ZHAO, Chen (Building 46, Suite 2072 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 1, 100871, CN)
WANG, Hao (Building 1, Suite 407Shuiqingmuhuayuan, Sancaitang, Haidian District, Beijing 1, 100871, CN)
ZHAO, Chen (Building 46, Suite 2072 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 1, 100871, CN)
| What is claimed is: 1. A system for extracting a component from a composition, comprising: an extraction device configured to contain said composition and configured to receive a supercritical fluid, wherein said supercritical fluid extracts said component from said composition. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a separation device configured to separate the component from the supercritical fluid. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a feed pump that receives and pressurizes a fluid, wherein said component is resolvable to said fluid in a supercritical phase; a solar collector that receives said fluid from said feed pump and heats said fluid to a supercritical phase to form a supercritical fluid, wherein said extraction and separation device receives said supercritical fluid from said solar collector; and a heat exchanger that receives said fluid from said extraction device and cools said fluid for returning to said feed pump. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein said extraction device and said separation device comprises: a water bath; a high pressure cell in said water bath that contains said composition; a pump that charges said supercritical fluid through said cell; a filter contained in said cell that filters said supercritical fluid out of said cell; and a separator that receives said supercritical fluid and separates said supercritical fluid from said component. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein said extraction device and said separation device further comprises a pressure gauge in said water bath to control the pressure of said supercritical fluid. 6. The system of claim 3, wherein said solar collector heats said fluid up to about 170°C. 7. The system of claim 4, wherein said supercritical fluid is separated from said component in said separator by decreasing the pressure of said supercritical fluid to change said fluid into a gaseous state. 8. The system of claim 3, wherein said heat exchanger comprises: a first exchanger component that recycles the heat of said fluid; and a second exchanger component that cools said fluid into a liquid state. 9. The system of claim 3, where said heat exchanger cools said fluid to about 20°C. 10. A method for extracting a component from a composition, comprising the step of: extracting said component from said composition with a supercritical fluid. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of: separating said component from said supercritical fluid. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising the steps of: pressurizing a fluid, wherein said component is resolvable to said fluid in a supercritical phase; heating said fluid to a supercritical phase to form a supercritical fluid. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said extracting step comprises the steps of: charging said supercritical fluid with a pump through a high pressure cell in a water bath, wherein said cell contains said composition; and filtering said supercritical fluid out of said cell through a filter. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said separating step comprises the step of: separating said supercritical fluid from said component in a separator. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said extracting step further comprises the step of controlling the pressure of said supercritical fluid. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein said heating step comprises heating said fluid up to about 170°C. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein said separating step comprises decreasing the pressure of said supercritical fluid to change said fluid into a gaseous state. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of: cooling said fluid after said separating step. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said cooling step further comprises the steps of: recycling the heat of said fluid; and cooling said fluid into a liquid state. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein said cooling step comprises cooling said fluid to about 20°C. |
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The systems and methods disclosed herein relate to the extraction of a component from a composition using supercritical fluid.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] There has historically existed a need to separate compositions into their constituent parts. This can involve the removal of one or more components from a composition, or even separation of a composition into all of its constituent parts. Such separations or extractions have application in almost all fields of study. However, the accomplishment of such separations or extractions have been subject to problems including complexity, inefficiency, and costly in terms of time and money, to name a few.
[0003] One such separation is the extraction of oil from oil sands. In this context, the depletion of conventional oil reserves and soaring oil prices lead to an increasing attention to oil sands as an alternate fossil fuel resource. Of course, methods exist to extract components such as oil from oil sands. For instance, the hot-water extraction technique is one method for oil sand extraction. However, this method consumes a great amount of energy to produce hot water and causes serious environmental problems. Indeed, one byproduct of the hot-water extraction technique is tailings ponds, which contain toxins like heavy metals and oil. Another method, the pyrolysis-extraction technique, causes much pollution because the pyrolysis of bitumen produces organic toxins. Yet another method, the organic-solvent technique, also causes pollution because the solvent is not environmentally friendly.
[0004] It is thus clear that more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly methods for separation and extraction of oil from oil sands are required. Further, such methods have far-reaching impacts in fields other than just oil extraction. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] As one embodiment, a system for extracting a component from a composition may have an extraction device configured to contain the composition and configured to receive a supercritical fluid. The supercritical fluid extracts the component from the composition.
[0006] The system may also have a separation device configured to separate the component from the supercritical fluid.
[0007] The system may also have a feed pump that receives and pressurizes a fluid. The component is resolvable to the fluid in a supercritical phase. The system may also include a solar collector that receives the fluid from the feed pump and heats the fluid to a supercritical phase to form a supercritical fluid. The extraction and separation device receives the supercritical fluid from the solar collector. The system also may include a heat exchanger that receives the fluid from the extraction and separation device and cools the fluid for returning to the feed pump.
[0008] The extraction and separation device of the system may have a water bath; a high pressure cell in the water bath that contains the composition; a pump (for instance, a syringe pump or a diaphragm pump) that charges the supercritical fluid through the cell; a filter contained in the cell that filters the supercritical fluid out of the cell; and a separator that receives the supercritical fluid and separates the supercritical fluid from the component. The extraction and separation device of the system may also have a pressure gauge in the water bath to control the pressure of the supercritical fluid.
[0009] The fluid of the system may be liquid carbon dioxide. Alternatively, the fluid of the system may be water. The component of the system may be oil, and the composition of the system may be oil sand. The feed pump of the system may pressurize the fluid to about 20MPa. The solar collector of the system may heat the fluid up to about 170°C. In order to obtain good extraction ability, the fluid should be heated by the solar collector to a temperature of about 70°C. [0010] The supercritical fluid of the system may be separated from the component in the separator by decreasing the pressure of the supercritical fluid to change the fluid into a gaseous state. The pressure may be decreased to about 4.5MPa.
[0011] The heat exchanger of the system may include a first exchanger component that recycles the heat of the fluid; and a second exchanger component that cools the fluid into a liquid state. The heat exchanger of the system may cool the fluid to about 20°C.
[0012] As another embodiment, a method for extracting a component from a composition may include the steps of extracting the component from the composition with a supercritical fluid and separating the component from the supercritical fluid.
[0013] The method may also include the steps of pressurizing a fluid, wherein the component is resolvable to the fluid in a supercritical phase and heating the fluid to a supercritical phase to form a supercritical fluid.
[0014] The method may also include the step of cooling the fluid after the separating step. The cooling step of the method may include the steps of recycling the heat of the fluid and cooling the fluid into a liquid state. The cooling step of the method may include cooling said fluid to about 20°C.
[0015] The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalization, and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other aspects, features, and advantages of the devices and or processes and/or other subject matter described herein will become apparent in the teachings set forth herein. The summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings.
[0017] Figure 1 is a diagram of a system for extracting a component from a composition using a fluid according to an embodiment disclosed herein.
[0018] Figure 2 is a diagram of an extraction and separation device according to an embodiment disclosed herein.
[0019] Figure 3 is a flow diagram of a method for extracting a component from a composition according to an embodiment disclosed herein.
[0020] Figure 4 is a flow diagram of a method for extracting a component from a composition according to another embodiment disclosed herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0021] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated and make part of this disclosure. [0022] This disclosure is drawn, inter alia, to methods and systems related to the extraction of a component from a composition using supercritical fluid. The extraction may be from a solid composition, liquid composition, or a mixture. Such extractions may be used on all different scales. For instance, extraction on a small scale may be appropriate for analytical purposes, whereas extraction on a large scale may be appropriate for industrial applications. More specifically, this disclosure relates to a system and method involving placing fluid (for instance, by heating using solar energy), such as liquid carbon dioxide, in a supercritical phase. Then, the fluid in a supercritical phase can work as the extracting solvent to separate one component from another. For example, the system and method may be utilized to extract oil from oil sand.
[0023] The fluid to be placed in supercritical phase may be one or more fluid. When in supercritical phase, a supercritical fluid may be any substance at a temperature and pressure above its thermodynamic critical point. Supercritical fluids combine properties of gases and liquids. For instance, supercritical fluids can diffuse through solids like a gas, and also dissolve materials like a liquid. Fluids such as supercritical carbon dioxide and water offer a range of unusual chemical possibilities in both synthetic and analytical chemistry. For example, supercritical fluids have solvent power similar to a light hydrocarbon for most solutes. Further, supercritical fluids may be mixed or combined with additional fluids. For instance, carbon dioxide may be modified with co-solvents. Suitable co-solvents include ethanol and/or methanol. However, it can be appreciated that one or more possible fluids may be utilized, including, but not limited to carbon dioxide, water, methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, methanol, ethanol and acetone.
[0024] The supercritical fluid will contain no surface tension due to the absence of a liquid/gas phase boundary. By changing the pressure and temperature of the fluid, the properties may be "tuned" to be more liquid or more gas like. Another property that may be considered is the solubility of the component to be extracted in the fluid. Solubility in a supercritical fluid tends to increase with density of the fluid (at constant temperature). Since density increases with pressure, then solubility also tends to increase with pressure. The relationship with temperature may also be considered. At constant density, solubility will increase with temperature. However, close to the critical point, the density can drop sharply with a slight increase in temperature. Therefore, close to the critical temperature, solubility often drops with increasing temperature, then rises again.
[0025] As one example, in a solar Rankine system using carbon dioxide, fluid pressure and temperature can be increased respectively by a pump and a solar collector, as illustrated in Figure 1. In this way, carbon dioxide fluid can be heated and pressed into supercritical phase. The critical temperature and pressure of carbon dioxide fluid is about 31°C and about 7.2MPa. The addition of modifiers may slightly alter the temperature and pressure. By mixing the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid with oil sands, oil can be dissolved in the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid and extracted from the oil sands. Depressurization of the fluid separates the oil from the carbon dioxide because lowering the pressure reduces the solvent power of the supercritical fluid. When the fluid is cooled down in the system, the heat of the fluid can be recycled.
[0026] Although many of the drawings, descriptions, and examples herein are directed to extracting oil from oil sands using carbon dioxide, this disclosure is not so limited. This disclosure can be applied to extracting any component from any composition using a fluid as long as the component is resolvable to the fluid in a supercritical state.
[0027] As used herein, the term "resolvable to" means "able to be dissolved by."
[0028] Figure 1 illustrates a diagram of a system 10 according to one embodiment of this disclosure. Figure 1 will first be described as shown. Then, Figure 1 will be described using a specific example of extracting oil from oil sands with carbon dioxide.
[0029] As shown in Figure 1, a fluid flows from a feed pump 12 to a solar collector 14 to an extraction and separation device 16 to a heat exchanger 18. In other words, the fluid flows into the feed pump 12, then out of the feed pump 12 into the solar collector 14, then out of the solar collector 14 into the extraction and separation device 16, and then out of the extraction and separation device 16 into the heat exchanger 18. At this point, the fluid flows out of the heat exchanger 18 and back to the feed pump 12 so that the fluid flow is continuous. The fluid may flow from one part of the system to the next through a pipe or any other means known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0030] Starting at the feed pump 12, a fluid flows in the feed pump 12 and is pressurized. In other words, the feed pump 12 receives and pressurizes the fluid. In order to acquire good pumping ability, the fluid can be already in a liquid state. In the system 10 shown in Figure 1, the output of the heat exchanger 18 is a liquid. The feed pump 12 may be a simple piston pump or any other conventional pump.
[0031] The pressurized fluid is heated by solar energy collected by the solar collector 14 to the point where the fluid becomes supercritical. The solar collector 14 may be an evacuated solar collector. The solar collector 14 may heat the fluid from about 20°C to about 170°C.
[0032] The supercritical fluid then flows through the extraction and separation device 16, which contains a composition. The supercritical fluid extracts a desired component from the composition and carries the component away (not shown in Figure 1) from the rest of the composition. The extraction and separation device 16 includes any structure capable of mixing the supercritical fluid with the composition and then performing a separation. One example of an extraction and separation device is illustrated in Figure 2.
[0033] As shown in Figure 2, the extraction and separation device 16 may include a pump 20 (for example a syringe or a diaphragm pump), a water bath 22, and a separator 24. The water bath 22 may contain a pressure gauge 26 and a cell 28 (for example, a high pressure cell) with a filter 30. The composition is put in the cell 28. The supercritical fluid is charged into the cell 28 through the pump 20. The pressure gauge 26 may be used to control the pressure. The cell 28 is put in the water bath 22. The extraction portion of the extraction and separation device 16 can then maintain the temperature and pressure at a desired level. [0034] After the supercritical fluid extracts the component from the composition, the supercritical fluid with the component exits the cell 28 through a filter 30 and enters the separator 24. The separator 24 decreases the pressure so that the supercritical fluid can be changed into a gaseous state and can be easily separated from the component. After the extraction and separation, the temperature of the fluid is maintained.
[0035] Turning back to Figure 1, the depressurized and high temperature fluid enters the heat exchanger 18 for returning to the feed pump 12. The heat exchanger 18 may include two exchanger components. If two exchanger components are used, the first exchanger component is used for recycling the heat of the high temperature fluid, and the second exchanger component is used for cooling the fluid into a liquid state for good pumping ability. With two exchanger components, they can be coupled in series and have the same or different internal structure. The heat exchanger 18 may alternatively have only one exchanger component as long as the high temperature fluid can be cooled.
[0036] Figure 1 will now be described using a specific example of extracting oil from oil sands with carbon dioxide.
[0037] Referring to Figure 1, working carbon dioxide flows from a feed pump 12 to a solar collector 14 to an extraction and separation device 16 to a heat exchanger 18.
[0038] The liquid carbon dioxide flows in the feed pump 12 and is pressurized. In other words, the feed pump receives and pressurizes the liquid carbon dioxide. In order to acquire good pumping ability, the carbon dioxide fluid can be already in a liquid state and have a temperature around 20°C before the liquid carbon dioxide arrives at the feed pump 12. In the system 10, the output of the heat exchanger 18 is liquid carbon dioxide. The feed pump 12 may pressurize the carbon dioxide fluid from about 4.5MPa to about 20MPa.
[0039] The pressurized carbon dioxide fluid is heated by solar energy collected by the solar collector 14 to the point where the carbon dioxide fluid becomes supercritical. The solar collector 14 may heat the carbon dioxide fluid from about 20°C to about 170°C. In order to obtain good extraction ability in the system 10, the high pressure carbon dioxide fluid is heated by the solar collector 14 to a temperature of about 70°C.
[0040] The supercritical carbon dioxide fluid then flows through the extraction and separation device 16, which contains oil sands. The supercritical fluid extracts oil from the oil sands and carries the oil away from the oil sands. The extraction and separation device 16 is further illustrated in Figure 2.
[0041] As shown in Figure 2, the extraction and separation device 16 includes a pump 20, a water bath 22, and a separator 24. The water bath 22 contains a pressure gauge 26 and a cell 28 (for example, a high pressure cell) with a filter 30. The oil sands are put in the cell 28. The supercritical carbon dioxide fluid is charged into the cell 28 through the pump 20. The pressure gauge 26 is used to control the pressure. The cell 28 is put in the water bath 22. The extraction portion of the extraction and separation device 16 can then maintain the temperature at about 70°C and the pressure at about 20MPa.
[0042] After the supercritical fluid extracts the oil from the oil sands, the supercritical fluid with the oil exits the cell 28 through a filter 30 and enters the separator 24. The separator 24 decreases the pressure to about 4.5MPa so that the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid can be changed into a gaseous state and can be easily separated from the oil. After the extraction and separation, the temperature of the fluid is maintained at about 70°C.
[0043] Turning back to Figure 1, the depressurized and high temperature carbon dioxide fluid enters the heat exchanger 18 for returning to the feed pump 12. The heat exchanger 18 may include two exchanger components. If two exchanger components are used, the first exchanger component is used for recycling the heat of the high temperature carbon dioxide fluid, and the second exchanger component is used for cooling the fluid into a liquid state for good pumping ability. The temperature of the fluid may be about 35°C after the first exchanger component and about 20°C after the second exchanger component. The pressure of the fluid is maintained at about 4.5MPa before and after entering the heat exchanger 18. With two exchanger components, they can be coupled in series and have the same or different internal structure. The heat exchanger 18 may alternatively have only one exchanger component as long as the high temperature carbon dioxide fluid can be cooled down to about 20°C.
[0044] As one example, the heat exchanger 18 may be a carbon dioxide/water heat exchanger, which uses water pumps to recycle the water flow and gather the heat from water in a cooling tower. In order to achieve a good heat exchange between carbon dioxide and water, a shell and tube design can be used for the heat exchanger components, with the tube side being for carbon dioxide and the shell side being for water, as an example. The temperature of the water used to recover heat in the first exchanger component is determined by the temperature of the carbon dioxide fluid coming out of the extraction and separation device 16 and the cooling capacity of the cooling tower of the first exchanger component. The temperature of the water used to recover heat in the low-temperature heat recovery system, i.e. the second exchanger component, is about 10°C.
[0045] Besides carbon dioxide, water can be used in a similar system by the same principles to separate a component resolvable to water. In addition to oil, many other kinds of biomass resolvable to different supercritical fluids, such as carbon dioxide, can be extracted by the system and method of the disclosure.
[0046] The method of this disclosure will now be more fully described with reference to Figures 1-4. The method is for extracting a component from a composition.
[0047] In a first embodiment of the method, as shown in Figure 3, one step is extracting a desired component from a composition with a supercritical fluid (step 110). This step 110 may occur in an extraction and separation device, which contains the composition. The supercritical fluid extracts a desired component from the composition and carries the component away from the rest of the composition. The extracting step 110 may involve charging the supercritical fluid with a pump, such as a syringe pump or a diaphragm pump, through a high pressure cell in a water bath. The cell contains the composition. The extracting step 110 then may involve filtering the supercritical fluid out of the cell through a filter. The extracting step 110 may also include controlling the pressure of the supercritical fluid with a pressure gauge in the water bath. A further step of the method of Figure 3 is separating the component from the supercritical fluid (step 120). This step 120 may also occur in the extraction and separation device. The separating step 120 may involve separating the supercritical fluid from the component in a separator. The separating step 120 may also include decreasing the pressure of the supercritical fluid to change the fluid into a gaseous state. For example, the pressure may be decreased to about 4.5MPa.
[0048] In a second embodiment of the method, as shown in Figure 4, one step is pressurizing a fluid (step 210). This step 210 may be done with a feed pump 12. The component being extracted should be resolvable to this fluid when the fluid is in a supercritical phase. The pressurizing step 210 may involve pressurizing the fluid to about 20MPa.
[0049] Another step is heating the high pressure fluid to a supercritical phase to form a supercritical fluid (step 220). This step 220 may be done with a solar collector. The heating step 220 may involve heating the fluid up to about 170°C. More particularly, the heating step 220 may involve heating the fluid to about 70°C.
[0050] Further, another step is extracting the desired component from the composition with the supercritical fluid (step 230). This step 230 may occur in an extraction and separation device, which contains the composition. The supercritical fluid extracts a desired component from the composition and carries the component away from the rest of the composition. The extracting step 230 may involve charging the supercritical fluid with a pump (such as a syringe pump or a diaphragm pump) through a high pressure cell in a water bath. The cell contains the composition. The extracting step 230 then may involve filtering the supercritical fluid out of the cell through a filter. The extracting step 230 may also include controlling the pressure of the supercritical fluid with a pressure gauge in the water bath. A further step of the method is separating the component from the supercritical fluid (step 240). This step 240 may also occur in the extraction and separation device. The separating step 240 may involve separating the supercritical fluid from the component in a separator. The separating step 240 may also include decreasing the pressure of the supercritical fluid to change the fluid into a gaseous state. For example, the pressure may be decreased to about 4.5MPa. [0051] A further step of the method may include cooling the fluid (step 250). This step 250 may occur in a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may include two exchanger components. In this case, the cooling step may include recycling the heat of the fluid (step 252) and cooling the fluid into a liquid state (step 254). The step 252 would be done with the first exchanger component, and the step 254 would be done with the second exchanger component. The cooling step may involve cooling the fluid to about 20°C.
[0052] As discussed above with the system of this disclosure, this method may be applied to extracting any component from any composition using a fluid as long as the component is resolvable to the fluid in a supercritical state. As specific examples, the fluid may be liquid carbon dioxide and/or water. The component may be oil when the composition is oil sand.
[0053] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
[0054] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to disclosures containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should typically be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."
[0055] While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
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