via an intermediate network to a host computer according to the principles in the present disclosure; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a host computer communicating via a network node with a wireless device over an at least partially wireless connection according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating example methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a network node and a wireless device for executing a client application at a wireless device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating example methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a network node and a wireless device for receiving user data at a wireless device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating example methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a network node and a wireless device for receiving user data from the wireless device at a host computer according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating example methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a network node and a wireless device for receiving user data at a host computer according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; FIG. 7 is a flowchart of an example process in a network node for enhanced multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) using dynamic orthogonal multiple access/non-orthogonal multiple access (OMA-NOMA) based coscheduling and switching; FIG. 8 is an illustration of OMA; FIG. 9 is an example of OMA and NOMA combined according to principles set forth herein; FIG. 10 is one example of a distance matrix according to principles disclosed herein; FIG. 11 is one example of user grouping based in part on the distance matrix of FIG. 10; and FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a precoder 32 according to principles disclosed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before describing in detail example embodiments, it is noted that the embodiments reside primarily in combinations of apparatus components and processing steps related to enhanced multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU- MIMO) using dynamic orthogonal multiple access/non-orthogonal multiple access (OMA-NOMA) based coscheduling and switching. Accordingly, components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description. As used herein, relational terms, such as “first” and “second,” “top” and “bottom,” and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or element from another entity or element without necessarily requiring or implying any physical or logical relationship or order between such entities or elements. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the concepts described herein. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. In embodiments described herein, the joining term, “in communication with” and the like, may be used to indicate electrical or data communication, which may be accomplished by physical contact, induction, electromagnetic radiation, radio signaling, infrared signaling or optical signaling, for example. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that multiple components may interoperate and modifications and variations are possible of achieving the electrical and data communication. In some embodiments described herein, the term “coupled,” “connected,” and the like, may be used herein to indicate a connection, although not necessarily directly, and may include wired and/or wireless connections. The term “network node” used herein can be any kind of network node comprised in a radio network which may further comprise any of base station (network node), radio base station, base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (network nodeC), radio network controller (RNC), g Node B (gNB), evolved Node B (eNB or eNodeB), Node B, multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node such as MSR network node, multi-cell/multicast coordination entity (MCE), integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, relay node, donor node controlling relay, radio access point (AP), transmission points, transmission nodes, Remote Radio Unit (RRU) Remote Radio Head (RRH), a core network node (e.g., mobile management entity (MME), self-organizing network (SON) node, a coordinating node, positioning node, MDT node, etc.), an external node (e.g., 3rd party node, a node external to the current network), nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS), a spectrum access system (SAS) node, an element management system (EMS), etc. The network node may also comprise test equipment. The term “radio node” used herein may be used to also denote a wireless device (WD) such as a wireless device (WD) or a radio network node. In some embodiments, the non-limiting terms wireless device (WD) or a user equipment (UE) are used interchangeably. The WD herein can be any type of wireless device capable of communicating with a network node or another WD over radio signals, such as wireless device (WD). The WD may also be a radio communication device, target device, device to device (D2D) WD, machine type WD or WD capable of machine to machine communication (M2M), low-cost and/or low-complexity WD, a sensor equipped with WD, Tablet, mobile terminals, smart phone, laptop embedded equipped (LEE), laptop mounted equipment (LME), USB dongles, Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, or a Narrowband IoT (NB-IOT) device, etc. Also, in some embodiments the generic term “radio network node” is used. It can be any kind of a radio network node which may comprise any of base station, radio base station, base transceiver station, base station controller, network controller, RNC, evolved Node B (eNB), Node B, gNB, Multi-cell/multicast Coordination Entity (MCE), IAB node, relay node, access point, radio access point, Remote Radio Unit (RRU) Remote Radio Head (RRH). Note that although terminology from one particular wireless system, such as, for example, 3GPP LTE and/or New Radio (NR), may be used in this disclosure, this should not be seen as limiting the scope of the disclosure to only the aforementioned system. Other wireless systems, including without limitation Wide Band Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), may also benefit from exploiting the ideas covered within this disclosure. Note further, that functions described herein as being performed by a wireless device or a network node may be distributed over a plurality of wireless devices and/or network nodes. In other words, it is contemplated that the functions of the network node and wireless device described herein are not limited to performance by a single physical device and, in fact, can be distributed among several physical devices. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Some embodiments provide enhanced multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) using dynamic orthogonal multiple access/non-orthogonal multiple access (OMA-NOMA) based coscheduling and switching. Referring now to the drawing figures, in which like elements are referred to by like reference numerals, there is shown in FIG. 1 a schematic diagram of a communication system 10, according to an embodiment, such as a 3GPP-type cellular network that may support standards such as LTE and/or NR (5G), which comprises an access network 12, such as a radio access network, and a core network 14. The access network 12 comprises a plurality of network nodes 16a, 16b, 16c (referred to collectively as network nodes 16), such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area 18a, 18b, 18c (referred to collectively as coverage areas 18). Each network node 16a, 16b, 16c is connectable to the core network 14 over a wired or wireless connection 20. A first wireless device (WD) 22a located in coverage area 18a is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding network node 16a. A second WD 22b in coverage area 18b is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding network node 16b. While a plurality of WDs 22a, 22b (collectively referred to as wireless devices 22) are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole WD is in the coverage area or where a sole WD is connecting to the corresponding network node 16. Note that although only two WDs 22 and three network nodes 16 are shown for convenience, the communication system may include many more WDs 22 and network nodes 16. Also, it is contemplated that a WD 22 can be in simultaneous communication and/or configured to separately communicate with more than one network node 16 and more than one type of network node 16. For example, a WD 22 can have dual connectivity with a network node 16 that supports LTE and the same or a different network node 16 that supports NR. As an example, WD 22 can be in communication with an eNB for LTE/E-UTRAN and a gNB for NR/NG-RAN. The communication system 10 may itself be connected to a host computer 24, which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. The host computer 24 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The connections 26, 28 between the communication system 10 and the host computer 24 may extend directly from the core network 14 to the host computer 24 or may extend via an optional intermediate network 30. The intermediate network 30 may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network. The intermediate network 30, if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet. In some embodiments, the intermediate network 30 may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown). The communication system of FIG. 1 as a whole enables connectivity between one of the connected WDs 22a, 22b and the host computer 24. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection. The host computer 24 and the connected WDs 22a, 22b are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via the OTT connection, using the access network 12, the core network 14, any intermediate network 30 and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection may be transparent in the sense that at least some of the participating communication devices through which the OTT connection passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, a network node 16 may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from a host computer 24 to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected WD 22a. Similarly, the network node 16 need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the WD 22a towards the host computer 24. A network node 16 is configured to include a precoder 32 which is configured to include WD pairs having a distance metric less than a first threshold in a first group for non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA and apply a NOMA precoder to transmissions to WDs in the first group. Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the WD 22, network node 16 and host computer 24 discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to FIG. 2. In a communication system 10, a host computer 24 comprises hardware (HW) 38 including a communication interface 40 configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system 10. The host computer 24 further comprises processing circuitry 42, which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. The processing circuitry 42 may include a processor 44 and memory 46. In particular, in addition to or instead of a processor, such as a central processing unit, and memory, the processing circuitry 42 may comprise integrated circuitry for processing and/or control, e.g., one or more processors and/or processor cores and/or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) and/or ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuitry) adapted to execute instructions. The processor 44 may be configured to access (e.g., write to and/or read from) memory 46, which may comprise any kind of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory, e.g., cache and/or buffer memory and/or RAM (Random Access Memory) and/or ROM (Read- Only Memory) and/or optical memory and/or EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory). Processing circuitry 42 may be configured to control any of the methods and/or processes described herein and/or to cause such methods, and/or processes to be performed, e.g., by host computer 24. Processor 44 corresponds to one or more processors 44 for performing host computer 24 functions described herein. The host computer 24 includes memory 46 that is configured to store data, programmatic software code and/or other information described herein. In some embodiments, the software 48 and/or the host application 50 may include instructions that, when executed by the processor 44 and/or processing circuitry 42, causes the processor 44 and/or processing circuitry 42 to perform the processes described herein with respect to host computer 24. The instructions may be software associated with the host computer 24. The software 48 may be executable by the processing circuitry 42. The software 48 includes a host application 50. The host application 50 may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as a WD 22 connecting via an OTT connection 52 terminating at the WD 22 and the host computer 24. In providing the service to the remote user, the host application 50 may provide user data which is transmitted using the OTT connection 52. The “user data” may be data and information described herein as implementing the described functionality. In one embodiment, the host computer 24 may be configured for providing control and functionality to a service provider and may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The processing circuitry 42 of the host computer 24 may enable the host computer 24 to observe, monitor, control, transmit to and/or receive from the network node 16 and or the wireless device 22. The communication system 10 further includes a network node 16 provided in a communication system 10 and including hardware 58 enabling it to communicate with the host computer 24 and with the WD 22. The hardware 58 may include a communication interface 60 for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system 10, as well as a radio interface 62 for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection 64 with a WD 22 located in a coverage area 18 served by the network node 16. The radio interface 62 may be formed as or may include, for example, one or more RF transmitters, one or more RF receivers, and/or one or more RF transceivers. The communication interface 60 may be configured to facilitate a connection 66 to the host computer 24. The connection 66 may be direct or it may pass through a core network 14 of the communication system 10 and/or through one or more intermediate networks 30 outside the communication system 10. In the embodiment shown, the hardware 58 of the network node 16 further includes processing circuitry 68. The processing circuitry 68 may include a processor 70 and a memory 72. In particular, in addition to or instead of a processor, such as a central processing unit, and memory, the processing circuitry 68 may comprise integrated circuitry for processing and/or control, e.g., one or more processors and/or processor cores and/or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) and/or ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuitry) adapted to execute instructions. The processor 70 may be configured to access (e.g., write to and/or read from) the memory 72, which may comprise any kind of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory, e.g., cache and/or buffer memory and/or RAM (Random Access Memory) and/or ROM (Read-Only Memory) and/or optical memory and/or EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory). Thus, the network node 16 further has software 74 stored internally in, for example, memory 72, or stored in external memory (e.g., database, storage array, network storage device, etc.) accessible by the network node 16 via an external connection. The software 74 may be executable by the processing circuitry 68. The processing circuitry 68 may be configured to control any of the methods and/or processes described herein and/or to cause such methods, and/or processes to be performed, e.g., by network node 16. Processor 70 corresponds to one or more processors 70 for performing network node 16 functions described herein. The memory 72 is configured to store data, programmatic software code and/or other information described herein. In some embodiments, the software 74 may include instructions that, when executed by the processor 70 and/or processing circuitry 68, causes the processor 70 and/or processing circuitry 68 to perform the processes described herein with respect to network node 16. For example, processing circuitry 68 of the network node 16 may include a precoder 32 which is configured to include WD pairs having a distance metric less than a first threshold in a first group for non- orthogonal multiple access, NOMA and apply a NOMA precoder to transmissions to WDs in the first group The communication system 10 further includes the WD 22 already referred to. The WD 22 may have hardware 80 that may include a radio interface 82 configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection 64 with a network node 16 serving a coverage area 18 in which the WD 22 is currently located. The radio interface 82 may be formed as or may include, for example, one or more RF transmitters, one or more RF receivers, and/or one or more RF transceivers. The hardware 80 of the WD 22 further includes processing circuitry 84. The processing circuitry 84 may include a processor 86 and memory 88. In particular, in addition to or instead of a processor, such as a central processing unit, and memory, the processing circuitry 84 may comprise integrated circuitry for processing and/or control, e.g., one or more processors and/or processor cores and/or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) and/or ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuitry) adapted to execute instructions. The processor 86 may be configured to access (e.g., write to and/or read from) memory 88, which may comprise any kind of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory, e.g., cache and/or buffer memory and/or RAM (Random Access Memory) and/or ROM (Read-Only Memory) and/or optical memory and/or EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory). Thus, the WD 22 may further comprise software 90, which is stored in, for example, memory 88 at the WD 22, or stored in external memory (e.g., database, storage array, network storage device, etc.) accessible by the WD 22. The software 90 may be executable by the processing circuitry 84. The software 90 may include a client application 92. The client application 92 may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via the WD 22, with the support of the host computer 24. In the host computer 24, an executing host application 50 may communicate with the executing client application 92 via the OTT connection 52 terminating at the WD 22 and the host computer 24. In providing the service to the user, the client application 92 may receive request data from the host application 50 and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection 52 may transfer both the request data and the user data. The client application 92 may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides. The processing circuitry 84 may be configured to control any of the methods and/or processes described herein and/or to cause such methods, and/or processes to be performed, e.g., by WD 22. The processor 86 corresponds to one or more processors 86 for performing WD 22 functions described herein. The WD 22 includes memory 88 that is configured to store data, programmatic software code and/or other information described herein. In some embodiments, the software 90 and/or the client application 92 may include instructions that, when executed by the processor 86 and/or processing circuitry 84, causes the processor 86 and/or processing circuitry 84 to perform the processes described herein with respect to WD 22. In some embodiments, the inner workings of the network node 16, WD 22, and host computer 24 may be as shown in FIG. 2 and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, the OTT connection 52 has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host computer 24 and the wireless device 22 via the network node 16, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from the WD 22 or from the service provider operating the host computer 24, or both. While the OTT connection 52 is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network). The wireless connection 64 between the WD 22 and the network node 16 is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the WD 22 using the OTT connection 52, in which the wireless connection 64 may form the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of some of these embodiments may improve the data rate, latency, and/or power consumption and thereby provide benefits such as reduced user waiting time, relaxed restriction on file size, better responsiveness, extended battery lifetime, etc. In some embodiments, a measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection 52 between the host computer 24 and WD 22, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection 52 may be implemented in the software 48 of the host computer 24 or in the software 90 of the WD 22, or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which the OTT connection 52 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software 48, 90 may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of the OTT connection 52 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect the network node 16, and it may be unknown or imperceptible to the network node 16. Some such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary WD signaling facilitating the host computer’s 24 measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. In some embodiments, the measurements may be implemented in that the software 48, 90 causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection 52 while it monitors propagation times, errors, etc. Thus, in some embodiments, the host computer 24 includes processing circuitry 42 configured to provide user data and a communication interface 40 that is configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to the WD 22. In some embodiments, the cellular network also includes the network node 16 with a radio interface 62. In some embodiments, the network node 16 is configured to, and/or the network node’s 16 processing circuitry 68 is configured to perform the functions and/or methods described herein for preparing/initiating/maintaining/supporting/ending a transmission to the WD 22, and/or preparing/terminating/maintaining/supporting/ending in receipt of a transmission from the WD 22. In some embodiments, the host computer 24 includes processing circuitry 42 and a communication interface 40 that is configured to a communication interface 40 configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a WD 22 to a network node 16. In some embodiments, the WD 22 is configured to, and/or comprises a radio interface 82 and/or processing circuitry 84 configured to perform the functions and/or methods described herein for preparing/initiating/maintaining/supporting/ending a transmission to the network node 16, and/or preparing/terminating/maintaining/supporting/ending in receipt of a transmission from the network node 16. Although FIGS. 1 and 2 show various “units” such as the precoder 32 as being within a respective processor, it is contemplated that these units may be implemented such that a portion of the unit is stored in a corresponding memory within the processing circuitry. In other words, the units may be implemented in hardware or in a combination of hardware and software within the processing circuitry. FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example method implemented in a communication system, such as, for example, the communication system of FIGS. 1 and 2, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system may include a host computer 24, a network node 16 and a WD 22, which may be those described with reference to FIG. 2. In a first step of the method, the host computer 24 provides user data (Block S100). In an optional substep of the first step, the host computer 24 provides the user data by executing a host application, such as, for example, the host application 50 (Block S102). In a second step, the host computer 24 initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the WD 22 (Block S104). In an optional third step, the network node 16 transmits to the WD 22 the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer 24 initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure (Block S106). In an optional fourth step, the WD 22 executes a client application, such as, for example, the client application 92, associated with the host application 50 executed by the host computer 24 (Block S108). FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example method implemented in a communication system, such as, for example, the communication system of FIG. 1, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system may include a host computer 24, a network node 16 and a WD 22, which may be those described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. In a first step of the method, the host computer 24 provides user data (Block S110). In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer 24 provides the user data by executing a host application, such as, for example, the host application 50. In a second step, the host computer 24 initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the WD 22 (Block S112). The transmission may pass via the network node 16, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In an optional third step, the WD 22 receives the user data carried in the transmission (Block S114). FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an example method implemented in a communication system, such as, for example, the communication system of FIG. 1, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system may include a host computer 24, a network node 16 and a WD 22, which may be those described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. In an optional first step of the method, the WD 22 receives input data provided by the host computer 24 (Block S116). In an optional substep of the first step, the WD 22 executes the client application 92, which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer 24 (Block S118). Additionally or alternatively, in an optional second step, the WD 22 provides user data (Block S120). In an optional substep of the second step, the WD provides the user data by executing a client application, such as, for example, client application 92 (Block S122). In providing the user data, the executed client application 92 may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the WD 22 may initiate, in an optional third substep, transmission of the user data to the host computer 24 (Block S124). In a fourth step of the method, the host computer 24 receives the user data transmitted from the WD 22, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure (Block S126). FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example method implemented in a communication system, such as, for example, the communication system of FIG. 1, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system may include a host computer 24, a network node 16 and a WD 22, which may be those described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. In an optional first step of the method, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the network node 16 receives user data from the WD 22 (Block S128). In an optional second step, the network node 16 initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer 24 (Block S130). In a third step, the host computer 24 receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the network node 16 (Block S132). FIG. 7 is a flowchart of an example process in a network node 16 for enhanced multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) using dynamic orthogonal multiple access/non-orthogonal multiple access (OMA-NOMA) based coscheduling and switching. One or more blocks described herein may be performed by one or more elements of network node 16 such as by one or more of processing circuitry 68 (including the precoder 32), processor 70, radio interface 62 and/or communication interface 60. Network node 16 such as via processing circuitry 68 and/or processor 70 and/or radio interface 62 and/or communication interface 60 is configured to determine a distance metric for each of a plurality of pairs of WDs 22, the distance metric being based at least in part on a channel between each WD 22 of a pair of WDs 22 and the network node (Block S134). The process also includes including WD pairs having a distance metric less than a first threshold in a first group for non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA and apply a NOMA precoder to transmissions to WDs 22 in the first group (Block S136). In some embodiments, the method also includes including WDs 22 having a distance metric greater than a second threshold in a second group for multiple user multiple input multiple output, MU-MIMO, access and apply an MU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs 22 in the second group. In some embodiments, the method includes including WDs 22 having distance metric less than the second threshold but greater than the first threshold in a third group for single user MIMO, SU-MIMO, access and apply an SU-MIMO precoder to transmissions to WDs 22 in the third group. In some embodiments, the method includes prioritizing scheduling of WDs 22 in the first group over scheduling of WDs 22 in the second group. In some embodiments, the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on L selected singular vectors of a composite channel matrix of channel matrices of WDs 22 in the first group. In some embodiments, the NOMA precoder is determined based at least in part on determining a set of L strongest beams separated by at least a specified phase angle. In some embodiments, each distance metric is a first function of a first product of a channel matrix of a first WD 22 and a weight matrix X and is a second function of a second product of a channel matrix of a second WD 22 and the weight matrix X, where X has a dimension chosen to select a column space corresponding to selected beams. In some embodiments, a WD 22 is included in the first group only when the WD 22 has an interference mitigation capability for at least as many interfering signals as WDs 22 included in the first group. In some embodiments, the method also includes including additional WDs 22 in the first group until an interference mitigation capability of a WD 22 in the first group is exceeded. In some embodiments, the MU-MIMO precoder is determined based at least in part on a concatenation of channel matrices. Having described the general process flow of arrangements of the disclosure and having provided examples of hardware and software arrangements for implementing the processes and functions of the disclosure, the sections below provide details and examples of arrangements for enhanced multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) using dynamic orthogonal multiple access/non- orthogonal multiple access (OMA-NOMA) based coscheduling and switching. Signal Model Consider ^ WDs 22 being served by a base station (hereafter referred to as a network node 16) with ^ transmit and ^ receive antennas. The channel between the network node 16 and WD 22 is defined by a ^ × ^ matrix ^ ^ , ^ = 0, … , ^ − 1, where ^ ^ is the number of transmit antennas at WD-u. At any given frequency resource block, the network node 16 may prefer to perform either a single-user MIMO transmission, or can transmit to multiple different WDs 22 simultaneously. The transmitted signal can be expressed as where ^^, ^^ denotes the power and precoder for WD-^, respectively. Here, ^ = 1 corresponds to a single-user MIMO beamforming transmission, while ^ > 1 implies that multiple WDs 22 being served on the same time-frequency resource. This received signal at each WD 22 can be expressed as ^ ^ = ^ ^ ^ + ^ , ^ ∈ "^ ^ , … , ^ ^^^ #. The transmit signal ^ contains signals for ^ users, e.g., K WDs 22. Depending on the channel matrices ^ ^ , ^ optimization of the generating terms, power scale ^^^ , and precoder ^^^ to maximize the decodability of ^^ at WD-^ may be implemented in some embodiments. Express the composite channel as: This composite channel can be employed to determine suitable precoding. If certain channel orthogonality conditions are satisfied, spatially orthogonal MU-MIMO transmission can be performed, requiring zero-forcing type minimum mean squared error (MMSE) precoders. In this case, a typical MU-MIMO transmission is given by where the precoder may be obtained from: I f orthogonality is not available or achievable among the channels of "^^, … , power-domain separability via non-orthogonal multiple access methods (NOMA) may be employed, in which case: where ^ 89:; represents a common precoder allowing for power-domain separability. Example MIMO Scheme Enabling multi-user MIMO transmissions may rely on a strong dependency between the scheduler, the WDs’ 22 spatial orientation and channel statistics (e.g., correlations). Forcing the scheduler to perform scheduled WD 22 selection subject to multi-user transmission may be overwhelming and may result in degraded quality of service (QoS) performance due to incorrect WD 22 prioritization. Alternatively, an independent scheduler could co-schedule multiple WDs 22 on the same resources, but without proper WD 22 pairing and precoding, the resulting transmissions may experience dramatic performance degradation, rendering the MIMO system back to single-user transmissions. Herein, a channel-and-user aware MIMO selection scheme is disclosed. A given frequency resource can be used to perform the best scheme out of three different MIMO transmission schemes: 1) SU-MIMO precoding, 2) Orthogonal MU-MIMO precoding, and 3) Non-orthogonal MIMO precoding. The method is based on the channel state information either using uplink sounding reference signals, or preferred precoding feedback from WD 22 based on downlink reference signal (e.g., CSI-RS) measurements. Then, the available channel state information (CSI) information for multiple WDs 22 is classified according to a pair-wise distance metric with a ^ × ^> linear dispersion matrix ?: @ A,BC?D = @2^A?, ^B?4 C1D For weight matrix ?, ^ > is used to control dimension of the column space over which the beams can be generated. For example, ^ > can be selected from spatial discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix columns to sample the space at certain directions, or ^ > can be selected out of dominant singular vectors from within the underlying WD’s channel matrices. In general, ^>can be set as an identity matrix ? = E:×: and the precoder can be calculated in a later step. For the distance metric, various distance metrics may be employed: Chordal distance, geodesic distance, Euclidean distance, mutual information based distance metrics, covariance matrix based distance, and angle of departure (angular location info). Metrics between subspaces of different dimensions are also employed as needed. Also of interest are the distance metrics that are related to packing problems in the Grassmannian manifolds. An objective of a distance metric may therefore include a good scoring method to mark spacing between column spaces of the channel matrices associated with co-schedulable WD 22 candidates. For multi-WD transmission with more than 2 WDs 22, a distance matrix can be obtained for candidate WDs 22. For ^ 7 ≤ ^ active WD-s, e.g., the ^ 7 highest priority WDs 22, then ^ 7 × ^ 7 symmetric distance matrix: G = [@A,B] The scheduler can select up to ^ ≤ ^ 7 WDs 22 out of ^ 7 WDs 22 for the transmission, where the WD 22 selection amounts to determining a ^ × ^ submatrix of G, denoted as G J^> . This selection may be optionally divided into a sequential grouping mechanism where NOMA WD 22 groups are created first, followed by MU- MIMO user groups and finally single-user MIMO WDs 22 may selected. The grouping may not necessarily be optimal as the precoders may be utilized in a suitable manner to fine tune NOMA and MU-MIMO transmission. NOMA WD 22 groups may be include pairs of WD 22 that satisfy minimum-distance criteria. For example, for all WD-pairs in a unique NOMA group, the distance metric that satisfies m A,a Bx @AB ≤ NOP,QRST may be applied. If a WD 22 does not satisfy this criteria, the WD 22 is not included in any NOMA group. Each NOMA group may contain at most as many WDs 22 as the minimum number of WDs 22 that each WD 22 in the NOMA group can cancel as interferers from within the group. Each NOMA group can be treated as a composite WD 22 (sharing the same precoder), but when creating MU- MIMO tuples, the co-scheduled WDs 22 may have pair-wise distance metrics such that @ A,B > N OP,SUSVSR for WD-W among MU-MIMO WDs 22 and all WDs 22 within the NOMA group. Thus, a MU-MIMO transmission may create only a limited inter- layer interference to all MU WDs 22 regardless of their being part of any NOMA group. For comparison, FIG. 8 illustrates a mapping of resources into beams according to a known MIMO principles, showing a possibly inefficient allocation of resources between beams. In contrast, FIG. 9 illustrates a mapping of resources among beams combined with NOMA. FIG. 10 provides one example of a distance matrix, G J^> , resulting in the WD 22 MIMO selection scheme shown in FIG. 11. Two NOMA groups with 2 WDs 22 in each group may be co-scheduled with MU-MIMO access for a subset of WDs 22 (WDs 0 through 6), while 4 WDs 22 can be co-scheduled with NOMA. The WD-7 turns out to be within proximity of NOMA-1 and NOMA-2 WDs 22, as well as WD-4, but separable enough from WD-5 and WD-6. Similarly, WD-8 is only separable when co-scheduled with WD-6. WD-9 may be scheduled in an SU- MIMO fashion when the distance metric @ ^^,B for X = 1, … ,9 is less than the MU- MIMO threshold. As shown in the example of FIGS. 10 and 11, it is possible to co-schedule more WDs 22 at a resource element if a subset of WDs 22 can be grouped as part of NOMA. Hence, higher spatial multiplexing gains are achievable with the proposed scheme. Example: NOMA/MU grouping method A non-trivial WD 22 classification approach may be employed in some embodiments. The above design criteria can be achieved by variations of the method described here. To determine suitable NOMA and MU-MIMO WD 22 sets, the network node 16, via processing circuitry 68, may first sort upper triangular entries of the distance matrix according to ascending order and obtain the tuples for which @ A,B ≤ N Z[,6&'7 . Assume those entries correspond to first \ entries. It is possible that a WD 22 may have a distance metric satisfying the first pairwise threshold limit N Z[,6&'7 with more than one WD 22. In such cases, the tuples with the smallest distance are collapsed to each other first. Spanning the ascending order, new tuples may be created, or an existing tuple may be expanded with a new WD 22. The tuple might be expanded only if all members of tuple already having ] WDs 22 have successful interference capabilities with at least ] + 1 interfering signals. If a WD 22 does not satisfy the successful interference cancellation, may be excluded from any NOMA group. Once NOMA groups are created, WDs 22 that have larger pairwise distances, e.g., @A,B ≥ NZ[,'^'A'& are determined where the index j may correspond to a single WD 22 or multiples WDs 22 within a NOMA group. Any other WDs 22, e.g., distance metric with N Z[.6&'7 < @ A,B < N Z[,'^'A'& , may be scheduled on a SU-MIMO fashion. The scheduler may allocate bandwidth (BW) according to underlying fairness criteria for all scheduled WDs 22. Precoder Design with Dynamic NOMA/MU-MIMO Transmission A NOMA precoder can be designed using the above-described grouping operation or be followed by the MU-MIMO co-scheduling step. After the MU-MIMO scheduling step, the NOMA precoder can also be adjusted to further reduce the inter- layer interference among NOMA and MU-MIMO WDs 22. The precoders for NOMA groups can be designed based on (but not limited to) at least two methods: Method 1: Obtain a composite channel for WDs 22 in each NOMA group, and obtain the strongest \ A singular vectors to create the ^ × precoding matrices: where `C⋅D denotes the function returning \ Z singular vectors corresponding to the strongest singular values; Method 2: Using spatial DFT transformation of the composite channel of a NOMA group, obtain the strongest \ A beams separated by at least phase angle and obtain the final beam using array synthesis: ^ 89:; = h%C^ijk+|mD where h n C⋅D denotes the beam-synthesis from columns n = [0 ^ , … . , 0 op^^ ] of the matrix ^ ijk+ for the channel matrix m = Beam-synthesis may be designed such that the gains towards main lobes have a desired value to optimize the separability in the power or code domain. The MU-MIMO precoders (for orthogonal access) can be obtained via MMSE using the composite channel obtained by concatenating ^ 8 1 9 :;,A , W = 0, … , \ 6&'7^^ , and the channel matrices ^ ^^ for the MU-MIMO paired WDs 22. Alternatively, the channel matrices for all co-scheduled WDs 22 can be concatenated, e.g., instead of ^1 89:;,A , the channel matrices associated with the NOMA WD 22 group’s actual estimated channel matrix. FIG. 12 is a block diagram of one example of a NOMA-MU based transmission system according to principles disclosed herein. A scheduler 94 may employ a distance matrix when prioritizing users. In some embodiments, this block is omitted so that WD 22 scheduling can be completely interdependent of WD 22 spatial orientation. A “NOMA Enhancer precoder calculation” block 96 provides the scheduler 94 with more opportunities for NOMA access. Block 96 can pre-process channel state matrices or precoder matrix indicator (PMI) feedback matrices and channel quality indicator (CQI) feedback to determine preliminary precoding matrices. At this step, since NOMA WD 22 groups have not been finalized, a preliminary distance matrix with ? = E :×: is calculated using Eqn. (1) by the distance matrix generator 98. Then WDs 22 with small but larger than N Z[,QRST pair-wise distance values are grouped by the NOMA group creation unit 100. Among those candidates, preliminary NOMA group candidates are determined. Either Method 1 or Method 2 for NOMA precoder design (described above) can be used in the preprocessing. A NOMA WD 22 subset selection can be performed by a WD 22 group search that exhibits much lower complexity compared to WD 22 pairing over all schedulable users. Once NOMA groups are created (with or without the NOMA enhancer block), multi-user MIMO WD 22 groups are determined by MU-MIMO WD grouping unit 102 using the distance metric such that the co-scheduled OMA WDs 22 is sufficiently separated from the column space of NOMA group precoders ^1 89:;,A , and MU-MIMO users. At the end of NOMA and OMA WD 22 selection, remaining WDs 22 having channel space separation not suitable for NOMA and not sufficient for OMA may be scheduled as SU-MIMO WDs 22 by SU-MIMO WD 22 selection unit 104 on separate time-frequency resources. The scheduler 94 can adjust the bandwidth allocation to each scheduling type based on fairness among the WDs 22. The block “Final precoder calculation” 106 determines the NOMA and MU- MIMO (ZF or MMSE/IRC based precoders), and SU-MIMO precoders. In some embodiments, the precoder 32 includes at least one of an sounding reference signal (SRS)/CSI-RS CSI collector 108, which is configured to collect CSI for channel determination. The precoder 32 may include a modulation digital front end/analog front end (DFE/AFE) 110, which is configured to modulate and transmit data. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the concepts described herein may be embodied as a method, data processing system, computer program product and/or computer storage media storing an executable computer program. Accordingly, the concepts described herein may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects all generally referred to herein as a “circuit” or “module.” Any process, step, action and/or functionality described herein may be performed by, and/or associated to, a corresponding module, which may be implemented in software and/or firmware and/or hardware. Furthermore, the disclosure may take the form of a computer program product on a tangible computer usable storage medium having computer program code embodied in the medium that can be executed by a computer. Any suitable tangible computer readable medium may be utilized including hard disks, CD-ROMs, electronic storage devices, optical storage devices, or magnetic storage devices. Some embodiments are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, systems and computer program products. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer (to thereby create a special purpose computer), special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable memory or storage medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. It is to be understood that the functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the operational illustrations. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. Although some of the diagrams include arrows on communication paths to show a primary direction of communication, it is to be understood that communication may occur in the opposite direction to the depicted arrows. Computer program code for carrying out operations of the concepts described herein may be written in an object oriented programming language such as Python, Java® or C++. However, the computer program code for carrying out operations of the disclosure may also be written in conventional procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). Many different embodiments have been disclosed herein, in connection with the above description and the drawings. It will be understood that it would be unduly repetitious and obfuscating to literally describe and illustrate every combination and subcombination of these embodiments. Accordingly, all embodiments can be combined in any way and/or combination, and the present specification, including the drawings, shall be construed to constitute a complete written description of all combinations and subcombinations of the embodiments described herein, and of the manner and process of making and using them, and shall support claims to any such combination or subcombination. Abbreviations that may be used in the preceding description include: LTE Long-term evolution MIMO Multiple-input multiple-output MU-MIMO Multi-user MIMO NOMA Non-orthogonal Multiple Access NR New Radio OMA Orthogonal Multiple Access RAT Radio Access Technology It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein are not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein above. In addition, unless mention was made above to the contrary, it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale. A variety of modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings without departing from the scope of the following claims.