FIBROUS STRUCTURES AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAME

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to fibrous structures and more particularly to fibrous structures comprising a nonwoven substrate, a scrim material and a plurality of solid additives and methods for making such fibrous structures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fibrous structures comprising a nonwoven substrate, a scrim material and a plurality of solid additives are known in the art. Further, fibrous structures comprising a surface comprising protrusions are known. However, it has been found that consumers desire a fibrous structure comprising a nonwoven substrate, a scrim material and a plurality of solid additives wherein a surface of the fibrous structure comprises a openings through which a protrusion comprising solid additives protrudes. Consumers find such fibrous structures to exhibit improved drape, flexibility, and/or softness and an aesthetically appealing pattern of openings and/or protrusions.

Accordingly, there is a need for a fibrous structure comprising a nonwoven substrate, a scrim material and a plurality of solid additives, wherein the fibrous structure comprises a surface comprising a openings and/or protrusions protruding through such openings and methods for making same.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention fulfills the need described above by providing a fibrous structure comprising a nonwoven substrate, a scrim material and a plurality of solid additives, wherein the fibrous structure comprises a surface comprising openings and/or protrusions protruding through such openings and methods for making same.

In one example of the present invention, a fibrous structure comprising a nonwoven substrate, a scrim material and a plurality of solid additives positioned between the nonwoven substrate and the scrim material, wherein the scrim material comprises openings through which some of the solid additives protrude, is provided.

In another example of the present invention, a single- or multi-ply sanitary tissue product comprising a fibrous structure according to the present invention.

In yet another example of the present invention, a method for making a fibrous structure, the method comprising the step of subjecting a fibrous structure comprising a nonwoven substrate, a scrim material and a plurality of solid additives positioned between the nonwoven substrate and the scrim material, to a tuft generating process such that openings in the scrim material are formed and some of the solid additives protrude through the openings, is provided.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a fibrous structure comprising a nonwoven substrate, a scrim material and a plurality of solid additives, a sanitary tissue product comprising same and a method for making same.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an example of a fibrous structure according to the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a side view of the fibrous structure of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a perspective view of an example of a multi-ply sanitary tissue product according to the present invention;

Fig. 4 is a side view of the multiply sanitary tissue product of Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an apparatus for forming a fibrous structure according to the present invention.

Fig. 6 is a cross- sectional depiction of a portion of the apparatus shown in Fig. 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

"Fibrous structure" as used herein means a structure that comprises one or more fibrous elements. In one example, a fibrous structure according to the present invention means an association of fibrous elements that together form a structure capable of performing a function.

The fibrous structures of the present invention may be homogeneous or may be layered. If layered, the fibrous structures may comprise at least two and/or at least three and/or at least four and/or at least five and/or at least six and/or at least seven and/or at least 8 and/or at least 9 and/or at least 10 to about 25 and/or to about 20 and/or to about 18 and/or to about 16 layers.

In one example, the fibrous structures of the present invention are disposable. For example, the fibrous structures of the present invention are non-textile fibrous structures. In another example, the fibrous structures of the present invention are flushable, such as toilet tissue.

Non-limiting examples of processes for making fibrous structures include known wet-laid papermaking processes, air-laid papermaking processes and wet, solution and dry filament spinning processes that are typically referred to as nonwoven processes. Further processing of the fibrous structure may be carried out such that a finished fibrous structure is formed. For example, in typical papermaking processes, the finished fibrous structure is the fibrous structure that is wound on the reel at the end of papermaking. The finished fibrous structure may subsequently be converted into a finished product, e.g. a sanitary tissue product.

"Fibrous element" as used herein means an elongate particulate having a length greatly exceeding its average diameter, i.e. a length to average diameter ratio of at least about 10. A fibrous element may be a filament or a fiber. In one example, the fibrous element is a single fibrous element rather than a yarn comprising a plurality of fibrous elements.

The fibrous elements of the present invention may be spun from polymer melt compositions via suitable spinning operations, such as meltblowing and/or spunbonding and/or they may be obtained from natural sources such as vegetative sources, for example trees.

The fibrous elements of the present invention may be monocomponent and/or multicomponent. For example, the fibrous elements may comprise bicomponent fibers and/or filaments. The bicomponent fibers and/or filaments may be in any form, such as side-by- side, core and sheath, islands-in-the-sea and the like.

"Filament" as used herein means an elongate particulate as described above that exhibits a length of greater than or equal to 5.08 cm (2 in.) and/or greater than or equal to 7.62 cm (3 in.) and/or greater than or equal to 10.16 cm (4 in.) and/or greater than or equal to 15.24 cm (6 in.).

Filaments are typically considered continuous or substantially continuous in nature. Filaments are relatively longer than fibers. Non-limiting examples of filaments include meltblown and/or spunbond filaments. Non-limiting examples of polymers that can be spun into filaments include natural polymers, such as starch, starch derivatives, cellulose, such as rayon and/or lyocell, and cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, and synthetic polymers including, but not limited to thermoplastic polymer filaments, such as polyesters, nylons, polyolefins such as polypropylene filaments, polyethylene filaments, and biodegradable thermoplastic fibers such as polylactic acid filaments, polyhydroxyalkanoate filaments, polyesteramide filaments and polycaprolactone filaments.

"Fiber" as used herein means an elongate particulate as described above that exhibits a length of less than 5.08 cm (2 in.) and/or less than 3.81 cm (1.5 in.) and/or less than 2.54 cm (1 in.).

Fibers are typically considered discontinuous in nature. Non-limiting examples of fibers include pulp fibers, such as wood pulp fibers, and synthetic staple fibers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, copolymers thereof, rayon, glass fibers and polyvinyl alcohol fibers. Staple fibers may be produced by spinning a filament tow and then cutting the tow into segments of less than 5.08 cm (2 in.) thus producing fibers.

In one example of the present invention, a fiber may be a naturally occurring fiber, which means it is obtained from a naturally occurring source, such as a vegetative source, for example a tree and/or plant. Such fibers are typically used in papermaking and are oftentimes referred to as papermaking fibers. Papermaking fibers useful in the present invention include cellulosic fibers commonly known as wood pulp fibers. Applicable wood pulps include chemical pulps, such as Kraft, sulfite, and sulfate pulps, as well as mechanical pulps including, for example, ground wood, thermomechanical pulp and chemically modified thermomechanical pulp. Chemical pulps, however, may be preferred since they impart a superior tactile sense of softness to tissue sheets made therefrom. Pulps derived from both deciduous trees (hereinafter, also referred to as "hardwood") and coniferous trees (hereinafter, also referred to as "softwood") may be utilized. The hardwood and softwood fibers can be blended, or alternatively, can be deposited in layers to provide a stratified web. Also applicable to the present invention are fibers derived from recycled paper, which may contain any or all of the above categories of fibers as well as other non-fibrous polymers such as fillers, softening agents, wet and dry strength agents, and adhesives used to facilitate the original papermaking.

In addition to the various wood pulp fibers, other cellulosic fibers such as cotton linters, rayon, lyocell and bagasse fibers can be used in the fibrous structures of the present invention.

"Sanitary tissue product" as used herein means a soft, low density (i.e. < about 0.15 g/cm3) fibrous structure useful as a wiping implement for post-urinary and post-bowel movement cleaning (toilet tissue), for otorhinolaryngological discharges (facial tissue), and multi-functional absorbent and cleaning uses (absorbent towels). The sanitary tissue product may be convolutedly wound upon itself about a core or without a core to form a sanitary tissue product roll.

In one example, the sanitary tissue product of the present invention comprises one or more fibrous structures according to the present invention.

The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a basis weight between about 10 g/m to about 120 g/m and/or from about 15 g/m to about 110 g/m and/or from about 20 g/m ² to about 100 g/m ² and/or from about 30 to 90 g/m ² . In addition, the sanitary tissue product of the present invention may exhibit a basis weight between about 40 g/m to about 120 g/m ² and/or from about 50 g/m ² to about 110 g/m ² and/or from about 55 g/m ² to about 105 g/m ² and/or from about 60 to 100 g/m ² .

The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a total dry tensile strength of greater than about 59 g/cm (150 g/in) and/or from about 78 g/cm (200 g/in) to about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or from about 98 g/cm (250 g/in) to about 335 g/cm (850 g/in). In addition, the sanitary tissue product of the present invention may exhibit a total dry tensile strength of greater than about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) and/or from about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) to about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or from about 216 g/cm (550 g/in) to about 335 g/cm (850 g/in) and/or from about 236 g/cm (600 g/in) to about 315 g/cm (800 g/in). In one example, the sanitary tissue product exhibits a total dry tensile strength of less than about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or less than about 335 g/cm (850 g/in).

In another example, the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a total dry tensile strength of greater than about 500 g/in and/or greater than about 600 g/in and/or greater than about 700 g/in and/or greater than about 800 g/in and/or greater than about (900 g/in) and/or greater than about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or from about 315 g/cm (800 g/in) to about 1968 g/cm (5000 g/in) and/or from about 354 g/cm (900 g/in) to about 1181 g/cm (3000 g/in) and/or from about 354 g/cm (900 g/in) to about 984 g/cm (2500 g/in) and/or from about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) to about 787 g/cm (2000 g/in).

The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit an initial total wet tensile strength of less than about 78 g/cm (200 g/in) and/or less than about 59 g/cm (150 g/in) and/or less than about 39 g/cm (100 g/in) and/or less than about 29 g/cm (75 g/in) and/or less than about 23 g/cm (60 g/in).

The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit an initial total wet tensile strength of greater than about 118 g/cm (300 g/in) and/or greater than about 157 g/cm

(400 g/in) and/or greater than about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) and/or greater than about 236 g/cm (600 g/in) and/or greater than about 276 g/cm (700 g/in) and/or greater than about 315 g/cm (800 g/in) and/or greater than about 354 g/cm (900 g/in) and/or greater than about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or from about 118 g/cm (300 g/in) to about 1968 g/cm (5000 g/in) and/or from about 157 g/cm (400 g/in) to about 1181 g/cm (3000 g/in) and/or from about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) to about 984 g/cm (2500 g/in) and/or from about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) to about 787 g/cm (2000 g/in) and/or from about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) to about 591 g/cm (1500 g/in).

The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a density of less than about 0.60 g/cm ³ and/or less than about 0.30 g/cm ³ and/or less than about 0.20 g/cm ³ and/or less than about 0.10 g/cm ³ and/or less than about 0.07 g/cm ³ and/or less than about 0.05 g/cm ³ and/or from about 0.01 g/cm ³ to about 0.20 g/cm ³ and/or from about 0.02 g/cm ³ to about 0.10 g/cm ³ .

The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a total absorptive capacity of according to the Horizontal Full Sheet (HFS) Test Method described herein of greater than about 10 g/g and/or greater than about 12 g/g and/or greater than about 15 g/g and/or from about 15 g/g to about 50 g/g and/or to about 40 g/g and/or to about 30 g/g.

The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a Vertical Full Sheet

(VFS) value as determined by the Vertical Full Sheet (VFS) Test Method described herein of greater than about 5 g/g and/or greater than about 7 g/g and/or greater than about 9 g/g and/or from about 9 g/g to about 30 g/g and/or to about 25 g/g and/or to about 20 g/g and/or to about 17 g/g-

The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may be in the form of sanitary tissue product rolls. Such sanitary tissue product rolls may comprise a plurality of connected, but perforated sheets of fibrous structure, that are separably dispensable from adjacent sheets.

The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may comprise additives such as softening agents, temporary wet strength agents, permanent wet strength agents, bulk softening agents, lotions, silicones, wetting agents, latexes, patterned latexes and other types of additives suitable for inclusion in and/or on sanitary tissue products.

"Scrim" as used herein means a material that is used to overlay solid additives within the fibrous structures of the present invention such that the solid additives are positioned between the material and a nonwoven substrate of the fibrous structures. In one example, the scrim covers the solid additives such that they are positioned between the scrim and the nonwoven substrate of the fibrous structure. In another example, the scrim is a minor component relative to the nonwoven substrate of the fibrous structure.

"Hydroxyl polymer" as used herein includes any hydroxyl-containing polymer that can be incorporated into a fibrous structure of the present invention, such as into a fibrous structure in the form of a fibrous element. In one example, the hydroxyl polymer of the present invention includes greater than 10% and/or greater than 20% and/or greater than 25% by weight hydroxyl moieties. In another example, the hydroxyl within the hydroxyl-containing polymer is not part of a larger functional group such as a carboxylic acid group.

"Non-thermoplastic" as used herein means, with respect to a material, such as a fibrous element as a whole and/or a polymer within a fibrous element, that the fibrous element and/or polymer exhibits no melting point and/or softening point, which allows it to flow under pressure, in the absence of a plasticizer, such as water, glycerin, sorbitol, urea and the like.

"Thermoplastic" as used herein means, with respect to a material, such as a fibrous element as a whole and/or a polymer within a fibrous element, that the fibrous element and/or polymer exhibits a melting point and/or softening point at a certain temperature, which allows it to flow under pressure. "Non-cellulose-containing" as used herein means that less than 5% and/or less than 3% and/or less than 1% and/or less than 0.1% and/or 0% by weight of cellulose polymer, cellulose derivative polymer and/or cellulose copolymer is present in fibrous element. In one example,

"non-cellulose-containing" means that less than 5% and/or less than 3% and/or less than 1% and/or less than 0.1% and/or 0% by weight of cellulose polymer is present in fibrous element.

"Associate," "Associated," "Association," and/or "Associating" as used herein with respect to fibrous elements means combining, either in direct contact or in indirect contact, fibrous elements such that a fibrous structure is formed. In one example, the associated fibrous elements may be bonded together for example by adhesives and/or thermal bonds. In another example, the fibrous elements may be associated with one another by being deposited onto the same fibrous structure making belt.

"Weight average molecular weight" as used herein means the weight average molecular weight as determined using gel permeation chromatography according to the protocol found in Colloids and Surfaces A. Physico Chemical & Engineering Aspects, Vol. 162, 2000, pg. 107- 121.

"Basis Weight" as used herein is the weight per unit area of a sample reported in lbs/3000 ft ² or g/m ² .

"Machine Direction" or "MD" as used herein means the direction parallel to the flow of the fibrous structure through the papermaking machine and/or product manufacturing equipment.

"Cross Machine Direction" or "CD" as used herein means the direction perpendicular to the machine direction in the same plane of the fibrous structure and/or paper product comprising the fibrous structure.

"Ply" or "Plies" as used herein means an individual fibrous structure optionally to be disposed in a substantially contiguous, face-to-face relationship with other plies, forming a multiple ply fibrous structure. It is also contemplated that a single fibrous structure can effectively form two "plies" or multiple "plies", for example, by being folded on itself.

As used herein, the articles "a" and "an" when used herein, for example, "an anionic surfactant" or "a fiber" is understood to mean one or more of the material that is claimed or described.

All percentages and ratios are calculated by weight unless otherwise indicated. All percentages and ratios are calculated based on the total composition unless otherwise indicated.

Unless otherwise noted, all component or composition levels are in reference to the active level of that component or composition, and are exclusive of impurities, for example, residual solvents or by-products, which may be present in commercially available sources. Nonwoven Substrate

Non-limiting examples of suitable nonwoven substrates useful in the present invention include fibrous structures, films and mixtures thereof. In one example, the nonwoven substrate comprises a fibrous structure. The fibrous structure may comprise fibrous elements comprising a hydroxyl polymer. In another example, the fibrous structure may comprise starch and/or starch derivative filaments. The starch filaments may further comprise polyvinyl alcohol. In yet another example, the fibrous structure may comprise a thermoplastic polymer. In another example, the nonwoven substrate comprises polypropylene filaments.

The nonwoven substrate may exhibit a basis weight of greater than about 10 g/m ² and/or greater than 15 g/m ² and/or greater than 20 g/m ² and/or greater than 25 g/m ² and/or greater than 30 g/m ² and/or less than about 100 g/m ² and/or less than about 80 g/m ² and/or less than about 60 g/m and/or less than about 50 g/m . In one example, the nonwoven substrate exhibits a basis weight of from about 10 to about 100 g/m ² and/or from about 15 to about 80 g/m ² .

Solid Additives

"Solid additive" as used herein means an additive that is capable of being applied to a surface of a fibrous structure in a solid form. In other words, the solid additive of the present invention can be delivered directly to a surface of a nonwoven substrate without a liquid phase being present, i.e. without melting the solid additive and without suspending the solid additive in a liquid vehicle or carrier. As such, the solid additive of the present invention does not require a liquid state or a liquid vehicle or carrier in order to be delivered to a surface of a nonwoven substrate. The solid additive of the present invention may be delivered via a gas or combinations of gases. In one example, in simplistic terms, a solid additive is an additive that when placed within a container, does not take the shape of the container.

Non-limiting examples of suitable solid additives include hydrophilic inorganic particles, hydrophilic organic particles, hydrophobic inorganic particles, hydrophobic organic particles, naturally occurring fibers, non-naturally occurring particles and non-naturally occurring fibers.

In one example, the naturally occurring fibers may comprise wood pulp fibers, trichomes, seed hairs, protein fibers, such as silk and/or wool, and/or cotton linters. In one example, the solid additive comprises chemically treated pulp fibers. Non-limiting examples of chemically treated pulp fibers are commercially available from Georgia-Pacific Corporation.

In another example, the non-naturally occurring fibers may comprise polyolefin fibers, such as polypropylene fibers, and/or polyamide fibers.

In another example, the hydrophilic inorganic particles are selected from the group consisting of: clay, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, talc, aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, alumina trihydrate, activated carbon, calcium sulfate, glass microspheres, diatomaceous earth and mixtures thereof.

In one example, hydrophilic organic particles of the present invention may include hydrophobic particles the surfaces of which have been treated by a hydrophilic material. Non- limiting examples of such hydrophilic organic particles include polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate particles that have been surface treated with a soil release polymer and/or surfactant. Another example is a polyolefin particle that has been surface treated with a surfactant.

In another example, the hydrophilic organic particles may comprise superabsorbent particles and/or superabsorbent materials such as hydrogels, hydrocolloidal materials and mixtures thereof. In one example, the hydrophilic organic particle comprises polyacrylate. Other Non-limiting examples of suitable hydrophilic organic particles are known in the art.

In another example, the hydrophilic organic particles may comprise high molecular weight starch particles (high amylose-containing starch particles), such as Hylon 7 available from National Starch and Chemical Company.

In another example, the hydrophilic organic particles may comprise cellulose particles.

In another example, the hydrophilic organic particles may comprise compressed cellulose sponge particles.

In one example of a solid additive in accordance with the present invention, the solid additive exhibits a surface tension of greater than about 30 and/or greater than about 35 and/or greater than about 40 and/or greater than about 50 and/or greater than about 60 dynes/cm as determined by ASTM D2578.

The solid additives of the present invention may have different geometries and/or cross- sectional areas that include round, elliptical, star- shaped, rectangular, trilobal and other various eccentricities.

In one example, the solid additive may exhibit a particle size of less than 6 mm and/or less than 5.5 mm and/or less than 5 mm and/or less than 4.5 mm and/or less than 4 mm and/or less than 2 mm in its maximum dimension.

"Particle" as used herein means an object having an aspect ratio of less than about 25/1 and/or less than about 15/1 and/or less than about 10/1 and/or less than 5/1 to about 1/1. A particle is not a fiber as defined herein.

The solid additives may be present in the fibrous structures of the present invention at a level of greater than about 1 and/or greater than about 2 and/or greater than about 4 and/or to about 20 and/or to about 15 and/or to about 10 g/m ² . In one example, a fibrous structure of the present invention comprises from about 2 to about 10 and/or from about 5 to about 10 g/m ² of solid additive.

In one example, the solid additives are present in the fibrous structures of the present invention at a level of greater than 5% and/or greater than 10% and/or greater than 20% to about 50% and/or to about 40% and/or to about 30%.

Scrim Material

The scrim material may comprise any suitable material capable of bonding to the nonwoven substrate of the present invention. In one example, the scrim material comprises a material that can be thermally bonded to the nonwoven substrate of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of suitable scrim materials include filaments of the present invention. In one example, the scrim material comprises filaments that comprise hydroxyl polymers. In another example, the scrim material comprises starch filaments. In yet another example, the scrim material comprises filaments comprising a thermoplastic polymer. In still another example, the scrim material comprises a fibrous structure according to the present invention wherein the fibrous structure comprises filaments comprising hydroxyl polymers, such as starch filaments, and/or thermoplastic polymers. In another example, the scrim material may comprise a film. The multiply fibrous structure may comprise pockets formed between the first and second plies.

In even another example, the scrim material may comprise a latex.

In one example, the scrim material may be the same composition as the nonwoven substrate.

The scrim material may be present in the fibrous structures of the present invention at a basis weight of greater than 0.1 and/or greater than 0.3 and/or greater than 0.5 and/or greater than 1 and/or greater than 2 g/m ² and/or less than 10 and/or less than 7 and/or less than 5 and/or less than 4 g/m ² .

Polymers

The fibrous elements, such as filaments and/or fibers, of the present invention that associate to form the fibrous structures of the present invention may contain various types of polymers such as hydroxyl polymers, non-thermoplastic polymers, thermoplastic polymers and mixtures thereof.

a. Hydroxyl Polymers - Non-limiting examples of hydroxyl polymers in accordance with the present invention include polyols, such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, starch, starch derivatives, starch copolymers, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, chitosan copolymers, cellulose, cellulose derivatives such as cellulose ether and ester derivatives, cellulose copolymers, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, hemicellulose copolymers, gums, arabinans, galactans, proteins and various other polysaccharides and mixtures thereof.

In one example, a hydroxyl polymer of the present invention is a polysaccharide.

In another example, a hydroxyl polymer of the present invention is a non-thermoplastic polymer.

The hydroxyl polymer may have a weight average molecular weight of from about 10,000 g/mol to about 40,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than about 100,000 g/mol and/or greater than about 1,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than about 3,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than about 3,000,000 g/mol to about 40,000,000 g/mol. Higher and lower molecular weight hydroxyl polymers may be used in combination with hydroxyl polymers having a certain desired weight average molecular weight.

Well known modifications of hydroxyl polymers, such as natural starches, include chemical modifications and/or enzymatic modifications. For example, natural starch can be acid- thinned, hydroxy-ethylated, hydroxy-propylated, and/or oxidized. In addition, the hydroxyl polymer may comprise dent corn starch hydroxyl polymer.

Polyvinyl alcohols herein can be grafted with other monomers to modify its properties. A wide range of monomers has been successfully grafted to polyvinyl alcohol. Non-limiting examples of such monomers include vinyl acetate, styrene, acrylamide, acrylic acid, 2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, vinyl amine and a variety of acrylate esters. Polyvinyl alcohols comprise the various hydrolysis products formed from polyvinyl acetate. In one example the level of hydrolysis of the polyvinyl alcohols is greater than 70% and/or greater than 88% and/or greater than 95% and/or about 99%.

"Polysaccharides" as used herein means natural polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives and/or modified polysaccharides. Suitable polysaccharides include, but are not limited to, starches, starch derivatives, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, gums, arabinans, galactans and mixtures thereof. The polysaccharide may exhibit a weight average molecular weight of from about

10,000 to about 40,000,000 g/mol and/or greater than about 100,000 and/or greater than about 1,000,000 and/or greater than about 3,000,000 and/or greater than about 3,000,000 to about

40,000,000.

Non-cellulose and/or non-cellulose derivative and/or non-cellulose copolymer hydroxyl polymers, such as non-cellulose polysaccharides may be selected from the group consisting of: starches, starch derivatives, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, gums, arabinans, galactans and mixtures thereof.

b. Thermoplastic Polymers - Non-limiting examples of suitable thermoplastic polymers include polyolefins, polyesters, copolymers thereof, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of polyolefins include polypropylene, polyethylene and mixtures thereof. A Non- limiting example of a polyester includes polyethylene terephthalate.

The thermoplastic polymers may comprise a non-biodegradable polymer, examples of such include polypropylene, polyethylene and certain polyesters; and the thermoplastic polymers may comprise a biodegradable polymer, examples of such include polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polycaprolactone, polyesteramides and certain polyesters.

The thermoplastic polymers of the present invention may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The thermoplastic polymers may be surface treated and/or internally treated to change the inherent hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the thermoplastic polymer.

Any suitable weight average molecular weight for the thermoplastic polymers may be used. For example, the weight average molecular weight for a thermoplastic polymer in accordance with the present invention is greater than about 10,000 g/mol and/or greater than about 40,000 g/mol and/or greater than about 50,000 g/mol and/or less than about 500,000 g/mol and/or less than about 400,000 g/mol and/or less than about 200,000 g/mol.

In one example, the fibrous element of the present invention is void of thermoplastic, water-insoluble polymers.

Fibrous Structures

As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the fibrous structure 10 of the present invention may comprise a nonwoven substrate 12, a scrim material 14 and a plurality of solid additives 16. The solid additives 16 are generally positioned between the nonwoven substrate 12 and the scrim material 14. The scrim material 14 comprises a surface 18 of the fibrous structure 10. The surface 18 comprises a plurality of openings 20. The openings 20 may be present on the surface 18 in a non-random repeating pattern or in a random pattern. The openings 20 may comprise one or more protrusions 22. The protrusions 22 may be present in the fibrous structure 10 in a non- random repeating pattern. The protrusions 22 may comprise a part of the nonwoven substrate 12. In addition, the protrusions 22 may comprise solid additives 16. One or more of the protrusions 22 may comprise a tuft. A "tuft" as used herein means a region of the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product that is extended from the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product along the z-axis ("z-axis" as used herein is commonly understood in the art to indicate an "out- of -plane" direction generally orthogonal to the x-y plane as shown in Fig. 1, for example). In one example, a tuft is a continuous loop that extends along the z-axis from the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product. The tuft may define an interior open or substantially open void area that is generally free of fibers. In other words, the tufts of the present invention may exhibit a "tunnel-like" structure, instead of a "tent-like" rib-like element that exhibits continuous side walls as is taught in the prior art. In one example, the tunnel is oriented in the MD of the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product. In another example, as a result of the tuft, a discontinuity is formed in the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product in its x-y plane. A "discontinuity" as used herein is an interruption along the side/surface of the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product opposite the tuft. In other words, a discontinuity is a hole and/or recess and/or void on a side/surface of the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product that is created as a result of the formation of the tuft on the opposite side/surface of the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product. In one example, a deformation in a surface of fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product such as a bulge, bump, loop or other protruding structure that extends from a surface of the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product of the present invention.

The solid additives 16 may be present on a surface 24 of the nonwoven substrate 12. As a result of the protrusions 22 protruding through the surface 18 of the scrim material 14, some solid additives 16 are exposed and thus not positioned between the nonwoven substrate 12 and the scrim material 14.

When the fibrous structure 10 is a single-ply fibrous structure, as is shown in Figs. 1 and

2, the other surface 26 (opposite surface 18) may comprise depressions (not shown) that are registered with the protrusions 22 protruding through the openings 20 in surface 18. The protrusions 22 may result from the creation of the depressions (not shown) on surface 26. Accordingly, since surface 26 comprises depressions that are in a non-random repeating pattern, the opposite side of the fibrous structure 10, which is surface 18, comprises protrusions 22 that are in the same non-random repeating pattern as the depressions on surface 26.

The scrim material 14 may be bonded to the nonwoven substrate 12 at one or more bond sites 28. The bond site 28 is where at least a portion of the scrim material 14 and a portion of the nonwoven substrate 12 are connected to one another, such as via a thermal bond, or a bond created by applying high pressure (pressure bond) to both the scrim material 14 and the nonwoven substrate 12 such that a glassining effect occurs. Some of the bond sites 28 may be fractured as a result of processes for creating the protrusions 22. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the fractured bond sites result in greater softness and/or flexibility of the fibrous structure. In one example, the nonwoven substrate 12 comprises a plurality of filaments comprising a hydroxyl polymer. The hydroxyl polymer may be selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides, derivatives thereof, polyvinyl alcohol, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. In one example, the hydroxyl polymer comprises a starch and/or starch derivative. The hydroxyl polymer may be cross-linked. The nonwoven substrate 12 may exhibit a basis weight of greater than about 10 g/m ² and/or greater than about 14 g/m ² and/or greater than about 20 g/m ² and/or greater than about 25 g/m ² and/or greater than about 30 g/m ² and/or greater than about 35 g/m ² and/or greater than about 40 g/m ² and/or less than about 100 g/m ² and/or less than about 90 g/m ² and/or less than about 80 g/m ² .

In one example, the solid additives 16 comprise fibers, for example wood pulp fibers.

The wood pulp fibers may be softwood pulp fibers and/or hardwood pulp fibers. In one example, the wood pulp fibers comprise eucalyptus pulp fibers. In another example, the wood pulp fibers comprise Southern Softwood Kraft (SSK) pulp fibers

The solid additives 16 may be chemically treated. In one example, the solid additives 16 comprise softening agents and/or are surface treated with softening agents. Non-limiting examples of suitable softening agents include silicones and/or quaternary ammonium compounds, such as PROSOFT ^® available from Hercules Incorporated. In one example, the solid additives 16 comprise a wood pulp treated with a quaternary ammonium compound softening agent, an example of which is available from Georgia-Pacific Corporation. One advantage of applying a softening agent only to the solid additives versus applying it to the entire fibrous structure and/or nonwoven substrate and/or scrim material, ensures that the softening agent softens those components of the entire fibrous structure that need softening compared to the other components of the entire fibrous structure.

In one example, the solid additives 16 may be uniformly distributed on a surface 24 of the nonwoven substrate 12.

In one example, the scrim material 14 comprises filaments, a fibrous structure and/or a film. In one example, the scrim material 14 comprises a fibrous structure comprising a plurality of filaments. The fibrous structure may comprise a plurality of filaments comprising a hydroxyl polymer. The hydroxyl polymer may be selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides, derivatives thereof, polyvinyl alcohol, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. In one example, the hydroxyl polymer comprises a starch and/or starch derivative. The scrim material 14 may comprise a fibrous structure comprising a plurality of the starch filaments. The scrim material 14 may be present at a basis weight of from about 0.1 to about 4 g/m ² . In another example, the scrim material 14 comprises latex. The latex may be applied as a continuous network to the solid additives 16 and the nonwoven substrate 12.

One purpose of the scrim material 14 is to reduce the lint produced by the fibrous structure by inhibiting the solid additives 16 from becoming disassociated from the fibrous structure. The scrim material 14 may also provide additional strength properties to the fibrous structure.

As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the bond sites 28 may comprise a plurality of discrete bond sites. The discrete bond sites may form a non-random repeating pattern. One or more bond sites 28 may comprise a thermal bond and/or a pressure bond.

As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, a multi-ply sanitary tissue product 30 comprises a first ply 32 and a second ply 34. The first and second plies 32, 34 may be bonded together on opposing surfaces via an adhesive, such as by plybonding the plies together.

The first ply 32 may comprise a fibrous structure 10 as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The second ply 34 may be the same or different from the first ply 32. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the second ply 34 is different.

The first ply 32 may comprise a nonwoven substrate 36, a scrim material 38 and a plurality of solid additives 40 that protrude through an opening 42 in the scrim material 38 by way of protrusion 44 of the nonwoven substrate 36. The first ply 32 comprises a surface 46 and an opposite surface 48. The surface 46 comprises a plurality of openings 42. The openings 42 may be in a non-random repeating pattern or a random pattern. The surface 48 comprises a plurality of depressions (not shown) that are registered with the protrusions 44 that protrude through the openings 42 on surface 46. The protrusions 44 may be present in the first ply 32 in a non-random repeating pattern. The protrusions 44 may comprise tufts. The protrusions 44 may comprise solid additives 40, such as pulp fibers.

The second ply 34 may comprise a nonwoven substrate 50, a scrim material 52 and a plurality of solid additives, such as pulp fibers, (not shown) that are positioned between the nonwoven substrate 50 and the scrim material 52. The second ply 34 comprises a surface 54 to which surface 48 may be plybonded via an adhesive.

Upon combining the first ply 32 and the second ply 34, the protrusions 44 that protrude through the openings 42 in the scrim material 38 of the first ply 32 are oriented away from the second ply 34. In other words, the protrusions 44, such as tufts, are oriented outward with respect to the multi-ply sanitary tissue product 30.

The protrusions 44 are deflections out of the x-y plane of the fibrous structure. In other words, the protrusions 44 extend in the z-direction from surface 46. The fibrous structure of the present invention may exhibit a wet coefficient of friction ratio of greater than 0.20 and/or greater than 0.30 and/or less than 0.75 and/or less than 0.60 as measured according to the Wet Coefficient of Friction (COF) Ratio Test Method described herein.

Table 1 below shows examples of wet coefficient of friction (COF) ratios for fibrous structures of the present invention and comparative fibrous structures.

Sample Wet COF Wet COF Wet COF Wet COF Wet COF

Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio

Invention 0.36 0.38 0.42 0.35 0.42

Sample 1

Invention 0.36 0.35 0.42 0.35 0.37

Sample 2

Prior Art 1 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.17

Prior Art 2 0.16 0.17 NA NA 0.18

Prior Art 3 0.77 0.82 1.10 NA NA

(Charmin ^®

Ultra Strong)

Prior Art 4 1.02 0.88 1.02 1.02 NA

(Charmin

Ultra Soft)

Table 1

The fibrous structure of the present invention may comprise a wet web-web COF ratio of greater than 0.7 and/or greater than 0.9 and/or greater than 1.0 and/or greater than 1.2 as measured according to the Wet Coefficient of Friction (COF) Ratio Test Method described herein.

The fibrous structure of the present invention may comprise a surface softening agent. The surface softening agent may be applied to a surface of the fibrous structure. The softening agent may comprise a silicone and/or a quaternary ammonium compound.

Method for Making a Fibrous Structure

The fibrous structure of the present invention may be made by any suitable process known in the art. In one example, a method for making a fibrous structure of the present invention comprises the steps of: a) providing a polymer melt composition comprising an uncrosslinked hydroxyl polymer and a crosslinking system;

b) spinning the polymer melt composition to form filaments;

c) collecting the filaments onto a collection device to form a nonwoven substrate;

d) applying solid additives to a surface of the nonwoven substrate;

e) applying a scrim material such that the solid additives are positioned between the nonwoven substrate and the scrim material to form a fibrous structure; and

f) subjecting the fibrous structure to a protrusion generating process such that one surface of the fibrous structure comprises a plurality of depressions and the opposite surface of the fibrous structure comprises a plurality of openings through which protrusions that are registered with the depressions protrude.

The polymer melt composition may comprise an uncrosslinked starch and/or starch derivative and a crosslinking system comprising an imidazolidinone. In addition, the polymer melt composition may comprise water. Quaternary ammonium compounds may also be present in the polymer melt composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable quaternary ammonium compounds include mono-quaternary ammonium compounds and diquaternary ammonium compounds, such as balanced and unbalanced diquaternary ammonium compounds. In one example, the polymer melt comprises Arquad HTL8-MS commercially available from Akzo Nobel.

The solid additives may be applied to a surface of the nonwoven substrate by a former, such as a Dan- Web former.

The method may further comprise the step of bonding, for example thermally bonding, at least a portion of the scrim material to the nonwoven substrate.

The protrusion generating process may comprise plasticizing, such as by humidifying, the fibrous structure such that protrusions in the fibrous structure may be formed without creating openings within the fibrous structure. Non-limiting examples of plasticizing processes for use herein include subjecting the fibrous structure to a humid environment such that the fibrous structure exhibits sufficient plasticity to undergo a protrusion generating process without breaking. Non-limiting examples of suitable humid environments include environments of at least about 40% relative humidity and/or at least about 50% relative humidity and/or at least about 60% relative humidity and/or at least about 75% relative humidity. In one example, water may be applied to the fibrous structure. Referring to Fig. 5, there is shown a non-limiting example of an apparatus and method for making a fibrous structure of the present invention. The apparatus 56 comprises a pair of intermeshing rolls 58 and 60, each rotating about an axis A, the axes A being parallel in the same plane. Roll 58 comprises a plurality of ridges 62 and corresponding grooves 64 which extend unbroken about the entire circumference of roll 58. Roll 60 is similar to roll 58, but rather than having ridges that extend unbroken about the entire circumference, roll 60 comprises a plurality of rows of circumferentially-extending ridges that have been modified to be rows of circumferentially- spaced teeth 68 that extend in spaced relationship about at least a portion of roll 60. The individual rows of teeth 68 of roll 60 are separated by corresponding grooves 70. In operation, rolls 58 and 60 intermesh such that the ridges 62 of roll 58 extend into the grooves 70 of roll 60 and the teeth 68 of roll 60 extend into the grooves 64 of roll 58. The intermeshing is shown in greater detail in the cross sectional representation of Fig. 6, discussed below.

In Fig. 5, the apparatus 56 is shown in a preferred configuration having one patterned roll, e.g., roll 60, and one non-patterned grooved roll 58 thus producing a fibrous structure with protrusions, such as tufts, protruding from one surface of the fibrous structure and depressions on the opposite surface of the fibrous structure. The patterned roll 60 may comprise a non-random repeating pattern that is imparted to the fibrous structure 72.

Fig. 6 shows in cross section a portion of the intermeshing rolls 58 and 60 including ridges 62 and teeth 68. As shown teeth 68 have a tooth height TH (note that TH can also be applied to ridge 62 height; in a preferred example tooth height and ridge height are equal), and a tooth-to-tooth spacing (or ridge-to-ridge spacing) referred to as the pitch P. As shown, depth of engagement E is a measure of the level of intermeshing of rolls 58 and 60 and is measured from tip of ridge 62 to tip of tooth 68. The depth of engagement E, tooth height TH, and pitch P can be varied as desired depending on the properties of the fibrous structure and the desired characteristics of the fibrous structure.

Non-limiting Example of a Fibrous Structure

Example 1 - Tufted Fibrous Structure comprising Starch Filaments/Wood Pulp Fibers/Bonding

Material

A polymer melt composition comprising 10% Mowiol 10-98 commercially available from Kuraray Co. (polyvinyl alcohol), 39.25% Ethylex 2035 commercially available from Tate

& LyIe (starch derivative), 39.25% Eclipse G commercially available from Tate & LyIe (starch),

0.7% Arquad HTL8-MS (hydrogenated tallow alkyl (2-ethylhexyl) dimethyl quaternary ammonium methosulfate commercially available from Akzo Chemicals, Inc., 6.9% Urea glyoxal adduct crosslinking agent, and 3.9% Ammonium Chloride available from Aldrich is prepared. The melt composition is cooked and extruded from a co-rotating twin screw extruder at approx 50% solids (50% H ₂ O).

The melt composition is then pumped to a meltblown spinnerette and attenuated with a 160 ⁰ F saturated air stream to form a nonwoven substrate having a basis weight of from about 10 g/m to about 100 g/m . The filaments are then dried by convection drying before being deposited on a forming belt to form a filament web. These meltblown filaments are essentially continuous filaments.

Wood pulp fibers, Southern Softwood Kraft available as roll comminution pulp, is disintegrated by a hammermill and conveyed to an airlaid former via a blower. The wood pulp fibers are deposited onto the nonwoven substrate as a solid additive.

A bonding material, such as a plurality of filaments that associate to form a fibrous structure having the same make up and made by the same process as the nonwoven substrate above, except that the fibrous structure exhibits a basis weight of from about 0.1 g/m to about 10 g/m is provided. The filaments and resulting fibrous structure is laid down on the solid additives, which are already on a surface of the nonwovens substrate to form a second fibrous structure.

The second fibrous structure is then subjected to a bonding process wherein the bond sites are formed between the nonwoven substrate and the bonding material such that the wood pulp fibers are positioned between the nonwoven substrate and the bonding material.

The bonded structure then undergoes a curing/cros slinking step by applying heat to the web. The web is then humidifid to approximately 5 wt % moisture and rewound into a parent roll.

To construct the finished article with the fibrous structure of the present invention, two thermal bonded webs as described above are used. One web is re-humidified to about 10 wt % moisture. It then is subjected to a tufting process to form the non random repeating pattern of tufts. Subsequently, the second un-tufted web is combined with the tufted web using approximately 0.5 gsm of hot melt plybond adhesive. The 2 ply combined web is then embossed, perforated and rewound onto cores to produce a finished roll of sanitary tissue.

Test Methods

Unless otherwise specified, all tests described herein including those described under the

Definitions section and the following test methods are conducted on samples that have been conditioned in a conditioned room at a temperature of 73°F ± 4°F (about 23°C ± 2.2°C) and a relative humidity of 50% ± 10% for 2 hours prior to the test. All tests are conducted in such conditioned room.

Basis Weight Test Method

Basis weight is measured by cutting one or more sample usable units to a specific area (m ) with a required area precision of less than 2%. A summed sample area of at least 0.005 m is required. The summed sample area is weighed on a top loading balance with a minimum resolution of 0.001 g. The balance is protected from air drafts and other disturbances using a draft shield.

Weights are recorded when the readings on the balance become constant. Basis weight (grams/m ² ) is calculated by dividing the weight of the summed sample area (grams) by the total summed area (m ² ).

Wet Coefficient of Friction (COF) Ratio Test Method

a. Equipment and Test Materials

The wet COF ratio of a fibrous structure is measured using the following equipment and materials: a Th wing- Albert Vantage Materials Tester (Th wing- Albert Instrument Company, 14 W. Collings Ave. West Berlin, NJ 08091) along with a horizontal platform, pulley, and connecting wire (Thwing-Albert item# 769-3000). A 5000 gram capacity load cell is used, accurate to ±0.25% of the measuring value. Cross-head position is accurate to 0.01% per inch (2.54 cm) of travel distance.

The platform is horizontally level, 20 inches long by 6 inches wide (50.8 cm long by 15.24 cm wide). The pulley is 1.5 inches (3.81 cm) diameter and is secured to the platform directly below the load cell (which moves vertically) in a position such that the connecting wire

(approximately 25 inches long (63.5 cm long)) is vertically straight from its load cell connection point to its contact with the pulley, and horizontally level from the pulley to a sled. A sheet of abrasive cloth (utility cloth sheet, aluminum oxide P 120) approximately 3 inches wide by 6 inches long (7.62 cm wide by 50.8 cm long) is adhered to the central region of testing platform (6 inch (50.8 cm) length parallel to long dimension of platform), and is used as an interface material between the test sample and steel platform when performing COF wet web-to-web testing

(described later).

The sled is composed of a block of plexiglass (aka extruded acrylic sheet material) with dimensions of 2.9 (+/- 0.1) cm long, 2.54 (+/- 0.05) cm wide, and 1.0 (+/- 0.1) cm thick, with one of the 2.54 cm length edges rounded such that one sled face, when laid flat on a smooth table surface, contacts the table with 2.54 cm (+/- 0.1 cm) long by 2.54 cm wide. The roundedness of the sled edge should end half-way of the sled thickness (0.5 cm +/- 0.1 cm). The sled face with the rounded edge is the sled's leading edge during friction testing. In order to connect the sled handle (for the connecting wire connection), a 1/32 inch diameter hole is drilled though the sled, positioned 0.2 cm from the leading edge and 0.6 cm from the top face (in the thickness direction). A 1/32 inch diameter stainless steel wire is bent into a v-shape to extend 2.5 cm (+/- 0.5 cm) from the leading edge, fed through the drilled holes, and bent upward about 0.3 cm (+/-0.1 cm)), away from the sled's rounded edge, at the apex of the V shape, for attaching the o-ring of the connecting wire. A 1 inch wide (2.54 cm wide) strip of abrasive cloth (utility cloth sheet, aluminum oxide P 120) is adhered with doubled- sided tape to the sled from the trailing edge of the bottom face, around the leading edge, to the trailing edge on the top face (about 6-7 cm of abrasive fabric length). The abrasive fabric is used to better grip (compared to plexiglass surface) the wet web samples with respect to the sled. The edges of the sled and the abrasive cloth should be flush (no over or under hanging edges). The complete sled apparatus (minus the extra weights, described below) should weigh 9.25 (+/- 2) grams.

Two different weights are used in the COF measurement:

1) a 20Og (+/- 1 gram) cylindrical shaped weight, 1.125 inch diameter and 1.5 inches tall

- this cylindrical weight is used in measuring the "web-to-web COF"; and,

2) a 0.5 inch thick, 1 inch square of aluminum, with a 1" square piece of double-sided tape (Scotch® Foam Mounting Double-Sided Tape, 1 Wide) adhered to one of the two 1" square faces, and a smaller strip of the same double-sided tape (cut 3 mm (+/- 1 mm) wide by 1 inch long) adhered on top of the previously placed tape, flush with one of the square edges (see Figure 2). The tape is used to secure the weight position on top the sled, and from falling off, during testing. The sled and adhered tape may weigh between 21-25 grams. This weight is used in measuring the "web-to-skin COF".

Since a universally accepted, standard skin replica material is not commercially available (at the time of this writing), an effective skin "mimic" was commercially found in 3M™ Transpore™ Surgical Tape - 2" wide (catalog #1527-2). This tape is used in measuring what is termed "web-to-skin COF".

A calibrated adjustable pipette, capable of delivering between 0 to 1 milliliters of volume, accurate to 0.005 ml is used in the test.

Deionized (DI) water is used for web-to-web COF measurement. Aqueous saline solution (0.9 % ACS grade NaCl in DI water) is used for the web-to-skin COF measurement.

Sample weight is determined using a top loading balance with a minimum resolution of 0.001 g. The balance is protected from air drafts and other disturbances using a draft shield. Weights are recorded when the readings on the balance become constant with respect to time. Before testing begins, the tester should clean and dry his/her hands thoroughly (to remove excess oils and/or lotions present that could affect test results).

b. Measurement of Wet Web-to- Web COF

Overview

The wet web-to- web coefficient of friction (COF _wet web-web), as described here, is measured by rubbing one stack of wet usable units material against another stack of wet usable units material, at a speed of 6 in/min, over two intervals of distance of 0.5 inches each. The average of the two peak forces (one from each 0.5 inch interval) is divided by the normal force applied to obtain a wet web-to-web COF reading.

Detailed Method

Cut two or more strips from a usable unit of sample to be tested, 5.0 - 6.5 cm long in the

MD, and 2.54 (+/- 0.05) cm wide in the CD (all cut strips should be the exact same dimensions).

Stack the strips on top one another, with the sample sides of interest facing outwards. The number of strips used in the stack depends on the usable unit basis weight, according to the following calculation (INT function rounds down to the nearest integer):

Nstπps = INT(70 / BWusable umt) + 1

where: Nstrips = Number of usable unit strips in stack

BW _usab i _{e un} i _t = basis weight of usable unit in grams per square meter (gsm).

This first sled stack is henceforth referred to as the "sled-stacki".

Cut another N _strips number of strips from one or more usable units of test material, 7.5 -

10 cm long in the MD, and 4.5 - 6.5 cm wide in the CD (all cut strips should be the exact same dimensions). Stack the N _stπps number of strips on top one another, with the sample sides of interest facing outward, and all edges aligned on top one another. This stack is referred to henceforth as the "base-stack".

Using the calibrated balance, measure the weight (to the nearest 0.001 g) of the sled- stacki (Wsied-stacki), then the base-stack (Wbase-stack)- Place the "sled-stacki" on the bottom

(rounded) side of sled (i.e., the side with the abrasive surface), with one short-side end aligned with the trailing end of the sled. Place the "base stack" on the abrasive fabric adhered to the testing platform, with its long side parallel to the long-side of the abrasive fabric.

Add DI water in the amount of 4.0 times the dry mass of each stack. Use a calibrated pipette, and adjust to nearest 0.005 ml. If the amount of water needed for each stack exceeds the pipette capacity, divide the total amount into smaller portions such that the sum of each portion for each stack equals the total amount needed for each stack, as calculated below: ml of DI Water for "sled-stacki" = 4.0 * W _s i _ed -stacki

ml of DI Water for "base-stack" = 4.0 * W _ba se-stack

Distribute water as uniformly as possible on each sample stack, one drop at a time, starting at one end of the stack, and working towards the other end. Deliver the liquid in such a way that the exposed stack surface receives an equal distribution of the total volume (as best as can be done one drop at a time). The "base stack" should be flat after wetting - use the smooth rounded side of the pipette tip to gently smooth the surface of wrinkles and/o puckers, if needed, being careful not to damage or overly deform the stack surface.

Gently wrap the wetted "sled stack" around the sled (through the wire sled handle), ensuring that the back edge of the stack is flush with the trailing edge of the sled (overhang of 0- 1 mm is permissible). The other end of the stack should be laying flat on top of the sled. The stack should be wrinkle-free, but also not overly strained such that its width narrows less than 1 inch in width, which could cause some of the sled' s abrasive surface to be exposed.

Next, gently place the sled (with stack attached) down on top of the wetted "base web" in a position such that the sled' s rounded leading edge is pointed towards the platform pulley, and the sled's trailing edge is between 1-1.5 cm from the back edge of the "base stack" (i.e., edge furthest from pulley).

After ensuring that the connecting wire is aligned properly in the pulley groove, move the testing instrument cross-head up or down while holding the connecting- wire loop (with a small amount of tension to keep the line taught) so that the connecting-wire loop hole is aligned directly above and about the same distance away from the pulley as the sled hook. Then gently place the connecting-wire loop on the metal platform surface next to the "base-stack" (not on top of the base-stack). After ensuring that the connecting wire is hanging without any other restrictions or weights, "zero" (or "re-zero") the load cell on the testing instrument such that the force reading is 0 +/- 1 gram, and "zero" (or "re-zero") the cross-head position reading. Attach the connecting-wire loop with the sled hook. The force reading on the instrument may show a little tension - 20 grams or less. If higher than 20 grams, move the cross-head down a small amount and re-zero position. If the connection wire touches platform, it is too loose, and the cross-head needs to be moved up and re-zeroed in its position. Place 20Og weight on top of the sled, positioned such that the back edge of the weight is even with the back (trailing) edge of the sled. Press fingers of one hand down on the back edge

(furthest from the pulley) of the "base-stack" sample without touching the sled or the attached

"sled-stacki" in any way. This is done to ensure the "base-stack" sample does not slide on the abrasive fabric base on the platform during testing.

Press the "Test" button on the Thwing-Albert Vantage tester to trigger the script operation. The test script is programmed to move the cross-head (and therefore the attached connecting-wire, sled, and sled-stack) at a speed of 6 in/min for a distance of 0.5 inches (Pull #1).

During this time, the force and displaced distance readings are collected at a rate of 25 data points/sec. After pulling the sled the first 0.5 inches, the cross-head pauses for 10 seconds, then restarts again at 6 in/min for another 0.5 inches (Pull #2), collecting data at 25 points/sec. The script captures the maximum (i.e., peak) force from pull #1 and #2, calculates an average of the 2 peaks, and divides this value by the normal force applied (e.g., 200 gram weight plus the ~9 gram sled weight).

COF _W et _W eb-web = (Peakl + Peak2) / 2 / (Sled Weight + Additional Weight)

where: Peakl = peak force (g) from pull #1 (first 0.5 inches of travel)

Peak2 = peak force (g) from pull #2 (second 0.5 inches of travel)

Sled Weight = 9 grams

Additional Weight = 200 grams

The test is considered invalid if: 1) the sled weight falls off the sled during testing; 2) the leading edge of the sled moves past the end of the "base-stack" material; or, 3) the connecting- wire slips off the pulley or sled at any time during the test.

Repeat the measurement procedure such that two replicate values of COF _we t web-web are generated. The reported value is the average of the two replicates, i.e.,

L-Ur _W et web-web (reported) ⁼ (COr _W et web-web(rep#l) + CUr _W et web-web (rep#2)) ' 2

c. Measurement of Wet Web-to-Skin COF

Overview

The wet "web-to-skin" coefficient of friction (COF _{wet web} - _skm X as described here, is measured by rubbing one stack of dry usable units material as it moves across the surface of 3M™ Transpore™ Tape (2" wide, catalog #1527-2) immediately after absorbing 0.40 ml of saline water solution. The Transpore™ Tape is adhered to the testing platform, while the usable units material stack is attached to the sled (held down by the weight and double- sided tape on the sled), connected to the Thwing-Albert Vantage via connecting wire. The sled is pulled at a speed of 10 in/min for 3 inches total travel distance. After contacting and absorbing the liquid droplet, the drag force is measured and averaged over a distance of 1.5 inches. This average force is divided by the normal force applied to obtain a wet web-to-skin COF reading.

Detailed Method

Cut four or more strips from a usable unit of sample to be tested, 5.0 - 6.5 cm long in the

MD, and 2.54 (+/- 0.05) cm wide in the CD (all cut strips should be the exact same dimensions). Stack the strips on top one another, with the sample sides of interest facing outward from the stack, and all edges aligned on top one another. The number of strips used in the stack depends on the usable unit basis weight, according to the following calculation (INT function rounds down to the nearest integer):

N _staps = INT(160 / BWusableumt) + 1

where: Nstrips = Number of usable unit strips in stack

BW _usab i _{e un} i _t = basis weight of usable unit in grams per square meter (gsm).

This second sled stack is henceforth referred to as the "sled-stack ₂ ".

Cut an unused, 6 inch (+/-0.5") long piece of 2" wide Transpore™ Tape from the roll, being careful to handle only the outside 0.5" from either end, and place it sticky-side down on the metal platform surface, centered and in-line with the pulley and string. The tape should lie flat, without bumps or wrinkles - if the tape is inadvertently touched (other than 0-0.5 inches from the long ends) during handling, discard tape strip and cut new strip from roll.

Place the "sled-stack ₂ " on the bottom (rounded) side of sled, with the short-end of the stack aligned with the trailing end of the sled. Gently wrap the dry "sled-stack ₂ " around the sled (through the wire sled handle), ensuring that the back edge of the stack is flush with the trailing edge of the sled (overhang of 0-lmm is permissible). The other end of the stack will lay flat on top of the sled once the weight is placed down on it. In wrapping the stack around the sled, the stack should be wrinkle-free and not be overly strained such that its dry strength is damaged in any significant way. The sled-stack should be aligned with the sled such that sled's abrasive surface is not exposed or in contact with the Transpore™ Tape at any time during testing.

Next, gently place the sled (with stack attached) down on top of the Transpore™ Tape, in a position such that the sled' s rounded leading edge is pointed towards the platform pulley, and the sled's trailing edge is between 0.5-1 inch from the back edge of the Transpore™ Tape (i.e., the short-edge of the tape furthest from pulley). Place the aluminum square weight on top of the sled, 1 in ² side down, such that the weight's back edge (i.e., with 2 layers of double-sided tape) is furthest from the pulley, and is flush and in-line with the back edge of sled. The weight' s leading edge covers the end of the web-stack and helps hold it in place. The side edges of the weight are to be parallel and directly in-line with the sled sides (see Figure 2).

After ensuring that the connecting wire is aligned properly in the pulley groove, move the testing instrument cross-head up or down while holding the connecting- wire loop (with a small amount of tension to keep the line taught) so that the connecting-wire loop hole is aligned directly above and about the same distance away from the pulley as the sled hook. Then gently place the connecting- wire loop on the metal platform surface next to the sled. After ensuring that the connecting wire is hanging without any other restrictions or weights, "zero" (or "re-zero") the load cell on the testing instrument such that the force reading is 0 +/- 1 gram, and "zero" (or "re- zero") the cross-head position reading. Attach the connecting-wire loop with the sled hook. The force reading on the instrument may show a little tension - 20 grams or less. If higher than 20 grams, move the cross-head down a small amount and re-zero position. If the connection wire touches platform, it is too loose, and the cross-head needs to be moved up and re-zeroed in its position.

Using a calibrated pipette, carefully place 0.40 +/-0.01 ml of saline water solution to the Transpore™ Tape surface, in one contiguous round droplet, in a position that is centered and directly in front of the sled, such that the edge of the drop closest to the sled- stack (on the sled) is between 1.0 and 1.5 cm distance from the nearest edge of the sled-stack.

Press the "Test" button on the Thwing-Albert Vantage tester to trigger the script operation. The test script is programmed to move the cross-head (and therefore the attached connecting- wire, sled, and sled- stack) at a speed of 10 in/min for a distance of 3.0 inches. During this time, the force and displaced distance readings are collected at a rate of 25 data points/sec. The sled-stack should make contact with the liquid droplet after traveling a distance between 1.0 and 1.5 cm. The force data that is collected between the sled travel distance of 1.4 and 2.9 inches is averaged and divided by the normal force applied (e.g., 23 gram weight plus the 9 gram sled weight).

COF _W et web-skin = DragForceAvg / (Sled Weight + Additional Weight)

where: DragForceAvg = average drag force (grams) of data collected between 1.4 and 2.9 inches of sled travel.

Sled Weight = 9 grams

Additional Weight = 23 grams The test is considered invalid if: 1) the sled weight falls off the sled during testing; 2) the leading edge of the sled moves past the end of the Transpore™ Tape; or, 3) the connecting-wire slips off the pulley or sled at any time during the test.

Repeat the measurement procedure such that five replicate values of COF _wet web-skm are generated. The reported value is the average of the five replicates, i.e.,

CUr _we t web-skin (reported) ⁼ (CUr _we t web-skin(rep#l) + CUr _we t web-skin(rep#2) + CUr _we t web-skin(rep#3)-••) I J d. Calculation of Wet CUF Ratio

The wet CUF ratio (CUF _rat i _O ) for a fibrous structure sample, as defined here, is equal to the wet web-to- web CUF divided by the wet web-to-skin CUF, i.e.:

' ^U-Twet web-skin (reported)

Free Fiber End Test Method

The Free Fiber End Count is measured using the Free Fiber End Test Method described below.

A fibrous structure sample to be tested is prepared as follows. If the fibrous structure is a multi-ply sanitary tissue product, separate the outermost plies being careful to not damage the plies. The outer surfaces of the outermost plies in a multi-ply sanitary tissue product will be the surfaces tested in this test.

If the fibrous structure is a single-ply fibrous structure, then both sides of the single-ply fibrous structure will be tested in this test.

All fibrous structure samples to be tested under this test should only be handled by the fibrous structure samples' edges.

A Kayeness or equivalent Coefficient of Friction (CUF) Tester, from Dynisco L.L.C. of Franklin, MA is used in the test. A piece of 100% cotton fabric (square weave fabric; 58 warps/inch and 68 shutes/inch; warp filaments having a diameter of 0.012 in. and the shute filaments having a diameter of 0.010 in.) having a Coefficient of Friction of approximately 0.203 is cut and placed on a surface of the moveable base of the Coefficient of Friction Tester. The cotton fabric is taped to the surface of the moveable based so that it does not interfere with movement on the side support rails.

Cut a ³ A inch wide X 1 ¹ A inch long strip from a fibrous structure to be tested. The strip should be cut from the fibrous structure at an angle of 45° to the MD and CD of the fibrous structure.

Tape the fibrous structure strip to a sled of the Coefficient of Friction Tester with Scotch tape such that the surface of the fibrous structure to be tested is facing outward from the sled. Place the sled on the moveable base and start the CUF Tester. Allow the tester to run until the sled has traveled 2 Vi inches along the cotton fabric. The pressure applied to the fibrous structure strip is 5 g/cm ² . This "brushing" sufficiently orients the free-fiber-ends in an upstanding disposition to facilitate counting them but care must be exerted to avoid breaking substantial numbers of interfiber bonds during the brushing inasmuch as that would precipitate spurious free-fiber-ends.

Remove the fibrous structure strip from the sled. Reattach the fibrous structure strip to the sled with ³ A inch Scotch tape such that the drag will be in the opposite direction from the original motion and repeat the run for the same distance as before.

Remove the fibrous structure strip and prepare it for examination. The surface of the fibrous structure strip that has been in contact with the cotton fabric is the side to be examined.

Fold the fibrous structure strip in half across an edge of a glass slide cover slip (18 mm square, Number 1 Vi VWR International, West Chester, PA, #48376-02 or equivalent) such that fold line runs across the narrower dimension of the fibrous structure strip and place glass slide cover slip and fibrous structure strip on a clean glass slide (1 inch x 3 inch (2 per sample) VWR International, West Chester, PA, #48300-047 or equivalent).

On another clean glass slide mark two lines Vi inch apart in the middle of the glass slide with a diamond etching pen. Fill in the etched line with a felt tip marker for greater clarity in reading the edges of the measurement area. Place this glass slide over the glass slide cover slip and fibrous structure strip such that the glass slide cover slip and fibrous structure strip is sandwiched between the two glass slides and the etched lines are against the folded fibrous structure strip and extend vertically form the folded edge of the fibrous structure strip. Secure the sandwich arrangement together with ³ A inch Scotch tape.

Using the Image Analysis Measure Tool (a Light/Stereo microscope, with digital camera - 140X magnification, for example a Nikon DXM 1200F and an image analysis program (Image Pro available from Media Cybernetics, Inc, Bethesda, MD), place a calibrated stage micrometer onto the microscope stage and trace various scaled lengths of the micrometer between 0.1 mm and 1.0 mm for calibration. Verify calibration and record. Place the fibrous structure strip arrangement under the lens of the microscope, using the same magnification as for the micrometer, so that the edge that is folded over the glass cover slide slip is projected onto the screen/monitor. Lenses and distances should be adjusted so the total magnification is either 140X. Project the image so that the magnification is 140X. All fibers that have a visible loose end extending at least 0.1 mm from the surface of the folded fibrous structure strip should be measured and counted. Individual fibers are traced to determine fiber length using the Image Pro software and are measured, counted and recorded. Starting at one etched line and going to the other etched line, the length of each free fiber end is measured. The focus is adjusted so each fiber to be counted is clearly identified. A free fiber end is defined as any fiber with one end attached to the fibrous structure matrix, and the other end projecting out of, and not returning back into, the fibrous structure matrix. Examples of free fiber ends in a fibrous structure are shown in Fig. 17. In other words, only fibers that have a visible loose (unbonded) or free end and having a free-end length of about 0.1 mm or greater are counted. Fibers that have no visible free end are not counted. Fibers having both ends free are also not counted. The length of each free fiber end is measured by tracing from the point at which it leaves the tissue matrix to its end. The length is measured using a mouse, light pen, or other suitable tracing device. The measurements are reported in millimeters and are stored in the image analysis text file. Data is transferred to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for sorting of the fiber lengths. The total number of free fiber ends (excluding free fiber ends less than 0.1 mm long) is calculated. The total number of free fiber ends within a certain length range ("Free Fiber End Count") can be calculated.

The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as "40 mm" is intended to mean "about 40 mm."

Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.