CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application no.

62/516,634, filed June 7, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] The present disclosure is related to compositions and methods for improving

CRISPR target editing. BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0003] Some type II clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)

CRISPR-Cas systems encode a single gene, cas9, which can cleave DNA targets complementary to an RNA guide. For conventional Cas9 targeting, and when heterologously expressed in mammalian cells with a DNA template for homology-directed repair, Cas9 cleavage can mediate rapid and customizable genome editing. The easy programmability of this breakthrough editing technology has led to the creation of several large companies, and clinical trials for Cas9-editing therapies for several genetic diseases are underway. However, editing efficiencies remain sub- optimal and off-target effects could be a major obstacle for the further development of Cas9 therapies in humans. There is thus an ongoing and unmet need for improvements in CRISPR- Cas targeting and editing. The present disclosure is pertinent to this need.

SUMMARY

[0004] The present disclosure provides compositions, methods, and kits for improving

CRISPR-based editing of DNA targets by a CRISPR-associated (Cas) enzyme, such as a Cas9 enzyme, by combining the Cas enzyme and a suitable CRISPR targeting RNA, such as a guide RNA (gRNA), with a heterologous DNA repair enzyme. In embodiments, the heterologous

DNA repair enzyme is one of RecBCD, AddAB, or AdnAB. In certain embodiments, such as for use in eukaryotic cells, the RecBC, AddAB, or AdnAB has inactivated nuclease activity. The proteins and targeting RNA, along with, if desired, a DNA repair template that can be involved in DNA editing, can be introduced into cells using any suitable approaches, including but not necessarily limited to using one or more expression vectors, such as plasmids. In certain embodiments, editing of the DNA is enhanced relative to a control value obtained or derived from DNA editing in the absence of the heterologous RecBCD, AddAB, or AdnAB. In certain approaches the disclosure includes providing a DNA repair template, of which all or a segment is introduced into DNA in the cell. The DNA in the cell that is modified can be a chromosome, or an episomal element, such as a plasmid. In certain implementations, the DNA repair template comprises at least one mutation that is introduced into the DNA in the cell. The mutation can be any desired mutation, and may result in a modified segment of DNA in the cell that has from a single nucleotide change, such as an insertion or deletion, to changes, additions, or deletions of many more nucleotides, limited only by the DNA repair template that is provided to the cell as a component of a CRISPR system of this disclosure. In a non-limiting example, the mutation comprises a CRISPR-blocking mutation, which prevents successive rounds of cleavage by the CRISPR system. In certain examples, the heterologous RecBCD, AddAB, or AdnAB has inactivated nuclease activity.

[0005] The disclosure includes cells that comprise some or all of the CRISPR system components described herein, cells that comprise genetic modifications using such CRISPR systems, progeny of the cells, non-human animals made from or into which the modified cells are introduced, and products made by the cells. The modified cells may be used for any purpose, such as industrial purposes in the case of prokaryotes and fungi, or for human or veterinary therapeutic purposes. Cells that can be modified using embodiments of the disclosure are not particularly limited to any cell types, and thus can any bacteria, including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, or plant, animal, fungal, or protozoan cells. [0006] The disclosure also provides kits for making genetic modifications as described herein. In embodiments, a kit comprises one or more vectors, such as plasmids, but any other expression vector can be used, wherein the one or more vectors encode a CRISPR Cas enzyme, and at least one of RecBC, AddAB, or AdnAB. In embodiments, the expression vector provided with a kit encodes RecBC, AddAB, or AdnAB that has inactivated nuclease activity. The kits may further comprise other components, such one or more buffers, primers, restriction enzymes, reagents for introducing the expression vectors into cells, or printed material, such as labeling or instructions on using the kit components.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0007] Figure 1. Graphs demonstrating that AddAB enhances Cas9 phage interference in S. aureus. S. aureus wild type (black) or addA" (gray) cells harboring an empty plasmid (pC194, dotted line) or a plasmid expressing the S. pyogenes CRISPR-Cas system programed with an early (dotted-dashed line) or late (full line) target against the phage (pNM4y4 were treated without phage (left panel) or with (p M4y4 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 280 (right panel). addA" cells suffer a significant growth defect for both early and late targets indicating that the nuclease activity of AddA is required for complete Cas9 targeting and phage clearance in prokaryotic cells. [0008] Figure 2. Images showing SaAddAB enhances Cas9 targeting of λ in E. coli. To obtain the data shown in Figure 2, E. coli cells harboring plasmid pCL120 (empty) or pCL1920 expressing one of five different phage λ spacers were suspended in to LB agar and treated with 10-fold dilutions of λ. For all spacers tested, the co-expression of SaAddAB enhanced λ clearance by 10-lOOOx. SaAddAB expression did not affect λ viability in the absence of Cas9 targeting, indicating that SaAddAB specifically enhances Cas9 interference of phage targets, which indicates enhanced Cas9 activity.

[0009] Figure 3. SaAddAB and Cas9 interact in a bacterial two-hybrid system. E. coli

BTH101 cells co-expressing N- and C- terminal fusions of T25 to Cas9 and Tl 18 to SaAddA, SaAddB or SaAddAB were spotted on MacConkey agar plates supplemented with maltose. Darker spots indicate a positive interaction while lighter spots indicate a negative interaction. Negative and positive control spots are shown in the bottom panel. The results show that SaAddAB and Cas9 interact, indicating that SaAddAB enhances Cas9 activity.

[0010] Figure 4. Nuclease-dead RexA and RexB co-expression improves CRISPR/Cas9- mediated homology-directed repair (FIDR) in human cells. HEK293 cells were transfected with plasmids containing Cas9_2A_GFP, sgRNAs targeting the human APP or PSEN1 gene, repair single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) to introduce mutations into APP or PSEN1, and plasmids encoding human codon-optimized RexA and RexB. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells were isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting and their genomes analyzed for editing of the APP or PSEN1 locus for FIDR or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). While HEK293 cells transfected with RexA and RexB show decreased HDR, cells transfected with nuclease-dead versions of RexA and RexB show enhanced HDR, in comparison to cells not transfected with Rex constructs. For this figure, Cas9 and AddAB are from S.

Pyogenes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0011] Unless defined otherwise herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. As used herein, RexA and AddA are synonyms; RexB and AddB are synonyms; and RexAB and AddAB are synonyms.

[0012] Unless specified to the contrary, it is intended that every maximum numerical limitation given throughout this description includes every lower numerical limitation, as if such lower numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every minimum numerical limitation given throughout this specification will include every higher numerical limitation, as if such higher numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every numerical range given throughout this specification will include every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein. [0013] All nucleotide sequences described herein include the RNA and DNA equivalents of such sequences, i.e., an RNA sequence includes its cDNA. All nucleotide sequences include their complementary sequences.

[0014] All nucleotide and amino sequences identified by reference to a database, such as a GenBank database reference number, are incorporated herein by reference as the sequence exists on the filing date of this application or patent.

[0015] Any component of the editing systems described herein can be provided on the same or different polynucleotides, such as plasmids, or a polynucleotide integrated into a chromosome. In embodiments, a component of the system is heterologous to the cells. In embodiments, any enzyme or other protein as described herein is introduced into the cell as a recombinant or purified protein, or as an RNA encoding the enzyme that is expressed once introduced into the cell, or as an expression vector, which is expressed once in the cell. Any suitable expression system can be used and many are commercially available for use with the instant invention, given the benefit of the present description.

[0016] In embodiments the present disclosure provides compositions and methods for improving the specificity, efficiency, or other desirable properties of CRISPR-based gene editing or target destruction in any cell or organism of interest. In various embodiments, the disclosure includes a bacterial CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated protein). In embodiments, a CRISPR-Cas enzyme that is a Type II Cas enzyme is used. Many suitable such Cas amino acid sequences are known in the art, and expression vectors encoding such Cas enzymes are commercially available. In

embodiments, a CRISPR Cas enzyme used herein is a Cas9 enzyme having the amino acid sequence, or a derivative thereof, of the Cas9 encoded by Streptococcus pyogenes. In

embodiments, CRISPR enzyme is CRISPR enzyme that is distinct from S. pyogenes Cas9. In embodiments, the Cas enzyme is a Staph, aureus Cas9.

[0017] In embodiments, the disclosure provided for increased DNA editing, relative to a control value. In embodiments, the disclosure provides for increased editing that involves homology-directed repair (HDR), as compared to non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In this regard, it is known in the art that a CRISPR gRNA targets a Cas9 to a specific genomic locus by RNA-DNA base pairing adjacent to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) on the DNA. In embodiments, the PAM is NGG, such as for CRISPR systems that involve S. pyogenes Cas9. Those skilled in the art will be understand that other PAM sequences may be recognizes by Cas enzymes from different bacterial types. Nevertheless, both the presence of a PAM and gRNA binding are required for Cas9 to introduce a site-specific double-strand break (DSB), which occurs 3 bp upstream of the PAM motif. The CRISPR/Cas9 complex has been shown to be very efficient at introducing DSBs in the DNA of many cell types and model systems. In most cases these DSBs are repaired by the NHEJ pathway, whereas in some cases the cellular repair mechanism can utilize another DNA molecule, such as an externally introduced DNA template, to repair the chromosome break by HR. Introducing a modified donor template, such as a single- stranded oligo DNA nucleotide (ssODN) repair template, can yield intended base changes. The present disclosure facilitates precise editing by HDR to engineer specific mutations, as described further below. In embodiments, the disclosure provides for increased HDR to incorporate all or a segment of a DNA repair template, relative to editing that occurs by NHEJ. In embodiments, the increased editing is greater than a control value, such as editing in cells that comprise a

CRISPR-based DNA editing system, but do not include a heterologous DNA repair enzyme, as further described below. The control value can be any value based on, for example, DNA editing in the absence of any one or combination of RecBCD, AddAB, or AdnAB, or proteins with similar activities. Those skilled in the art can readily determining if an editing event was cause by HDR or NHEJ, such as by sequencing the segment of DNA that was edited.

[0018] "Heterologous" means that the cells into which the one or more heterologous Cas and/or DNA repair enzymes are introduced do not have polynucleotide sequences encoding the one or more heterologous DNA repair enzymes, or the Cas enzyme, respectively, prior to such cells being modified as described herein. Methods of making the modified cells are included, as are methods comprising modifying cells by engineering the cells such that they express a heterologous DNA repair enzyme, and/or a heterologous a Cas enzyme, and and/or a heterologous guide RNA (gRNA), are included. As is known in the art, gRNAs are generally short RNA polynucleotides that comprise a sequence necessary for Cas-binding, and an approximately 20 nucleotide spacer that defines a DNA target that is edited using the CRISPR system. Use of more than one guide RNA can also be included. Methods for making gRNAs targeted to any particular sequence that is susceptible to CRISPR editing are well known in the art. The disclosure also comprises optionally using other polynucleotides, such as any suitable activating crRNA (tracrRNA), which comprises a segment that is complementary to a pre- crRNA, such that a portion of the tracrRNA and pre-crRNA can form an RNA duplex that is modified to participate in CRISPR editing. In embodiments, a fusion of crRNA and tracrRNA (a sgRNA) is used, which provides for targeting and binding to, for example, a Cas9.

[0019] Additional polynucleotides can be introduced for purposes such as creating a mutation, an insertion, or a deletion of a segment of DNA in the cells, as described further below.

[0020] The disclosure comprises the modified cells, methods of making the cells, and cells that are mutated using the compositions and methods of this disclosure, and progeny of such cells, including but not limited to modified organisms which include and/or develop from such cells.

[0021] In embodiments, the disclosure uses DNA repair enzymes that are heterologous enzyme(s) that are bacterial end-repair complexes. In embodiments, the DNA repair enzymes comprise RecBCD, AddAB, or AdnAB, or fragments thereof, provided the fragments can participate in DNA editing as described herein. In optional embodiments, the RecBCD, AddAB, or AdnAB or fragments thereof have inactivated nuclease activity, as described further below. addAB/rexAB proteins are referred to herein from time to time and for convenience as AddAB.

[0022] In non-limiting embodiments the heterologous DNA repair enzyme is from, or is a derivative, of a DNA repair enzyme from any strain or species or subspecies of bacteria. In embodiments, the heterologous DNA repair enzyme is from a Staphylococcus. In embodiments the heterologous DNA repair enzyme is from S. aureus or S. pyogenes. In embodiments, the heterologous DNA repair enzyme is from E. coli. In embodiments, the heterologous DNA repair enzyme is from B. subtilis. In embodiments, the heterologous DNA repair enzyme is from M smegmatis. In embodiments, the heterologous DNA repair enzyme comprises any homologue or derivative of DNA repair enzyme from the foregoing types of bacteria, provided the DNA repair enzyme can function in DNA editing as described herein.

[0023] In embodiments the Cas amino acid sequence, and/or the heterologous DNA repair enzymes amino acid sequence, has between 50-100% identity to a wild type amino acid sequence. In embodiments, the Cas amino acid sequence and/or the heterologous DNA repair enzyme amino acid sequence comprises a truncation and/or deletion such that only a segment of the protein that is required to achieve a desired effect (i.e., an improvement in Cas editing relative to a reference) is achieved. In embodiments, the Cas amino acid sequence and/or the heterologous DNA repair enzyme amino acid sequence includes additional amino acids at the N- or C-terminus, relative to a wild type sequence. In embodiments the disclosure includes cells modified such that they express only one of a heterologous DNA repair enzyme, in addition to the Cas and other genetic elements as described herein. In embodiments, modified cells of this disclosure comprise a complex of Cas and one or more heterologous DNA repair enzymes. In embodiments the Cas can be obtained and/or derived from any bacteria that produces a Cas enzyme. In certain embodiments the Cas is a Cas9 obtained and/or derived from Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, or Neisseria. In one embodiment, the Cas is a Cas9 having a Cas9 amino acid sequence encoded by Streptococcus pyogenes. In one embodiment, the Cas9 is a variant Cas9 that comprises one or more mutations.

[0024] In embodiments, the DNA repair enzymes and/or a Cas enzyme have an amino acid sequence described herein, and/or are encoded by any of the nucleotide sequences described herein, or any sequence having at least from 50%- 100%, inclusive, and including all integers and ranges of integers there between, identity with the foregoing nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences. In embodiments, the sequences used in this disclosure have 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identity across the entire length or a functional segment thereof of the sequences described herein. Thus, variants of the Cas proteins and DNA repair enzyme proteins and their nucleotide sequences are included. The term "variant" and its various grammatical forms as used herein refers to a nucleotide sequence or an amino acid sequence with substantial identity to a reference nucleotide sequence or reference amino acid sequence, respectively. The differences in the sequences may be the result of changes, either naturally or by design, in sequence or structure. Designed changes may be specifically designed and introduced into the sequence for specific purposes. Such specific changes may be made in vitro using a variety of mutagenesis techniques. Such sequence variants generated specifically may be referred to as "mutants" or "derivatives" of the original sequence. [0025] In more detail, in embodiments, a heterologous DNA repair enzyme used in the disclosure may comprise one or more mutations that reduce or eliminate the function of a nuclease activity of the protein(s). In embodiments, the nuclease activity is eliminated, such that no detectable nuclease activity is observed when the protein(s) contact a polynucleotide substrate. In embodiments, the degree of nuclease activity may be determined by mixing a DNA repair enzyme with a test template DNA and determining nuclease activity (or lack thereof) by sequencing the template DNA or by gel electrophoresis and/or PCR amplification of the test template subsequent to exposing the test template to the DNA repair enzyme. In embodiments, a mutation inhibits and/or prevents formation of an enzyme complex, wherein the complex comprises nuclease activity. In embodiments, a mutation that affects nuclease activity comprises one or more amino acid changes in the DNA repair enzyme, which may comprise a single amino acid change, or a truncation or other disruption of a nuclease domain and/or nuclease active site.

[0026] In embodiments, the disclosure includes the following representative DNA repair enzyme sequences (which provide non-limiting reference amino acid positions of certain non- limiting mutations, such as nuclease inactivating mutations):

RecB (GenBank accession no: NP_417297.1; E. coli K-12); RecC (GenBank accession no NP_417299; E. coli K-12); AddA (GenBank accession no. NP_388944.2; B. subtilis); AddB (GenBank accession no. NP 388943.2; B. subtilis); RexA (GenBank accession no. AIL 10952.1; S. pyogenes); AddB (GenBank accession no. AMY97143.1; S. pyogenes); AdnA (GenBank accession no. YP 886307.1; M smegmatis); and AdnB (GenBank accession no. YP 886308.1; M. smegmatis). Thus, in embodiments, the disclosure includes wild-type and nuclease-dead mutants of bacterial DNA repair enzyme.

[0027] In non-limiting embodiments, the disclosure includes DNA repair enzymes that comprise any one or combinations of the following mutations:

RecBCD family mutants: Representative mutants for this family are based on the E. coli K-12 genes, but any homologous proteins can be included, and similar amino acid mutations can be made in the homologous proteins. In embodiments, the disclosure includes mutants that prevent RecD from associating with RecBC. Mutation amino acid locations are designated in

conjunction with the GenBank sequences described above, and include, for example,

recC(G905E), or a C-terminal RecC truncation starting at amino acid residues 678 through 1084, or a deletion of recD (ArecD). Mutations that decrease and/or eliminate nuclease activity include but are not necessarily limited to mutations in the RecB nuclease domain: RecB(D1067A), RecB(D1080A), RecB(K1082A), and mutations in RecB conserved residues in its Ca-binding domain: H956A, E1020A.

[0028] AddAB family nuclease-dead mutants: Mutation amino acid locations are designated in conjunction with the GenBank sequences described above, and include, for example, mutations in the AddA and AddB nuclease domains (positions from B. subtilis genes; homologous genes/mutations from other bacteria types are included): AddA(Dl 159A);

AddA(D1172A); AddA(Kl 174A); AddB ( P_388943.2); AddB(D947A); AddB(D961A) ; AddB(K963A).

[0029] RexA and RexB nuclease domain mutation positions from S. pyogenes genes (homologous genes/mutations from other bacteria types are included). Mutation amino acid locations are designated in conjunction with the GenBank sequences described above, and include, for example: RexA(D1144A); RexA(Dl 157A); RexA(Kl 159A); AddB

(AMY97143.1); RexB(D874A); RexB(D888A); RexB(K890A), and a

RexA(D1157A)RexB(D888A) double mutant. [0030] AdnAB family nuclease-dead mutants: (positions from M smegmatis genes, homologous genes/mutations from other bacteria types are included): Mutation amino acid locations are designated in conjunction with the GenBank sequences described above, and include, for example: AdnA (YP_886307.1); AdnA(H833A); AdnA(D920A); AdnA(D934A); AdnA(K936A); AdnB (YP 886308.1); AdnB(H928A); AdnB(D992A); AdnB(D1007A); and AdnB(K1009A).

[0031] Additional representative sequences are encompassed by this disclosure, and include, for example, plasmid sequences, inactivated nuclease sequences, and gRNAs. The plasmids include pCS2+_EFla_RexA_3xFLAG_NLS, which encodes a the human codon optimized S. pyogenes rexA gene fused at its C-terminus to a 3xFLAG tag and nucleoplasmin NLS tag and driven by the EFla promoter, and pCS2+_EFla_RexB_HA_NLS, which is a human codon optimized S. pyogenes rexB gene fused at its C-terminus to the HA tag and nucleoplasmin NLS tag, also driven by an EFla promoter.

[0032] Representative and non-limiting sequences are provided by the accompanying sequence listing, in which: SEQ ID NO: l provides the sequence of the MLM3636_APP-gRNA plasmid sequence. An APP targeting gRNA sequence in DNA form is provided at nucleotides 331..350; SEQ ID NO:2 provides the MLM3636_PSENl-gR plasmid sequence. A PSEN1 targeting gRNA sequence in DNA form is provided at nucleotides 331..349; SEQ ID NO:3 provides the pCas9_2A_GFP plasmid sequence; SEQ ID NO:4 provides the

pCS2+_EFla_RexA_3xFLAG_NLS plasmid sequence; SEQ ID N0 5 provides the

pCS2+_EFla_RexA_ND_3xFLAG_NLS plasmid sequence; SEQ ID NO:6 provides the pCS2+_EFla_RexB_HA_NLS plasmid sequence; SEQ ID NO:7 provides the

pCS2+_EFla_RexB_ND_HA_NLS plasmid sequence; SEQ ID NO:8 provides a S. aureus addB nucleotide coding sequence.; SEQ ID NO: 9 provides a S. aureus addB protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 10 provides a S. aureus addA nucleotide coding sequence; and SEQ ID NO: 11 provides a S. aureus addA protein sequence. The nucleotide sequences that are described in the accompanying sequence listing can be readily translated using a variety of publically available software programs to generate the protein sequences that are encoded by the plasmids, which are encompassed in this disclosure. Promoters and other genetic elements can also be identified and are also included in this description.

[0033] A "targeting RNA" is an RNA that, when transcribed from the portion of the CRISPR system encoding it, comprises at least a segment of RNA sequence that is identical to (with the exception of replacing T for U in the case of RNA) or complementary to (and thus "targets") a DNA sequence in a cell into which the system is introduced. In embodiments the targeting RNA is complementary to a sequence in a chromosome or plasmid. The targeting RNA can be directed to a DNA target is in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. The targeting RNA encoded by the CRISPR system can be a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) or a guide RNA, or any other suitable RNA polynucleotide that can participate in directing the Cas, such as a Cas9 to a particular site. The sequence of the targeting RNA is not particularly limited, other than by the requirement for it to be directed to (i.e., having a segment that is the same as or complementarity to) a CRISPR site that is specific for a target in the cell(s) wherein a modification is to be made. In embodiments wherein a crRNA is used, including but not necessarily limited to a pre-crRNA, a system of this disclosure may also encode a tracrRNA. In various embodiments, the tracrRNA can comprise a segment that is complementary to a pre-crRNA, such that a portion of the tracrRNA and pre-crRNA can form an RNA duplex. The RNA duplex is cleaved by RNase III, resulting in the formation of a crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid complex. This hybrid functions as a guide for Cas, which cleaves the target sequence in the bacteria.

[0034] There are a wide variety of publicly available resources that can be used to design suitable targeting RNAs that can be adapted for use with embodiments of the present disclosure. In embodiments, the targeting RNA comprises a guide RNA ("gRNA''), [0035] In embodiments a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of a targeting RNA can be encoded by the same expression vector that also encodes the Cas9 protein, or the DNA repair enzyme, or it can be expressed from a distinct vector, or it can be introduced into cells directly as an RNA molecule. [0036] In embodiments, the modification of genetic content in a cell using an improved

CRISPR-Cas system described herein is improved relative to a reference. Improvement of the modification can include but is not necessarily limited to improved specificity for a target, and/or improved target editing efficiency. In embodiments, the reference is a value determined from using a Cas9 enzyme-based CRISPR editing system in a cell or population of the cells, wherein the cell(s) do not comprise AddAB proteins.

[0037] In embodiments the disclosure comprises modifying a cell or a population of cells by introducing into the cells one or a combination of expression vectors or other polynucleotides encoding: i) a Cas9 enzyme; and ii) DNA repair enzyme proteins. In

embodiments the disclosure further comprises introducing into such cells a targeting RNA such that genetic content in the cells is modified by the Cas9 enzyme.

[0038] In embodiments the disclosure may further comprise introducing into cells a

DNA mutation template that is intended to be fully or partially inserted into a chromosome or other genetic element within a cell via operation of the present improved CRISPR-Cas system. In embodiments the DNA mutation template comprises a DNA sequence that is homologous to a selected locus in a designated chromosome, and thus may be incorporated into a target genetic element via cooperation of the CRISPR system and any type of homologous recombination. In embodiments the DNA mutation template can comprise a DNA segment having any nucleotide length and homology with a host cell genetic segment comprising a selected locus, so long as the length and sequence identity are adequate to introduce the intended genetic change into the locus via functioning of the improved CRISPR-Cas system described herein. In embodiments, the DNA mutation template is a single-stranded oligo DNA nucleotide (ssODN). In embodiments, the DNA mutation template is a double-stranded (ds) template. In embodiments, the DNA mutation template is provided as an episomal element, such as a plasmid or PCR product. The DNA mutation template in certain aspects comprises a segment to be inserted into a

chromosome. The segment can be inserted into a protein-coding or non-protein coding portion of a chromosome, or may be present in a regulatory control element, including but not necessarily limited to a promoter or enhancer element, a splice junction, etc. [0039] In embodiments, the mutation template further comprises at least one CRISPR- blocking mutation that is also introduced into the designated chromosome. In embodiments, more than one CRISPR-blocking mutation can be included. A CRISPR-blocking mutation is a mutation that is introduced into the chromosome and functions to prevent CRISPR cutting of the chromosome after the introduction of all or a segment of the repair template, which comprises the blocking mutation. Thus, a CRISPR blocking mutation can, for example, alter or disrupt the PAM site or gRNA binding sequence. In embodiments, the CRISPR blocking mutation is a silent mutation, meaning it does not alter an open reading frame such that an encoded amino acid sequence is changed. In embodiments, the CRISPR blocking mutation introduces a restriction site (or other indicator of the editing event).

[0040] In embodiments, the disclosure includes CRISPR systems which target virulent bacteria within a bacteria population, and thus can include targeting RNA directed to bacterial DNA sequences which encode virulence factors, and/or can target antibiotic resistant gene(s). The bacterial population can comprise one type of bacteria, but with virulent and non-virulent members, or the bacterial population can comprise a plurality of bacterial species, with only certain species having virulent and non-virulent members in the population. In embodiments, a mixed bacteria population comprises at least two different strains or species of bacteria. In embodiments, the mixed bacteria population comprises from between two distinct types of bacteria, to up to a thousand distinct types of bacteria. In embodiments, a composition and/or method of this disclosure is adapted for use in a phage-based delivery system and/or to target specific bacteria and/or specific bacterial virulence elements, such as is described in

WO/2014/124226, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein. In embodiments, the genetic material that is edited using an improved CRISPR-Cas system of this disclosure is or is derived from a segment of a bacteriophage genome. [0041] In embodiments the disclosure includes making modified bacteria that express a

Cas enzyme and DNA repair enzyme proteins as described herein for use in a variety of purposes, including but not limited to inhibiting bacteriophage infections, thus providing for enhanced bacterial immunity against phage infections. The method comprises introducing into bacteria a heterologous DNA sequence encoding a Cas enzyme and DNA repair enzyme proteins as described herein, and culturing the bacteria for use in, on or during production of any product, including but not necessarily limited to food and beverage products, and as probiotics, or nutraceuticals. In embodiments, the bacteria are bacteria used in any industrial application, including but not necessarily limited to biofuel production, petroleum spill cleanup, as well as in the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and construction materials. In embodiments, the disclosure comprises modified bacterial cultures themselves. In embodiments, the cultures are propagated as, for example, a yogurt culture. In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a bacteria starter culture that comprises a Cas enzyme and DNA repair enzymes as described herein and may include progeny of such a starter cultures.

[0042] In embodiments, the cells that are modified by the approaches of this disclosure are totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, or oligopotent stem cells when the modification is made. In embodiments, the cells are neural stem cells. In embodiments, the cells are hematopoietic stem cells. In embodiments, the cells are leukocytes. In embodiments, the leukocytes are of a myeloid or lymphoid lineage. In embodiments, the cells are embryonic stem cells, or adult stem cells. In embodiments, the cells are epidermal stem cells or epithelial stem cells. In

embodiments, the cells are differentiated cells when the modification is made. In embodiments, the cells are human, or are non-human animal cells. In embodiments, the cells are mammalian cells. In one approach the cells are engineered to express a detectable or selectable marker or a combination thereof.

[0043] In embodiments, the disclosure includes obtaining cells from an individual, modifying the cells ex vivo using an improved CRISPR Cas system as described herein, and reintroducing the cells or their progeny into the individual for prophylaxis and/or therapy of a condition, disease or disorder, or to treat an injury, trauma or anatomical defect. In

embodiments, the cells modified ex vivo as described herein are used autologously. In embodiments, the cells are provided as cell lines. In embodiments, the cells are engineered to produce a protein or other compound, and the cells themselves or the protein or compound they produce is used for prophylactic or therapeutic applications.

[0044] In various embodiments, the modification introduced into cells according to this disclosure is a homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive or heterozygous dominant or heterozygous recessive mutation correlated with a phenotype or condition, and is thus useful for modeling such phenotype or condition. In embodiments a modification causes a malignant cell to revert to a non-malignant phenotype.

[0045] In embodiments, kits for making genetic modifications as described herein are provided. A kit comprises one or more suitable vectors that encode a combination of at least two of CRISPR Cas enzyme, RecBC, AddAB, or AdnAB. The RecBC, AddAB AdnAB that are encoded by the expression vectors may exhibit inactivated nuclease activity. The kits can include plasmids that are suitable for expressing any desirable targeting RNA. The kits can also include other components that are suitable for using the expression vectors to edit DNA in any cell type. [0046] The following examples are presented to illustrate the present disclosure. They are not intended to be limiting in any manner.

EXAMPLES

[0047] In one non-limiting implementation, it is demonstrated that AddAB enhances

Cas9 phage interference in S. aureus, as shown in Figure 1. [0048] In another non-limiting demonstration, it is shown that SaAddAB (S. aureus) enhances Cas9 targeting of phage λ in E. coli, as shown in Figure 2.

[0049] In yet another non-limiting illustration of an embodiment of this disclosure, it is shown that SaAddAB and Cas9 interact in a bacterial two-hybrid system, as depicted in Figure 3. [0050] In yet another embodiment, in this case in eukaryotic cells, Figure 4 provides data demonstrating that nuclease-dead RexA and RexB co-expression improves CRISPR/Cas9- mediated HDR in human cells. To obtain the data summarized in Figure 4, HEK293 cells were transfected with plasmids containing Cas9_2A_GFP, sgRNAs targeting the human APP or PSENl gene, repair ssODNs to introduce mutations into APP or PSENl, and plasmids encoding human codon-optimized RexA and RexB. GFP-positive cells were isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Cell genomes were analyzed for editing of the APP or PSENl locus for HDR or NHEJ. It can be seen from Figure 4 that HEK293 cells transfected with RexA and RexB show decreased HDR, cells transfected with nuclease-dead versions of RexA and RexB show enhanced HDR, in comparison to cells not transfected with Rex constructs. [0051] It will be recognized from the foregoing results that Cas9 function is

compromised in the absence of AddAB, and thus AddAB is necessary for optimum Cas9 cleavage (Fig 1). Further, if AddAB is expressed recombinantly in E. coli (thereby

demonstrating insertion of heterologous AddAB because unmodified E. coli is not known to express it), Cas9 exhibits enhanced targeting of phage lambda. Thus, the addition of AddAB is sufficient to optimize Cas9 cleavage. Further, a two hybrid analysis of Cas9 interaction with AddAB using modifications of standard two-hybrid approaches demonstrates a physical interaction between the two where the cells turn pink (because the T25 and T18 tags, attached to the N- or C-terminus of each protein interact. Moreover, an embodiment of this disclosure using nuclease-dead RexA and RexB coexpression with Cas9 is shown to function in human eukaryotic cells (HEK293 cells), as shown in Figure 4 and described in its legend. Analysis of Cas9, RexA and RexB, in the HEK293 cells by immunofluorescence-based microscopy shows that RexA and RexB are over 90% co-localized, GFP and Cas9 are over 90% co-localized, and GFP and RexA or B are approximately 70% co-localized.

[0052] While the disclosure has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments (some of which are preferred embodiments), it should be understood by those having skill in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as disclosed herein.