This invention relates to the equine rhinovirus 1 (ERhVl ) which has been sequenced and characterized. In particular, the invention relates to nucleotide and protein sequences of ERhVl and a range of clinical and diagnostic products derived from ERhVl. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Equine rhinovirus 1 (ERhVl) was first isolated from horses in the United Kingdom and subsequently from horses in mainland Europe, the USA and Australia. Most isolates were from the nasopharynx of horses with an acute, febrile respiratory disease. Virions had the characteristic size and morphology of picornaviruses and were acid-labile. Two other serologically distinct, acid-labile picornaviruses, ERhV2 and ERhV3, have also been isolated from horses.

Considerable uncertainty has surrounded the classification of ERhVl. Physicochemical studies have shown that the nucleic acid density and base composition of ERhVl differ from those of rhinoviruses. In contrast to rhinoviruses, ERhVl has a broad host-cell range in vitro and in vivo and there is no evidence of extensive antigenic variation. Infection of horses with ERhVl causes a disease characterized by an acute febriie respiratory disease accompanied by anemia, fecal and urine shedding and viral persistence. The signs of systemic infection and persistence are not characteristic of rhinovirus infections in other species. The known host range of ERhVl is broad and includes rabbits, guinea pigs, monkeys and humans, although in these species the virus does not appear to spread horizontally. There is both experimental and epidemiological evidence of ERhVl infection of humans. A human volunteer inoculated intranasallv with

ERhVl developed severe pharyngitis, lymphadenitis, fever and viremia, and high

ERhVl antibody titers were found in the sera of 3 of 12 stable workers whereas no

ERhVl antibody was found in the sera of 159 non-stable workers.

In order to clarify the taxonomic status of ERhVl, a detailed study was undertaken to determine the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of ERhVl . The resultant studies provided the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding

the ERhVl polyprotein and the 3'-nontranslated region (NTR) as well as pan of the nucleotide sequence of the 5'NTR. The amino acid sequence of the various ERhV l proteins was deduced from the nucleotide sequence.

The analysis of the nucleotide sequence of ERhVl confirmed previous studies which indicated that many properties of ERhVl are not consistent with those of other members of the genus Rhinovirus. Indeed many of the physicochemical and biological properties of ERhVl have suggested ERhVl is more closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) the sole member of the Alpthovirus genus. In addition to the overall sequence similarity, several features of the ERhVl genome are similar to those of FMDV. The ERhVl L protein is most similar to its counterpart in aphthoviruses in both length, 207 amino acids in ERhVl and 201 in FMDV, and in amino acid sequence identity. In aphthoviruses, the L protein catalyses its own cleavage from the polyprotein, and mediates cleavage of the p220 component of the cap-binding complex leading to inhibition of translation of capped mRNAs. Cardiovirus L proteins are oniy 67-76 amino acids long and are not auto catalytic. In contrast to the cardioviruses, aphthoviruses utilize two distinct initiation codons, which results in different forms of the L protein, Lab and Lb, differing from each other by 28 amino acids at their N-termini. The second initiation codon occurs in a more favourable context, which is presumably the reason why Lb, the smaller of the two proteins, is the predominant species. Thus far, differences in the function of the two FMDV L proteins have not been detected. ERhVl also possesses a second ATG, 63 bases downstream from the first optimal ATG, which is also present in a context optimal for initiation of translation. Translation from this ATG would result in an L protein with 21 fewer amino acids at its N-terminus. Therefore, it is probable that ERhVl possesses a second species of L protein, similar to the FMDV Lb protein. If so, the reason for the existence and conservation of two forms of the L protein in ERhVl and FMDV is an intriguing question. Curiously, ERhVl has tandemly repeated ATG codons at each of the possible initiation sites, where the first ATG in each case does not

occur in a context optimal for translation. The role of these ATGs may be to ensure that translation is initiated from both possible initiation sites.

The 2A protease is only 16 amino acids in length in both FMDV and ERhVl , compared to 142- 149 amino acids in other picornaviruses. In FMDV 2A protease cleaves at its C-terminus but, unlike the 2A protease of other picornaviruses, appears not to have a role in shut down of host cell macromolecular synthesis. The high degree of conservation of the FMDV and ERhVl 2A proteins is intriguing and suggests an important role for this protein in the diseases produced by these viruses. It may be expected that the tree derived from the complete polyprotein coding sequence would provide the most representative view of the taxonomic status of ERhVl by reducing any bias imparted by using restricted parts of the genome with highly variable evolutionary rates. However, such analysis is restricted because there are only a few complete polyprotein sequences available. The polymerase genes are the most conserved genes in positive strand RNA viruses and they have been used to construct a taxonomy, and to predict the ancient roots, of these viruses. In contrast to the polymerase gene, the VP1 gene encodes the major antigenic determinants of the virus and evolves more rapidly than other regions in the genome. The diversity of VP1 regions make them useful for the study of closely related picornaviruses. Thus, trees based on the polymerase and VP1 genes presumably reflect the extremes of evolutionary rates from which the taxonomic status and evolutionary origin of ERhVl could be identified. The ERhVl VP1 amino acid sequence was more similar to FMDV than to any other sequence in the data base; this was true even when representative segments across the entire sequence were separately analysed.

Therefore, we consider that the difference in the topology of the VP1, compared to the other two trees, is most unlikely to be a consequence of genetic recombination. The topographic differences between the three ERhVl trees compared to those of aphthoviruses, particularly the VP 1 derived trees, as well as the presence of only one VPg gene in ERhVl genome, leads us to conclude that

ERhVl is probably a member of a distinct genus proposed to be called Equirhinovirus.

The reassessment of the taxonomic status of ERhV l focuses on a requirement to reassess the biology of the virus particularly with respect to the nature of clinical disease as well as means for control by vaccination and improved methods of diagnosis. For example, cardioviruses and aphthoviruses cause viremic infections accompanied by myocarditis. Clinical disease caused by ERhVl is generally considered to be confined to the respiratory tract even though there is a viremia and the virus is shed in faeces and urine. Whether ERhVl infection produces systemic disease similar to that observed in aphthovirus or cardiovirus infections, including the production of myocarditis, needs to be investigated. There is serological evidence that the incidence of ERhVl infection is as high as 50% in some horse populations however, the number of reported isolations of ERhVl is very small. We have clear evidence that primary isolation of the virus from clinical specimens is known to be difficult, suggesting that the true incidence of ERhVl disease is much greater than reported.

The determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of ERhVl polyprotein has important practical applications in developing novel methods for the diagnosis and control of ERhV disease in horses and other species. OBJECT AND STATEMENT OF INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides a substantially pure nucleotide sequence for ERhVl being: a substantially pure nucleotide sequence for ERhVl being:

CCGTCAAGCC CGTTGCCTGT ATAGCCAGGT AACCGGACAG CGGCTTGCTG GATTTTCCCG -375 GTGCCATTGC TCTGGATGGT GTCACCAAGC TGACAAATGC GGAGTGAACC TCACAAAGCG -315

ACACGCCTGT GGTAGCGCTG CCCAAAAGGG AGCGGAACTC CCCGCCGAGG CGGTCCTCTC -255

TGGCCAAAAG CCCAGCGTTG ATAGCGCCTT TTGGGATGCA GGAACCCCAC CTGCCAGGTG -195

TGAAGTGGAG TGAGCGGATC TCCAATTTGG TCTGTTCTGA ACTACACCAT TTACTGCTGT -135

GAAGAATGCC CTGGAGGCAA GCTGGTTACA GCCCTGACCA GGCCCTGCCC GTGACTC CG -75 ACCGGCGCAG GGTCAAAAAT TGTCTAAGCA GCAGCAGGAA CGCGGGAGCG TTTCTTTTCC -15

TTTTGTACTG ACATGATGGC GGCGTCTAAG GTGTATAGAG TT GCGAGCA GACTCTGCTG 45

GCAGGTGCCG TTCGCATGAT GGACAAATTC TTGCAAAAGA GAACTGTTTT TGTCCCCCAT 105

CTTGACAAAA CAATTCGTTT GACTGGACTC CACAATTATG ACAATACTTG CTGGTTGAAT 165

GCCTTGACAC AACTGACACA GATTCTTGGA ATTCGGCTTT TTGATGAACA CTTCGGCAAT 225 AGAGGTCTGT TCACTCGGAA AACAATTGAT TGGGTGAGTG ACCAGACTGG TATAAAAGAT 285

CTAAAATCAG GAGCACCGCC ACTCGTGGTG GTGTACAAAC TGTGGCAACA TGGACACTTG 345 GATGTCGGTA CGATGGAGAA ACCCCGGTCG ATTACTCTAT GGTCTGGCCC CAAAGTGTGT 405 CTTTCTGATT TCTGGGCCTG TGTTTCGGCA AAACCGGGAC ATGCAGTATT CTACC7TCTC 465 ACAAGCGAGG GTTGGATCTG TGTTGATGAC AAGAAAATAT ACCCAGAAAC ACCCAAAACA 525 GAGGATGTAC TTGTTTTTGC GCCCTATGAC TT GAGTCAC TGGGCAAGGA CCCACCAAAG 585 CTACACCAGA GATATGAAAA AGCATTTGAG CTCAGTGGCG GAGGTACATC CACTCCAACA 645 ACTGGCAACC AAAACATGTC CGGAAACAGT GGTTCAAT G TTCAAAATTT TTACATGCAA 705 CAGTACCAGA ATTCAATTGA CGCAGACCTG GGAGACAATG TGATTAGCCC TGAAGGCCAG 765 GGCAGCAACA CTAGTAGTTC AACCTCATCA AGCCAATCCT CTGGCTTGGG CGGGTGGTTC 825 TCTAGTTTGC TGAACCTTGG AACAAAACTA CTGGCTGACA AGAAGACAGA AGAGACTACA 885 AACATTGAAG ACAGAATTGA AACAACAGTG GTTGGAGTCA CTATTATTAA TTCACAAGGA 945 TCTGTTGGAA CAACCTACTG TTACTCCAAA CCGGATGGTA GACCACCATC CACAGTGTCA 1005 GACCCAGTTA CCAGACTTGG ACCCACGCTT TCCAGGCACT ACACATTTAA GGTAGGTGAG 1065 TGGCCCCAT CTCAATCACA TGGTCACGCA TGGATCTGTC CGTTGCCAGG TGACAAACTC 1125 AAGAAGATGG GCAGTTTTCA TGAGGTTGTC AAAGCCCACC ACCTGGTCAA GAACGGCTGG 1135 GATGTGGTTG TGCAGGTGAA TCCCTCATTT GCTCACTCCG GGCCGCTGTG TGTAGCAGCA 1245 GTGCCGGAGT ACGAACACAC ACATGAGAAA GCACTCAAGT GGTCTGAGCT TGAGGAACCA 1305 GCTTACACAT ACCAACAACT TTCAGTTTTT CCCCACCAGT TGCTAAATTT GAGGACAAAT 1365 TCATCAGTGC AT TGGTGAT GCCCTACATT GGGCCAGGCC AACCAACAAA TCTGACTTTG 1425 CACAACCCGT GGACCATTGT TATTTTAATT TTGTCTGAAT TGACAGGACC TGGCCAAACT 1485 GTGCCTGTGA CCATGTCGGT GGCTCCCATC GATGCAATGG TTAATGGGCC TCTTCCAAAT 1545 CCAGAGGCAC CGATTAGAGT GGTGTCTGTG CCTGAATCAG ATTCTTTTAT GTCTTCAGTA 1605

CCTGATAATT CGACTCCACT ATACCCCAAG GTTGTGGTCC CACCGCGCCA AGTTCCTGGC 1665

CGGTTTACAA ATTTCATTGA TGTGGCAAAA CAGACATATT CATTTTGTTC CATTTCTGGA 1725 AAACCTTATT TTGAGGTTAC CAACACCTCT GGGGACGAGC CACTGTTTCA GATGGATGTG 1785

TCGCTCAGTG CGGCAGAGCT ACATGGCACT TACGTAGCTA GTTTGTCATC ATTTTTTGCA 1845

CAGTACAGAG GCTCACTTAA TTTCAACTTT ATTTTCACTG GTGCAGCAGC CACTAAGGCA 1905

AAGTTTCTGG TTGCTTTTGT GCCTCCCCAC AGTGCAGCGC CCAAAACGCG CGATGAAGCA 1965

ATGGCGTGCA TCCATGCCGT GTGGGATGTT GGCTTGAACT CAGCTTTTTC TTTTAATGTA 2025 CCTTATCCCT CCCCTGCTGA CTTCATGGCC GTTTATTCTG CGGAACGGAC GGTTGTGAAT 2085

GTCTCTGGAT GGCTTCAAGT TTATGCACTA ACAGCTCTAA CTTCAACTGA CATTGCCGTG 2145

AACAGTAAAG GCCGTGTGCT GGTTGCTGTT TCCGCCGGCC CAGACTTCTC CCTTCGTCAC 2205

CCGGCGGACC TGCCCGACAA GCAGGTTACC AATGTGGGAG AGGATGGTGA ACCCGGTGAG 2265

ACAGAGCCTC GTCATGCTTT GTCACCCGTG GACATGCACG TGCACACAGA TGTCAGTTTC 2325 TTGCTTGACC GGTTCTTTGA TGTTGAGACA CTTGAGCTTT CAAATTTGAC AGGTTCTCCT 2385

GCCACACATG TTCTGGATCC GTTTGGCTCG ACTGCCCAAC TGGCTTGGGC ACGTCTGCTA 2445

AACACTTGCA CCTACTTCTT TTCTGATTTG GAATTGTCAA TCCAGTTTAA ATTTACCACC 2505

ACTCCGTCCT CTGTTGGAGA GGGCTTTGTG TGGGTGAAGT GGCTCCCTGT TGGAGCACCA 2565

ACCAAGACCA CAGATGCTTG GCAGTTAGAA GGAGGTGGAA ATTCAGTTAG AATTCAAAAA 2625 TTGGCCGTTG CAGGGATGTG CCCCACTGTT GTGTTCAAGA TTGCAGGCTC CCGTTCACAA 2685

GCCTGTGCTT CAGCGTTGCC ATATACATCA ATGTGGCGTG TTGTGCCAGT CT TTACAAT 2745

GGCTGGGGTG CACCTACCAA AGAAAAGGCA ACCTACAATT GGCTTCCTGG TGCACACTTT 2805

GGTTCCATCT TGCTGACTTC TGATGCGCAT GATAAAGGAG GGTGCTACTT GCGGTATGCT 2865

TTCCGCGCGC CAGCGATσTA TTσCCCTCGA CCCATTCCGC CσGCTTTTAC GCGTCCAGCG 2925 GACAAAACCA GACATAAATT TCCCACTAAC ATCAACAAAC AGTGTACTAA TTACTCTCTC 2985

CTCAAATTGG CTGGAGATGT TGAGAGCAAC CCTGGCCCCA CTATTTTTTC CAAAGCATCA 3045

GCAGACCTGA ATGCCTTGTC AACGTCGCTA GGTGAATTGA CTGGCATGCT AAAAGATCTT 3105

AAAGCCAAGG CAGAAACTTA TTCCCCGTTT TACAAAATGG CCAAAATGCT TTTCAAACTT 3165

GCAACACTAG CTGTGGCAGC TATGAGGACA AAGGACCCAG TAGTGGTGGT TATGTTGATT 3225

GCTGATTTCG GATTGGAGGT CTTTGACACT GGGTTTTTCT TTTCCTACTT TCAAGAGAAG 3285

TTGCAGCCTT ATATGAAAAC TATTCCTGGT AAGATTTCTG ATTTGGTCAC TGATGCGGCT 3345 ACGGCTGCCG CCCAAATTCC AAAGGGAGTG TATTCTTTTG TGTCGTCATT TTTCGAAACG 3405

CCTGAAGGAG TGGTTGAGAA GCAGGTGTCT CTTCGGACAG TGAATGACAT ATTTGCTTTG 3465

CTTAAAAATT CTGATTGGTT CATAAAGACT CTTGTTGCCC TCAAGAAATG GCTGACATCC 3525

TGGTTTGCTC AAGAACAACA GGCAGATGAT GCGCTCTATT CAGAATTGGA AAAATATCCC 3585

TTGTACAAGT TAAAATTGAA GGAACCTGAT ACTCAAGAGG AAGCGCGCCA GTGGTTTAAA 3645 GACATGCAGC AGCGTGCTCT CGCTGTGAAG GACAAAGGTC TCTTTTCCCT CCTGCAAATT 3705

CCATTAGTTA ACTTGCCCCA GAGCCGTCCA GAGCCCGTTG TATGCGTCCT TCGGGGCGCA 3765

TCAGGGCAAG GCAAATCTTA TTTGGCAAAT CTGATGGCTC AAGCAATTTC GCTTCTCTTG 3825

GTTGGCAAGC AGGACAGTGT GTGGAGTTGT CCTCCTGACC CCACATATTT TGATGGCTAT 3885

AACGGACAGG CTGTGGTGAT TATGGATGCA TTGGGCCAGG ATCCGAATGG TGCTGACTTT 3945 AAATATTTTT GCCAGATGGT CTCTACAACA GCTTTTGTAC CACCTATGGC CCATTTGGAT 4005

GATAAAGGCA TTCCATTTAC TTCTCCTGTT GTTATTTGTA CTACAAATTT GCATTCATCT 4065

TTTACCCCTA TTACTGTTTC TTGTCCTGAA GCTCTTAAGA GGAGGTTTCG GTTTGATGTG 4125

ACGGTGTCCG CTAAACCGGG CTTTGTGCGC ACTGTTGGTT CAAACCAGCT TTTGAATCTC 4185

CCACTTGCTC TTAAGCCAGC TGGTCTTCCC CCACACCCTA TCTTTGAAAA TGACATGCCC 4245 ATTATAAATG GGCAGGCTGT TAAATTGGCT CTTTCTGGTG GAGAAGTGAC AGCTTTTGAG 4305

CTTATTGAGA TGATACTGTC AGAAGTTCAA AACAGACAAG ACACACACAA AATGCCCATT 4365

TTTAAACAAT CATGGTCTGA TTTGT CAGA AAGTGTACAA CTGATGAGGA ACAGAAAATG 4425

TTGCAGTTTT TAATTGACAA TAAAGATTCA GAAATTCTCA GGGCGTTTGT TTCAGAACGC 4485

TCCATTTTAC TACATGAAGA GTATCTTAAA TGGGAGTCAT ATATGACCAG GAGAGCCAAG 4545 TTTCACCGCC TGGCTGCTGA TTTTGCTATG TTTCTATCCA TTCTTACTTC ACTGATTGTT 4605

ATTTTTTGTT TAGTTTATTC TATGTATCAA CTTTTTAAGA CCCCTGACGA GCAATCAGCT 4665

TATGATCCTT CAACTAAGCC AAAACCAAAG ACCCAGGAAG TGAAAACACT GAAGATTAGG 4725

ACTGAGACTG GTGTACCAGC AACTGACTTG CAACAATCCA TCATGAAAAA TGTTCAGCCA 4785

ATTGAGCTTT ACCTTGACAA TGAATTGGTT ACTGACTGCT CTGCCTTGGG TGTTTATGAC 4845 AATTCATATT TGGTGCCCCT TCATTTGTTT GAATTTGATT TTGATACCAT TGTGCTTGGT 4905

GGACGTCATT ACAAGAAAGC TGAGTGTGAG AAGGTAGAGT TTGAGCTTGA AGTGAATGGA 4965

GACGTGGTGT CATCAGATGC GTGTCTACTT CGAGTGTCAT CGGGGCCTAA AGTTAGAAAT 5025

ATTGTTCATC TTTTTACAAA TGAAATTGAA TTGAAGAAAA TGACCCAAGT GACAGGAATC 5085

ATGAATTCAC CACACCAGGC ACGCACTGTG TTTTTTGGCA GTTTTTTGAC AGTGAGGAAG 5145 TCCATCTTAA CATCGGATGG GACTGTAATG CCCAATGTTT TGTCCTATGC CGCTCAGACC 5205

TCGCGTGGGT ATTGTGGCGC TGCAATTGTT GCTGGCTCAC CTGCCCGCAT AATTGGTATC 5265

CATTCAGCTG GCACTGGATC TGTTGCATTT TGCTCCCTGG TGTCCAGAGA CGCGCTGGAG 5325

CAACTCTGGC CCCAGAAACA GGGCAACGTT AGTCGCCTTG ATGACGATGT GAGGGTGTCT 5385

GTTCCGCGCC GCTCCAAATT GGTGAAATCA TTGGCTTACC CCATTTTCAA ACCTGACTAT 5445 GGCCCAGCGC CACTCTCTCA ATTTGACAAG CGCCTGTCAG ACGGCGTGAA GCTGGATGAA 5505

GTGGTTTTTG CTAAACATAC TGGAGACAAG GAGATTTCCG CACAGGACCA GAAATGGCTC 5565

TTGCGTGCGG CGCATGTATA CGCCCAGAAG GTTTTCTCCC GGATTGGATT TGACAACCAG 5625

GCTTTGACTG AAAAAGAGGC CATTTGTGGC ATTCCTGGCC TTGACAAGAT GGAGCAGGAC 5685

ACCGCTCCCG GGCTGCCCTA TGCTCAGCAA AATAAGAGAA GGAAAGACAT CTGTGATTTT 5745 GAAGAGGGCC GGCTGAAGGG CGCCGAACTC CAAAAGGACA GATTTATGGC TGGTGACTAC 5805

TCTAATTTGG TCTATCAATC ATTTTTGAAA GATGAGATCC GCCCACTTGA GAAAGTTAGG 5865

GCTGGAAAGA CCCGCCTGAT TGACGTGCCG CCGATGCCCC ATGTGGTGGT TGGTAGGCAG 5925

CTCTTGGGCC GGTTTGTGGC AAAATTTCAT GAAGCAAATG GATTTGACAT TGGCTCAGCC 5985

ATTGGATGTG ACCCAGATGT GGACTGGACT CGGTTTGGCC TCGAGTTGGA GCGTTTCAGG 6045

TATGTATATG CCTGTGACTA CTCACGGTTC GATGCCAACC ATGCAGCTGA TGCAATGAGA 6105

GTTGTGCTTA ACTACTTTTT CTCTGAGGAC CACGGTTTCG ACCCTGGTGT GCCTGCTTTT 6165 ATTGAGTCAC TGGTTGATTC AGTGCATGCC TATGAAGAGA AAAGGTATAA CATCTACGGT 6225

GGCTTGCCAT CCGGGTGTTC CTGCACATCA ATTTTGAATA CCATCTTGAA CAATGTTTAC 6285

ATTCTTGCAG CTATGATGAA GGCTTATGAG AATTTTGAGC CAGATGACAT TCAGGTCATT 6345

TGCTATGGGG ACGACTGCCT CATTGCTTCT GATTTTGAAA TTGATTTCCA ACAACTGGTG 6405

CCTGTCTTTT CTAGTTTTGG ACAGGTAATA ACTACAGCTG ACAAGACTGA TTTTTTTAAA 6465 CTGACAACGC TTTCGGAGGT GACCTTCCTT AAGCGCGCTT TTGTTCTGAC GGCCTTT AC 6525

AAGCCAGTGA TGGATGTGAA GACCCTTGAA GCAATCTTAA GCTTTGTTCG CCCAGGCACA 6585

CAGGCTGAAA AGCTCCTGTC CGTGGCGCAG TTGGCAGGCC ACTGCGAACC GGAGCAGTAT 6645

GAGCGCCTGT TTGAGCCCTT TGCTGGGATG TATTTCGTCC CTACTTGGCG ACTTGCGCCT 6705

GCAGTGGTTG ATGAAGCTTG GATGCTAAAT TCTTTTTGAC TTTGTTTTTC TTTGTTTTCT 6765 TTTAGGCTTT TAAGGTGTTA AGTTTAAAGG TTAAGAGTTT TTAGAAGTTA AGATAGAGTT 6825 TAGT TTTAG TTTTGAGC-poly(A)

as disclosed in Fig. 2 and functional equivalents of said nucleotide sequence including naturally occurring derivatives, variants, degeneracy equivalents and deletion mutants thereof. In another aspect, the invention provides a substantially pure amino acid sequence being: a substantially pure amino acid sequence being:

F K V G E W P H S Q S H G H A W I C P L P G D K L K K M G S F H E V V K A H H L V K N G W D V V V Q V N P S F A H S G P L C V A A V P E Y E H T H E K A L K W S E L E E P A Y T Y Q Q L S V F P H Q L L N L R T N S S V H L V M P Y I G P G Q P T N L T L H N P W T I V I L I L S E L T G P G Q T V P V T M

VP2 + VP3 S V A P I D A M V NT G P L P N P E A P I R V V S V P E S D S F M S S V P D N S T P Y P V V V P P R Q V P G R F T N F I D V A K Q T Y S F C S I S G K P Y F E V T N T S G D E P F Q M D V S S A A E L H G T Y V A S L S S F F A Q Y R G S L N F N F I F T G A A A T A K F V A F V P P H S A A P K T R D E A M A C I H A V W D V G L N S A F S F N V P Y P S P A D F M A V Y S A E R T V V N V S G W Q V Y A L T A L T S T D I A V N S K G R V L V A V

VP3 * VP1 S A G P D F S L R H P A D L P D K Q V T N V G E D G E P G E T E P R H A S P V D M H V H T D V S F L L D R F F D V E T L E L S N L T G S P A T H V L D P F G S T A Q A W A R L N T C T Y F F S D L E L S I Q F K F T T T P S S V G E G F V V K W L P V G A P T K T T D A Q L E G G G N S V R I Q K L A V A G M C P T V V F K I A G S R S Q A C A S A L P Y T S M W R V V P V F Y N G W G A P T K E K A T Y N L P G A H F G S I L L T S D A H D K G G C Y L R Y A F R A P A M Y C P R P I P P A F T R P A

VP1 + 2A D K T R H K F P T N I N K Q C T N Y S L L K L A G 2A * 2B

D V E S N P G P T I F S K A S A D L N A L S T S L G E L T G M L K D L K A K A E T Y S P F Y K M A K M L F K L A T L A V A A M R T K D P V V V V M L I A D F G L E V F D T G F F F S Y F Q E K L Q P Y M K T I P G K I S D L V T D A A T A A A Q I P K G V

2B * 2C

Y S F V S S F F E T P E G V V E K Q V S L R T V N D I F A L L K N S D W F I K T L V A L K K W L T S W F A Q E Q Q A D D A L Y S E L E K Y P Y K L K L K E P D T Q E E A R Q H F K D M Q Q R A L A V K D K G L F S L L Q I P L V N L P Q S R P E P V V C V L R G A S G Q G K S Y L A N L M A Q A I S L L L V G K Q D S V S C P P D P T Y F D G Y N G Q A V V I M D A L G Q D P N G A D F K Y F C Q M V S T T A F V P P M A H L D D K G I P F T S P V V I C T T N L H S S F T P I T V S C P E A L K R R F R F D V T V S A K P G F V R T V G S N Q L L N L P L A L K P A G L P P H P I F E N D M P I I N G Q A V K L A L S G G E V T A F E L I E M I L S E V Q N R Q D T 2C * 3A

H K M P I F K Q S W S D L F R K C T T D E E Q K M L Q F L I D N K D S E I L R A F V S E R S I L L H E E Y L K E S Y M T R R A K F H R L A A D F A M F L S I L T S L I V I F C L V Y S M Y Q L F K T P 3A * 3B

D E Q S A Y D P S T K P K P K T Q E V K T L K I R

3B ♦ 3C T E T G V P A T D L Q Q S I M K N V Q P I E L Y L D N E L V T D C S A L G V Y D N S Y L V P L H L F E F D F D T I V L G G R H Y K K A E C E K V E F E L E V N G D V V S S D A C L L R V S S G P K V R N I V H L F T N E I E L K K M T Q V T G I M N S P H Q A R T V F F G S F L T V R K S I L T S D G T V M P N V L S Y A A Q T S R G Y C G A A I V A G S P A R I I G I H S A G T G S V A F C S L V S R D A L E

3C * 3D

Q L W P Q K Q G N V S R L D D D V R V S V P R R S

K L V K S L A Y P I F K P D Y G P A P L S Q F D K

R L S D G V K L D E V V F A K H T G D K E I S A Q D Q K W L L R A A H V Y A Q K V F S R I G F D N Q

A L T E K E A I C G I

P Y A Q Q N K R R K D

Q K D R F M A G D Y S

L E K V R A G K T R L

L L G R F V A K F H E

D V D W T R F G L E L

D A N H A A D A M R V

G V P A F I E S L V D

G L P S G C S C T S I M K A Y E N F E P D D D F E I D F Q Q L V P T D F F K L T T L S E K P V M D V K T L E A L S V A Q L A G H C E

F V W L A

as disclosed in Fig.2.

In another aspect, the invention provides proteins derived from ERhVl which exhibit virus like particle characteristics incorporating VP1 and having the following amino acid sequence: a protein or virus like particle incorporating VP1, derived from ERhVl and having the following amino acid sequence:

V T N V G E D G E P G E T E P R H A L S P V D M H V H T D V S F L L D R F F D V E T L E L S N L T G S P A T H V L D P F G S T A Q L A W A R L L N T C T Y F F S D L E L S I Q F K F T T T P S S V G E G F V W V K L P V G A P T K T T D A W Q L E G G G N S V R I Q K L A V A G M C P T V V F K I A G S R S Q A C A S A L P Y T S M W R V V P V F Y N G W G A P T K E K A T Y N W L P G A H F G S I L L T S D A H D K G G C Y L R Y A F R A P A M Y C P R P I P P A F T R P A D K T R H K F P T N I N K Q C T

In another aspect, the invention provides proteins derived from ERhVl which exhibit virus like particle characteristics incorporating VP2 and having the following amino acid sequence: a protein or virus like particle incorporating VP2, derived from ERhVl and having the following amino acid sequence:

D K K T E E T T N I E D R I E T T V V G V T l I N S Q G Ξ V G T T Y C Y S K P D G R P P S T V S D P V T R L G P T L S R H Y T F K V G E W P H S Q S H G H A W I C P L P G D K L K K M G S F H E V V K A H H L V K N G W D V V V Q V N P S F A H S G P L C V A A V P E Y Ξ H T H E K A L K W S E L E E P A Y T Y Q Q L S V F P H Q L L N L R T N S S V H L V M P Y I G P G Q P T N L T L H N P W T I V I L I L S E L T G P G Q T V P V T M S V A P I D A M V N G P L P N P E

In another aspect, the invention provides proteins derived from ERhVl which exhibit virus like particle characteristics incorporating VP3 and having the following amino acid sequence: a protein or virus like particle incorporating VP3, derived from ERhVl and having the following amino acid sequence:

A P I R V V S V P E S D S F M S S V P D N S T P L Y P K V V V P P R Q V P G R F T N F I D V A K Q T Y S F C S I S G K P Y F E V T N T S G D E P L F Q M D V S L S A A E L H G T Y V A S L S S F F A Q Y R G S L N F N F I F T G A A A T K A K F L V A F V P P H S A A P K T R D E A M A C I H A V W D V G L N S A F S F N V P Y P S P A D F M A V Y S A E R T V V N V S G W L Q V Y A L T A L T S T D I A V N S K G R V L V A V S A G P D F S L R H P A D L P D K Q

In another aspect, the invention provides proteins derived from ERhV 1 which exhibit virus like particle characteristics incorporating VP4 and having the following ammo acid sequence. a protein or virus like particle incorporating VP4, derived from ERhVl and having the following ammo acid sequence:

G G G T S T P T T G N Q N M S G N S G S I V Q N F Y M Q Q Y Q N S I D A D L G D N V I S P E G Q G S N T S S S T S S S Q S S G L G G ^W F S S L L N L G T K L L A

The invention also provides a virus like particle composing any one or a combination of VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4.

In another aspect, the invention provides a substantially pure nucleotide sequence for VP1 being:

GTTACCAATG TGGGAGAGGA TGGTGAACCC GGTGAGACAG AGCCTCGTCA TGCT TGTCA CCCGTGGACA TGCACGTGCA CACAGATGTC AGTTTCTTGC TTGACCGGTT CTTTGATGTT

GAGACACTTG AGCTTTCAAA TTTGACAGGT TCTCCTGCCA CACATGTTCT GGATCCGTTT

GGCTCGACTG CCCAACTGGC TTGGGCACGT CTGCTAAACA CTTGCACCTA CTTCTTTTCT

GATTTGGAAT TGTCAATCCA GTTTAAATTT ACCACCACTC CGTCCTCTGT TGGAGAGGGC

TTTGTGTGGG TGAAGTGGCT CCCTGTTGGA GCACCAACCA AGACCACAGA TGCTTGGCAG T AGAAGGAG GTGGAAATTC AGTTAGAATT CAAAAATTGG CCGTTGCAGG GATGTGCCCC

ACTGTTGTGT TCAAGATTGC AGGCTCCCGT TCACAAGCCT GTGCTTCAGC GTTGCCATAT

ACATCAATGT GGCGTGTTGT GCCAGTCTTT TACAATGGCT GGGGTGCACC TACCAAAGAA

AAGGCAACCT ACAATTGGCT TCCTGGTGCA CACTTTGGTT CCATCTTGCT GACTTCTGAT

GCGCATGATA AAGGAGGGTG CTACTTGCGG TATGCTTTCC GCGCGCCAGC GATGTATTGC CCTCGACCCA TTCCGCCGGC TTTTACGCGT CCAGCGGACA AAACCAGACA TAAATTTCCC

ACTAACATCA ACAAACAGTG TACT

and functional equivalents of said nucleotide sequence including naturally occurring derivatives, variants and degeneracy equivalents.

In another aspect, the invention provides a substantially pure nucleotide sequence for VP2 being:

GACAAGAAGA CAGAAGAGAC TACAAACATT GAAGACAGAA TTGAAACAAC AGTGGTTGGA

GTCACTATTA TTAATTCACA AGGATCTGTT GGAACAACCT ACTGTTACTC CAAACCGGAT GGTAGACCAC CATCCACAGT GTCAGACCCA GTTACCAGAC TTGGACCCAC GCTTTCCAGG

CACTACACAT TTAAGGTAGG TGAGTGGCCC CATTCTCAAT CACATGGTCA CGCATGGATC

TGTCCGTTGC CAGGTGACAA ACTCAAGAAG ATGGGCAGTT TTCATGAGGT TGTCAAAGCC

CACCACCTGG TCAAGAACGG CTGGGATGTG GTTGTGCAGG TGAATCCCTC ATTTGCTCAC

TCCGGGCCGC TGTGTGTAGC AGCAGTGCCG GAGTACGAAC ACACACATGA GAAAGCACTC AAGTGGTCTG AGCTTGAGGA ACCAGCTTAC ACATACCAAC AACTTTCAGT TTTTCCCCAC

CAGTTGCTAA ATTTGAGGAC AAATTCATCA GTGCATTTGG TGATGCCCTA CATTGGGCCA

GGCCAACCAA CAAATCTGAC TTTGCACAAC CCGTGGACCA TTGTTATTTT AATTTTGTCT

GAATTGACAG GACCTGGCCA AACTGTGCCT GTGACCATGT CGGTGGCTCC CATCGATGCA

ATGGTTAATG GGCCTCTTCC AAATCCAGAG

and functional equivalents of said nucleotide sequence including naturally occurring derivatives, variants and degeneracy equivalents.

In another aspect, the invention provides a substantially pure nucleotide sequence for VP3 being:

GCACCGATTA GAGTGGTGTC TGTGCCTGAA TCAGATTCTT TTATGTCTTC AGTACCTGAT AATTCGACTC CACTATACCC CAAGGTTGTG GTCCCACCGC GCCAAGTTCC TGGCCGGTTT

ACAAATTTCA TTGATGTGGC AAAACAGACA TATTCATTTT GTTCCATTTC TGGAAAACCT

TATTTTGAGG TTACCAACAC CTCTGGGGAC GAGCCACTGT TTCAGATGGA TGTGTCGCTC

AGTGCGGCAG AGCTACATGG CACTTACGTA GCTAGTTTGT CATCATTTTT TGCACAGTAC

AGAGGCTCAC TTAATTTCAA CTTTATTTTC ACTGGTGCAG CAGCCACTAA GGCAAAGTTT CTGGTTGCTT TTGTGCCTCC CCACAGTGCA GCGCCCAAAA CGCGCGATGA AGCAATGGCG

TGCATCCATG CCGTGTGGGA TGTTGGCTTG AACTCAGCTT TTTCTTTTAA TGTACCTTAT

CCCTCCCCTG CTGACTTCAT GGCCGTTTAT TCTGCGGAAC GGACGGTTGT GAATGTCTCT

GGATGGCTTC AAGTTTATGC ACTAACAGCT CTAACTTCAA CTGACATTGC CGTGAACAGT

AAAGGCCGTG TGCTGGTTGC TGTTTCCGCC GGCCCAGACT TCTCCCTTCG TCACCCGGCG GACCTGCCCG ACAAGCAG

and functional equivalents of said nucleotide sequence including naturally occurring derivatives, variants and degeneracy equivalents.

In another aspect, the invention provides a substantially pure nucleotide sequence for VP4 being:

GGCGGAGGTA CATCCACTCC AACAACTGGC AACCAAAACA TGTCCGGAAA CAGTGGTTCA

ATTGTTCAAA ATTTTTACAT GCAACAGTAC CAGAATTCAA TTGACGCAGA CCTGGGAGAC AATGTGATTA GCCCTGAAGG CCAGGGCAGC AACACTAGTA GTTCAACCTC ATCAAGCCAA

TCCTCTGGCT TGGGCGGGTG GTTCTCTAGT TTGCTGAACC TTGGAACAAA ACTACTGGCT

and functional equivalents of said nucleotide sequence including naturally occurring derivatives, variants and degeneracy equivalents.

In another aspect, the invention provides oligonucleotide primers derived from the nucleotide sequence of Fig. 2 being highly specific for ERhVl or cross reactive with other ERhV types.

The oligonucleotide primers may have any one of the following nucleotide sequences:

VP1F 5' GTTGTGTTCAAGATTGCAGGC 3' VP1R1 5' TTGCTCTCAACATCTCCAGC 3'

VP1R2 5' TAGCACCCTCCTTTATCATGCG 3'

In another aspect, the invention provides an oligonucleotide probe derived from the sequence of Fig. 2.

In another aspect, the invention provides diagnostic reagents, methods and kits characterised by the aforesaid oligonucleotide primers and probes.

In another aspect, the invention provides antigens comprising any one or a combination of the non-capsid proteins, being other than the individual VP1 to VP4 proteins, that are cleavage products of the polypeptide of Figure 2.

In another aspect, the invention provides vaccines and vectors incorporating any one or a combination of virion proteins VP1 to VP4.

In another aspect, the invention provides diagnostic tests for the detection of antibodies to ERhVl in blood of horses or other animals characterised by the use of the aforesaid antigens. Such diagnostic tests may be ELISA based.

Tn a particularly preferred embodiment, the invention provides a test to distinguish horses infected with ERhVl in which said virus had replicated from horses which have been vaccinated with the vaccine incorporating any one or a

combination of virion proteins VP l to VP4; comprising the steps of applying an antigen being any one or a combination of non-capsid proteins, being other than VPl to VP4, that are cleavage products of the polypeptide of Figure 2 to a horse and testing for an immunoreaction thereto, wherein a positive immunoreaction would indicate that said horse had been infected with ERhVl and a negative immunoreaction would indicate that said horse has not been infected with ERhVl. In another aspect, the invention provides recombinant plasmids incorporating nucleotide sequences and subsequences derived from the nucleotide sequences of Fig. 2. The recombinant plasmid may comprise the P1-2A-3C region of the ERhVl genome.

In another aspect, the invention provides a host system characterised by incorporating the nucleotide sequence of Fig. 2 or part thereof. The host may be E.coli, vaccinia virus, baculovirus or yeast.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for producing a protein product derived from ERhVl comprising the steps of selecting out a gene of interest from the ERhVl nucleotide sequence of Fig. 2 and expressing said protein product in a suitable host system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

The invention will now be described in detail with reference to Figs. 1 to 6: Fig. 1 (A) Schematic representation of the ERhVl genome and (B) comparison of the genomic structures of picornaviruses showing the predicted proteolytic cleavage pattern of the polyprotein. The lengths of individual regions are drawn approximately to scale. The dashed line represents the unsequenced region of the ERhVl 5'-NTR. Fig. 2a Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence of the ERhVl polyprotein. The nucleotide sequences of the 3'-NTR and part of the 5'-NTR are also shown. Numbering is from the first ATG codon that occurs in a context optimal for translational initiation (Kozak, 1989). A polypyrimidine tract upstream of the putative initiating ATG and the two pairs of in-frame ATG codons are underlined. The predicted proteolytic cleavage sites are indicated by arrows.

Fig. 2b Nucleotide sequence of the ERhVl 5'-nontranslated region

The polyC tract (dotted underline), polypyrimidine tract (underline) and potential initiation codons (double underline) are indicated. Predicted coding sequence is shown in bold type. Numbering is from the ATG considered most likely to be used for translation initiation.

Fig. 3 Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences of

ERhV 1.393/76 and FMDV.OIK polyprotein. Proteolytic cleavage sites, which are predicted in the case of ERhVl, are indicated by the arrows. Identical residues (*), highly conserved residues (:), and less conserved residues (.), are indicated. Fig. 4 Unrooted phylogenetic trees inferred using the picomavirus nucleotide sequences of (A) the complete polyprotein gene, (B) the polymerase gene and (C) VPl gene of viruses representing the five recognised genera of the family Picornaviridae. The viruses used were:

FMDV.A10, FMDV.OIK, FMDV.A12, FMDV.C3, FMDV.SAT3, EMCV, TMEV, Mengovirus, poliovirus l.Mahoney (Polio 1), poliovirus 2.Sabin (Polio 2), poliovirus 3. Leon (Polio 2), coxsackievirus A9 (CV.A9), CV.B3, echovirus 22 (Echo 22), swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), bovine enterovirus (BEV) hepatitis A virus (HAV) human rhinovirus IB (HRV1B), HRV89 and HRV14. Note: The branch lengths represent proportionate change only within each tree; they do not allow direct comparisons to be made between the three trees. Fig. 5(A) Diagram outlining the strategy for nested, reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of ERhV genome. The genome structure of ERhVl is shown schematically (top), and the first round PCR product (362bp), corresponding to VP l and 2A regions, and the second round PCR product (210bp), corresponding to part of VPl, are represented as black lines.

(B) the sequence of specific oligonucleotide primers used for RT-PCR are shown. VPIRI was used for the RT reaction.

Fig. 6 Construction of ERhV l expression plasmid for E. coli and baculovirus transfer vector for insect cells. The ERhVl genome is shown (top) and oligonucleotide primers used to amplify P I .2 A and 3C regions are depicted as

arrows. The P 1.2A fragment and subsequently the P 1.2A.3C fragment, obtained through the ligation of PI .2 A and 3C, were cloned separately into the multiple cloning sites of the pET15b and pBacbluIII plasmid vectors to construct pET.P 1.2A and pET.P1.2A.3C respectively for expression in E. coli and pBac.P1.2A and pBac.P1.2A.3C respectively for expression in insect cells.

The sequence of specific oligonucleotide primers used for the construction of expression plasmids are:

VP4F 5' GCTGGATCCATGAGTGGCGGAGGTACATCCACT 3'

R2A 5' GCTCTGCAGCAGGTCTGCTGATGCTTTGGA 3' 3CF 5' GCTCTGCAGATGATTAGGACTGAGACTGGTGT 3'

3CR 5' GCTGGATCCTTAGCCATAGTCAGGTTTGAA 3'

Virus growth and purification

ERhVl strain 393/76 was isolated from a nasal swab taken from a thoroughbred horse in South Australia while it was being held in quarantine following importation from the United Kingdom. The mare had an acute, systemic febrile illness. The virus was passaged 14 times in equine fetal kidney (EFK) monolayer cell cultures and then once in Vero cells. ERhVl virions were purified by a modification of the procedure described by Abraham and Colonno. Cells were harvested 48 hours after infection. The infected cells and supernatant fluid were frozen and thawed three times and clarified by centrifiiging at 2,000 x g for 20 min at 4 C. Polyethylene glycol 6000 and NaCl were added to the supernatant to final concentrations of 7% and 380 mM, respectively, and the mixture was stirred overnight at 4 C. The precipitated virions were recovered by centrifuging at 10,000 x g for 15 min at 4 C and resuspended in 200-400 μl TNE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCI pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA) containing 1% NP40. The suspension was clarified by centrifuging at 12,000 x g for 3 min before layering onto 15% to 45% (wt/vol) linear sucrose gradients (35 ml) in TNE buffer and centrifuging at 100,000 x g for 4 h at 4 C. Gradients were fractionated and the fractions analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Viral fractions were pooled, centrifuged at 200,000 x g for 2 h at 4 C, and the viral pellet was resuspended in a small volume of TNE buffer, cDNA

synthesis and cloning. Viral RNA was reverse transcribed using an oligo-dT primer (Amersham) or ERhV l specific primers

P I ( 5 ' - A T C C A G C A A G C C G C T G T C C G G T T A C - 3 ' ) a n d P 5 (5'-CGAAGAGACACCTGCTTC-3'). Viral RNA was prepared as described in ( 1987) Anal-Biochem. 162, 156-159.

• Viral RNA and 100 pmol of primer were mixed, boiled for 2 min and cooled at room temperature. First strand cDNA was synthesized using 200 U of Maloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Promega) in the presence of 0.8 mM dNTPs and 30 U of human placental RNAse inhibitor (Pharmacia) in a reaction volume of 25 μl. Second strand cDNA was synthesized using a cDNA synthesis kit (Amersham). The cDNA fragments were ligated into pUC18, either as blunt ended fragments or after ligating BamH I adaptors (Pharmacia), and the lighted products used to transform E. coli strain DH5α (Stratagene). Colonies were selected by hybridization, initially with an [32P]-dCTP-labelled cDNA probe derived from reverse transcribed viral RNA, and subsequently with [32P]-dCTP-labeIled cloned viral cDNA (16). The sequence between two cDNA clones was obtained using the oligonucleotide primers P6 ( 5 ' - T T C T G G T G G A G A A G T G A C A G C - 3 ' ) a n d P 7 (5'-GTGAGCCAGCAACAATTGC-3') in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR; 17) using the polymerase, Vent Exo+ (New England Biolabs). DNA sequencing and analyses

Double-stranded DNA was prepared using the alkaline lysis method and sequenced by dideoxy chain termination using modified T7 DNA polymerase (Pharmacia) and [35S]-dATP (Amersham). Sequence was read and analyzed using the GeneWorks software package (IntelliGenetics, Mountain View, CA). The GenBank database was searched using the FASTA searching and comparison program. The protein alignment shown in Fig. 3 was performed using the Genetics Computer Group, Inc. (Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 1994) GAP program with a gap creation penalty (GCP) of 3.0 and a gap extension penalty (GEP) of 0.1. The multiple alignments of nucleotide sequences were performed using ClustalW. For pairwise alignments the slow method was used with a GCP of 10 and a GEP of 0.1.

For multiple alignments a GCP of 10 and a GEP of 0.05 was used, with alignment of sequences which were more than 60% divergent delayed and using weighted transitions. Phylogenetic relationships were examined using the maximum likelihood method with the DNAML program of the Phylogeny Inference Package (Phylip) version 3.5c ( 1993, J. Felsenstein, Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle). The model used allowed for unequal expected frequencies of the four nucleotides, with the frequencies determined empirically from those present in the sequences analysed, and unequal rates of transitions and transversions. A single rate of change was assumed for all sites. The program was allowed to perform global rearrangements to optimise the tree. Initial analyses were performed on polymerase sequences using a range of transition/transversion ratios to determine that which gave the maximal log likelihood. A ratio of 2.0 gave the maximal log likelihood and thus this ratio was used for all subsequent analyses of other sequences. Cloning And Sequencing Of The ERHV1 Genome

Sixty seven overlapping cDNA clones and one PCR product clone were obtained and sequenced from both ends. The nucleotide in each position was determined at least twice, and 95% of the sequence was obtained by sequencing in both directions. The predicted genomic structure of ERhVl was characteristic of picornaviruses, possessing one long open reading frame (ORF) flanked by 5'- and 3'-NTR's (Fig. 1).

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the ERhVl polyprotein are shown in Fig. 2a. Partial sequence of the 5'-NTR (433 bases) was also obtained Fig. 2b. There was a tract of 9 Cs at position -550 to -542. PolyC tracts of various lengths have been observed in similar locations in FMDV and EMCV. The actual length of the ERhVl polyC tract is uncertain as these sequences are known to be unstable when propagated in E. coli. A 14 nucleotide polypyrimidine tract, which possessed the TTTC motif common to all picornaviruses. was present near the potential translation initiation codons. A region of 450 nucleotides upstream of the most likely initiation codon is predicted to contain an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). This region showed most

sequence identity (48-50%) with corresponding sequences in FMDV and EMCV. The 3'-NTR of ERhV l was 102 nucleotides excluding the polyA tail (data not shown).

In picornaviruses. there are two factors that influence which ATG codon initiates translation, a requirement for the ATG to be located at the 3 '-end of the IRES, and that this ATG occurs in a sequence optimal for initiating translation, that is, a purine at position -3 and a G in position +4. Two pairs of in-frame ATG codons were identified in the ERhVl genome. The second ATG of the first pair is separated by 25 nucleotides from the beginning of the polypyrimidine tract (Fig. 2b), similar to the distance (25 to 27 nucleotides) found in the corresponding regions in FMDV and EMCV (24). The second ATG of each pair occurs in an optimal context. Therefore, the second ATG of the first pair is most likely to be the translation initiation codon but it is possible that translation is also initiated from the second optimal ATG, by a process of leaky scanning, or even from the other two, non-optimal ATG codons. The predicted ERhVl coding sequence, beginning at the most likely initiation ATG, extended for 6,741 bases and would encode a polyprotein of 2,247 amino acids.

Alignment of the ERhVl amino acid sequence with those of other picornaviruses showed that it was most similar to aphthoviruses and, to a lesser extent, to cardioviruses in all regions of the genome (data not shown). Fig. 3 shows a comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of ERhVl with that of FMDV.OIK. The two sequences were 40% identical. The more conserved regions include: the 3D/polymerase (50% identity), VP4 (49% identity) and some regions of the 2C protein. ERhVl encoded a 2A protein of 16 amino acids. 14 of which were identical with those of FMDV 2A. ERhVl possessed only one copy of the VPg sequence. This is in contrast to FMDV which has 3 tandemly repeated, non-identical VPg sequences (27-29).

Table 1 shows the proteolytic cleavage sites of ERhVl predicted from the amino acid alignment (Fig. 3), and compares these with those of FMDV, EMCV and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Most of the ERhVl cleavage sites could be assigned with reasonable confidence because of significant

amino acid similarity with FMDV in the regions flanking the predicted cleavage site: an exception was the 3A/3B cleavage site where there was less sequence similarity. As is the case with FMDV, the predicted ERhVl 3C protease cleavage sites were more variable than those of the cardioviruses, EMCV and TMEV.

Table 1. Comparison of the predicted proteolytic cleavage sites of the ERhVl polyprotein with those of FMDV, EMCV and TMEV.

* Cleavage data from: FMDV.OIK (Forss et al. 1984), TMEV (Pevear et al. 1987) and EMCV (Palmenberg et al. 1984). The single amino acid code is used.

Phylogenetic analyses

A phylogenetic tree was derived from the nucleotide sequences of complete picomavirus polyproteins (Fig. 4a). Each branch of this tree was statistically, highly significant (PO.01), with the 95% confidence limits ranging from ±7% to ±15% of branch lengths. ERhVl was found to be most closely related to the aphthoviruses, although it was clear that ERhVl was considerably more distant from individual members of this genus than the aphthoviruses were from each other. A phylogenetic tree was also derived from the nucieotide sequences of picomavirus polymerase genes (Fig. 4b). Each branch of this tree was statistically,

highly significant (PO.01 ) with 95% confidence limits ranging from ± 14% to ±38% of the branch lengths. Again, ERhV l grouped with the aphthoviruses and the topology of the tree was the same as that obtained using data of the entire polyprotein (Fig. 4a). The VP l nucleotide sequences were also similarly analyzed (Fig. 4c). Most branches were statistically, highly significant (P<0.01 ), although, that between the ERhVl branch point and the branch point for the echovirus 22-hepatovirus cluster was less so (P<0.05). The 95% confidence limits of the branch lengths of this tree were considerably greater than for the other two trees, ranging from ±18% to ±69%. This tree did not group ERhVl with the aphthoviruses. With the exception of bovine enterovirus (BEV), the tree had the same topology as those derived from the complete polyprotein and the poiymerase sequences. It was also apparent that picornaviruses formed three clusters: e ntero v i rus es - rh i n o v i rus e s , e c h o v i ru s 22 - h e p ato v i r us and cardioviruses-aphthoviruses-ERhV 1. (1) Diagnostic reagents

Oligonucleotide primers: We have designed short oligonucleotide primers and used them in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) for the diagnosis of

ERhV infected horses. Any of the ERhV nucleotide sequence may be used for the

^' design primer sets for use as diagnostic reagents. They may be highly specific for ERhVl or they may be designed to be more cross reactive so as to amplify single strand RNA template from other ERhV types e.g., ERhV 2, 3 and 4. As a specific example we have used the primer set shown in Fig. 5 to diagnose ERhV disease in several groups of seriously ill horses in circumstances in which, despite exhaustive efforts, we could not isolate the virus using conventional cell culture procedures. We now consider ERhV a very under reported disease simply because, most of the time, nasal samples collected from horses experiencing severe, systemic clinical disease because of ERhV infection do not yield the virus in cell culture. In one particular group of horses, we detected the presence of ERhV by PCR and confirmed that the horses were both actively infected and seriously ill with ERhV by use of paired serum samples which showed that there was a concomitant rise in

ERhVl serum neutralising antibody. Vigorous attempts to isolate the virus in cell cultures yielded negative results.

Oligonucleotide probes: Virus specific oligonucleotides are used as probes to detect the presence of the virus in infected samples from diseased horses and other animals. This may be especially important given the systemic nature of the illness i.e., it is a foot-and-mouth-like, generalized disease with virus distributed throughout the body in many organs and tissues; it is not just a simple "common cold-like" illness as the name rhinovirus implies The significance of the sequence in moving the virus out of the Rhinovirus genus and into a new genus proposed to be called " Equirhinovirus" in the Picornaviridae family does not represent merely a taxonomic change but represents a paradigm shift in how ERhV l and related viruses must now be regarded as pathogens for the horse and other animal species. Diagnostic antigens: Individual virion proteins, in particular VP 1 , VP2 and VP3, can be expressed in any one of a number of heterologous expression systems to provide antigens to detect specific antibody to ERhVl present in blood. Such expression systems, which are well established for E. coli, yeast, vaccinia virus and baculovirus, allow for the production of large quantities of protein to a high degree of purity. The expressed virion proteins may be used in simple immunoassays, such as ELISA, to detect ERhVl specific antibody. Virion proteins expressed in this way also serve as effective vaccines against ERhVl disease. (2) Vaccines

Production of virus like particles (VLPs): We have used the sequence information to construct recombinant plasmids containing the P1-2A-3C region of the genome (see Fig. la and Fig. 6). These plasmid constructions are of course critically dependent on the ERhVl sequence that has been determined although the strategy that we are adopting, in general, is similar to that described in J. Virol 66, 4557-4564. Some early plasmid constructions have been inserted into E. coli and baculovirus expression systems based on prior art with similar viruses such as poliomyelitis of humans and foot-and-mouth disease virus of cattle and other cloven hoofed animals. The RT PCR double stranded DNA of the P1-2A-3C region of the ERhVl genome is transcribed, within the transformed E. coli or insect cell for

baculovirus, into messenger RNA as a single transcript which is then translated into a mini polyprotein. The 3C protease activity results in the cleavage of the mini polyprotein into its constituent parts namely 1A (VP4), I B (VP2). I C (VP3) and ΙD(VP I ), 2 A and 3C (see Fig. la and Fig. 6) and that the VP component parts then self assemble into VLPs i.e., virus particles that lack nucleic acid and are therefore non infectious i.e., are unable to cause disease. Two important applications of ERhV VLPs are as follows:

(a) The VLPs are very useful as highly effective, safe, high antigen-mass vaccines for the control ERhVl disease. If ERhVl disease is confirmed, as we believe to be the case, as significant and responsible for much hither to undiagnosed illness that results in many lost training days, many expensive treatments, much serious illness because of secondary infections following on the primary ERhVl infection, and much poor performance, then the utility of the vaccine based on the VLPs that are the subject of this invention will be very great and likely to have world-wide application.

With improved methods for the diagnosis of ERhVl infection such as by PCR and ELISA as described herein, it is likely that other members of the proposed new Equirhinovirus genus within the family Picornaviridae including for example ERhV2, ERhV3, may be similarly diagnosed. Indeed suitably selected PCR primer sets based on the ERhVl sequence could be used to detect these other equine rhinoviruses. The sequencing of these genomes could provide a basis for their specific diagnosis. It is also evident that the construction of VLP's based on expression plasmids similar to those described herein for ERhVl, could be readily adapted to these other equine rhinoviruses leading for example to production of combined ERhV vaccines to cover all antigenic types as may be extant or as may emerge by antigenic variation, as is very much a part of the biology of FMDV, in the future. Polyvalent VLP vaccines incorporating a range of ERhV antigenic types are obvious extensions based on the work described herein.

(b) ERhV VLPs can be used as a delivery vector that will provide not only protection against ERhV disease but will be used to deliver other therapeutic and useful substances to the horses following administration by parenteral or other

routes. Such delivery vectors can be produced by inserting into, for example the P I region at some appropriate site, double stranded DNA coding for antigenic epitopes of other vims and infectious agents of horse as well as epitopes derived from other non infectious sources for example reproductive hormones.

ERhVl DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

For the detection of ERhVl antibodies in infected or vaccinated horses various standard tests can be used. VLP's may be used in such tests for example in an ELISA test for antibody.

Other diagnostic tests based on recombinant antigens derived from the ERhV l sequence can be devised along similar lines to those repoπed for FMDV in which the absence of protein 2C from clarified inactivated whole vims FMD, FMDV or FMDV VLP vaccines maybe used as the basis for distinguishing infected from vaccinated animals where the vaccine is a non-replicating form of ERhVl or a deletion mutant of ERhVl in which a particular non-structural protein gene has been deleted. Precedent for this comes from studies of FMDV as reported in for example Lubroth, Grubman, Burrage, Newman & Brown, 1996, Absence of protein

2C from clarified foot-and-mouth disease vims vaccines provides the basis for distinguishing convalescent from vaccinated animals, Vaccine 14(5), 419-427.

PREPARATION AND USE OF VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES AND OTHER PROTEINS BASED ON ERhVl SEQUENCE

From the sequence of ERhVl it is possible to clone certain segments of the viral genome into a variety of vectors for expression in a variety of different expression systems. There is a straight forward and strong literature for FMDV that provides a very clear precedent for what can be done for ERhVl . Examples include the expression of FMDV P 1-2A in a baculovims (Abrams CC & Belsham GJ, 1994, The antigenicity of foot-and-mouth disease vims P1-2A polyprotein and empty capsids produced in vaccinia vims and baculovims expression systems. In Vllth Meeting of the European Study Group on the Molecular Biology of Picomavimses, 6- 1 1 August 1994, Korpilampi, Finland) or vaccina vims systems (Abrams CC, King AMQ & Belsham GJ, 1995, Assembly of foot-and-mouth

disease vims empty capsides synthesized by a vaccinia vims expression svstem. Journal of General Virology 76:3089-3098) to obtain VLPs or viral proteins. We have prepared similar plasmids in which P 1-2A. P 1 -2A-3C and these two sequences in a myristolated form have been inserted into p fastbac 1 baculovims vector (Gibco/BRL) and into a PET vector Novogene) for expression in insect cells and E.coli respectively.

These expressed products either as protein antigens or as VLPs, have utility as the basis for diagnostic tests or vaccines.

Accordingly, such references are herein incorporated in support of the full description and enablement of the invention where the disclosed methods of preparing diagnostics, vaccines, vectors, host systems and kits are fully described and applicable to the like aspects of the current invention. (3) Applications in human medicine:

ERhV is also a human pathogen. We have unpublished data to confirm that humans have semm neutralising antibody to ERhVl that is indicative of infection. One of the laboratory workers concerned with the conduct of the sequencing and who handled infectious vims has specific antibody in high amounts (semm neutralising antibody titre 1 : 640 to ERhV l ). We are currently extending these studies and anticipate finding a significant incidence of infection in humans world wide particularly among those humans who work with horses. The improved diagnostic methods outlined above, perhaps also the vaccine, are expected to have application in human medicine.