CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[ϋϋθΐ] ^' This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/255364 filed October 27, 2009. which is a Continuation- in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12 079, 177, filed Mar, 24, 2008, which is a continuation of U,S, patent application .Sen No. 1 1/595,212, filed Nov. 9, 2006. now U.S.. Patent No. 7,527,468, which is a Continuation of U.S, Patent application Ser. No. 10/806,775, filed Mar. 22, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7, 137,775, which is a Continuation-!n Pari of PCT Patent Application Ser. No. PCT US2O04/0857S, filed Mar. 19, 2004 and claims the benefit of IJ.S, Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/456,413. filed Mar. 20, 2003, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.. 60/554,702, filed Mar, 20, 2004. Ail of the above-referenced applications are hereby incorporated by reference m their entirety,

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present Invention is directed to a fan array fan section utilized in. an air-handling system.

[0003] Air-handling systems (also referred to as an. air handler) have traditionally been used to condition buildings or rooms (hereinafter referred to as "stmeiures"). An air-handling system is defined as a structure that, includes components designed to work-together in order to condition air as part of the primary system fo ventilation of structures. The air-handling system may contain components such as cooling coils, heating coils, fitters, humidifiers, fans, sound attenuators, controls, and other devices functioning to meet the needs of the structures, The air-handling system may be manufactured in a factory and brought to the structure to be installed or it may be built on site using the necessary devices to meet the functioning needs of ihe structure. The air-handling compartment 1.02 of the air-handling system includes the inlet plenum 1 12 prio to the fan inlet cone 104 and the discharge plenum 1 10. Within, the-air-handling compartment 102 is situated the tan unit 100 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 as an Inlet cone 1.04, a fan 1.06, and a motor 1.08% fau frame, and any appurtenance associated w th the function of the fan (e.g, dampers, controls, settling means, and associated cabinetry). Within the fan 106 is a ian. wheel, (not shown) having at least one blade. The fan wheel has a. fan -wheel diameter tha is measured from one side of the outer periphery of the fan wheel to the opposite side of the outer periphery of the fan wheel The dimensions of the handling compartment 1.02 such as height, width, and airway length are determined by consulting f n manufacturers data for the type ^' of ian selected.

[0004] FIG, 1 shows an exemplary prior art air-handling system having a single fan mi.it 100 housed in an air-handling compartment 102, For exemplary purposes, the fan unit 100 is shown having an. inlet cone 104, a lan 106, and a motor 108. Larger structures, structures requiring greater air volume, or structures requiring higher or lower temperatures have generall needed a larger fan unit 100 and a generall correspondingly larger air-handling compartment 102,

[0005] As shown in FIG. 1, an air-handling compartment 102 is substantially divided into a discharge plenum 1 1. and an inlet plenum 1 12, The combined discharge plenum 110 and the inlet plenum 1 12 can be referred to as the airwa path 120. The lan unit 100 may be situated in the discharge plenum l lO as shown), the inlet plenum 112, or- partially within the inlet plenum 1 12 and partially within the discharge plenum 1 1 . The portion of the airway path 120 in which the fan unit 1 0 is positioned may be genetically referred to as the "fan section" (indicated by reference numeral 1 14). The size of the inlet cone 1 4, the size of the fail 106, the size the motor 10S, and the size of the fan frame (not shown) at least partiall determine the length, of the airway path 120. Filter banks 122 and/or cooling coils (not shown) may be-added to the system either upstream or downstream of the fan units 100.

[0006] For example, a first exemplary structure requiring 50,000 cubic feet per minute of air flow at six (6) inches water gage pressure would generally re uire a prior art air-handling compartment 102 large enough to house 55 inch impeller, a 100 horsepower motor, and supportin framework: The prior ait air-handling compartment 1.02, in turn would be approximately 92 inches high by 114 to 147 inches wide and 106 to 112 inches long, The minimum length f the air-handling compartment 102 and/or airway path 1 0 would be dictated by published manufacturers data for a given fan type, ^• motor size, and application. Prior art cabinet sizing guides show exemplar rules for configuring an .air-handling compartment 102. These rules are based on optimization, regulations, arid experimentation.

[0007] For example, a second exemplary structure includes a recirculation air handler used in semiconductor and pharmaceutical clean rooms requiring 26,000 cubic feet per minute at two (2) inches-wate gage pressure. This structure would generally require a prior art air-handling system with a air- handling compartment 102 large enough to house a 44 inch impeller, _, a 25 horsepower motor, and supporting framework. The prior art air-handling: eompartnicnt 102, in turn would be approximately 78 inches high by 99 inches wide and 94 to 1 0 inches long. The minimum length of the air-handling compartment 102 and/or airway path 120 would be dictated by published manufacturers- data for a given fan type, .motor size and application. Prior art cabinet sizing guides show exemplary rules lor configuring an. air-handling compartment 102. These rules are based on optimization, regulations, and experimentation.

[0008] These prior art air-handling systems have many problems including the following exemplary problems:

[0009] Because real estate (e.g. structure space) is extremel expensive, the larger size of the air-handling compartment 1.02 is extremel undesirable.

[0010] ^' The single fan units 100 are expensive to produce and are generally custom produced for eac h job,

[001 1 ] Single fan units 1.00 are expensive to operate.

[0012] Single fan units 10 are inefficient in that they only have optimal or peak efficiency over a small portion of their operating range.

[001.3 J if a single fan. unit 100 breaks down,, there is n air conditioning at alt.

[0014] The low frequency sound, of the large fan unit 1 0 is hard to attenuate.

[0015] The high mass and turbulence of the large fan unit 100 can cause undesirable vibration.

[0016] Height restrictions have necessitated the use of air- handling systems built with two fan units 100 arranged horizontally .adjacent to each other, it should be noted, however, that a good engineerin practice is to design air handler cabinets and discharge plenums 11 0 to be symmetrical to iaciiitaie more uniform ak flow- ^' across the width and height of the cabinet. Twin fan units 100 have been utilized where there is a height restriction and the unit is designed with a high aspect ratio to accommodate the desired flow rate. As shown in the Greenheek "installation Operating and Maintenance Manual" if side-by-side installation was contemplated, there were specific instructions to arrange the fans such that there was at least one fan wheel diameter ^■ spacing, betwee the Ian wheels and at least one-half a fan wheel diameter between the fan and the walls or ceilings. The Greenheek reference even specifically- states that arrangements "with less spacing will experience performance losses." Normally, the air-handling system and air- handling compartment 102 are designed fo a uniform velocity gradient of 500 feet per minute velocity in. the direction of air flow. The two fan. unit 100 air-handling systems, however,, still substantially suffered from the problems of the single unit embodiments. There was no recognition, of advantages by increasing the number of Fan units 1 0 from one to two. Further, the two fan unit 1 0 section exhibits a non-uniform velocity gradient In the region, following the fan uni 100 that creates uneven air flow across fitters, coils, and sound attenuators _*

[0017] It should be- noted thai electrical devices have taken advantage of multiple fen cooling systems. For example, U.S. Pat. No, 6,414,845 to Bonet uses a multiple-fan modular cooling component for installation in multiple component-bay electronic devices. Although some of the advantages realized in. the Bonet system would be realized in the present system, there are significant differences. For example, the Bonet system is designed to facilitate electronic component cooling by directing the output .from, each fan to a specific device- or area. The Bonet system would not work to direct air flow to all devices in the direction of general air flow. Other patents such as U.S. Pat. No, 4,767,262 to Simon and U.S. Pat. No. 6388,880 to El-Ghobashy el at teach fan arrays .for use with, electronics,

[0018] Even in the computer and machine Industries, however, operating fans in parallel is taught against as not providing the desired results except, in low system resistance situations where tans operate in near free delivery. For example, Sutton. Group, has a web page in which they show tw axial fans operating: in parallel, but specifically state that if "the parallel fans are applied to the higher system resistance that [an] enclosure has, , . , less increase in flow results with parallel fen operation," Similar examples of teaching against using fens in p rallel are found in an article accessible from HighBeam Research's library (hft : /s i.hi h ^' be ^' aimcorn) and an articl by fan McLeod accessible at (hijp://ww .papstpfc o-m).

BRIEF DESCRI PTION OF THE INVENTION ^'

[0019] The present Invention is directed to a fan arra ian section in an air- handling system that includes a plurality of fan. units arranged in. a fen arra and positioned within an air-handling compartment. One preferred embodiment may include an array controller programmed to operate the plurality of fen units at peak efficiency. The plurality of ian units may be arranged m a true ^' array configuration, a spaced pattern array configuration, a checker board- array configuration, rows slightl offset array configuration, columns- slightl offset array configuration, or a staggered -array configuration.

[0020] ^' The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood, upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanyin drawings.

[0021] ^' The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood, upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanyin drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] FIG. 1 is a side view of an exemplary prior art air-handlin system having a single large fan. unit within an air-handling compartment.

[0023] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary prior art large ian unit.

[0024] FIG. 3 is a side view of an exemplary fan array fan section in an air- handling system of the present invention having a plurality of small fan units within an. air -hand! ing compartmen

[0025] FIG, 4 is a plan or elevation vie of a 4 x 6 exemplary fan array fa ) section In an air-handling system, of the present invention having a plurality of small fan. units within an air-handling compartment. [0026 ] FIG. 5 is a plan or elevation view of a 5 :x 5 exemplary fan array fan section in ail air-handling system of the present invention having a plurality of small fan units within an air-handlmg compartment.

[0027] FIG, 6 is a _. plan or elevation vie o f a 3 x 4 exemplary tan arra fan section in an air-handling system of the present invention having a plurality of small tan. units within an air-handlmg compartment.

[0028] FIG, 7 is a _. plan or elevation view of a 3 x 3 exemplary tan array fan section in an air-handling system, of the present invention, having a plurality of small tan. units within an air-handlmg compartment..

[0029] FIG, 8 is a _. plan or elevation view of a 3 x 1 exemplary Ian array fan section in an air-handling system, of the present invention, having a plurality of small tan. units within an air-handling compartment.

[0030] FIG. 9 is a plan or elevation, view of an. alternative exemplary fen arra fan section is an air-handling system of the present invention in which a plurality of small fen units are arranged in a spaced pattern array within an air-handling: compartment.

[0031] FIG. 10 is a plan or elevation view of an alternative exemplary fan array fan section in an air-handling sy stem of the present in vention ih whieh a plurality of small fen units are arranged in a checker board array within an air-handling compartment.

[0032] FIG. 1 1 is a plan or elevation view of an alternative exemplary fan array fan section in an air-handling sy stem of the present in vention ih whieh a plurality of small fen units are arranged in rows slightly offset, array within an air-handling compartment,

[0033] FIG, 12 is a plan or elevation view of an alternative exemplary fen array fen section in an air-handling system, of the present invention in. which a plurality of small fen units are arranged in columns slightly offset array within an air- handling compartment.

[0034] FIG. 13 Is a plan or elevation view of a S x S exemplary fan arra fan section in an air-handling system of the present invention running at 52% capacity by turning a portion of the fans on and a portion of the fans off [0035] FIG. 1 is a-plan or elevation view of a 5 x 5 exemplary fan array fan sect km in an air -handling system -of ^' the present invention running at 32% capacity by inmin a portion of the fans on and a portion of ^' the fans ff

[0036] FIG, 15 is a side view of an alternative exemplary fan array fan section in an. air-handling system of the present invention having a plurality of staggered small fan units within an air -handling compartment,

[0037] FIG, 16 is a perspective view of an exemplary fan array .using a grid system into which fan units are mounted,

[0038] FIG, 1 7 is a perspective view of an exemplary fan array using a grid system or modular units each of which includes a fan units mounted within its own fan uni chamber.

[0039] FIG, 18 is a perspective view of an exemplary array of dampeners that may be positioned either in front of or behind the fen units.

[0040] FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing an. exemplar embodiment of a method for controlling a fan arra

[0041 ] FIG. 20 il lustrates a. process for calculating motor load-efficiency that may ^' be carried out in connection with an alternative embodiment.

[0042] FIG. 21 illustrates a multi-tier speed array processing sequence carried out in accordance with an alternative embodiment to calculate .multiple sets of operative fan. units where each set of operative fan units Includes a different RPM speed.

[0043] FIG- 22 illustrates a fan ar a reconfiguration process implemented in accordance with an alternative embodiment.

[0044] FIG. 23 illustrates a local fan array control system in accordance with one embodiment,

[0045] FIG. 24 illustrates a distributed fan array control system in accordance with one embodiment.

[0046] FIG. .25 ilkistrates a distributed fan array control system: in. accordance with another embodiment. [0047] FIG. 26 illustrates a distributed fan. array control system in accordance with another embodiment.

[0048] FIG, 27 illustrates a disiributed fan array control system in accordance will another embodiment.

[0049] FIG. 28 illustrates a disiributed fan array control system in accordance wth anoi her embodiment .

[0050] FIG. 29 illustrates a distributed tan array control system in accordance with another embodiment.

[0051] FIG. 30 illustrates a wave A. and an opposite wave B .formed in. accordance with aft _. embodiment.

[0052] FIG, 31 illustrates a fan array formed in accordance with an. alternative embodiment.

[0053] FIG. 32 illustrates an array of dampeners 25 formed in accordance with an embodiment,

[0054] FIG 33 illustrates an algorithm for operating a fan array in accordance with an embodiment.

[0055] FIG. .34 illustrates an aigortthm for operating a tan array in accordance with an embodiment.

[0056] FIG. 35 illustrates an algorithm for operating a .tan array in accordance wth an embodiment.

[0057] FIG. 36 illustrates an algorithm for operating a tan array in accordance with an embodiment.

[0058] FIG. 37 illustrates local tan array control system formed in accordance with an embodiment,

[0059] FIG. 38 illustrates a distributed fen array control system formed in. accordance wit!i an embodiment,

[0060] FIG. 39 illustrates a block diagram of a system, formed in accordance with an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE IN VENTION

[0061] The present Invention is directed to a fan array fan _. .section in an air- handling system. As shown in FIGS, 3-1.2, the fan array fan section in the air-handling system rases a plurality of individual single fan units 200. In one preferred embodiment, the fan units 200 are arranged in a true arra (FIGS. 4-8), but alternative embodiments may include, for example, alternative arrangements such as in a spaced pattern (FIG. 9), a checker board (FIG:, 10),· rows slightly offset (FIG. 1 1), or columns slightly offset (FIG. 12), As the present invention could be implemented with true arrays and/or alternative ^• arrays, the term ^' "array" is meant to be comprehensive,

[0062] The fan units 200 in the fan array of the present invention may be spaced as little as 20% of a fan wheel, diameter. Optimum operating conditions fo a closely arranged array may be found at distances as low as 30% to 60% of a fan wheel diameter. By closely spacing the fan. units 200, more air may be moved in. a smaller space, For example, if the fan wheels of the fan units 200 have a 20 inch fan wheel diameter, only a 4 inch space (20%) is needed between the outer periphery of one ian. wheel and the outer peripher of the adjacent fan wheel (or a 2 inch space between the outer periphery of a fan wheel and an. the adjacent wall or ceiling).

[0063] By using smaller fan. units 20 it is possible to support the fan units 200 with less intrusive structure (tan frame), This can be compared to the large, fan frame that supports prior art fan units 10 and fonctions as a base. ^' This large fan frame must lie large and sturdy enough to support the entire weight of the prior art fan units 100. Because of their size and position, the known, fan frames cause interference with, air flow, in the preferred embodiment, therefore, the fan units 200 of the fan . array .may be supported by a .frame that supports the motors 1 8 with, a minimum restriction, to air flow.

[0064] As mentioned in. the Background, others have tried using side-by-side installation of two fan units 10 arranged horizontally adjacent, to each other within an air-handling system. As is also mentioned in. the Background, fan arrays have been, used in electronic and computer assemblies, However, in the air-handling system industry, it has always been, held that there must be significant spacing ^' between the horizontally arranged fan wheels and that arrangements with less spacing will experience performance losses. A- single large fan moves aB.the air in a cabinet Using two of the same or slightly smaller fans caused the air produced by one fan to interfere with the air produced by the other .fan. To alleviate the Interference problem, the fans had to be. spaced within, certain, guidelines—generally providing a clea space between the fans of a distance of at least one wheel diameter (and a half a wheel diameter to an. adjacent wall). Applying this logic, it would not have made sense to add more tans. And even if additional fans had bee added, the spacing would have continued to be at least one wheel diameter between fans. Further, in the air-handling system industry, verticall stacking fan units would have been unthinkable because the means tor securing the fan units would not have been conducive to such stacking (they are designed to be positioned on the floor only),

[0065] It should be noted that the plenum fan is the preferred fan unit 200 of the present invention. In particular, the APF-12L API ⁷ - 141 , APF- 16L and APF- 181 plenum fans (particularly the fan wheel and the fan cone) produced by Twin City Fan Companies, Ltd. of Minneapolis, Minn., U.S. has been found to work well The reason that plenum fans work test is that they do not produce points of high velocity such as those produced by axial tans and housed centrifugal fans and large plenum fans. Alternative embodiments use known fan. units or fan units yet to be developed that will not produce high velocity gradients in the direction of air flow. Still other embodiments, albeit less efficient, use fan. units such, as axial fans and/or centrifugal housed fans that have points of high velocity in the direction of air flo w,

[0066] in the preferred embodiment, each of the fan units 200 in the fan array fan. section in the air-handling system, is controlled by an array controller 300 (FIGS. 13 and 1 ). In one preferred embodiment, the army controller 300 may be programmed to operate the fan units 200 at peak efficiency. In this peak efficiency embodiment, rather than running all of the fen units 20 at a reduced efficiency, the array controller 300 turns off certain fan units 200 and runs the remaining fan units 200 at peak efficiency. In. an. alternative embodiment, the fan units 20 could all run at the same power level (e..g, efficiency .and/or .flow rate) of operation.

[0067] Another advantage of the present invention, is that the array controller 300 (which may be a variable frequenc drive (VFD)) used for controlling fan speed and thus flow rate and pressure, could be sized for the actual brake horsepower of the fan array fan section in the air-handling system. Since efficiency of the fan wall array ear* be optimized, over a wid range of flow rates and pressures, the actual operating power consumed by the fan array Is substantially less than the actual operating power consumed by the comparable prior art air-handling systems and the array controller's power could be reduced accordingly. The array controller 300 could be sized to the actual power consumption of the fan array where as tlie controller (which may have been a variable frequency drive) in a traditional design would be sized to the maximum nameplaie rating of the motor per Electrical Code re uirements. An example of a prior art fan. design, supplying ^' 50,000 cubic feet per minute of air at 2.5 inches pressure, would require a 5 horsepower motor and 50 horsepower controller. The new invention wilt preferably use an array of fourteen 2 horsepower motors and a 30 horsepower array controller 300.

[0068] This invention solves many of the problems of the prior art air- handling systems including, but not limited to real estate, reduced production costs, reduced operating expenses, increased efficiency, improved air flow ^' uniformity,, redundancy, sound attenuation advantages, and reduced vibration,

Controllability

[006 J As mentioned, preferably each of the fan units 200 in the fan array tan section in the air-handling system is controlled b -an. array ^' controller 300 (FIGS. 1 3 and. 14) that may be programmed to operate the fan. units 200 at peak efficiency. In this peak efficienc embodiment,, rather than running ait of the fen units 20 at a reduced efficiency, the array controller 300 is able to turn off certain fan units 200 and run the remaining fan units 200 at peak efficiency. Preferably, the array controller 300 is able to control fan units 200 individually, in. predetermined groupings, and/or as a group as a whole,

[0070] For example, in the 5 x 5 fen array such as that sh wn in FIGS. .5,· 13, and 1.4, a person desiring to control the array may select desired air volume, a level of air flow _j a pattern -of air flow, and/or how- many fan units 200 to operate. Turnin first t air volume, each fan. unit 20 in a 5 s 5 array contributes 4% of the total air. In. variable air volume systems, which is what most structures have, only the number of fan units 200 required to meet the demand would operate. A control system (that may include the array controller 300) would be used to take fan units 200 on line (an "ON" fan unit 200) and off line (aft "OFF" fan unit 200) individually. This ability to. turn Sift units 200 on and off could effectively eliminate, the _. need for a variable frequency drive. Similarly, each fan. ^• unit .20 hi a 5 x 5 arra uses 4% of the total powe and produces 4% of the level of air flow, Using a. control system to take fan units 200 on line and off tine allows a user to control power usage and/or air flow. The pattern of air flow can also he controlled if that would be desirable. For example, depending on the system it Is possible to create a pattern of air flow only around the edges of a cabinet or air only at the top. Finally, individual fan units 20 may be taken on line and off line. This controllability may be advantageous if one or more fan units 200 are ot working property, need to lie maintained (e,g, needs general service), and or need to be replaced. The problematic individual fan units 200 ma be taken off line while the remainder of the system remains folly functional. Once the individual Ian units 20 are ready for use, the may be brought back on line.

[0071 ] A further advantage to taking fan. units 200 on. and off line occurs when building or structure control systems require low volumes of air at relativel high pressures. In this case, the fan units 200 could be modulated to produce a stable operating point and eliminate the surge effects thai sometimes plague structure owners and maintenance staff The surge effect is where the system pressure is too high for the- .Jan- speed at a given volume and the fan unit 200 has a tendency to go into stall.

[0072] Examples of controllability are shown in FIGS, 13 and 14. In the fan array fan. section, in. the air-handling system shown, in. FIG. 13, the a ray controller 300 alternates "ON" fan units 20 and "OFF*' fan units 200 in a first exemplary pattern as shown so that the entire system is set to operate at 52% of the maximum rated air flow but only consumes 32% of full rated power. These numbers are based on exemplary typical fan operations in a structure, FIG. 14 shows the fan array fan section in the air- handling system set to operate at 32% of the maximum rated air flow but only consumes 17% of lull rated power. These numbers are based on exemplary typical fan -operations in a. structure, in this embodiment, the array controller 300 creates a second exemplary pattern of 'OFF" fan units 200 and "ON" fan units 200 as shown. Reai Estate

[0073] The fa arra fan section in. the air-han ling section 220 of the present invention preferably uses (60% to 80%) less real estate than prior art discharge plenums 120 (with the hundred series number being prior art as shown. In FIG. 1 and the two hundred series number being the present invention as shown in FIG. 3) in air-handling systems. Comparing the prio art {FIG, 1) and the present, invention (FIG, 3) show ^' s a graphical representation of this shortening of the airway pat h 1.20, 220, There are many reasons that using muitiple smaller fen units 200 can reduce the length of the airway path 120, 220. For example, reducing the size of the fan unit 100, 200 and motor 108, 208 reduces the length of the discharge plenum 1 10, 210, Similarly , reducing the size of the inlet cone 104, 204 .reduces the length, of the inlet plenum 1 .12, 212, The length, of the discharge plenum 1 10. 210 can als be reduced because air from the fan array fan section in the air-handling system of the present invention is substantially uniform whereas the prior art air-handling system has points of higher air velocity and needs time and space to mix so that the flow is uniform by the time it exits the air-handling compartment 102, 202, (This can also be described as the higher static efficiency i that the present invention eliminates the need for settling means downstream from the discharge of a prior art fan system because there i little or no need to transition from. high, velocity to low velocity,) The fan array fan section in the air-handlin system takes in air from the inlet plenum 212 more even!y and efficiently than the prior art air-handling system so that the length of the inlet plenum 1 12» 212 ma be reduced.

[0074] For purposes of comparison, the first exemplary structure set forth in the Background of the Invention (a structure requiring 50,000 cubic feet per minute of air flow at a pressure of six (6) inches water gage) will be used, Using the first exemplary structure an exemplary embodiment of the present invention could be served by a nominal discharge plenum 210 of 89 inches high by 160 inches wide and 30 to 36 inches long (as compared to 106 to 1 12 inches long in the prior art embodiments ^' ). The discharge plenum 210 would include a 3 x 4 fan array fan section in the air-handling system such as the one shown in FIG. 6) having 12 fen units 200, The space required for each exemplary fan. unit 200 would he a rectangular cube of approximately 24 to 3 Inches on a side depending on the arra configuration. The airway path. 220 is 42 to 48 inches (as compared to 88 to 13 inches in the prior art embodiments).

[0075 ] For purposes of comparison, the second exemplary structure set forth in the Background of the invention (a _. , structure- requiring 26,000 cubic feet per minute of air flow at a pressure of tw (2) inches water gage) will be used. Using the second exemplary structure, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention could be served by a nominal discharge plenum 210 of 84 inches high by 84 inches wide, and 30 t-o 36 inches long (as compared to 9 to 1 inches long in the prior art embodiments). The discharge plenum would include a 3 x 3 fen array fan section in the air-handling system (such as the one shown in FIG. 7) having 9 fan units 200. The space required for each, exemplary fan unit 200 would be a rectangular cube o f approximately 24 to 30 inches on a side depending on the array configuration. The airway path 220 is 42 to 48 inches (as compared to 71 to 95 inches in the prior art. embodiments).

Reduced Production Costs

[0076] It is generall more cost effective to build the fan array fan section in the air-handling system of the present invention as compared to the single fan. unit 100 used in prior art air-handling systems. Part of this cost savings may be due to the fact t hat individual fan units 200 of the fan array can be mass-produced.. Part of this cost saving may be due to the tact that it is less expensive to manufacture smaller tan units 200. Whereas the- prior it single, fan units 100 were, generally custom built lor the particular purpose, the present invention could be. implemented on a single type of fan unit 200, In alternative embodiments, there might be several fen units 200 having different sizes and/of power - .(both Input and output). The different fan units 200 could be used in a single air-handling system or each ak-handling. system would have onl one type of fan unit 200, Even when the smaller fen units 200 are custom made, the cost of producin multiple fan units 200 for a. particular project Is almost always less that the cost of producing a single large- prior art fan unit 100 for the same- project. This may be because of the difficulties of producing the larger comrpo.ue.uts and/or the cost of obtaining the larger components necessary for the- single large prior art lan unit 100. This cost savings al s extends to the cost of producing a smaller air-handling compartment 202. [0077 ] in one preferred embodiment of the invention. the fan units 200 are modular such that the system is "ping and play," Such modular units may be implemented by including structure for interlocking on the exterior of the fan units 20 themselves. Alternatively, such modular units ma be implemented by using separate, structure for interlocking: the tan units 200. In still another alternative embodiment, such modular units may be implemented by using a grid system into which the fen units 200 ma he placed.

Reduced Operating Expenses

[0078] The fan. array fan section in the air- andling system of the present invention preferably are less expensive t operate than prior art ^' air-handling systems because of greater flexibility of control and fine tuning to the operating requirements of the structure. Also, b using smaller higher speed tan. units 200 that require less low frequency noise control, and less static resistance to flow. increased Efficiency

[0079] The fen array fan section in the air-handling system of the present invention preferably is more efficient than, prior art air-handling systems because each small fan unit 200 can run at peak efficiency. The system could turn individual fan units 200 on and off to prevent inefficient use of pa ticular tan. units 200, It should be noted that an array controller 300 could be used to control the fan units 200, As set forth above, the arra controller 300 turns off certain fan units 200 and runs the remaining fan units 200 at. peak efficiency.

Redundancy

[0080] Multiple fan units 200 add to the redundancy of the system if a single tan. unit 20 breaks down,, there will still be cooling. The array controller 300 may take disabled fan units 200 into consideration such that there is n noticeable depreciation in. cooling or air flow rate. This feature may also be usetM during maintenance as the -array controller 300 ma turn, off f . units 200 that are to be maintained offline with no noticeable depreciation in cooling or air flow rate,

Sound Attenuation Advantages

[0081] The high ^' frequency sound of the smalt ^' fan units 200 is easier to attenuate than the low frequency sound of the large fan unit Because the fan wail has less tow frequency sound energy, shorter less costl sound traps are needed to attenuate the higher frequency sound produced by the plurality of small fan units 200 than, the low frequency sound produced by the single large fan unit 100, The plurality of Ian units 20 will each, operate in. a manner such that acoustic waves from each, unit will, interact to cancel sound at certain frequencies thus creating a. quieter operating unit than prior art systems.

Reduced Vibration.

[0082] ^' The multiple- fan units 200 of the present invention have smaller wheels with lower .mass and create less force due to residual unbalance thus causing less vibration, than the large fa unit. The overall, vibration of multiple fan units 200 will transmit less energy to a structure since individual fans will tend to cancel, each other due to slight differences in phase, Each fan unit 200 of the multiple fan unit s 200 manage a. smaller percentage of the total air handling requirement and thus produce less turbulence in the air stream and substantially less vibration,

ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0083] As mentioned, in one preferred embodiment of the invention,, the lan units 200 are modular such that the system is "plug and play." Such modular units may be implemented by including structure for interlocking on the exterior of the fan units 200 themselves. Alternatively, such modular units may be implemented by using separate structure for interlocking the fan units 200. in still, another alternative embodiment, such, modular units .may be implemented by using a grid system into which the tan units 200 may be placed. [0084] FIG. 16 shows an embodiment using an exemplary grid system 230 Into which the fan units 200 may be placed, in this embodiment the grid may be positioned and/or built within the air-handling compartment 202, The tan units 2(H) ma then be. positioned into the grid openings. One advantage of this configuration is that individual fan units 200 may be easily removed, maintained, and/or replaced. This embodiment uses an exemplary ^' unique motor mount 232 that supports the motor 208 without interfering with air flow therearouud. As shown, this exemplary motor mount 232 has a plurality of arms that mount around the fan inlet cone 204. it should be noted that, the dimensions of the grid are meant to be exemplary". The gr id may be constructed taking into consideratio that the fan units 200 in. the present invention may be spaced with as little as 20% of a fan wheel diameter between the fan units 200.

[0085] FIG. 17 shows an embodiment using either a grid system or modular units 240 using separate structure (not. shown) for interlocking the fan units 200. In thi exemplar embodiment, each of the fan units 200 are mounted on a more traditional motor mount 242 within its own fan unit chamber 244. In one preferred embodiment, the fan unit 200 and motor .mount 242 are preferably suspended within their own fan unit chamber 244 such that there is an air relief passage 246 therebelow. This air relieve passage 246 tend to improve air flow around the fan units 200.

[0086 ] The fan unit chambers 244 shown in FIG. .17 may include one ore more interior surface made from, or lined with, an acoustically absorptive material or "insulation surface'' 248, Going against conventional industry wisdom that surfaces cannot be placed in. close proximity with the fan units 200, the present invention places one or more insulation surfaces 248 at least partially around each fan unit 20 without disrupting air flow. The insulation surfaces 248 may include one or more of the sides, top, bottom, front,- or back. Exemplary types of insulation include, but are not limited to traditional insulation board (such as that made from Inorganic glass fibers (fiberglass) alone or with a factory-applied foil- crim- kraft (FS ) lacing or a factory- applied all service jacket (ASJ)) or alternative insulation such as open celt foam such as that disclosed in. U.S. patent application Ser. No, 10/606,435, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and which the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Together, the insulation, surfaces 248 on the fan unit chambers ^' 244 tend to fe.net.ion as a eoplanar silencer. Some of the benefits of using the eoplanar silencer include (1) no added, airway length for splitters. (2) no pressure drop, and/or (3) -relatively low cost. The acoustic advantages of this and other embodiments make the- present invention ideal for use in concert- ^' halls, lecture hails, performing aits centers, libraries, hospitals, and other applications thai are acoustically sensitive.

[0087] FIG, 17 shows airflow between the two panels 20 which represent acoustically insulted surfaces and sou d attenuation layers. FIGS. 1-7-19 show a first ^' embodiment in which a fiberglass core 22 has an. open cell foam 24 layered with at least one side of the fiberglass core 22. FIGS. 17 and 19-22 show a second embodiment combining the use of open cell, foam 24 with for use of perforated rigid facing 26. FIGS. 22 and 23 show a third embodiment, in which the- entire ^' insulation board 10 is replaced with an uneoated open cell foam pad 22.

008S] Turning first to the first embodiment shown in. FIGS, 17-19, this layered embodiment, includes a fiberglass core 22 for other type of insulation) that has an open, cell foam 24 layered wit h at least one side of t he fiberglass core 22, One advantage to using both the fiberglass material and the open cell foam material is that, it is less expensive than using open cell foam material alone because open, cell foam more expensive than fiberglass. Another advantage to using both the- fiberglass · material and the open celt foam material is that it weighs less than using fiberglass material abne beeause .fiberglass weighs more than open, cell foam. Another advantage to using both the fiberglass material and the open cell foam material is thai is that the two materials provide different types of acoustic insulation over a different range of frequencies. Together, the two materials provide sound absorption over greater range of frequencies, The graph below (shown, with a vertical axis as the absorptfon coefficient going from 0 to 1 and. a. horizontal axis showing the frequency going from 0 to 10,000 Htz at. approximately the peak point) Is meant to be exemplary and does not necessarily reflect accurate measurements.

[0089] Alternative embodiments of the first layered embodiment include a fiberglass core 22 with one side layered with open cell foam _. 24 (FIG. 17), a fiberglass core 22 with both sides layered with open, cell foam 24 (FIG. .18) _. , and a fiberglass core 22 and layered - with open cell foam 24 secured by perforated rigid facing 26 (FIG. 19).. The bottoiii section of FIG. 22 shows ^' the embodiment of FIG. 19 in use in an exemplary air handler, it should also be noted that an. alternative embodiment of the present invention could include more than two layers of different types of insulation, For example, a four layer version could be open eell foani, fiberglass, rockwoot, and open cell foam. The layered embodiment could actually be "tuned" using different types of insulations, different quantities of insulations, and different thicknesses of insulations to have the desired acoustic properties for the intended use.

[0090] The present invention also inc ludes a method for making an ai handler using the panels and layers. The method Includes the steps of providing an air handier system with at least one air handler surface, providing a core of first insulation .material .having. at least one layering surface, and providing a facing of open cell fbani second insulation material.. Then, the facing is at least partially layered to the at least one layering surface to form a layered insulation board. Finally, the at least one air handler surface is at least partially covered with the layered insulation board so thai the facing is exp sed to airflow through the air ^' handler.

[0091] Turning- next to the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 17 and 19-22, this perf-secured embodiment combines the use of open cell foam 24 with for use of erforated rigid facing 26, Combining the use of open cell foam and perforated rigid facing 16 provides significant advantages for use in air handlers. For example, the use of the perforated rigid facing 26 to secure the open cell foam 24 does not significantly reduce, the sound absorption qualities of the open cell foam 24. As showu in F!G. 20, the open celt structure of the open cell loam 24 allows portions of the open celt foam 24 to protrude from openin s defined in the perforated rigid facing 26 (shown in f ont view in FIG. 21 ).. The exposed open cell foam 24 is able to absorb sound waves., In one embodiment, protruding open cell foam 24 formed between the, openings in. the perforated rigid facing 26 absorbs sound waves, This can be compared to prior art embodiments in which so and waves are reflected by the substantially rigid diaphragms formed by the smooth facing 14 being divided by the perforated rigid facing 16.

[0092 J Alternative embodiments of ^' the second perf-secured embodiment. Include a fiberglass core 22 and layered with open cell foam 24 secured by perforated rigid racing 26 (FIG. 1 ) and non-layered open eel! foam 24 secu ed by perforated rigid facing 26 (the bottom section of FIG. 22). It should be noted tha alternative

embodiments may replace perforated rigid f cing 26 shown in FIG. 21 with alternative securing structure such as perforated rigid facing. 26 with alternatively shaped openings, straps, netting, wire grids, or other securin structure suitable to preven the open cell foam 24 from being drawn inward.

[00931 The pre sen t Invention also ine hides a method for making an air handler using the peri-secured embodiment. The method includes the steps of providing an air handier system with at least one air handler surfaces, providing open celt foam insulation material a id providing securing structure through which said f cing may be exposed. Then, the at least one air handler surface is at least partially covered with the open, cell foam insulation material Finally _. , the open celt foam insulation material is secured to the at least one air handler surface so thai the protruding open cell foam insulation material is exposed .to-sound waves and/or airflow through, the air handler.

[0094] Turning next to the third preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 22 and 23, in this uncoated embodiment combines the entire insulation board 10 is replaced with uncoated open cell foam .24. This would be particularly suitable for uses in. which the presence of fiberglass would not be satisfactory for the intended use or would be unacceptable to the intended client. For example, pharmaceutical companies involved in ingesiible or injectable drugs would find it unacceptable to have any fiberglass in the air handler. Alternative embodiments of the second uncoated embodiment include uncoated open cell foam 24 secured by perforated rigid facing 26 ^' (FIG. 22) uncoated open, cell foam 24 secured in a frame 30 (FIG. 23),

[0095] The present invention also Includes a method for making an air handier using the uncoated third embodiment. The method includes the steps of providing an air handler system with at least one air handler suriace and open cell foam. The method also includes the step of covering at least pa tially the at least one air handler surface with the open cell foam:.

[0096] The present invention is directed to the use of open celt foam in air handlers that, has the necessary durability, safety, and. cleanliness properties for the particular use. One exemplary open cell foam, melamine foam (Metamine— Forma!dehyde-Polycondensate), has been shown to be quite suitable for this purpose, Melamine is a lightweight, high temperature resistant, open cell foam that has excellent thermal properties with superior sound absorption capabilities. Melamine is cSeanahle in that it is relatively impervious to chemicals (e.g. it is able to withstand relatively caustic cleaning: agents such as SPOR-KLENZ® without breaking: do wn). Melamine also meets the Same spread, smoke density, and fuel contribution requirements necessary to comply with Class-! building code regulations- Because it does not shed particles, it can be used in places where fiberglass would be precluded. Still further, as melamine is inert, it would not cause the health problems (such as those associated with fiberglass) for those who are exposed to the product, it also is relatively attractive. It should be noted that melamine foam has been used as acoustic insulation by such companies as iilbruk (wwwillbruk- sonex.corn). It should be noted that alternative open cell foams could be substituted fat melamine. For example, silicone or polyethane foam could be used as the open cell foam of the present invention,

[0097] It should be noted that the present invention ha been primarily discussed in terms of fiberglass as an alternative type of insulation. It shoukl be noted that other types of insulation may be used in place of fiberglass including, but not limited to rockwooi

[0098 ] Although the embodiments are discussed in terms of layering fiberglass material and the open celt foam material, alternative embodiments could include, bonding the fiberglass material to the open ceil foam material, enclosing the fiberglass material within the open cell foam material, coating the fiberglass material with an open celt foam .material and other means for layering the two materials. The term "layers" or 'layering" are meant to encompass all of these embodiments as well as others that would be known to those skilled in the art,

[0099] It should be noted that the term "air handlers" is meant to include, by way of example, recirculation air handlers, central air handlers, silencer, splitters (such as ^• parallel splitters), clean room ceiling systems, and commercial/industrial air handling systems.

[00100] FIGS. 24-29 show an exemplary insulated grid, system or modular unit system interior surfaces are made .from acousticall absorptive material, or "insulation surface" 248. In this embodiment, each fan unit eel! 244' preferably has a sturdy irame 250 thai supports th insulation surfaces 248. in one preferred embo iment the frame- would form only the edges of a -cube- haped tan unit celt 244' and the .insulation surfaces 248 wo ld form the sides (e.g. top, bottom, and/or sides) of the cube-shaped . fan unit cell 244''. In alternative prelerred embodiments, the frame may include additional structure or braces for support and/or strength. Together, the insulation surfaces 248 of the fan unit cells 244' tend to function as a coplanar silencer. This- is- showrrgraphieall in FIGS. 25- 29 where the coplanar silencer (formed by the insulation surfaces 248) reduces the sound wave reaction as the sound waves travel through the insulation surfaces 248, For example, in. FIG. 25, the central fan unit 200a is loudest in its own fan. unit cell 244'. As the sound- of the fan spreads radially, it at least partially dissipates as it passes -through the surrounding insulation surfaces 248. This is shown graphically as the sound wave circles being darkest in the central fan unit ceil 244' and lighter in the surrounding tan unit, cells The result is that the sound from the central fan unit 200a that eventually emanates from the system is softer than sound that would emanate from a system without the coplanar silencer. In FIG. 26, the first side tan unit 200b is loudest in its own tan unit cell 244', As the- -sound of the fan spreads radially, it at least partially dissipates as it passes through the surrounding insulation surfac s 248. This is shown graphically as the sound wave circles being darkest in the central fan unit cell 244', lighter in the surrounding fan unit cells 244', and still lighter in fan unit cells 244' more distant from the originating fan unit 200b. The result is that the sound from the fan unit 200b thai eventually emanates from the system is softer than sound that would emanate from a system without the coplanar silencer. F!G, 27 sho ws the first side fan unit 200b, a second side fan unit 200c, and their res ective sound waves. As shown graphically in FIG. 30, another principle of the present invention is that as the sound, waves interact, there is a degree of wave cancellation such, that the waves are self-extinguishing. FIG. 3 shows wave A and an. pposite wave B that are oppo sites and therefore interact to form a flat wave A+B. I f waves are not exactly opposite, then the combined wave will not be flat, but would have some wave cancellation. This is a basic wave principle of which the present invention is able to avail itself. The result of wave cancellation is that the sound from the fan units 200b and 200c that eventually emanates from the system is softer than sound that would

.77. emanate from, a system without the eoplanar silencer, FIG. 2:8 emphasizes a first corner fan unit 200d and its wave pattern, FIG, 29 emphasizes both the first corner ian unit 200d and a -second corner Ian. unit 200b and their respective wave patterns. The analysis of FIGS. 28 ami .29 would, be similar to that of FIGS. 26 and 27 respectively. It. should be noted that in the preferred embodiment, more than, two fans might be running: simultaneously and all the running fans would have wave patterns. The wave patterns of ail the ru.nrs.ing fans would be able, to take advantage of both the dissipation (as they pass though surrounding insulation surfaces 248) and wave cancellation of the eoplanar silencer,

[00101 ] Although FIG. 31 shows the discharge plenum 210 positioned within the l¾n unit chambers 244. alternative embodiments of fan unit chambers 244 could enclose the inlet plenum 212, or at least partially enclose both, the inlet plenum 212 arsd the discharge plenum 210. Still other alternative embodiments ^' of fan unit chambers 244 may have grid or wire surfaces _. (that increase the safety of the present invention) or be open (that would reduce costs),

Bypass Feature

[001:02] Multiple fan units enable the array to operate at a range of flow rates from full flow to partial flow where each fan contributes 1/N air flow (where equals the number of fans). Most direc drive fan systems operate at speeds other than full synchronous motor speed In order to match, the heating or cooling requirements of the structure. Speed, control is normall maintained using variable frequency drives. Since variable frequency drives are electronic devices, each drive operatin within an air handling structure has a certain probability of failure. In a traditional ai handling system, if the VFD fails the air handler will either shut down, or be operated at lull synchronous speed of the motor in what is known _. as bypass mode. In iraditional systems fan units in the air handle have to be throttled back through some mechanical means in orde to limit pressure and flow to meet the building: requirements. Mechanical throttling in bypass ^■ mode on traditional systems creates excessive noise and reduces tan efficiency. The present invention overcomes this problem, by allowing for a change in. the fan array output by turning certain fans off to meet, the design point. The array can be tailored io meet the few and pressure requirement . without the need for nseeftamcai throttling; and subse uent added noise and reduction in efficiency,

[001:03] Although FIG. 31 shows the discharge plenum 210 positioned within the fan unit chambers 244, alternative embodiments of fan unit chambers 244 could enclose, the inlet plenum 212. or at least partially enclose both the inlet plenum 212 and the discharge plenum 210, Still other alternative embodiments of tan unit chambers 244 ma have grid or wire surfaces (that increase the safety of the present invention) or be open (that would reduce costs),

[00104] FIG. 32 shows an array of danipeners 250 thai may be positioned either in .front of or behind the fan units 200 to at least partially prevent back drafts. In the shown exemplary embodiment, the dampeners 250 include a plurality of plates, each plate positioned on its own pivot: In the shown exemplary embodiment, the plurality of plates slightly overlap each other. The shown embodiment is constructed such that when, air is flowing through the fan units 200, the plates are in the open position and when the air stops, gravity pulls the plates into the closed position. Preferably, each of the dampeners 250 operates independently such that ΐί some of the fan units 200 are ON and. some of the fan. units 200 are OFF, the dampeners 250 can open or close accordingly. Although shown as a simple mechanical embodiment; alternative embodiments could include structure that is controlled electronically and/or remotely from the dampeners 250.

[00105] it should be noted that Fl G. 4 shows a 4 x 6 fan array fan section in the air-handling system having twenty-four Ian. units 200, FIG. 5 shows a 5 x 5 tan array fan section in the air-handling system having twenty- five fan units 200, FIG. 6 shows a _. 3 x 4 Ian. array fan section In the air-handling system having twelve Ian. units 200, FIG. 7 show's a 3 x 3 fan array fan section in the air-handling system having nine fan units 200. and FIG. 8 shows a 3 x 1 fan array fan section in the air-handling system having three fan units 200, it should be noted that the array may be of any size or dimension of more than two fan units 200. It should be noted thai although the fan units 200 may be arranged in a single plane (as shown in. FIG, 3), an alternative array configuration could contain a plurality of fan unit s 200 that are arranged in a staggered configuxat ion (as shown in FIG, 15) in multiple planes. It should be noted that cooling coils (not shown) could be added to the system either upstream or downstream of the fan units ^' 200, It should be noted that, although shown upstream from the fan unit ^' s 200, the filter bank 122, 222 could be downstream.

[00106] It should be noted that an alternative embodiment would use a horizontally -arranged fan array, in other words, the, embodiments shown in. FIGS, 3-15 could be used horizontally or vertically or In any direction perpendicular to the direction of air flow, For example. If a- vertical portion of air duct is functioning ^' as ihe air-handling compartment 202, the fan array may be arranged horizontally. This embodiment, would be particularly practical in an air handling compartment tor a return air shaft .

[00107] i t should be noted that the fan section 214 may be any portion of the airway path 22 in which the fan units 200 are positioned. For example, the fan units 200 may be situated hi the discharge plenum 210 (as shown), the inlet plenum 212, or partially within the inlet plenum 212 and partially within the discharge plenum 210. It should also be noted that the air-handling compartment 202 may be a section of air duet.

Control -system

[00108] Turning now to FIG.. 33. an electronic controller 300 may be implemented to automatically select a number o f operative fan units and the RPM speed, of each fan unit in order to achieve a predetermined or desired level of efficiency 'for the overall tan array. For example, the desired level of efficiency may be to approximately maximize the efficiencies, to attain a high percentage efficiency (e.g., 90%, 80%, etc) and the like. in _. certain applications, ian units may achieve the desired level of efficienc within, a narrow RPM range. In. an exemplary embodiment, the controller 300 operates in a feedback cont.ro Hoop to maintain the tan units 200 continuously operating In a desired efficiency range. The controller 300 varies the airflow- and/or static pressure continuously or periodically by varying the number of ian. units 200 operative within the arra as environmental parameters fo the building change, By way o example, environmental parameters fat a building include airflow, humidity, temperature and the like. For example, a. target environmental paramete for airflow may be set, to one- half of a maximum fan-array airflow capacity during the day and 40% at night. Thus the controller 30 may only turn on half of the fan units 200 within the fan-array during the day and turn on. 40% of the ia units at night Irs. this w y, energy consumption, may be greatly reduced,

[00109] The controller 300 achieves a desired level of efficiency of. the fan array through the use of an iterative process as shown in FIG. 33. Building management provides environmental parameters or programmed constraints,- at 304, based on the air handling needs at a given time or over repeated time intervals. These environmental parameters or constraints 304 ma include- factors such as static pressure, total airflow, humidity, temperature and the like fo desired time periods (e.g.., day, night, week days, weekend, etc.). Initially, the controller 300 sets an initial number of operative tans to a predetermined ^' number (e.g. one) and sets an initial. ^' RPM. speed to a predetermined level (e.g.. a lan minimum or a percentage of the motor maximum rated RPM speed, etc.). At 306. the controller 300 calculates a static pressure based on the current number of operative fans and the current RPM speed for a predetermined CFM, Next, at 308, the controller 300 determines whether the candidate static pressure satisfies (e.g. corresponds to) the programmed constraints (e.g., programmed static pressure environmental parameter) that was input by the building maiiagement operator. If not, ilow mo ves to 310.■where it is determined whether the current RPM speed has .reached a maximum for the motor or fan, if not, flow moves to 3 12 where the- RPM speed is incremented by a predetermined amount and a new candidate static pressure is recalculated at 306,

[001 10] i f at 310, the RPM speed has reached the maximum rated leve l of the motor or tan, then ilow mo ves to 318 where the number o operative fans is incremented, by a predetermined amount. At 318, the RPM speed is reset to the initial RPM ^' . speed.. Next, a new candidate static pressure is calculated at 306, The controller 300 repeats the calculations at 306-318 until the candidate static pressure corresponds to the static pressure input by the building management operator, which represents the RPM speed at which a -number of the fen units 200 should be ^' run i order to satisfy the programmed environmental parameters or constraints. For example, the number of fens may represent a single fan unit 200, two fan units 200, and all numbers of ian units 200 up to the total number of fen. units 200 in the system. Ai 314, the controller 300 records, in. memory, the RP speed and number of operative fan units as a potential or candidate RPM fen unit combination that would achieve the programmed in ut static pressure. [001 11] Next at 316, the controller 300 determines whether the candidate number of Operative- fan units equals the iota! number of fan units in the fan array., if not, Oow returns to 318 where the■.number of operative fan units is again, incremented and the RPM speed is reset to the initial RPM speed. If the candidate number of operative fan units equals the total number of fan units in the fan array, Oow moves to 320. As the process iterates through the operation at 314, a table of potential RPM fan unit conibinaiions is created where each entry i the table includes a combination of a candidate RPM speed and a number of operative fan units for the associated input static pressure. Optionally, the candidate RPM speed and number of operative fan units may be saved as the sole candidate for the corresponding static pressure and the remaining: operations 316-324 of FIG. 19 omitted. Once the calculation 306-318 is completed, the controller 300 has created and saved multiple combinations of candidate RPM speeds an candidate number of operative fan units that, each achieves the programmed or input static pressure.

[001 1 ] Continuing In FIG. 33, at 320, the controller 300 successively analyzes each of the potential RPM/fan unit combinations saved in the table created at 314. For each, entr in the table, the controller 300 calculates the horsepower required to run the corresponding number of operative fan units 200 (e.g., for each combination of candidate RPM speeds and candidate number of operative .fan units that achieve the programmed static 'pressure).

[001 13] For example, if one of the potential RPM/fan unit combinations in the- table indicated that 5 fan. units were to be operative at 2000 rpms, the controller 30 would, calculate the power usage of each of the five fan units for the correspondin 2000 rpm speed. Similarly, if another potential RPM/fa unit combination i the table indicated that 1 fan units should be operative at 1500 rpms, the controller would calculate the power usage of each of the 10 fan units at 1500 rpms. Once the power usage is calculated for each potential RPM fan unit combination, the controller 300 then identifies at 322 a resultant RPM/fan unit combination that utilizes the desired power usage (e.g., lowest power). From, the table of potential RPM/fa unit combinations, the system may select, at 322, the resultant RPM<'ian uni combination that requires the least horsepower. Then at 324, the controller 300 turns fan units 200 on or off until the .number, of operative fan. units 200 corresponds to the resultant RPM/fan. unit combination. At 324, the controller 30 ..adjusts the speed of the iaft units ^' 20 that are operative to correspond to the RPM speed indicated in the resultant RPM/lan unit combination. In this way, the system will continuously select an efficient combination of the number of operative fan units 200 and .tan unit RPM speed to satisfy the programmed constraints 304 provided by the building management operator.

[001 14] The ian array may be ran by a single Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) device. Optionally,, a second VFD may be available for redundancy purposes. The speed at which the fan units 200 run may be the same for all fans which corresponds to the result and RPM speed. Optionally, sets or groups of the fan units 200 may be coupled to different VFD devices, such that the RPM speed of each set, or group of fan units 200 may be independently controlled. For example, separate VFDs may be coupled to each row. or each column, of fan units 200. The fan units in each row or column may then be ^¬ set to a. common RPM speeds (e.g.. I* and last rows set to operate at 2000 rpras, while middle rows are set to operate at 3000 rpnis). Optionally, the each fan unit 200 may be coupled to (or integrated with) a corresponding unique VFD device, such that the RPM speed of each fan unit 200 may be independent l controlled.

[001 15] As a further option, multiple VFDs may be made generally available without a direct relation to any particular motor. The VFDs may be configured to be dynamically coupled to one or more corresponding fan units 200 at run time. In this example, the -number of VFDs may be used that correspond to the number of different RPM speeds that are to be utilized simultaneously. For example, one of the multiple VFD may be coupled to a first set of fan units 200 that are set at an RPM speed of 2000 rpm, while a second of the multiple V FD may be coupled to a second set of fan units 200 that are set at an RPM speed of 300 rpm.

[001 16] The calculations at 306 may be made based upon tan curves 302 provided by the manufacturer at the time of installation. Fan curves 302 are calculated by taking an individual fan unit 200 and measuring its static pressure output and horsepowe input as a function of total airflow. This- measurement may occu inside of the air- handling system installed in the building, because the results will vary based on, fo instance, the ske, shape, and configuration of the plenum, in which the fan units 200 are placed. The re suiting data may then be fitted with a polynomial curve— the fan curve 302— referably of fifth or sixth order, with the independent variable beih ^' g the airflow: The coefficients for each power of the independent variable corresponding to the best-fit curve are found and recorded. Commercially available data analysis software is suitable for this task. When the fitting process is complete, an equation is obtained that will accurately give the static pressure of a single fan unit 200 at particular airflow. The total static pressure of the system is then given by a summation ^' equation as follows:

^' _. ^' ^/■'FM ' ^' (- ^)' ^' i-^-) ¹ ' % where Cn is the nth power coefficient from the siatic

'* ^'"' "' A Ks

pressure polynomial curve fit described above, CFM is the airflow in cubic feet per minute, Df is th total, numbe of tan units 200 in the system, Ef is number of operative tan units 200, Ds is the design maximum speed of the fen units 200, Es is the actual operating spfeed of the tans, and X is a the order of the polynomial used fo the static pressure curve fit. Given a static pressure and a required -airflow, the controller 300 may iieratively determine at 306-318 the RP speed of the fan units 200 lor each number of operative fan units 200 by inserting different values of RP s, at 312. into the static pressure equation calculated at 306 until the desired static pressure is reached at 308. This process is repeated 318 fo a single fan unit 200. two fan units 200, and so on until the total, number of tan units 20 in the array ha s been reached, Each o f the RPM values is then recorded 314 Ibr use by the horsepower calculation 320. The use of a computer greatly speeds the process of finding the necessary fan unit speed for each of the va ious numbers o f operative fan units 200.

[001 17J As described above, a polynomial curve, again preferably of fifth o sixth order, is also fitted, to the data stowing brake horsepower as a function of airflow for an. individual fan unit 200, and the total, consumption of the array is then be calculated by summing the consumption of individual fan units 200, The resul of the speed calculation, given above is used to simplify the horsepower calculation. After calculating: the necessary fan unit speed for each number of operative fans, the resultant operative tiumber RP pairs is passed to the brake horsepower equation given by

^' _, , . C FM (~-^) ^{h !} (— ) ^{,! :} , where Cn is the nth po wer coefficient of the horsepower polynomial curve fit described above, CFM is the airflow in cubic feet per minute, Df is the total number of fern units 200 in the system. Ef is number of operative fan units 200, Ds is the design maximum speed of the fan u its 200, Bis is the operating speed of the tans taken from the static pressure equation, and X is a the order of the. polynomial used for the horsepower curve fit. The controller 300 ma then calculate 320 the power consumption of the one fan case, the two fan ease, and so on up to the total number of fan units 200 based upo the RPM information 314 from the static pressure equation 306. It is then a simple matter for the controller 30 to identify 322 a preferred number of ian units 200 and the fan unit speed that wilt achieve a desired leve l of powe consumption, The controller 300 may then optionally directly adjust 324 the number of operative fan units 200 to achieve the desired level of power consumption, or it may optionally output a suggestion for a human operator t implement manually. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller 300 recalculates the optimal number of operative fan units 200 at an interval, of less than one minute. The frequency of recalculation is limited only by the speed of the computer performing the calculation. In this way, changes in the building's needs may be rapidly implemented and high efficiency achieved at all. times.

[001 18] The controller 30 may lie implemented in any of a number of ways. For instance, a general purpose computer may be programmed to control the fan .array.. Alternatively, a programmable logic controller, in an exemplary embodiment, the Siemens S7 controller, may be programmed with the necessary algorithm. Either of these may use variable-frequency drives, controlled by a digital signal, to control fan unit speed, and digitally-controlled relays to switch fan units 200 on and off. In the alternative, the actual control of fan units 200 may be .accomplished by manual switches and rheostats manipulated by human operators.. The- controller 30 may include a stand alone computer, laptop computer, a programmable microcontroller or processor which performs the various operations discussed herein. The controller 300 may include a. microprocessor, or equivalent control circuitry and may further include RAM or RO memory, logic and timing circuitry, state machine circuitry, and I/O circuitry. The details of the design and operation of the controller 300 are not critical to the present invention. Rather, any suitable controller 300 may be used, that carries out the functions described herein, [001 19] FIG. 34 illustrates a process for calculating motor load-efficiency that, may be carried out in connection with an alternativ em odiment. For example, the process of FIG. 34 may be inserted into the process of FIG. 33 In place of the horsepower calculation operation at 320, The electric motors coupled to the fan units are generally configured to operate at 40% to 100% of the rated load (e.g., the rated horsepower). For example, a motor with a rated load of 10 horsepower (hp) may be configured to operate between.4 and 10 hp. Each moto exhibits a varying amount of efficienc depending, in part, on where the motor operates relative to the motor rated load. For example, a motor ma exhibit peak efficiency when operated at or near 70% o 8.5% of the moto rated load. As a further example, a motor having a. lOhp rated bad may have an. acceptable toad range of 4 to 10 hp, with a peak efficiency at 7.5 to 8,5 hp. Motor efljeieney may decrease as the motor's operating load moves below 40% of the rated load or moves near 100% of the rated load. The efficiency curve for motors varies between individual motors and based on motor ske and rated load.

[00120] The process of FIG. 34 analyzes values .for various motor control parameters to determine which values will result in the motor operating with a desired level of motor efficiency. At 402, the table of candidate RPM/lan unit combinations (that was created at 31 in PiG.33) is accessed and the first candidate combination is analyzed. At 404, a test motor RPM speed is set to correspond to the candidate RPM speed In the first candidate combination from the table. At -406, the controlle 300 calculates the current motor load (e.g., in working horsepower) that would ^' be experienced for an individual fan unit when, operated at the test motor RPM speed. The current motor load is then compared, to the motor ^' s full load (e.g., maximum horsepower) to obtain a percentage .full motor load that would be drawn by the motor when operating at the test motor candidate RPM speed. For example, if the test motor candidate RPM speed were 3000 rpn the controller 300 may determine that this motor will operate at 7 horsepower. If the motor has a full or maximum load of lOhp, then 7 hp would be a 70% of the full motor load.

[00121] Next, at 408 the controller 300 determines the motor efficiency from the percentage full motor load calculated at 406. The motor efficienc may be determined through algorithmic analysis, or from efficienc tables, of from a motor foad- efficiency curve, or a combination thereof and the like. For example, if a motor is operating at 70% of foil motor load a load-efficiency curve may indicate thai this motor has an efficiency of 90% when at 70% full motor load. Once Ihe motor efficiency has been determined, then at 410 the controlle 300 records the motor efficiency, the corresponding RPM speed, the percentage load and the number of operative fan units in. a. table as a motor-refined candidate RPM<¾an unit combination. The foregoing information ma be recorded in the same table or a different table as utilized at 314 to record the candidate RPM/ian unit, combinations.

[00122] Next at 412, the controller 412 determines whether the test motor RP speed is the last or only available RPM speed for the current number of fan units, if not. flow moves to 416 where the RPM speed is set to a new RPM speed, For example, the RPM speed may be increased or decreased by a set amount at 416, Next, the operations at 406 to 410 are repeated and a new motor-refined candidate RPM ian unit combination is obtained and saved in the table. The operations at. 406 to 410 are repeated until the current numbe of operative fan. units has no more available RPM speeds that ma be used . For example, the RPM speed may be successively stepped through a range of RPM speeds that start at a set number of RPMs or at a set percentage below the candidate RPM speed. The operation at ^' .step 418 may up the RPS speed until reaching an RPM speed that is a se number of RPMs, or a set percentage, abo ve the candidate RPM speed. Once the available RPM speeds are analyzed tor the current number of operative fan units, flow moves from 412 to 414,

[00123] At 414, the controller determines whether additional candidate RPM/ian unit combinations exist in the table created at 3 14 (FIG. 33). For example, if the table includes ten candidate RPM/fan unit combinations, and there are five available RP speeds that are desired to be tested with each combination, then the operations at 406 to 412 are repeated fi ve times (one for each of the 5 available RPM speeds) for each, of the ten candidate RPM/ian unit, combinations, in the foregoing _, example, the operations a 406 to 414 would create a table with 50 motor-refined candidate RPM ian unit combinations. Thereafter, flow returns to 322 in F G. 33. Returning to FIG, 33, at 322, the controller 30 selects the motor-refined candidate RPM/ian unit combination that exhibited a desired motor efficiency and static pressure. [00124] FIG. 35 .illustrates a multi-tier speed array processing sequence carried out In accordance with an alternative embodi en to calculate multifile sets of operative fan. units where each, set of operative fan units .mcludes a different RPM speed. Beginning at 502. the number of tiers is set. For example, two or three different RPM speeds may be programmed to be used at the same time. For example, interior fan units may be operated at a higher RPM speed, while peripheral fart units may be operated at a tower fan speed, or vice versa. Alternatively, operative fan units in each row or each column may be alternately assigned first and second RP speeds. Thus, adjacent fan units may have different RPM speeds, while all of the operative tan units assigned the first RPM speed are interleaved with the operative ian. units assigned the second RPM speed. For example, a fen array may _. be divided into four ^' quadrants, with each quadrant assigned a different ^' RPM. speed. As a further example, operative fan units in a first quadrant of the fan array may be assigned a common RPM speed, while one or more quadrants of the tan array ma be assigned a different RPM speed. Alternatively, opposed, quadrants may be assigned a common RPM speed.

[00125] Returning to FIG, 35. at 503 the controller 300 calculates the portion of the total, static pressure to be contributed b each of the tiers. The tier contributions may be equal or different. The tier contributions may be proportional to the number of fan. units In each. tier. For example, if a first tier includes 50% of the total, fan units, a second tier includes 25%, a third tier includes 15% and a fourth tier includes 10%, then each tier would be assigned a corresponding percentage(50%, 25%, 15%, 10%) of the programmed static pressure.

[00126] Next; at 504. the controller calculates the number of operative fan units and the RPM. speed for a current tier, f or example, in a two tier 25 fan unit array, where- the first and second tiers include 75% and 25%, respectively, of the total fan units, then 75% and 25% of the static pressure would be, attributed to each tier. Hence, tier one may utilize 10 operative fan units -out. -of 1.5 total fen units, while tier two ma utilize 2 operative fan units out of ^" 5 total fan units,

[00127] Next at 506 the R speed' and number of operative fan. units for a current tier may be refined based on motor efficiencies as discussed above in connection with FIG. 34, Optionally, the operation, at 506 may be omitted entirely. Next at 508 it is determined whether alt of the tiers have been analyzed and assigned RPM speeds and numbers of operativ fan units. If not, flow moves to 510 where the current tier is incremented. The operations at 504 and 506 are repeated tor the next tier. When at 508 it is determined that so more tiers exist, the process is completed.

[001-28] FIG. 36 illustrates a fan array reconfiguration process implemented in. accordance with an alternative embodiment. At 602, the controller 300 determines a current, o initial configuration of operative fan units. For example, the initial configuration of operative fan units may resemble a checker pattern where alternate fan units are ON and alternate fen units are OFF. .After 602, alternative steps may be implemented. For example, in accordance with one- embodiment, flow may mo e to 604 where the controller 300 accesses a collection of stored templates or stored preprogrammed patterns of operative Ian units. Optionally, at 606, the controller 300 may implement an algorithm to automatical ly calculate a new pattern for the operative fan units. Next, at 608, the controller 300 may update the current pattern of operative fan units with a new pattern of operative fail units from the templates or preprogrammed patterns at 604, or calculated at 606,

[00129] Different patterns may be preprogrammed or automatically calculated to evenly distribute the life cycle of the fan units. For example, if a first pattern resembles a checker pattern, the second pattern may include the gaps in the first pattern. Thus, if the first pattern of operative fan units includes fan units #1 , #3, 5, and #7 in. the first row, th second pattern of operative fan units may include the fen units #2, #4, #6 and #8. l¾e controller 300 may periodically (e,g„ every month, every quarter, etc. ) switch ^' from one pattern to a different pattern. Fo example, it may be desirable to switch patterns to evenly distribute the life cycle between the fan units. Hence,, over a multi- year period, all or most of the fan units would experience substantially equal amounts of operation time.

[001:30] As a further option, the pattern of operative fan units may only be sw tched for shorter "'cycle" periods of time, For example, once each week, each month, each quarter, etc., the fan units that are normally OFF may be '"cycled ^' ' by turning them ON, while at least a portion of the tan units that were otherwise ON ar turned OFF, The fan units that are temporarily cycled ON may remain ON only for a short period of time (e.g., an. hour, a clay. etc.). Cycling fan. units ON ^' for short periods of time may be desirable to avoid damage, to ^' the bearings and other parts of the motor and fan, that may result from remaining stationary for excessively long periods of time (e.g,, to avoid i!at spots forming on bearings),

[00131 J FIG. 37 illustrates a local, fan array control system 640 that may be implemented in. connection with an embodiment of the present invention. The control system 640 is "tocaf in that it is physically located In relatively close proximity to the fan array. For example, the control system 640 may be integrated into a common framework with the fan array.. Alternatively, the control system 640 may be located within, the same building or within a common building campus/complex as one or more fan arrays that are controlled b the control system: 640. The control system: 640 includes a controller 650 that performs the functions discussed above in. connection with FlGs, 33- 36. The controller 650 may resemble the controller 300. The controller 650 is electrically coupled to an array of motors 652-655 which represent the motors within, and that drive, the fan units 200. it should be realised that more or fewer motors and switches may be utilized as indicated by the dashed line arrows.

[00132] Th controller 650 is also electrically connected, over a line 686. to one or more variable frequency drives (VFD) 672 and 674, The VFD 674 may be a redundant VFD that is only activated when the primary VFD 672 fails or is serviced. The commnnications/switch line 686 enables the controller 65 to control operation of the VFDs 672, 674. The communications/switch line 686 also controls the state (e.g., open or closed) for switches 682 and 684, By opening or closing the switches 682 and. 684, the controlle 650 connects one or both of the VFDs 672 and 674 to the motors 652-655, The VFD 672 provides a pulse width, modulated (PWM) power signal to the motors 652-655, where the pulse width is changed to control the RPM speed of the motors 652-655 ,

[00133] The controller 650 is connected over a motor switch line 668 to a series of switches 662-665 which correspond in a one to one relation with the motors 652-655. The controller 650 controls the open of closed state of the switches 662-665 to render a select combination of the motors 652-655 operative. The number and combination of motors 652-655 that are rendered operative corresponds to the number of operative fen. units calculated above in connection with FKis, 33-36. The motors 652- 655 are connected to a feedback line 670 ^' through which the controller 650 obtains information regarding the motor operational status. Optionally, the feedback line 67 may be connected to sensors that provide measured values such as for the flow rate (in cubic feet per minute), the statls pressure, and the like.

[00134] Optionally, it may be desirable to: use multiple VFDs 672 and 674 at the same time to control different portions of the fan units, B way of example, the first VFD 672 may be connected only to half of the motors 652 and 653, while the second VFD 674 is connected to a remaining half of the motors 654 and 655.

[00135] The controller 650 -may be implemented as a .remote computer, a laptop and the like, The lines 686, 668 and 670 may be serial lines, parallel buses, internet lines and the like, Optionally,, the lines 686, 668 and 670 ma be replaced with wireless links wherein the controller 650 communicates wireless with one or more of the VFDs 672, 674, switches 682,684, switches 662-665, motors 652-655, and sensors (e..g, over a WiFi link, LAN _. , WAN, etc,). For example, the system controller 650 may be part of the building management system (B S) that includes a workstation, operator user interlace, display, etc. The BSM may be configured to implement the fimctionality of the controller that is described, above,

[00136] FIG, 38 illustrates a distributed fan ^' array control system 700 in accordance with one embodiment. The distributed lan. array control system 700 includes a serve 702 that is connected to a database 704, a hardwired fan array interlace 706, a wireless fan array interface 70S and a user workstation 710 electrically connected to a communication system 712. The system 700 may be used to support remote control, configuration and monkoring of fen arrays 720, 722. For example, the work station 710 or server 702 may perform the above discussed caicuJations as to the RP speed and number of operative fan units. The resultant RPM/fan unit combination may be passed over the internet, a telephone line or a dedicated local or wide area, network to the jfan arra 720, 722, such as through wireless or hardwired fan array interfaces 708 and 706. Optionally, a fan array may transmit messages through, the wireless or hardwired fen. ^• array interfaces 708 and 706 to a system operator such as at user workstation 710, PDA 718. cell phone 716. etc. The fan . array 720, 722 may transmit notices and feedback to an operator- -regarding errors thai occur a predetermined number of times or for a predetermined amount of time in one day or one week. The server 702 may keep records to determine where to route a service notice. The server 702 ma retain the BS inputs requesting particular envkonmental parameters or programmed constraints, the tables of candidate and resultant RPM/fan unit combinations, the motor load-efficiency curves, the fan curves, etc. The serve may perform the calculations discussed above in. connection with Figures 33-36,

[00137] The communication system 712 may ^' be the internet, a voice over IP (VoIP) gateway, a local plain ok! telephone service (POT ^' S) such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN), and the like, Alternatively, the cornrnunication system 712 may be a local area iietwork (LAN), a campus area neiwork (CAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or a wide area network (WAM). The server 702 interfaces with the communication system 712. such as the internet or a local POTS based telephone system, to transfer information between the programmer 706. the wireless fen arra interface 70S, the user workstation 710 as well as a celt phone 71 6, and a persona! data assistant (PDA) 718: to the database 704 for storage retrieval of records of ^' information. For instance, the server 702 may download, via a wireless connection. 726, to the cell phone 716 or the PDA 718 the results of resultant RPM fan unit combinations. On the other hand, the- server 702 .may upload raw fan arr y data .from fan arrays 720 and 722.

[00138] Database 704 is any commercially available database that stores information in a record format in electronic memory. The database 704 stores information such as fen curves, past operation time, load-efficiency curves tables, candidate and resultant -RPM fan unit -combinations, motor parameters, and the like. The inibrrnation is downloaded into the database 704 via the server 702 or, alternatively, the information is uploaded to the server from the database 704.

[00139] The interfaces 706 and 708 interface with the fan arrays 720 and 722. The wireless communicate may utilize protocols, such as Bluetooth, GSM, infrared wireless LANs, HiPE ^' RLA 30, satellite, as well as circuit and packet data protocols, and the like. The user workstation 710 may interface with the comniuni.cation system 712 via the internet or _. POTS to download information via the server 702 from the database 704. ^' [00140] FIG. 39 illustrates a block diagram of example mariners in which embodiments of the present invention may be stored, distributed, and installed on a computer-readable medium, in FIG. 39. the- "application" represents one or more of the methods and process operations discussed above. The application is initially _. generated, and stored as source code 800 on a source computer-readable medium 802. ^' Hie source code 800 is then conveyed over path 804 and processed by compiler 806 to produce object code 808. The object code 808 Is conveyed over path 810 and saved as one or more application masters on a master computer-readable medium. 812. The object code $08 is then copied numerous times, as denoted by path 814. to produce production application copies 816 that are saved on separate production computer-readable media 818. The production computer-readable medi 818 are then conveyed, as denoted by path 820, to various systems, devices, terminals- and the like.

[00141] A user terminal 822, a device 824 and a system 826 ^' are ^' .-shown as examples of hardware components, on which the production computer -readable medium 818 are installed as applications (as denoted by 828 through 832), For example, the production computer-readable medium 818 may be installed on the controller 300, Examples of the source, master, and production computer-readable medium 802, 812. and 818 include, but are not limited to, GDROM, RAM, ROM. Flash memory, RAID drives, memory on a computer system, and the like. Examples of the paths 804, 810, 814. and. 820 include, but are not limited to, network paths, the internet, Bluetooth, GSM. infrared wireless LANs, HIPERLAN, 3G, satellite, and the like. The paths 804, 81 , 14, and 820 may also represent public or private carrier services that transport one or more physical copies of the source, master, or production computer-readable media 802, 812 or 818 between two geographic locations. The paths 804, 810, 14 and 820 may represent threads carried out b one or more processors In parallel. For example, one computer may hold the source code 800, compiler 806 and object code 808. Multiple computers may operate in parallel to produce the production application copies 816. The paths 804, 810, 814. and 820 may fee intra-state, inter-state, intra-country, inter-country, intra- coniinenta!, intercontinental, and the like,

[00142] The operations noted in FIG. 39 may be performed in a widely distributed manner world-wide with only a portion thereof being performed in. the United Slates. For example, the application source code 800 may be written in the United States and. saved, on a source computer-readable medium 802 in the United States, but transported to another country (corresponding to path 804) before compiling, copying and installation. Alternatively, the application source code 800 may be written hi or outside of the United States, compiled at a compiler 806 located in the United States and saved on a. master computer- readable medium 812 in the United States, but the object code 808 transported to another country (corresponding to path 814) bei re copying arid installation. Alternatively, the application source code 800 and object code 808 may be produced in or outside of the United States, but production application copies 816 produced in or conveyed to the United States (for example, as part of a staging operation) beibre the production application copies 81 6 are installed on user terminals 822, devices 824, and/or systems 826 located in or outside the United States as applications 828 through 832.

[00143] As used throughout the specification and claims, the phrases "computer-readable medium'' and "instructions configured to' ^" shah refer to any one or all of (i) the source compiiter-readabk* medium 802 and source code 800, (ii) the master computer-readable medium and object code 808, (iii) the production computer-readable medium 818 and. production application copies 816 and/or (iv) the applications 828 through 832 saved in memory In the terminal 822, device 824, and system 826,

[00144] it is to be understood that the above description is intended to lie illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described emr xitments (and/or aspects thereof? may be used in. combination with each other. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its seope. While the dimensions and types of materials described herein are intended to define the parameters of the invention, they are by no means limiting and are exemplary embodiments. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon .reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be ^' determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the foil scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled, in the appended claims, the terms "including ^* ' ^' and "in which" are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms "comprising'' arid "wherein." Moreover, in the foll win -claims* the terms "first - "second,"- and " hird." etc, are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements oft their -objects. Further, the limitations of the following c laims are not written in means-plus- fimetion format and are not intended to be interpreted based on 35 U.S.C. f 112. sixth paragraph, unless and until such claim limitations expressly use the phrase "mea s for" followed by a statement of function void of further structure.

[00145] The terms and expressions thai have been- mployed in the foregoin specification are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and are not intended to exclude equivalents of the features shown and described or portions of t em. The scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow.