Cross Reference to Related Applications

[0001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/049,644, filed September 12, 2014, entitled "Fabric Having a Waterproof Barrier," the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Technical Field

[0002] Embodiments herein relate to apparel and sporting goods, and, more specifically, to fabrics having a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier on an outward-facing surface of a base fabric.

Background

[0003] Apparel including waterproof fabrics typically includes a base fabric and a hydrophilic, waterproof membrane coupled to the base fabric. The waterproof membrane prevents water from passing from the outward-facing surface of the base fabric to the body-facing surface of the base fabric, and this waterproof membrane typically is coupled to the body-facing surface of the fabric. The waterproof membrane can be uncomfortable for the user if it is in direct contact with the skin, and water (such as perspiration) can build up on the inside surface, making the fabric feel clammy and wet. This is generally addressed by adding a lining material that is the innermost layer of the apparel. Additionally, the outward-facing surface of the base fabric may absorb water, giving it a wetted-out appearance and increasing the weight of the base fabric. To address this concern, a durable water repellant coating or compound may be applied to the outward-facing surface of the base fabric to create a beading effect, but water may still eventually saturate the base fabric.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0004] Embodiments will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. [0005] Figures 1 A and 1 B illustrate cross-sectional views of two examples of waterproof fabrics, one having a base fabric and a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof (Figure 1 A), and one having a base fabric, a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof, and an abrasion resistant coating or layer coupled to an outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier (Figure 1 B), in accordance with various embodiments;

[0006] Figures 2A-2C illustrate three cross-sectional views of waterproof fabrics showing the mechanisms of action of the waterproof fabric illustrated in

Figure 1A (e.g., Figure 2A) and two examples of conventional waterproof fabrics (Figures 2B and 2C), in accordance with various embodiments;

[0007] Figures 3A-3C illustrate cross-sectional views of three examples of a waterproof fabric, including an embodiment having a base fabric and a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof, and a durable water repellant (DWR) coating on the outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier (Figure 3A), an embodiment having a base fabric and a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof, an abrasion-resistant coating or layer coupled to the outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier, and a DWR agent coupled to the abrasion-resistant coating or layer (Figure 3B), and an embodiment having a base fabric and a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof, a DWR agent on the outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier, and an abrasion-resistant coating or layer coupled to the DWR agent (Figure 3C), in accordance with various embodiments;

[0008] Figures 4A-4C illustrate three cross sectional views of waterproof fabrics showing the mechanisms of action of the waterproof fabric illustrated in

Figure 3A (e.g., Figure 4A) and two examples of conventional waterproof fabrics (Figures 4B and 4C), in accordance with various embodiments;

[0009] Figure 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an example of a waterproof fabric having a base fabric and a first hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof, and a second hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to a body-facing surface of the base fabric, in accordance with various embodiments; [0010] Figures 6A-6C illustrate three cross sectional views of waterproof fabrics showing the mechanisms of action of the waterproof fabric illustrated in

Figure 5 (e.g., Figure 6A) and two examples of conventional waterproof fabrics (Figures 6B and 6C), in accordance with various embodiments;

[0011] Figures 7A-7C illustrate three examples of waterproof soft shell or fleece fabrics having a waterproofed seam, including an embodiment having a base fabric, a fleece or soft shell fabric, and a DWR agent, wherein the seam is sealed with waterproof tape applied to the outward-facing surface of the base fabric (Figure 7A), an embodiment having a base fabric with a waterproof barrier coupled to a body-facing surface, wherein the seam is waterproofed by skiving the fleece or soft shell layer and applying a waterproof tape to the body-facing surface of the waterproof barrier (Figure 7B), and an embodiment wherein a waterproof barrier is coupled directly to an outward-facing surface of the fleece or soft shell layer and the seam is sealed by bonding waterproof tape to the outward-facing surface of the waterproof membrane (Figure 7C), in accordance with various embodiments;

[0012] Figures 8A and 8B illustrate two examples of waterproof insulated materials, including an embodiment having an insulating layer bounded by an outer base fabric and an inner lining fabric, a waterproof barrier bonded to a body facing surface of the outer base fabric, a DWR coating or layer, and a seam that is waterproofed with a waterproof tape bonded to the outward-facing surface of the outer base fabric(Figure 8A), and an embodiment having an insulating layer bounded by an outer base fabric and an inner lining fabric, a waterproof barrier bonded to an outward-facing surface of the outer base fabric, and a seam that is waterproofed with a waterproof tape bonded to the outward-facing surface of the waterproof barrier (Figure 8B), in accordance with various embodiments;

[0013] Figures 9A-9C are graphs illustrating the water vapor transmission rate of various commercially available waterproof fabrics as compared to an embodiment of the waterproof fabrics disclosed herein (Figure 9A), the percentage to which the waterproof fabric of Figure 9A transmits water vapor compared to commercially available fabrics (Figure 9B), and the data shown in Figures 9A and 9B presented in combined form (Figure 9C), in accordance with various

embodiments; and

[0014] Figure 10 illustrates the results of testing one embodiment of a waterproof fabric as described herein, in accordance with various embodiments. Detailed Description of Disclosed Embodiments

[0015] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration embodiments that may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope. Therefore, the following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of embodiments is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0016] Various operations may be described as multiple discrete operations in turn, in a manner that may be helpful in understanding embodiments; however, the order of description should not be construed to imply that these operations are order dependent.

[0017] The description may use perspective-based descriptions such as up/down, back/front, and top/bottom. Such descriptions are merely used to facilitate the discussion and are not intended to restrict the application of disclosed

embodiments.

[0018] The terms "coupled" and "connected," along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, in particular embodiments, "connected" may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical contact with each other. "Coupled" may mean that two or more elements are in direct physical contact. However, "coupled" may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still cooperate or interact with each other.

[0019] For the purposes of the description, a phrase in the form "A B" or in the form "A and/or B" means (A), (B), or (A and B). For the purposes of the description, a phrase in the form "at least one of A, B, and C" means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C). For the purposes of the description, a phrase in the form "(A)B" means (B) or (AB) that is, A is an optional element.

[0020] The description may use the terms "embodiment" or "embodiments," which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments.

Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," and the like, as used with respect to embodiments, are synonymous, and are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.).

[0021] With respect to the use of any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0022] Various embodiments provide waterproof fabrics that may prevent wetting-out or saturation of the outward-facing surface of the fabric, and that may also allow the wicking of moisture (e.g., perspiration and water vapor) from the body of a user in certain embodiments. Existing waterproof fabrics typically include a base fabric and a waterproof membrane, such as a hydrophilic, waterproof membrane, coupled to the base fabric. The hydrophilic, waterproof membrane prevents water from passing from the outward-facing surface of the base fabric to the body-facing surface of the base fabric, and this waterproof membrane typically is coupled to the body-facing surface of the fabric. In most examples, a hydrophilic membrane is selected so that it will absorb sweat, since the membrane faces the skin. Positioning the waterproof membrane on the body-facing surface of the base fabric prevents the waterproof membrane from being damaged (e.g., scuffed or abraded) during use, but it also creates problems.

[0023] For example, the waterproof membrane can be uncomfortable for the user if it is in direct contact with the skin, and water (such as perspiration) may build up on the body-facing surface of the membrane, giving the fabric an uncomfortable clammy feeling. A separate fabric liner positioned between the waterproof membrane and the user's body is sometimes used in conjunction with the waterproof fabric for this reason.

[0024] Additionally, because the outward-facing surface of the base fabric typically is exposed to the elements, it may absorb water (e.g., from rain and other precipitation), giving it a wetted-out appearance and increasing the weight of the base fabric. A durable water repellant (DWR), such as a C8 fluorocarbon, may be applied to the outward-facing surface of the base fabric to create a beading effect, but water may still eventually saturate the base fabric, as a DWR typically wears off gradually with use. This may create the impression that the waterproof fabric has failed, particularly when the saturation of the outward-facing surface is accompanied by moisture build-up on the body-facing surface. In various embodiments described herein, a base fabric may include a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier that is coupled to the outward-facing surface of the base fabric, rather than a body-facing surface. In embodiments, the waterproof barrier or membrane is breathable, preventing passage of water molecules by permitting air and moisture vapor to pass through the barrier/membrane. In some embodiments, the base fabric may have one or more functional properties, such as wicking or breathability, and/or may be treated with a wicking compound or other functional compound to enhance one or more functional properties of the base fabric.

[0025] For example, in some embodiments, the base fabric may be a wicking fabric. As used herein, the term "wicking fabric" refers to a fabric having a surface that becomes wet (e.g., and spreads the water across the fabric) when the contact angle of the water is less than 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the body-facing surface of the base fabric may be coated, dipped, or printed with a wicking compound, which compound may serve to enhance wicking and moisture dispersal throughout all or a portion of the base fabric. Specific, non-limiting examples of wicking compounds of use include copolymers of polyethylene glycol and

polyethylene terephthalate, and dilute solutions of hydrophilic polyurethane.

[0026] In some embodiments, the wicking compound may be deposited in a continuous coverage pattern, whereas in other embodiments, the wicking compound may be applied in a continuous or non-continuous pattern. In particular

embodiments, the base fabric may have other functional properties, such as heat direction, cooling, or insulation, and/or other functional compounds and/or elements may be applied to the body-facing surface of the base fabric, such as the heat- management materials disclosed in US Patent No. 8,453,270, the holographic heat management materials disclosed in US Patent No. 8,510,871 , and/or the cooling elements of US Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0133353, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

[0027] In various embodiments, the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier that is coupled to the outward-facing surface of the base fabric may be non-porous or microporous, and may include a plastic polymer, polyurethane, polyethylene, polyester, and/or polytetrafluoroethylene. In various embodiments, the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier may be coated on the outward-facing surface of the base fabric, which may be advantageous because using a coating rather than a laminating process may avoid the need for an additional adhesive layer, and it may ensure a strong bond between the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier and the base fabric, even when the base fabric has a textured surface. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier may be laminated, or printed on the outward-facing surface of the base fabric. In various embodiments, the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier may prevent environmental water or moisture (e.g., precipitation or the like) from reaching the outward-facing surface of the base fabric.

[0028] In some embodiments, an additional abrasion-resistant coating or layer, for example a polyurethane or polycarbonate layer, may be coated or overprinted on the outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier, for example to increase abrasion resistance of the waterproof barrier. In some

embodiments, the abrasion-resistant coating or layer is a high molecular weight polyurethane or polycarbonate layer. As used herein, the term "high molecular weight polyurethane or polycarbonate layer" refers to a coating material having a high Young's modulus and a high solids composition, such as greater than 25%, for example 35-35%. In specific embodiments, the high molecular weight polyurethane or polycarbonate layer may be an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene

(UHMWPE), which term as used herein refers to a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene, also known as high-modulus polyethylene (HMPE), or high- performance polyethylene (HPPE), that has extremely long chains, with a molecular mass usually between 2 and 6 million. In various embodiments, the longer chain may serve to transfer load more effectively to the polymer backbone by strengthening intermolecular interactions, resulting in a very tough material, with the highest impact strength of any thermoplastic presently made.

[0029] In other embodiments, the abrasion resistant layer may be a low molecular weight polyurethane or polycarbonate layer. For example, the

polyurethane or polycarbonate layer may provide a durable surface that has a high hydrophobicity and that allows for moisture vapor transfer. In some embodiments, the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may be a discontinuous layer. For example, in some embodiments, the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may be applied in a discontinuous pattern, such as a lattice, stripes, or a repeating or random pattern of dots, squares, stars, circles, triangles, letters, words, logos, or other shapes. In some embodiments, the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may be used in a discontinuous pattern in order to maximize breathability of the base fabric, and in various embodiments, the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may cover about 15-50% of the surface area of the waterproof fabric. In particular embodiments, the abrasion- resistant coating or layer may contain a pigment and/or produce a color change when the fabric is exposed to moisture, and/or the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may enhance the texture of the outward-facing surface of the waterproof fabric.

[0030] Thus, in various embodiments, positioning the waterproof barrier on the outward-facing surface of the base fabric may allow the wicking base fabric to face the skin of the user, where it can wick perspiration from the skin. Additionally, positioning the waterproof barrier on the outside surface of the base fabric also may prevent the base fabric from absorbing precipitation or other moisture from the environment. In various embodiments, this combination of features may create a wicking, waterproof fabric that is both comfortable for the user and effective in maintaining waterproofness and preventing the base fabric from "wetting-out." In various embodiments, positioning the waterproof barrier on an outward-facing surface of the base fabric also enables the creation of waterproof , breathable, insulated materials, such as waterproof, breathable fleece fabrics, and waterproof, breathable down-insulated fabrics, which were nor possible prior to the present disclosure.

[0031] In some embodiments, the waterproof barrier and/or the abrasion- resistant coating or layer may be visible to a user, for example, and in some embodiments, the waterproof barrier and/or the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may produce a visible or textured pattern. In particular embodiments, the waterproof barrier and/or the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may contain one or more pigments or colorants, or may produce a color change when the fabric is exposed to moisture. In other embodiments, the waterproof barrier and/or the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may enhance the texture of the outward-facing surface of the waterproof fabric. In some embodiments, the waterproof barrier and/or the abrasion- resistant coating or layer may be disposed on a portion of a zipper coupled to the base fabric, and may enhance the performance and/or waterproofing of the zipper.

[0032] In some embodiments, the waterproof fabric may form a part of an article, such as an article of clothing or body gear, sporting gear, gloves, headwear, or footwear, and thus may contain one or more seams between two or more pieces of the disclosed waterproof fabrics. In various embodiments, positioning the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier on the outward-facing surface of the waterproof fabric may allow any seams in the fabric to be sealed (e.g., with waterproof tape coupled to / bonded to the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier) on the outward-facing surface of the waterproof fabric, rather than on the body-facing surface of the waterproof fabric. Sealing any seams in the waterproof fabric on the outside surface confers several advantages, compared to traditional, body-facing surface seam sealing. For example, when the base fabric is positioned on the outward-facing surface, water may infiltrate and eventually saturate the fabric (e.g., via "wetting out"), which may cause the fabric to swell or otherwise weaken the bond between the fabric and the waterproof barrier and/or waterproof tape from inside of the fabric. As the base fabric loads with water, the water may travel to the stitching located under the tape, for example, which may lead to deterioration of the waterproofness of the seam. Peeling of the seam tape may result in some embodiments and/or water ingress along the seam/stitching may result.

[0033] Additionally, conventional waterproof fabrics have exposed stitching, which may invite water ingress through the needle holes and allow absorption of water into the thread. By contrast, when the waterproof barrier is positioned on the outward-facing surface of the waterproof fabric, the waterproof tape or other seam sealant provides a barrier to water infiltration that may not be weakened by saturation of the base fabric. Furthermore, such exterior sealing prevents water ingress into the stitching and protects the stitching from abrasion (which could lead to a broken stitch in conventional waterproof fabric constructions).

[0034] In various embodiments, the bond between the waterproof tape and the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier may be formed directly, whereas in other embodiments, the waterproof tape may be applied over the abrasion-resistant coating or layer. In some embodiments, because the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may be discontinuous, applying the waterproof tape over the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may allow the waterproof tape to bond directly to the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier in the areas of discontinuity in the abrasion-resistant coating. In various embodiments, the waterproof tape may form a secure, waterproof bond with both the abrasion-resistant coating or layer and the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier.

[0035] In some embodiments, the waterproof fabric may further include a durable water repellant (DWR) agent applied to the outward-facing surface of the waterproof barrier and/or the outward-facing surface of the abrasion-resistant coating or layer (e.g., away from the user's skin.) In various embodiments, the DWR may be fluorocarbon-based, paraffin-based, or silicon-based. In some embodiments, silicon- based and paraffin-based DWRs may have advantages over conventional fluorocarbon-based DWRs (such as perfluorocarbons, also known as PFCs), since some fluorocarbons may cause concern over possible environmental and/or health effects. Silicon-based and paraffin-based DWRs are PFC-free, and therefore do not have these potential adverse effects on the environment and/or health. In some embodiments, the DWR agent may be applied to (e.g., printed on, laminated to, and/or coated on) the waterproof barrier and/or the abrasion-resistant coating or layer to further enhance beading on the surface of the waterproof fabric. In some embodiments, rather than being applied to the outward-facing surface of the waterproof barrier and/or the abrasion-resistant coating or layer, the DWR may be dispersed in the waterproof barrier, for example as a fluorocarbon or silicone dispersed in a polyurethane membrane. In some embodiments, the DWR agent may be applied to the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier, and the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may be applied over the DWR agent.

[0036] In addition to enhancing moisture beading, the additional DWR agent may also help protect the waterproof barrier from damage during use (e.g., increase the abrasion resistance). In some embodiments, the agent may be visible to a user, and in some embodiments, the DWR agent may be applied as a continuous coating or as continuous or discontinuous pattern. In particular embodiments, the DWR agent may contain a pigment and/or produce a color change when the fabric is exposed to moisture, and/or the DWR agent may enhance the texture of the outward-facing surface of the waterproof fabric.

[0037] While DWR is described above, in embodiments, a DWR agent may be eliminated. Many DWR agents have environmental concerns, and the additional treatment requires processing time and expense. In various embodiments, eliminating a DWR agent from the apparel may be enabled by the high

hydrophobicity of the waterproof barrier, wherein the apparel still retains its waterproofness even without the DWR agent..

[0038] In still other embodiments, the waterproof fabric may include a first hydrophobic, waterproof barrier on the outward-facing surface of the base fabric and a second hydrophobic, waterproof barrier on the body-facing surface of the base fabric. Although this embodiment does not have the advantage of positioning the wicking base fabric against the user's skin, it provides distinctions in manufacturing, wherein a seam may be sealed on an inside surface as is done with existing outerwear fabrics. Additionally, this embodiment allows a very thin and/or lightweight base fabric to be used, as it is sandwiched between two hydrophobic, waterproof barriers.

[0039] Figures 1 A and 1 B illustrate cross-sectional views of two examples of waterproof fabrics, one having a base fabric and a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof (Figure 1 A), and one having a base fabric, a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof, and an abrasion resistant coating or layer coupled to an outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier (Figure 1 B), in accordance with various embodiments. As shown in Figure 1A, the waterproof fabric 100a includes a base fabric 102a that has an outward-facing surface 104a and a body-facing surface 106a. In various embodiments, the base fabric 102a may have wicking properties, or may be treated (e.g., coated, dipped, or printed) with a wicking compound. In various embodiments, positioning the base fabric 102a so that one surface faces the body may allow the base fabric to wick perspiration and/or other moisture away from the body, creating a dry sensation. In some embodiments, the base fabric 102a may have other functional properties, such as heat direction (e.g., heat conduction or reflectivity), cooling, or insulation. In some embodiments, the base fabric may be treated or coated with a wicking compound to enhance wicking.

[0040] In various embodiments, a waterproof barrier 108a may be coupled (e.g., coated, laminated, printed, etc.) on the outward-facing surface 104a of the base fabric 102a, creating a barrier to moisture penetration into the base fabric 102a. Positioning the waterproof barrier 108a on the outward-facing surface 104a prevents the base fabric 102a from "wetting-out," which could give a user the impression that the waterproofing ability of the fabric 100a has failed.

[0041] As shown in Figure 1 B, in another embodiment, the waterproof fabric 100b includes a base fabric 102b having an outward-facing surface 104b and a body-facing surface 106b, a waterproof barrier 108b coupled to the outward-facing surface 104b of the base fabric 102b, creating a barrier to moisture penetration into the base fabric 102b, and an abrasion-resistant coating or layer 110b coupled to the outward-facing surface of the waterproof barrier 108b. Although the abrasion- resistant coating or layer 110b is depicted as a continuous coating or layer, in some embodiments it may be applied in a discontinuous coating or layer, such that it covers about 15-50% of the surface area of the waterproof barrier. In various embodiments, the abrasion-resistant coating or layer 110b may be applied in a random or repeating pattern, and may be visually apparent to a user as a lattice or series of stripes, or a repeating pattern of dots, boxes, triangles, stars, letters, words, logos, or the like. In some embodiments, the abrasion-resistant coating or layer may be pigmented, or may produce a color change with in contact with water.

[0042] Figures 2A-2C illustrate three cross-sectional views of waterproof fabrics showing the mechanisms of action of the waterproof fabric illustrated in

Figure 1A (e.g., Figure 2A) and two examples of conventional waterproof fabrics (Figures 2B and 2C), in accordance with various embodiments. In Figure 2A, the waterproof barrier 208a prevents the waterproof fabric 200a from "wetting-out," while the base fabric 202a wicks perspiration from the skin of a user and allows it to spread throughout the fabric, thereby facilitating evaporation and minimizing the sensation of wetness.

[0043] By contrast, the conventional waterproof fabric 200b shown in Figure 2B positions the waterproof barrier 208b on the body-facing surface of the base fabric 202b, thus preventing the base fabric 202b from absorbing perspiration, and trapping the perspiration on the interior surface of the waterproof fabric 200b.

Additionally, because the outward-facing surface of the base fabric 202b has no waterproof barrier, water may saturate the base fabric 202b, giving it a "wetted-out" appearance and the perception of non-waterproofness.

[0044] Likewise, the conventional waterproof fabric 200c shown in Figure 2C positions the waterproof barrier 208c on the body-facing surface of the base fabric 202c, thus preventing the base fabric 202c from absorbing perspiration, and trapping the perspiration on the interior surface of the waterproof fabric 200c. Additionally, although the waterproof fabric 200c includes a DWR agent 210c on the outward- facing surface of the base fabric 202c, water eventually may penetrate the DWR agent and saturate the base fabric 202c, giving it a "wetted-out" appearance and the perception of non-waterproofness.

[0045] Figures 3A-3C illustrate cross-sectional views of three examples of a waterproof fabric, including an embodiment having a base fabric and a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof, and a durable water repellant coating on the outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier (Figure 3A), an embodiment having a base fabric and a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof, an abrasion- resistant coating or layer coupled to the outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier, and durable water repellant coating coupled to the abrasion- resistant coating or layer (Figure 3B), and an embodiment having a base fabric and a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier coupled to an outward-facing surface thereof, a durable water repellant coating on the outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier, and an abrasion-resistant coating or layer coupled to the durable water repellant coating (Figure 3C),in accordance with various embodiments.

[0046] Like the waterproof fabric 100a illustrated in Figure 1A, the waterproof fabric 300a illustrated in Figure 3A includes a base fabric 302a that has an outward- facing surface 304a and a body-facing surface 306a. In various embodiments, the base fabric 302a may have wicking properties, or may be treated (e.g., coated, dipped, or printed) with a wicking compound. In various embodiments, a

hydrophobic, waterproof barrier 308a may be coupled (e.g., coated, laminated, printed, etc.) on the outward-facing surface 304a of the base fabric 302a, creating a barrier to moisture penetration into the outward-facing surface 304a of the base fabric 302a. As described above, positioning the waterproof barrier 308a on the outward-facing surface 304a prevents the base fabric 302a from "wetting-out," which could give a user the impression that the waterproofing ability of the fabric 300a has failed. Additionally, a DWR agent 312a (e.g., which may be applied in a

discontinuous pattern, in some embodiments), may be applied to (e.g., deposited on, printed on, laminated to, and/or coated on) the outward-facing surface of the waterproof barrier 308a, thereby enhancing water beading and/or abrasion

resistance on the outer surface of the waterproof fabric 300a.

[0047] In the embodiment depicted in Figure 3B, the waterproof fabric 300b includes a base fabric 302b that has an outward-facing surface 304b and a body- facing surface 306b, a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier 308b coupled to the outward- facing surface 304b of the base fabric 302b, and an abrasion-resistant coating or layer 310b coupled to the hydrophibic, waterproof barrier 308b. Additionally, a DWR agent 312b is applied to the outward-facing surface of the abrasion-resistant coating or layer 310b, thereby enhancing water beading on the outer surface of the waterproof fabric 300b.

[0048] In the embodiment depicted in Figure 3C, the waterproof fabric 300c includes a base fabric 302c that has an outward-facing surface 304c and a body- facing surface 306c, a hydrophobic, waterproof barrier 308c coupled to the outward- facing surface 304c of the base fabric 302c, and a DWR agent 312c coupled to the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier 308c. Additionally, an abrasion-resistant coating or layer 310c is applied to the outward-facing surface of the DWR agent 312c, thereby enhancing abrasion resistance on the outer surface of the waterproof fabric 300b.

[0049] Figures 4A-4C illustrate three cross sectional views of waterproof fabrics showing the mechanisms of action of the waterproof fabric illustrated in

Figure 3A (e.g., Figure 4A) and two examples of conventional waterproof fabrics (Figures 4B and 4C), in accordance with various embodiments. As shown in Figure 4A, the waterproof barrier 408a and the DWR agent 410a may work together to prevent the waterproof fabric 400a from "wetting-out," while the base fabric 402a wicks perspiration from the skin of a user.

[0050] By contrast, the conventional waterproof fabric 400b shown in Figure 4B positions the waterproof barrier 408b on the body-facing surface of the base fabric 402b, thus preventing the base fabric 402b from absorbing perspiration, and trapping the perspiration on the interior surface of the waterproof fabric 400b.

Additionally, because the outward-facing surface of the base fabric 402b has no waterproof barrier, water may saturate the base fabric 402b, giving it a "wetted-out" appearance and the perception of non-waterproofness.

[0051] Likewise, the conventional waterproof fabric 400c shown in Figure 4C positions the waterproof barrier 408c on the body-facing surface of the base fabric 402c. Although the waterproof fabric 400c includes a DWR agent 410c on the outward-facing surface of the base fabric 402c, water eventually may penetrate the DWR agent (or the DWR agent may wear off), and water may saturate the base fabric 402c, giving it a "wetted-out" appearance and the perception of non- waterproofness.

[0052] Figure 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another example of a waterproof fabric, in accordance with various embodiments. In this embodiment, in addition to the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier 508a on the outward-facing surface 504 of the base fabric 502, waterproof fabric 500 also includes a second

hydrophobic, waterproof barrier 508b on the body-facing surface 506 of the base fabric 502. Although this embodiment does not have the advantage of positioning the wicking base fabric 502 against the user's skin, it provides advantages in

manufacturing, wherein a seam may be sealed on an inside surface as is done with existing outerwear fabrics. Additionally, a very thin and/or lightweight base fabric 502 may be used, as it is sandwiched between two hydrophobic, waterproof barriers

508a, 508b.

[0053] Figures 6A-6D illustrate three cross sectional views of waterproof fabrics showing the mechanisms of action of the waterproof fabric illustrated in

Figure 5 (Figure 6A) and two examples of conventional waterproof fabrics (Figures 6B and 6C), in accordance with various embodiments. As shown in Figure 6A, the first waterproof barrier 608a prevents the waterproof fabric 600a from "wetting-out," The second waterproof barrier 608b is positioned on the body-facing surface of the base fabric 602a, and allows an article made from the waterproof fabric 600a to use conventional seam-sealing technologies.

[0054] By contrast, the conventional waterproof fabric 600b shown in Figure 6B positions the waterproof barrier 608c on the body-facing surface of the base fabric 602b. Thus, because the outward-facing surface of the base fabric 602b has no waterproof barrier, water may saturate the base fabric 602b, giving it a "wetted- out" appearance and the perception of non-waterproofness.

[0055] Likewise, the conventional waterproof fabric 600c shown in Figure 6C positions the waterproof barrier 608d on the body-facing surface of the base fabric 602c. Although the waterproof fabric 600c includes a DWR agent 612c on the outward-facing surface of the base fabric 602c, water eventually may penetrate the DWR agent and saturate the base fabric 602c, giving it a "wetted-out" appearance and the perception of non-waterproofness.

[0056] In various embodiments, an advantage of the various waterproof fabrics disclosed herein is that a seam in the fabric layers, such as may exist between a sleeve and a body of a garment, may be waterproofed by bonding a waterproof tape directly to the outward-facing surface of the hydrophobic, waterproof barrier. Figures 7A-7C illustrate three examples of waterproof soft shell or fleece fabrics having a waterproofed seam, including an embodiment having a base fabric, a fleece or soft shell fabric, and a DWR agent, wherein the seam is sealed with waterproof tape applied to the outward-facing surface of the base fabric (Figure 7A), an embodiment having a base fabric with a waterproof barrier coupled to a body- facing surface, and wherein the seam is waterproofed by skiving the fleece or soft shell layer and applying a waterproof tape to the body-facing surface of the waterproof barrier (Figure 7B), and an embodiment wherein a waterproof barrier is coupled directly to an outward-facing surface of the fleece or soft shell layer and the seam is sealed by bonding waterproof tape to the outward-facing surface of the waterproof membrane (Figure 7C), in accordance with various embodiments. In the example illustrated in Figure 7A, a base material 702a is bonded to a fleece or soft shell fabric 718a, and a DWR agent 712 is applied to an outward-facing surface of the base fabric 702a. A seam 714a, which might be positioned at any of a number of positions in an article of clothing, body gear, footwear, or sporting goods runs through the full thickness of the material 700a, and is sealed on the outward-facing surface of the base material 702a with waterproof tape 716a bonded to the base fabric 702a.

[0057] In the illustrated example, water (indicated by arrows) may eventually infiltrate the base fabric 702a through the DWR agent 712, and may cause the bond between the waterproof tape 716a and the base fabric 702a to deteriorate. In some embodiments, this may eventually lead to water ingress at the seam 714a and/or peeling of the waterproof tape 716a and failure of the waterproofing of the seam

714a.

[0058] In the example illustrated in Figure 7B, a body-facing surface of a base material 702b is bonded to a waterproof barrier 708b, which in turn is bonded to a fleece or soft shell fabric 718b. A seam 714b runs through the full thickness of the material 700b, and is sealed on the body-facing surface of the waterproof barrier 708b with waterproof tape 716b. In order to access the body-facing surface of the waterproof barrier 708b, the fleece or soft shell fabric 718b is skived (e.g., cut away) to reveal the waterproof barrier 708b before the waterproof tape 716b is applied. This requires an extra step in the manufacturing process, and also leaves areas of the article of clothing, body gear, footwear, or sporting equipment lacking the insulation of the fleece or soft shell fabric 718b. Additionally, the waterproof material 700b suffers from the same shortcomings of the fabrics illustrated in Figures 2B and 4B, namely wetting out of the base fabric 702b.

[0059] By contrast, the waterproof, insulated material illustrated in Figure 7C avoids these problems. In the example illustrated in Figure 7C, a waterproof barrier 708c, is bonded to a fleece or soft shell fabric 718c. A seam 714c runs through the full thickness of the waterproof, insulated material 700c, and is sealed on the outward-facing surface of the waterproof barrier 708c with waterproof tape 716c. This prevents the issues related to wetting out of the base fabric illustrated in Figure 7C, and also permits a strong bond to be formed between the waterproof barrier 708c and the waterproof tape 716c, which ensures that the seam 714c does not deteriorate and fail.

[0060] Figures 8A and 8B illustrate two examples of waterproof insulated materials, including an embodiment having an insulated layer bounded by an outer base fabric and an inner lining fabric, a waterproof barrier bonded to a body facing surface of the outer base fabric, a DWR coating or layer, and a seam that is waterproofed with a waterproof tape bonded to the outward-facing surface of the outer base fabric (Figure 8A), and an embodiment having an insulated layer bounded by an outer base fabric and an inner lining fabric, a waterproof barrier bonded to an outward-facing surface of the outer base fabric, and a seam that is waterproofed with a waterproof tape bonded to the outward-facing surface of the waterproof barrier (Figure 8B),in accordance with various embodiments. In the example illustrated in Figure 8A, an insulating layer 820a, which may include natural insulation, synthetic insulation, or a combination of both, is bounded on an outward- facing surface by an outer base fabric 802a, and on a body-facing surface by a lining fabric 822a. The body-facing surface of the base fabric 802a is bonded to a waterproof barrier 808a, and the outward-facing surface of the base fabric 802a may be coated with a DWR agent. A seam 814a runs through the full thickness of the material 800a, and is sealed on the outward-facing surface of the base fabric 802a with a waterproof tape 816a.

[0061] In the illustrated example, water (indicated by arrows) may eventually infiltrate the base fabric 802a through the DWR agent 812, and may cause the bond between the waterproof tape 816a and the base fabric 802a to deteriorate. In some embodiments, this may eventually lead to peeling of the waterproof tape 816a and failure of the waterproofing of the seam 814a.

[0062] By contrast, the waterproof, insulated material illustrated in Figure 8B avoids these problems. In the example illustrated in Figure 8B, an insulating layer 820b, which may include natural insulation, synthetic insulation, or a combination of both, is bounded on an outward-facing surface by an outer base fabric 802b, and on a body-facing surface by a lining fabric 822b. In some embodiments, a specific configuration of synthetic and natural insulating material may be used as disclosed in US Application No. 14/286,869, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0063] The outward-facing surface of the base fabric 802b is bonded to a waterproof barrier 808b. A seam 814b runs through the full thickness of the insulated material 800b, and is sealed by forming a bond between waterproof tape 816b and the outward-facing surface of the waterproof barrier 808b. This construction prevents the base fabric 802b from wetting out, and also permits a strong bond to be formed between the waterproof barrier 808b and the waterproof tape 816b, which ensures that the seam 814b does not deteriorate and fail.

[0064] EXAMPLES

[0065] Example 1: Testing of water vapor transmission rate through

waterproof fabrics

[0066] Water vapor transmission testing is often conducted with an apparatus in which a fabric sample is sealed on top of a cup containing water, and the weight of the cup is monitored gravimetrically as a function of time. Environmental

temperature, relative humidity and air flow rate across the sample are noted.

Typically, the cup and the environment are the same temperature. In the present Example, custom-made heated cup holders were constructed by wrapping an aluminum-foil-lined flexible heater around the base of a cup. Cups were obtained from Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, and were the EZ-Cup Vapometer

Permeability Cup, depth 2" (Part No. 68-3000). Heaters were obtained from

McMaster-Carr, and the Super-Flexible Ultra-Thin Heat Sheet, 2"x10" (Part No.

8009T12) was used to heat the cups. Cup temperature was monitored by a K-type thermocouple placed on the inner surface of the heated cup holder at the water level. Fully assembled cups with water and fabric were equilibrated at the elevated cup temperature in an environmental chamber (Lunaire Tenney BTRC) for 30 minutes prior to data collection. Data were collected from the pre-heated cup as mass versus time. The slope of mass-versus-time plot is normalized by the fabric area to give the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR.) Cups were held in an upright configuration during testing. Each cup contained 80 ml_ deionized H20 (~1 " filled) at the start of each test, which lasted 2.5 hours, with measurements taken every 30 minutes. The cup temperature on outside surface was kept at 35.0 °C, the water temperature after equilibration was 34.6 - 34.9 °C, the environmental temperature was 24.8 ± 0.4 °C, the environmental relative humidity was 51 .0 ± 4.7%, and air flow was measured for a 90 second interval and found to vary between 0 and 59 FPM. All samples were subjected to the same testing conditions. [0067] Figures 9A-9C are graphs illustrating the water vapor transmission rate of various commercially available waterproof fabrics as compared to an embodiment of the waterproof fabrics disclosed herein (Figure 9A), the percentage to which the waterproof fabric of Figure 9A transmits water vapor compared to commercially available fabrics (Figure 9B), and the data shown in Figures 9A and 9B presented in combined form (Figure 9C), in accordance with various

embodiments. Figure 9A illustrates the measured values of MVTR with 2-3 measurements taked from each fabric sample. The fabric disclosed in the present application (e.g., Columbia Outdry Extreme™) was determined to have the fasted WVTR when compared to other commercially available fabrics. Figure 9B shows the percentage faster by which the Columbia Outdry Extreme™ fabric transmitted water vapor as compared to the control fabrics, ith the percentage calculated as ((WVTR Test Fabric)-(WVTR Control Fabric))/(WVTR Control Fabric). The Test fabric (e.g., Columbia Outdry Extreme™) was found to transmit water vapor 17-74% faster compared to the control fabrics.

[0068] Example 2: Testing of physical properties of waterproof fabric

[0069] Figure 10 illustrates the results of testing one embodiment of a waterproof fabric as described herein. As shown in Figure 10, the waterproof fabric showed a 35% improvement on the JIS L1099 B1 MVTR test when compared to a conventional waterproof fabric (see, e.g., "moisture vapor transmission" and compare condition 1 , which is the test fabric ("coating side as face," which showed a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of 6,346 g/m ² /24hr) to condition 2, which is the control fabric ("coating side as back," which showed a MVTR of 4,712

g/m ² /24hr)). Furthermore, the waterproof fabric examined in this test did not include a wicking finish applied to the base fabric, and therefore one of skill in the art would expect a waterproof fabric having such a wicking finish to show an even larger improvement.

[0070] Although certain embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of alternate and/or equivalent embodiments or implementations calculated to achieve the same purposes may be substituted for the embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope. Those with skill in the art will readily appreciate that embodiments may be implemented in a very wide variety of ways. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that embodiments be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.