Background of the invention: S-Lactam antibiotics constitute the most important group of antibiotic compounds, with a long history of clinical use. Among this group the prominent 13-lactam antibiotics are the penicillins with a five-membered ring and the cephalosporins with a six-membered ring, which are condensed with a four-membered 13-lactam ring. Penicillins consist of the so-called 13-lactam nucleus, which is linked through its primary amino group in 6-position to the so-called side chain forming an amide bond. Cephalosporins carry an analogous amide bond in 7-position, but they also vary by different substituents in 3-position.

The conventionally chemical production of semi synthetic 13-lactam antibiotics is afflicted with complicated technical requirements and the use of noxious chemicals causing environmental pollution as well as impurities in the product.

The synthesis routes are long as it is necessary to introduce protection groups, before modifications can be performed. Since many steps are thus involved, the overall yields are quite low.

There is a great interest for enzymatic routes as alternatives, since enzymatically catalysed reactions are highly selective. Thus the production of many by-products and the effluent and purification problems, which result there from, are reduced or avoided. Furthermore such processes are performed in aqueous environment.

The semi-synthetic routes mostly start from fermentation products such as penicillin G (Pen G), penicillin V (Pen V) and cephalosporin C (Ceph C).

With economical and ecological benefits chemical hydrolysis of penicillin G/V forming the key intermediates 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and 7-amino- deacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) was replaced by enzymatic methods using penicillin G/V amidase (PGA or PVA). The other missing key intermediate 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) starting from cephalosporin C is now also on the way to be replaced by a biocatalytical method using a D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and in a second step a glutaryl-7-ACA acylase (GAC).

Up to now the amide coupling of the 13-lactam key intermediates with side chains forming semi synthetic 13-lactam antibiotics is done chemically, even though there are efforts for developing enzymatic methods.

These are based mainly on catalysis by penicillin amidase or also called penicillin acylase (EC 3.5. 1.11), which can be obtained from Acetobacter, Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Aerococcus, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Aphanocladium, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Beneckea, Brevibacterium, Cellulomas, Cephalosporium, Clostridium, Comamonas, Corynebacterium, Erwinia, Escherichia coli, Flavo- <BR> <BR> bacterium, Gluconobacter suboxidans, Klebsiella aerogenes, Kluyvera citrophlia, Microbacterium lacticum, Micrococcus, Mycoplana, Norcardia, Paracoccus, <BR> <BR> Paracolon bacilli, Piocianus, Protaminobacter, Proteus, Pseudobacterium, Pseudomonas, Rhodococus rhodochrous, Rhodopseudomonas, Sacina, Samonella, <BR> <BR> Serratia, Slaigella, Soil bacteriurn, Spirillum, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Tlaiobacillus, Xantornonas or Yersinia species [Review: Sudhakaran V. K., Borkar P. S.; Microbial transformation of beta-lactam antibiotics: Enzymes from bacteria, sources and study-a sum up; Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin 27 (1-4), 63-119; 1985]. Some approaches use cc-amino acid esterase (EC 3.1. 1.43), which can be obtained from Acetobacter, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces species or a Xantomonas species [van der Does, T.; An enzymatic process for preparing 13-lactam compounds; WO 02/20819 A2; 2000]. The penicillin amidase or the oc-amino acid esterase may be used as free enzymes or in any suitable immobilised form.

Penicillin G amidase is normally used for the hydrolysis of Pen G or Ceph G forming the key intermediates (B-lactam nuclei) 6-APA or 7-ADCA for semi synthetic 13-lactam antibiotics. It is also a powerful tool for hydrolysis, e. g. of phenylacetyl protected derivatives, or synthesis, e. g. of semi synthetic 13-lactam antibiotics with side chains based on acetic acid substituted with an aromatic residue like the natural product phenylacetic acid (PAA). It may be also used for racemic resolution of amino functions: The thermodynamical equilibrium follows the charge state of the acid e. g. PAA.

A not charged side chain (e. g. by low pH or adding solvent) is a substrate for synthesis. A dissociated or protonated side chain is no substrate and only hydrolysis takes place. Therefore amino acids like p-hydroxyphenyl glycine or phenylglycine are no substrates for synthesis, since they are at any pH charged:

+H3N-CHR-COOH X H3N-CHR-COO-X H2N-CHR-COO- but no H2N-CHR-COOH Only in activated form as ester or amide amino acids can be transferred to a not charged form suitable for synthesis: +H3N-CHR-COOR (not reactive) > H2N-CHR-COOR (reactive) +H3N-CHR-CONH2 (not reactive) H2N-CHR-CONH2 (reactive) Other acids without amino function are only suitable for synthesis at acid pH conditions, since they are there not dissociated. Activated as esters or amides these side chains are at any pH possible substrates. At least reactivity is higher and reaction time shorter due to improved Gibb's energy. R-CH2-COOH (reactive) X R-CH2-COO- (not reactive) R-CH2-COOR (reactive) R-CH2-CONH2 (reactive) Unfortunately PGA catalyses also hydrolysis of these activated compounds: R-CH2-COOR + H20 PGA > R-CH2-COOH + ROH R-CH2-CONH2 + H20 PGA > R-CH2-COOH + RNH2 The esters or amides are also hydrolysed by the synthesis of the 13-lactam antibiotics followed by their hydrolysis, both catalysed by PGA: Pf} A R-CH2-COOR + H2N-Nucleus p-p'> R-CH2-CONH-Nucleus + ROH PA R-CH2-CONH2 + H2N-Nucleus PGA > R-CH2-CONH-Nucleus + NH3 R-CH2-CONH-Nucleus + H20 PGA > R-CH2-COOH + H2N-Nucleus For the enzymatical 13-lactam synthesis it has to be distinguished between the thermodynamically and kinetically controlled approach [Review: Kasche V.; Mechanism and yields in enzyme catalysed equilibrium and kinetically controlled synthesis of B-lactam antibiotics, peptides and other condensation products; Enzyme Mircob. Technol. 8,4-16 ; 1986].

In the thermodynamically controlled synthesis free acids are used as side chains.

The reaction is slowly, since low pH values have to be applied, where PGA is not so active. At the end the thermodynamically defined equilibrium is reached, which is conveniently for the stopping criteria. This approach works only with amidases, not with a-amino acid esterase, since this enzyme catalyses only an oc-amino acyl transfer. As said before the equilibrium constant follows the charge state of the side chain, which depends on the ks of the acid and the pH value. The dissociation constant can be shifted to more favourable values by water soluble

solvents as ions are less well hydrated. In contrast the ks is reduced by high ionic strength as ions are better stabilised. Water soluble solvents have also an direct influence on the equilibrium, since they reduce the water activity and therefore water, which is a by-product of synthesis, is apparently removed. Also due to the law of mass action the yield increases by the concentration of 13-lactam nucleus and side chain. Temperature and enzyme input have mainly influence on reaction time, but less on yields. It is a common statement that water soluble solvents increase yields, but our experiments confirmed this only for low substrate concentrations. At high substrate input, we surprisingly found, that yields are reduced by water soluble solvents.

The kinetically controlled synthesis with esters or amides is much faster, since the Gibb's energy of the activated side chains is improved and more alkaline pH values may be applied, where the amidase or oc-amino acid esterase is more active. The higher Gibb's energy is also the reason for yields better than thermo- dynamic equilibrium. But these condensations have to be terminated just in time, since the formation of 13-lactam antibiotics reaches a maximum. The reason is the hydrolysis of activated side chain by hydrolysis or synthesis followed by 13-lactam hydrolysis. When all esters or amides are consumed, the conversion will reach at final the thermodynamic equilibrium. At the yield maximum the rate of synthesis from 13-lactam nucleus and activated side chain is equal to the rate of hydrolysis of the condensed product. Very often the effects act controversial e. g. a higher pH, higher temperature or more enzyme input increases the activity for hydrolysis and synthesis. In practice a pH around 6 to 7.5 and low temperatures e. g. 10°C are optimal for good yields. For enzyme input a compromise between reaction time and yield has to be defined e. g. 4-8 h until the yield maximum is reached works well. Also high substrate concentration will enhance synthesis followed by faster hydrolysis, but better yields will be achieved at higher load. Water soluble solvents and ionic strength will have same effect as discussed before.

The side chain has to have similarities with phenylacetic acid: - residue with 7c-electrons (phenyl-, pyridyl-, thienyl-, tetrazolyl-, CN-etc.) - short spacer (-CH2-,-CHOH-,-CHNH2-,-OCH2-,-SCH2-) - carboxylic function or derivative (-COOH,-COOR,-CONHR) The enzymes will convert only dissolved reactants. Therefore their solubility has a great influence on reaction rate and yields.

The history of enzymatic synthesis of ß-lactams started already in 1960, as PGA was described and its use for hydrolysis of penicillin G. Also the reverse (thermodynamically controlled) reaction starting from 6-APA and PAA was

examined [Rolinson G. N. , Batchelor F. R. , Butterworth D. , Cameron-Wood J., Cole M. , Eustace G. C. , Hart M. V. , Richards M. , Chain E. B.; Formation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid from penicillin by enzymatic hydrolysis; Nature 187, 236-237; 1960] [Claridge C. A. , Gourevitch A. , Lein J.; Bacterial penicillin amidase ; Nature 187,237-238 ; 1960]. The kinetically controlled synthesis was described firstly in 1969, when the amides (-NH2), N-glycine amides (-NH-CH2- COOH), N-hydroxyethyl amides (-NH-CH2-CH2-OH), thioesters of thioacetic acid (-S-CH2-COOH) and methylesters (-O-CH3) of phenylacetic acid, D-phenyl- glycine, D/L-mandelic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy- phenylacetic acid were condensed with 6-APA [Cole M.; Factors affecting the synthesis of ampicillin and hydroxypenicillins by the cell-bound penicillin acylase of Escherichia coli ; Biochem. J. 115,759-764 ; 1969]. Further esters (ethyl, n-/i- propyl, t-butyl and thioglycol) for activation of D-phenylglycine, p-hydroxy- phenylglycine, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dichorphenylglycine and cyclohexenylglycine were also condensed with 6-APA [Takahashi, T. , Takahashi T. , Isono M. (Takeda), Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aminopenicillinen; Deutsche Offenlegungsschrift DT 2 163 792; 1970]. The use of 7-ADCA and 7-ACA was introduced 1971 for the kinetically controlled synthesis with several activated side chains, which were already noted before except 2-thienylglycine methyl ester [Takeshi T., Koichi K. , Masao I. (Takeda); Method for the production of cephalosporins; United States Patent US 3,816, 253; 1971]. Also 7-amino-3-chloro-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid was condensed with phenylglycine methylester forming cefaclor [Baldaro E. M.; Effect of temperature on enzymatic synthesis of cephalosporins; Bioorg. Chem.

Healtcare Technol. , 237-240; 1991]. The only synthesis without aromatic or cyclohexenyl function at the side chain used 225 mM cyanoacetic acid methyl- ester (CNM) and 18 or 41 mM (12.5 or 5.5 fold) deacetyl-7-ACA (DA-7-ACA) giving 98 or 70 % deacetyl cefacetril [Konecny J. , Schneider A., Sieber M.; Kinetics and mechanism of acyl transfer by penicillin acylases; Biotechnol.

Bioeng. 25,451-467 ; 1983]. Enzymatic cefacetril synthesis itself was never described before.

The enzymatic synthesis of cephalotin was firstly described 1972. At the thermodynamically controlled synthesis using 20 mM 7-ACA and up to 160 mM thienylacetic acid (THH) at pH 6 and 37°C maximum 30 % cephalotin yield were reached. For the kinetically approach using 80 mM thienyl acetyl glycine in a 7 fold faster conversion 50 % yield were obtained [Takahashi, T. T. , Kawahara K. , Takahashi T. S. , Kato K. , Yamazaki Y. T. (Takeda) ; Verfahren zur Herstel- lung von Cephalosporinen; Deutsche Offenlegungsschrift DT 2 360 265; 1972].

Yields up to 96 % crude cephalotin were described by using immobilised PGA on

a column. This was achieved by charging 26-fold thienylacetic acid methylester for the kinetically controlled synthesis, which is of cause a hindrance for economic usage [Fujii T. , Shibuya Y. (Toyo Jozo. ) ; Enzymatic production of cephalothin; United States Patent US 3,853, 705; 1972]. By activation with low molecular polyethylene glycolesters up to 85 % yield were achieved (18 mM 7-ACA, 78 mM thienylacetic acid tetraethylene glycolester, pH 7 and 37°C using PGA on a column) [Kondo E. , Mitsugi T. , Fujiwara T. , Muneyuki R. (Shionogi) ; Enzymatisches Verfahren zur Herstellung von B-Lactamantibiotika und Acyl- verbindungen zur Durchführung des Verfahrens ; Deutsche Offenlegungsschrift DE 3035467 Al ; 1979]. At thermodynamically controlled synthesis 95 % cephalotin yield were obtained by charging a high side chain excess (15 mM 7-ACA and 400 mM THH), applying > 30 % solvents (examples with 50-65 % dioxan, 65 % acetone, 50 % butanediol, 70 % ethanol and 50-60 % DMF) and passing the solution through a column with immobilised PGA at 4-37°C and a initial pH between 5 and 8 (pH 6 for cephalotin) [Guisan J. M., Fenzandez- Lafuente R. , Alvaro G. , Blanco R. M., Rosell C. M; Method for the synthesis of semi-synthetic antibiotics in thermodynamically controlled water-cosolvent organic miscible apolar systems by using penicillin G acylase; European Patent Application EP 0 458 932 Al ; 1989]. The low 7-ACA concentration was caused by its maximum solubility. By applying pH 7.2 and reducing the pH during synthesis to pH 6.4 the 7-ACA input was enhanced to 50 mM in 50 % DMF.

While charging only 4-fold THH also 95 % cephalotin yield were achieved [Femandez-Lafuente R. , Alvaro G. , Blanco R. M., Guisan J. M.; Equilibrium controlled synthesis of cephalothin in water-cosolvent systems by stabilized penicillin G acylase; Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 27,277-290 ; 1991].

Cefoxitin is expected to be formed in an analogous reaction from THH and 3-aminocarbonyloxymethyl-7-methoxy-3-cephem-4-carbonic acid (7-MACCA), but this was never described before.

Cefamandol maybe formed by firstly 3-processing of 7-ACA with l-methyl-5- mercaptotetrazole (MMTZ) forming 7-amino-3-(1-methyl-lH-tetrazol-5-yl) thio- methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (TZA) followed by 7-processing with D-mandelic acid (MAH) or alternatively by firstly 7-processing with MAH forming mandoyl-7-ACA (MA-7-ACA) followed by 3-processing with MMTZ.

MAH in form of its methylester (MAM, 5 fold molar ratio) was condensed with TZA forming only 8 % cefamandol, where the L-enantiomer gave 35 % yield [Fuganti C., Rosell C. M., Rigoni R. , Servi S. , Tagliani A., Terreni M.; Penicillin acylase mediated synthesis of formyl cefamandole; Biotechnol. Letters 14 (7),

543-546; 1992]. By converting 50 mM 7-ACA with 25 mM MAM at pH 7 and 4°C 25 % MA-7-ACA yield were reported [Fernandez-Lafuente R. , Rosell, C. M., Guisan J. M.; The use of stabilised penicillin acylase derivatives improves the design of kinetically controlled synthesis; J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 101 (1), 91-97; 1995]. Applying 50 mM 7-ACA and 150 mM MAM (3 fold) at pH 6.5 and 4°C 69 % MA-7-ACA were obtained. In presence of 20 % methanol and 1 M phosphate buffer yield was improved up to 80 %. Without isolation 3-processing with MMTZ to cefamandol was performed at 65°C in 60 % yield [Terreni M., Pagani G. , Ubiali D., Fernandez-Lafuente R. , Mateo C. , Guisan J. M.; Bioorg.

Med. Chem. Lett. 11 (18), 2429-2432 (2001); Modulation of penicillin acylase properties via immobilization techniques: one-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of cephamandole from cephalosporin C]. The thermodynamical approach with free MAH and the kinetically controlled synthesis by activation as hydroxyethylester (MAG, produced from ethylene glycol) was never described before. <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <P>7-p-hydroxyphenylglycyl-amino-3- (1-methyl-1 H-tetrazole-5-y) thiomethyl-3-ceph- em-4-carboxylic acid (HP-TZA) is an intermediate for processing with 2,3-dioxo- 4-ethyl-l-piperazin-carbonyl chloride to cefoperazon or with 4-hydroxy-6-methyl- nicotinoyl chloride to cefpiramid. It has the same substitution in 3-position, but carries D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine (HPH) in 7-position. The reaction sequence starts either via 3-processing of 7-ACA with MMTZ forming TZA followed by 7-processing with HPH to HP-TZA or via 7-processing of 7-ACA with HPH forming p-hydroxyphenylglycyl-7-ACA (HP-7-ACA) followed by 3-processing with MMTZ to HP-TZA. The thermodynamically controlled synthesis is not pos- sible as HPH is an amino acid, but only uncharged side chains are accepted by PGA as substrate. As mentioned already before most often the methylester (HPM) is used for activation of HPH. For cefprozil, cefadroxyl and amoxicillin the activation of HPH as hydroxyethylester (HPG, produced from ethylene glycol) charged in approximately a 3-fold ratio is introduced giving 90-99 % yield [Usher J. J. , Romancik G. , Bristol-Meyers Squibb; PCT Int. Appl. WO 98/04732 Al (1996); Synthesis of 13-lactam antibacterials using soluble side chain esters and enzyme acylase]. No example is described for enzymatic condensation of HPH in any activated form with 7-ACA or TZA.

Cefatrizin is an other product from 7-ACA and HPH. The reaction sequence starts either via 3-processing of 7-ACA with 4-mercapto-1, 2,3-triazole (MTZ) forming 3- [ [ (1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl) thio] methyl-7-ACA (MTA) followed by 7-processing with HPH or via 7-processing of 7-ACA with HPH forming HP-7-ACA followed by

3-processing with MTZ. No example is described for enzymatic condensation of HPH in any activated form with (7-ACA or) MTA.

Cefazolin maybe formed by firstly 3-processing of 7-ACA with 2-mercapto-5- methyl-1, 3,4-thiadiazole (MMTD) forming 7-amino-3- (5-methyl-1, 3,4-thiadia- zole-5-yl) thiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (TDA) followed by 7-proces- sing with tetrazolylacetic acid (TZH) or alternatively by firstly 7-processing of 7-ACA with TZH forming tetrazolyl-7-ACA (TZ-7-ACA) followed by 3-pro- cessing with MMTD. The thermodynamically controlled synthesis is not possible as TZH is a strong acid, but only uncharged side chains are accepted by PGA as substrate. For the kinetical approach using 6 mM TZH in form of the methylester (TZM) with 2 mM 6-APA, 7-ADCA, 7-ACA or 7-amino-3-pyridylmethyl-3- cephem-4-carboxylic acid at pH 6.5 and 37°C up to 80 % yield were noted [Shimizu M. , Okachi R. , Kimura K. , Nara T.; Purification and properties of penicillin acylase from Kluyvera citrophila ; Agr. Biol. Chem. 39 (8), 1655-1661; 1975]. Up to 55.7 % cefazolin yield were reported starting from tetrazolylacetic acid pentaethylene glycolester and TDA [Muneyuki R. , Mitsugi T. , Kondo E.; Water-soluble esters: useful enzyme substrates for the synthesis of 13-lactam antibiotics; Chem. Industry 7,159-161 ; 1981]. By coupling 29 mM TDA with a 1 to 5 fold ratio of various esters at pH 6.8 and 35°C up to 63.8 % cefazolin yield were obtained. The high temperature is obviously chosen in order to dissolve TDA in such concentration at this low pH [Kostadinov M. , Nikolov A. , Tsoneva N. , Petkov N.; New tetrazole-1-acetic acid esters for enzymatic synthesis of cefazolin; Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 33,177-182 ; 1992]. Applying 50 mM 7-ACA and 150 mM TZM (3 fold) at pH 6.5 and 4°C 98 % tetrazolyl-7-ACA (TZ-7-ACA) were obtained. Without isolation 3-processing with MMTD to <BR> <BR> <BR> cefazolin was performed at 65°C in 70 % yield [Justiz O. H. , Fernandez-Lafuente R. , Guisan J. M. , Negri P. , Pagani G. , Pregnolato M. , Terreni M.; J. Org. Chem., 62 (26), 9099-9106 (1997); One-pot chemoenzymic synthesis of 3'-functionalized cephalosporines (cefazolin) by three consecutive biotransfonnations in fully aqueous medium].

Ceftezol has the same substitution as cefazolin in 7-position, but is 3-processed with 2-mercapto-1, 3,4-thiadiazol (2MTD). The reaction sequence starts either via 3-processing of 7-ACA with 2MTD forming 3- [ [ (1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) thio] methyl-7-ACA (2TDA) followed by 7-processing with TZM or via 7-processing of 7-ACA with TZM forming TZ-7-ACA followed by 3-processing with 2MTD.

No example is described for the unexpected enzymatic condensation of 2TDA with TZM.

Summary of the invention: We examined the enzymatic synthesis of cephalosporins using PGA starting from 7-ACA or 3-processed derivatives thereof. For the thermodynamically controlled synthesis we surprisingly found, that the benefit by water soluble solvents on the ks value of the side chain, water activity and conversions turn at higher concentration into its opposite. By that excellent yields can be obtained without charging a solvent, which would be of harm for the PGA. As example, but not limited to this, we describe the synthesis of : - cephalotin from 7-ACA and THH - mandoyl-7-ACA from 7-ACA and MAH

Description of the invention: The invention is related with an enzymatic process under thermodynamical control for coupling the 7-amino group of a cephalosporin nucleus with the carboxylic function of an acetic acid derivative consisting of a: - residue with s-electrons (phenyl-, pyridyl-, thienyl-, tetrazolyl-, CN-etc.) - short spacer (-CH2-,-CHOH-,-OCHz-,-SCH2-etc.) - carboxylic function (-COOH), which is characterised by: using a penicillin amidase (EC 3.5. 1.11) from Acetobacter, Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Aerococcus, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Aphanocladium, Artlarobacter, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Beneckea, Brevibacterium, Cellulomas, Cephalosporium, Clostridium, Comamonas, Corynebacterium, Erwinia, Escherichia coli, Flavobacteriun2, Gluconobacter suboxidans, Klebsiella aerogenes, Kluyvera citrophlia, Microbacterium lacticum, Micrococcus, <BR> <BR> <BR> Mycoplana, Norcardia, Paracoccus, Paracolon bacilli, Piocianus,<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> Protanzinobacter, Proteus, Pseudobacterium, Pseudomonas, Rhodococus<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> f°hodochrous, Rhodopseudomonas, Sacina, Samonella, Serratia, Shigella, Soil bacterium, Spiy-illum, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Thiobacillus, Xantomonas or Yersinia species as free enzyme or in any suitable immobilised form, applying no or maximum 10 % organic solvent, # applying at least 100 mmol/1 cephalosporin nucleus, > applying the acetic acid derivative as free acid in a 3-5 fold molar ratio, > reducing the pH by acid according the reaction progress from initially pH 7.5-6. 25 to pH 6. 25-5.0, > adjusting 10-40'C.

As described above, the process of the invention is carried out using the following reaction components: > the acetic acid derivative is THH, the cephalosporin nucleus is 7-ACA or 7-MACCA and the formed product is cephalotin or cefoxitin.

> the acetic acid derivative is D-mandelic acid, the cephalosporin nucleus is 7-ACA and the formed product is mandoyl-ACA.

The following examples are for illustration purposes only and in no way limit the scope of this invention:

Example 1: influence of water-soluble solvents on the thermodynamically controlled synthesis of cephalotin at low educt concentration: The experiments were performed in 400 ml scale with 20 kU/1 PGA-450,50 mmol/1 7-ACA, 200 mmol/1 THH, 1 mol/1 HCl for adjusting the pH according to the first diagram, 20°C and 250 rpm: As expected 7-ACA conversion is faster and better at higher solvent content, since the dissociation constant for THH is shifted to alkaline.

Example 2: influence of water-soluble solvents on the thermodynamically controlled synthesis of cephalotin at high educt concentration: The experiments were performed in 400 ml scale with 20 kU/1 PGA-450,150 mmol/1 7-ACA, 600 mmol/1 THH, 2 mol/1 HC1 for adjusting the pH according to the first diagram, 20°C and 250 rpm: At the modified reaction conditions 3-fold more 7-ACA and THH are charged and a pH gradient is applied. Now the results are opposite to the previous trial. With increasing isopropanol concentration slightly better yields are obtained, but reaction time gets much longer. At too high isopropanol input 7-ACA conversion is too slow for avoiding 7-ACA precipitation at reduced pH causing a stop of further cephalotin synthesis.

Example 3: influence of water-soluble solvents on the thermodynamically controlled synthesis of MA-7-ACA at high educt concentration: The experiments were performed in 400 ml scale with 13 kU/1 PGA-450, 150 mmol/1 7-ACA, 600 mmol/1 D-mandelic acid, 2 mol/l HCl for adjusting the pH according to the first diagram, 20°C and 250 rpm: Reaction conditions are almost identical to example 2, but PGA-450 input was reduced to 13 kU/1. MA-7-ACA formation gets worse with increasing isopropanol input : As in example 2 for cephalotin (at same high substrate input) reaction time gets longer.