Inventor: Larry W. Fullerton

Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates generally to a field emission system and method. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method where correlated magnetic and/or electric field structures create spatial forces in accordance with the relative alignment of the field emission structures and a spatial force function.

Background of the Invention

[0002] Alignment characteristics of magnetic fields have been used to achieve precision movement and positioning of objects. A key principle of operation of an alternating- current (AC) motor is that a permanent magnet will rotate so as to maintain its alignment within an external rotating magnetic field. This effect is the basis for the early AC motors including the "Electro Magnetic Motor" for which Nikola Tesla received United States Patent 381,968 on May 1, 1888. On January 19, 1938, Marius Lavet received French Patent 823,395 for the stepper motor which he first used in quartz watches. Stepper motors divide a motor's full rotation into a discrete number of steps. By controlling the times during which electromagnets around the motor are activated and deactivated, a motor's position can be controlled precisely. Computer- controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems. They are typically digitally controlled as part of an open loop system, and are simpler and more rugged than closed loop servo systems. They are used in industrial high speed pick and place equipment and multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machines. In the field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. They are used in packaging machinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid control systems. They are also used in many commercial products including floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners, printers, plotters and the like.

[0003] Although alignment characteristics of magnetic fields are used in certain specialized industrial environments and in a relatively limited number of commercial products, their use for precision alignment purposes is generally limited in scope. For the majority of processes where alignment of objects is important, e.g., residential construction, comparatively primitive alignment techniques and tools such as a carpenter's square and a level are more commonly employed. Moreover, long trusted tools and mechanisms for attaching objects together such as hammers and nails; screw drivers and screws; wrenches and nuts and bolts; and the like, when used with primitive alignment techniques result in far less than precise residential construction, which commonly leads to death and injury when homes collapse, roofs are blown off in storms, etc. Generally, there is considerable amount of waste of time and energy in most of the processes to which the average person has grown accustomed that are a direct result of imprecision of alignment of assembled objects. Machined parts wear out sooner, engines are less efficient resulting in higher pollution, buildings and bridges collapse due to improper construction, and so on.

[0004] It has been discovered that various field emission properties can be put in use in a wide range of applications.

Summary of the Invention

[0005] Briefly, the present invention is an improved field emission system and method. The invention pertains to field emission structures comprising electric or magnetic field sources having magnitudes, polarities, and positions corresponding to a desired spatial force function where a spatial force is created based upon the relative alignment of the field emission structures and the spatial force function. The invention herein is sometimes referred to as correlated magnetism, correlated field emissions, correlated magnets, coded magnets, coded magnetism, or coded field emissions. Structures of magnets arranged in accordance with the invention are sometimes referred to as coded magnet structures, coded structures, field emission structures, magnetic field emission structures, and coded magnetic structures. Structures of magnets arranged conventionally (or 'naturally') where their interacting poles alternate are referred to herein as non-correlated magnetism, non-correlated magnets, non-coded magnetism, non-coded magnets, non-coded structures, or non- coded field emissions.

[0006] In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a field emission system comprises a first field emission structure and a second field emission structure. The first and second field emission structures each comprise an array of field emission sources each having positions and polarities relating to a desired spatial force function that corresponds to the relative alignment of the first and second field emission structures within a field domain. The positions and polarities of each field emission source of each array of field emission sources can be determined in accordance with at least one correlation function. The at least one correlation function can be in accordance with at least one code. The at least one code can be at least one of a pseudorandom code, a deterministic code, or a designed code. The at least one code can be a one dimensional code, a two dimensional code, a three dimensional code, or a four dimensional code.

[0007] Each field emission source of each array of field emission sources has a corresponding field emission amplitude and vector direction determined in accordance with the desired spatial force function, where a separation distance between the first and second field emission structures and the relative alignment of the first and second field emission structures creates a spatial force in accordance with the desired spatial force function. The spatial force comprises at least one of an attractive spatial force or a repellant spatial force. The spatial force corresponds to a peak spatial force of said desired spatial force function when said first and second field emission structures are substantially aligned such that each field emission source of said first field emission structure substantially aligns with a corresponding field emission source of said second field emission structure. The spatial force can be used to produce energy, transfer energy, move an object, affix an object, automate a function, control a tool, make a sound, heat an environment, cool an environment, affect pressure of an environment, control flow of a fluid, control flow of a gas, and control centrifugal forces.

[0008] Under one arrangement, the spatial force is typically about an order of magnitude less than the peak spatial force when the first and second field emission structures are not substantially aligned such that field emission source of the first field emission structure substantially aligns with a corresponding field emission source of said second field emission structure.

[0009] A field domain corresponds to field emissions from the array of first field emission sources of the first field emission structure interacting with field emissions from the array of second field emission sources of the second field emission structure.

[0010] The relative alignment of the first and second field emission structures can result from a respective movement path function of at least one of the first and second field emission structures where the respective movement path function is one of a one- dimensional movement path function, a two-dimensional movement path function or a three-dimensional movement path function. A respective movement path function can be at least one of a linear movement path function, a non-linear movement path function, a rotational movement path function, a cylindrical movement path function, or a spherical movement path function. A respective movement path function defines movement versus time for at least one of the first and second field emission structures, where the movement can be at least one of forward movement, backward movement, upward movement, downward movement, left movement, right movement, yaw, pitch, and or roll. Under one arrangement, a movement path function would define a movement vector having a direction and amplitude that varies over time.

[0011] Each array of field emission sources can be one of a one-dimensional array, a two- dimensional array, or a three-dimensional array. The polarities of the field emission sources can be at least one of North-South polarities or positive-negative polarities. At least one of the field emission sources comprises a magnetic field emission source or an electric field emission source. At least one of the field emission sources can be a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, an electro-permanent magnet, an electret, a magnetized ferromagnetic material, a portion of a magnetized ferromagnetic material, a soft magnetic material, or a superconductive magnetic material. At least one of the first and second field emission structures can be at least one of a back keeper layer, a front saturable layer, an active intermediate element, a passive intermediate element, a lever, a latch, a swivel, a heat source, a heat sink, an inductive loop, a plating nichrome wire, an embedded wire, or a kill mechanism. At least one of the first and second field emission structures can be a planer structure, a conical structure, a cylindrical structure, a curve surface, or a stepped surface.

[0012] In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a method of controlling field emissions comprises defining a desired spatial force function corresponding to the relative alignment of a first field emission structure and a second field emission structure within a field domain and establishing, in accordance with the desired spatial force function, a position and polarity of each field emission source of a first array of field emission sources corresponding to the first field emission structure and of each field emission source of a second array of field emission sources corresponding to the second field emission structure.

[0013] In accordance with a further embodiment of the invention, a field emission system comprises a first field emission structure comprising a plurality of first field emission sources having positions and polarities in accordance with a first correlation function and a second field emission structure comprising a plurality of second field emission source having positions and polarities in accordance with a second correlation function, the first and second correlation functions corresponding to a desired spatial force function, the first correlation function complementing the second correlation function such that each field emission source of said plurality of first field emission sources has a corresponding counterpart field emission source of the plurality of second field emission sources and the first and second field emission structures will substantially correlate when each of the field emission source counterparts are substantially aligned. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0014] The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. [0015] FIGS. IA through ID depict an exemplary method of manufacturing magnetic field emission structures using a ferromagnetic material; [0016] FIGS. 2A-2E depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure assembly apparatus;

[0017] FIG. 3 A depicts an exemplary monopolar magnetizing circuit; [0018] FIG. 3B depicts an exemplary bipolar magnetizing circuit; [0019] FIGS. 3C and 3D depict top views of exemplary circular conductors used to produce a high voltage inductor coil; [0020] FIG. 3E and 3F depict three dimensional views of the circular conductors of FIGS.

3C and 3D;

[0021] FIG. 3 G depicts a high voltage inductor coil; [0022] FIG. 3H depicts two exemplary round wire inductor coils; [0023] FIG. 31 depicts an exemplary flat metal inductor coil;

[0024] FIG. 4A depicts an exemplary coded magnetic structure manufacturing apparatus; [0025] FIG. 4B depicts an alternative exemplary coded magnetic structure manufacturing apparatus;

[0026] FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary coded magnetic structure manufacturing method; [0027] FIG. 6A depicts an exemplary system for manufacturing magnetic field emission structures from magnetized particles; [0028] FIG. 6B depicts another exemplary system for manufacturing magnetic field emission structures from magnetized particles; [0029] FIG. 7A depicts an exemplary method for manufacturing magnetic field emission structures from magnetized particles; and [0030] FIG. 7B depicts another exemplary method for manufacturing magnetic field emission structures from magnetized particles. Detailed Description of the Invention

[0031] The present invention will now be described more fully in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention should not, however, be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, they are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

[0032] In accordance with the invention, magnets can be permanent magnets, impermanent magnets, electromagnets, electro-permanent magnets, involve hard or soft material, and can be superconductive. In some applications, magnets can be replaced by electrets. Magnets can be most any size from very large to very small to include nanometer scale. In the case of non-superconducting materials there is a smallest size limit of one domain. When a material is made superconductive, however, the magnetic field that is within it can be as complex as desired and there is no practical lower size limit until you get to atomic scale. Magnets may also be created at atomic scale as electric and magnetic fields produced by molecular size structures may be tailored to have correlated properties, e.g. nanomaterials and macromolecules.

[0033] At the nanometer scale, one or more single domains can be used for coding where each single domain has a code and the quantization of the magnetic field would be the domain.

[0034] In accordance with the present invention, combinations of magnet (or electric) field emission sources, referred to herein as magnetic field emission structures, can be created in accordance with codes having desirable correlation properties. When a magnetic field emission structure is brought into alignment with a complementary, or mirror image, magnetic field emission structure the various magnetic field emission sources all align causing a peak spatial attraction force to be produced whereby misalignment of the magnetic field emission structures causes the various magnetic field emission sources to substantially cancel each other out as function of the code used to design the structures. Similarly, when a magnetic field emission structure is brought into alignment with a duplicate magnetic field emission structure the various magnetic field emission sources all align causing a peak spatial repelling force to be produced whereby misalignment of the magnetic field emission structures causes the various magnetic field emission sources to substantially cancel each other out. As such, spatial forces are produced in accordance with the relative alignment of the field emission structures and a spatial force function. As described herein, these spatial force functions can be used to achieve precision alignment and precision positioning. Moreover, these spatial force functions enable the precise control of magnetic fields and associated spatial forces thereby enabling new forms of attachment devices for attaching objects with precise alignment and new systems and methods for controlling precision movement of objects. Generally, a spatial force has a magnitude that is a function of the relative alignment of two magnetic field emission structures and their corresponding spatial force (or correlation) function, the spacing (or distance) between the two magnetic field emission structures, and the magnetic field strengths and polarities of the sources making up the two magnetic field emission structures.

[0035] The characteristic of the present invention whereby the various magnetic field sources making up two magnetic field emission structures can effectively cancel out each other when they are brought out of alignment can be described as a release force (or a release mechanism). This release force or release mechanism is a direct result of the correlation coding used to produce the magnetic field emission structures and, depending on the code employed, can be present regardless of whether the alignment of the magnetic field emission structures corresponds to a repelling force or an attraction force.

[0036] One skilled in the art of coding theory will recognize that there are many different types of codes having different correlation properties that have been used in communications for channelization purposes, energy spreading, modulation, and other purposes. Many of the basic characteristics of such codes make them applicable for use in producing the magnetic field emission structures described herein. For example, Barker codes are known for their autocorrelation properties. Although, Barker codes are used herein for exemplary purposes, other forms of codes well known in the art because of their autocorrelation, cross-correlation, or other properties are also applicable to the present invention including, for example, Gold codes, Kasami sequences, hyperbolic congruential codes, quadratic congruential codes, linear congruential codes, Welch-Costas array codes, Golomb-Costas array codes, pseudorandom codes, chaotic codes, and Optimal Golomb Ruler codes. Generally, any code can be employed.

[0037] The correlation principles of the present invention may or may not require overcoming normal 'magnet orientation' behavior using a holding mechanism. For example, magnets of the same magnetic field emission structure can be sparsely separated from other magnets (e.g., in a sparse array) such that the magnetic forces of the individual magnets do not substantially interact, in which case the polarity of individual magnets can be varied in accordance with a code without requiring a substantial holding force to prevent magnetic forces from 'flipping' a magnet. Magnets that are close enough such that their magnetic forces substantially interact such that their magnetic forces would normally cause one of them to 'flip' so that their moment vectors align can be made to remain in a desired orientation by use of a holding mechanism such as an adhesive, a screw, a bolt & nut, etc.

[0038] Figs. IA through ID depict a manufacturing method for producing magnetic field emission structures. In Fig. IA, a first magnetic field emission structure 102a comprising an array of individual magnets is shown below a ferromagnetic material 104a (e.g., iron) that is to become a second magnetic field emission structure having the same coding as the first magnetic field emission structure 102a. In Fig. IB, the ferromagnetic material 104a has been heated to its Curie temperature (for antiferromagnetic materials this would instead be the Neel temperature). The ferromagnetic material 104a is then brought in contact with the first magnetic field emission structure 102a and allowed to cool. Thereafter, the ferromagnetic material 104a takes on the same magnetic field emission structure properties of the first magnetic field emission structure 102a and becomes a magnetized ferromagnetic material 104b, which is itself a magnetic field emission structure, as shown in Fig. 1C. As depicted in Fig. ID, should another ferromagnetic material 104a be heated to its Curie temperature and then brought in contact with the magnetized ferromagnetic material 104b, it too will take on the magnetic field emission structure properties of the magnetized ferromagnetic material 104b as previously shown in Fig. 1C.

[0039] An alternative method of manufacturing a magnetic field emission structure from a ferromagnetic material would be to use one or more lasers to selectively heat up field emission source locations on the ferromagnetic material to the Curie temperature and then subject the locations to a magnetic field. With this approach, the magnetic field to which a heated field emission source location may be subjected may have a constant polarity or have a polarity varied in time so as to code the respective source locations as they are heated and cooled.

[0040] To produce superconductive magnet field structures, a correlated magnetic field emission structure would be frozen into a super conductive material without current present when it is cooled below its critical temperature.

[0041] Figs. 2A-2E depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure assembly apparatus comprising one or more vacuum tweezers 202 that are capable of placing magnets 200a and 200b having first and second polarities into machined holes 204 in a support frame 206. Magnets 200a and 200b are taken from at least one magnet supplying device 208 and inserted into holes 204 of support frame 206 in accordance with a desired code. Under one arrangement, two magnetic tweezers are employed with each being integrated with its own magnet supply device 208 allowing the vacuum tweezers 202 to only move to the next hole 204 whereby a magnet is fed into vacuum tweezers 202 from inside the device. Magnets 200a and 200b may be held in place in a support frame 206 using an adhesive (e.g., a glue). Alternatively, holes 204 and magnets 200a and 200b could have threads whereby vacuum tweezers 202 or an alternative insertion tool would screw them into place. A completed magnetic field assembly 210 is also depicted in Fig. 2C. Under an alternative arrangement the vacuum tweezers would place more than one magnet into a frame 206 at a time to include placing all magnets at one time. Under still another arrangement, an array of coded electromagnets 212 is used to pick up and place at one time all the magnets 214 to be placed into the frame 206 where the magnets are provided by a magnet supplying device 216 that resembles the completed magnetic field assembly 210 such that magnets are fed into each supplying hole from beneath (as shown in 208) and where the coded electromagnets attract the entire array of loose magnets. With this approach the array of electromagnets 212 may be recessed such that there is a guide 218 for each loose magnet as is the case with the bottom portion of the vacuum tweezers 202. With this approach, an entire group of loose magnets can be inserted into a frame 206 and when a previously applied sealant has dried sufficiently the array of electromagnets 212 can be turned so as to release the now placed magnets. Under an alternative arrangement the magnetic field emission structure assembly apparatus would be put under pressure. Vacuum can also be used to hold magnets into a support frame 206.

[0042] As described above, vacuum tweezers can be used to handle the magnets during automatic placement manufacturing. However, the force of vacuum, i.e. 14.7 psi, on such a small surface area may not be enough to compete with the magnetic force. If necessary, the whole manufacturing unit can be put under pressure. The force of a vacuum is a function of the pressure of the medium. If the workspace is pressurize to 300 psi (about 20 atmospheres) the force on a tweezer tip 1/16" across would be about 1 pound which depending on the magnetic strength of a magnet might be sufficient to compete with its magnetic force. Generally, the psi can be increased to whatever is needed to produce the holding force necessary to manipulate the magnets.

[0043] If the substrate that the magnets are placed in have tiny holes in the back then vacuum can also be used to hold them in place until the final process affixes them permanently with, for example, ultraviolet curing glue. Alternatively, the final process by involve heating the substrate to fuse them all together, or coating the whole face with a sealant and then wiping it clean (or leaving a thin film over the magnet faces) before curing. The vacuum gives time to manipulate the assembly while waiting for whatever adhesive or fixative is used.

[0044] Another alternative method of manufacturing a magnetic field emission structure from a magnetizable material such as a ferromagnetic material involves generating one or more magnetic fields and exposing locations of the material to one or more magnetic fields to create field emission sources at those locations, where the field emission sources have polarities in accordance with elements of a code corresponding to a desired force function. The force function can correspond to at least one of a spatial force function or an electro-motive force function. The code can be a complementary code or an anti-complementary code. Under one arrangement the code defines only the polarities of the field emission sources. Under another arrangement the code defines both the polarities and field strengths of the field emission sources in which case the strengths of the magnetic field emission sources can be varied to produce zero or substantially zero sidelobes such as described previously in relation to zero sidelobe coding techniques.

[0045] To generate one or more magnetic fields a current can be applied to a inductive element that may include a coil or a discontinuity on a conductive sheet or conductive plate. Under one arrangement a coil is coupled to a core that may be a material having a high permeability such as Mu-metal, permalloy, electrical steel, or Metglas Magnetic Alloy.

[0046] Fig. 3A depicts an exemplary monopolar magnetizing circuit 300 in accordance with the invention. Referring to Fig. 3A, the monopolar magnetizing circuit 300 includes a high voltage DC source 302, a charging switch 304, a charging resistance 306, one or more back diodes 307, one or more energy storage capacitors 308, a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) 310, a pulse transformer 312, and a magnetizing inductor 314. The magnetizing inductor 314 is also referred to herein as a magnetizing coil, an inductor coil, and an inductive element. The pulse transformer 312 receives a trigger pulse to trigger the SCR 310. The trigger pulse can be provided by a computerized control system or a switch. To use the monopolar magnetizing circuit 300 to magnetize a location on a magnetizable material, for example a ferromagnetic material, the charging switch is closed thereby causing energy from the high voltage DC source to be stored in the energy storage capacitors 308. At a desired voltage level (and therefore stored energy level), the pulse transformer 312 can be triggered by a trigger pulse received at leads 313 to trigger the SCR 310 causing a high current to be conducted into the magnetizing inductor 314, which magnetizes the location on the material. The polarity of the magnetized location (or magnetic field source) depends on how the magnetized inductor 314 (or magnetizing coil or inductive element) is configured. The field strength (or amplitude) of the magnetic field source largely depends on the voltage level achieved when the SCR is triggered as well as characteristics of the magnetizing inductor. The size and sharpness of the magnetic field source largely depends on characteristics of the magnetizing inductor.

[0047] Fig. 3 B depicts an exemplary bipolar magnetizing circuit 315 in accordance with the invention. The bipolar magnetizing circuit 315 is similar to the monopolar magnetizing circuit 300 except it includes four SCRs 310a-310d, four pulse transformers 312a-312d, and two sets of leads 313a, 313b instead of one of each. The four SCRs and four pulse transformers are configured as a bridge circuit such that one of the two sets of leads 313a, 313b can be triggered to produce a magnetic field source having a first polarity and the other one of the two sets of leads 313a, 313b can be triggered to produce a field source having a second polarity that is opposite of the first polarity, where the first polarity and the second polarity are either North and South or South and North depending on how the magnetizing inductor 314 is configured.

[0048] Figs. 3C and 3D depict top views of exemplary circular conductors 316a, 316b used to produce a high voltage inductor coil 314 in accordance with the invention. Fig. 3E and 3F depict three dimensional views of the circular conductors of Figs. 3C and 3D, and Fig. 3G depicts an assembled high voltage inductor coil 314 in accordance with the invention. Referring to Figs. 3C-3G, a first circular conductor 316a having a desired thickness has a hole 318a through it and a slotted opening 320a extending from the hole and across the circular conductor to produce a discontinuity in the first circular conductor 316a. The second circular conductor 316b also has a hole 318b and a slotted opening 320b extending from the hole and across the circular conductor to produce a discontinuity in the second circular conductor 316b. The first and second circular conductors are designed such that they can be soldered together at a solder joint 322 that is beneath the first circular conductor 316a and on top of the second circular conductor 316b. Other attachment techniques other than soldering can also be used. Prior to being soldered together, insulation layers 324a, 324b are placed beneath each of the circular conductors 316a, 316b, where the insulation layer 324a placed beneath the first circular conductor 316a does not cover the solder region 322 but otherwise insulates the remaining portion of the bottom of the first circular conductor 316a. When the two circular conductors 316a, 316b are soldered together the insulation layer 324 between them prevents current from conducting between them except at the solder joint 322. The second insulation layer 316b beneath the second circular conductor 316b prevents current from conducting to the magnetizable material. So, if the magnetizable material is non-metallic, for example a ceramic material, the second insulation layer 316b is not needed. Moreover, even if the magnetizable material has conductive properties that are generally insignificant so the use of the second insulation layer 316b is optional. A first wire conductor 326 is soldered to the top of the first circular conductor 316a at a location next to the opening but opposite the solder joint. The second circular conductor 316b has a grove (or notch) 327 in the bottom of it that can receive a second wire conductor 328 that can be soldered such that the bottom of the second circular conductor 316b remains substantially flat. Other alternative methods can also be employed to connect the second wire conductor 328 to the second circular conductor 316b including placing the second wire conductor 328 into a hole drilled through the side of the second circular conductor 316b and soldering it. As depicted in Fig. 3G, the second wire conductor 328 is fed through the holes 318 in the two circular conductors 316a, 316b. As such, when the two wire conductors 376, 328 and the two circular conductors 316a, 316b are soldered together with the insulation layer 324 in between the two circular conductors 316a, 316b they form two turns of a coil whereby current can enter the first circular conductor 326, travel clockwise around the first circular conductor, travel through the solder joint to the second circular conductor and travel clockwise around the second circular conductor and out the second wire conductor, or current can travel the opposite path. As such, depending on the connectivity of the first and second wire conductors to the magnetizing circuit and the direction of the current received from the magnetizer circuit (300 or 315), a South polarity magnetic field source or a North polarity magnetic field source are produced. Generally, a magnetic field structure can be produced by varying the location of a magnetic material relative to the inductor coil as the magnetizable material is magnetized in accordance with a desired code. With one approach the magnetizable material is held in a fixed position and the location of the inductor coil is varied. With another approach the inductor coil is held in a fixed position and the location of the magnetizable material is varied, for example, using an XYZ table.

[0050] One skilled in the art will recognize that shapes other than circular shapes can also be employed for the circular conductors such as square shapes, elliptical shapes, hexagonal shapes, etc. As such, the circular conductor can be referred to generally as a conductive plate having a discontinuity. One skilled in the art will also recognize that different conductive materials can be used for the circular conductors and wire conductors, for example, copper, silver, gold, brass, aluminum, etc. Furthermore, more than two circular conductors can be stacked in the same manner as the first and second conductors by adding additional circular conductors on top of the stack. As such, one can produce three turns, four turns, or more turns by adding circular conductors to the stack.

[0051] Fig. 3 H depicts two exemplary magnetizing inductors 314 based on round wire inductor coils 330, 332 in accordance with the invention. The first round wire inductor coil 330 comprises two turns of wire about an inductor core 334. The inductor core 334 can be material having high permeability and is also optional in that the round wire inductor coil can be used without the inductor core 334. The second round wire inductor coil 332 may comprise two turns of wire where the wire is then turned up in the middle of the two coils. For both inductor coils, additional turns can be used.

[0052] Fig. 31 depicts an exemplary magnetizing inductor 314 based on a flat metal inductor coil 336 in accordance with the invention. The flat metal inductor coil 336 can be used in place of one or more of the circular conductors 316a, 316b. The flat metal inductor coil 336 is similar in structure as a Slinky toy except it has much wider flat coils and a much smaller hole through the center. The number of turns can be varied as desired.

[0053] The magnetic field needed to create saturated magnetization (B field) in a neodymium (NIB) magnet material is substantial so the magnetizing coil needs to conduct very high currents to produce the required H field. A second requirement needed to support correlated magnetics technology is that this field be concentrated in a very small spot and its field be not only reversible but also variable. Fortunately, the response time of magnetic materials is in the sub-microsecond range so the duration of this intense field can be brief.

[0054] Pulsed magnetic field generation systems were produced consistent with the magnetization circuits 300, 315 described above (see Figs. 3A-3G) that is based on a current pulse generator. Low inductance, high voltage capacitors were used as the electrical energy source and SCRs were used to switch the stored charge into a magnetizing coil. The resistance of the current circuit is fixed so the current varies linearly with the voltage at which the capacitors are charged. The total loop resistance of the wiring and other conductors is in the range of 0.001 Ohm and the capacitors may be charged as high as 2500 Volts. Therefore, if the SCR switch and capacitors had zero resistance and inductance, then the instantaneous current when the switch is closed would be 2.5 million amperes. However, as a practical matter, the instantaneous current as measured by a series shunt is in the neighborhood of 100,000 amperes.

[0055] The SCRs used were in the style of the industrial "hockey puck" and an IR S77R series device was found to suffice. A bridge arrangement was used (see Fig. 3B) in order to permit the reversal of the polarity of the current pulse as seen by the magnetizing coil. The high voltage was decoupled to the trigger source by a pulse transformer made by Pulse Corp., PE-65835. It was found that the inductance in the circuit was sufficient to cause a voltage reversal at the end of the pulse sufficient to turn off the SCRs. DC-DC converters were used to produce the high voltage needed to charge the capacitors and the desired charging level was set by a computer to the level needed for a particular spot, and the polarity was controlled by the choice of which trigger transformer pair was fed a trigger pulse.

[0056] It is desirable to provide as high a repetition rate as possible in order to create the complex magnet patterns needed in as short a time as possible. Therefore, to keep the energy storage requirements as low as possible, the current pulse is also kept short. That leads to the need to use a very low inductance coil of very few turns. The desire to keep the field concentrated in a very small area also requires the use of a physically small coil. Two small circular conductors were used to produce the magnetizing coil. Each were both made of copper and had a diameter of 3/8 inches, a thickness of 0.0625 inches, a 1/8" diameter hole, and a slotted opening .016 inches wide. The wire conductors were #8 copper wire. The insulating layers were 1000 ^th inch thick layers of Kapton.

[0057] When a voltage of approximately 800 volts is used to charge the capacitors, the monopolar and bipolar pulsed magnetic field generation systems will each create a magnetic pulse of about 20 uS in duration that produces on a NIB magnetizable material a magnetic field source that is approximately 0.1 inches in radius and which has a field strength of about 4000 Gauss.

[0058] Several examples of the use of correlated field emission structures with objects having motion mechanically constrained have been described herein. One skilled in the art will recognize that many other well known mechanisms can be used to constrain or define the allowable motion of an object having one or more field emission structures associated with the object and that knowledge of the allowable motion can be used to design or apply codes used to define force functions, whether spatial force functions and/or electromotive force functions. Such mechanisms can be controlled using all sorts of control systems that may involve various types of sensors that provide feedback to the control systems. Moreover, one skilled in the art will recognize that any of many well known communications methods such as RF communications can be used to activate, manage, and/or deactivate such control systems and thus control the behavior of objects having associated field emission structures. In the case of electromagnets and electropermanent magnets, such control systems can be used to change the coding used to control the interaction of corresponding field emission structures.

[0059] Fig. 4A depicts an exemplary coded magnetic structure manufacturing apparatus 400 in accordance with the invention. Referring to Fig. 4A, coded magnetic structure manufacturing apparatus 400 includes a control system 402 that selects a code from a memory 404 via a first interface 406. The control system 402 sends a provide material control signal via a second interface 408 to a magnetizable material provider- remover 410 that provides a magnetizable material 412 for magnetizing according to the code. As depicted in Fig. 4A, the magnetizable material is provided to a magnetizable material handler 414 that is capable of moving the magnetizable material 412. For each magnetic source to be magnetized in the magnetizable material, the control system sends a define polarity and magnetic field amplitude (or strength) control signal to a magnetizer 415 via a third interface 416. The magnetizer 415 charges up its capacitor(s) per the define polarity and magnetic field amplitude control signal. A define X,Y,Z coordinate control signal is sent to the magnetizable material handler via a fourth interface 418. The magnetizable material handler moves the magnetizable material relative to the magnetizer (specifically, the magnetizing inductor 314, not shown) such that the appropriate location on the material will be magnetized. After the magnetizable material 412 has been moved to the appropriate location relative to the magnetizer the control system 402 sends a trigger signal to the magnetizer 415 via a fifth interface 420. Note that the third and fifth interfaces 416, 420 can alternatively be combined. Upon being triggered by the trigger signal, the magnetizer 415 causes a high current to be conducted into the magnetizing inductor 314, which produces a magnetic field 422 that magnetizes the location on the magnetizable material 412. After all sources have been magnetized in accordance with the code, the control system 402 sends a signal to the magnetizable material provider-remover to remove the magnetizable material from the manufacturing apparatus 400 thereby allowing the manufacturing process to be repeated with another magnetizable material. One skilled in the art will recognize that if a monopolar magnetizing circuit 300 is used in the magnetizer 415 then the magnetizer 415 can only magnetize sources with a single polarity (i.e., North up or South up) depending on how it is configured unless it is reconfigured manually between magnetizations. If a bipolar magnetizing circuit 315 is used in the magnetizer 415 then the magnetizer can produce sources having either polarity (i.e., North up and South up). One skilled in the art will also recognize that two different magnetizers 415 having monopolar magnetizing circuits 300 could be employed where one is configured to produce North up polarity sources and the other is configured to produce South up polarity sources. Fig. 4B depicts an alternative exemplary coded magnetic structure manufacturing apparatus 400. It is the same as the coded magnetic structure manufacturing apparatus 400 of Fig. 4 A except the magnetizable material handler 414 is replaced by a magnetizer handler 424. As such, the difference between the two apparatuses 400 is that with the one depicted in Fig. 4A, the magnetizable material is moved while the magnetizer stays in a fixed position, while with the one depicted in Fig. 4B, the magnetizer is moved while the magnetizable material stays in a fixed position. One skilled in the art will recognize that both the magnetizable material and magnetizer could be configured to move, for example, the magnetizer might move in only the Z dimension while the magnetizable material might move in the X,Y dimensions, or vice versa. Generally, various well known methods can be used to provide and/or to remove a magnetizable material from the apparatus and to move the material relative to the magnetizer so as to control the location of magnetization for a given source.

[0061] Fig. 5 depicts an exemplary coded magnetic structure manufacturing method 500. Referring to Fig. 5, coded magnetic structure manufacturing method 500 includes a first step 502, which is to select a code corresponding to a desired force function where a desired force function may be a spatial force function or an electromotive force function. A second step 504 is to provide the magnetizable material to a magnetizing apparatus. A third step 506 is to move the magnetizer of the magnetizing apparatus and/or the magnetizable material to be magnetized so that a desired location on the magnetizable material can be magnetized in accordance with the selected code. A fourth step 508 is to magnetize the desired source location on the magnetizable material such that the source has the desired polarity and field amplitude (or strength) as defined by the code. A fifth step 510 determines whether additional sources remain to be magnetized. If there are additional sources to be magnetized, then the method returns to the third step 506. Otherwise, a sixth step is performed, which is to remove the magnetizable material (now magnetized in accordance with the code) from the magnetizing apparatus.

[0062] Fig. 6A depicts an exemplary system for manufacturing magnetic field emission structures from magnetized particles. Referring to Fig. 6A, the system 600 comprises a magnetized particles source 602 and a binding material source 604. A first flow control device 606 and a second flow control device 608 control the rates at which the magnetized particles and binding material are introduced into a mixing mechanism 610. A control system 612 controls each of the components of the system 600 via a communications backbone 613, which can be a wired backbone, wireless backbone, or some combination thereof. A laminant or mold source 614 provides a laminant or a mold to a material handler 616. A mixture depositing mechanism 618 deposits the mixture of magnetized particles and binding material onto the laminant (or into the mold) on the material handler. The mixture depositing mechanism and material handler (and optionally the mold) are configured to control the shape and size of the mixture of the deposited mixture of magnetized particles and binding material. A magnetic coding mechanism that is located in close proximity to the deposited mixture of magnetized particles and binding material causes the magnetized particles to orient their polarities corresponding to the coded magnetic sources of the magnetic coding mechanism. The binder material thereafter hardens thereby maintaining the orientations of the magnetized particles such that a magnetic field structure is produced that is then removed from the manufacturing system 600 by a magnetic structure remover. One skilled in the art will recognize that many different types of magnetized particles can be employed. For example, magnetized spheres or magnet shavings can be used for the magnetized particles. One skilled in the art will recognize that many different types of binding materials can be employed such as a thermal plastic spherical pellets or powder, solder, glue, solvent, etc. and many different shapes of molds can also be used. Generally, one skilled in the art will recognize that the binding material can be liquefied prior to, after, and/or at the same time as the magnetized particles are being coded by the magnetic coding mechanism where the binding material must at least partially harden as required to maintain the coded orientation of the magnetized particles prior to their separation from the magnetic coding mechanism. Moreover, various types of magnetic coding mechanisms can be employed. With one approach, a cylinder having magnetic field structure comprising multiple code modulos of a code might be used whereby the cylinder turns next to the material handler so as to code the magnetized particles as they move past on the laminant or in the mold. With another approach, a magnetic field structure can be moved into close proximity of the mixture of particles and binding material that is in a fixed location for an amount of time while the material handler has stopped the laminant or mold from moving for that amount of time. With yet another approach, a magnetic field structure can be moved into close proximity of the mixture of particles and binding material where the magnetic field structure moves with the mixture as it moves on the material handler for an amount of time such that the binder has sufficiently hardened to maintain the orientation of the magnetized particles. With still another approach, an array of electromagnets next to the material handler can be controlled so as to code the magnetic particles. Such an array may be at one point along the path of the material handler or may span the material handler path for some distance whereby the code of the magnetic coding mechanism can electronically move with the mixture as it moves along the material handler path.

[0063] With each magnetic coding mechanism, a plurality of magnetic field sources has positions and polarities in accordance with a desired code corresponding to a desired force function. The magnetized particles will form groups about respective magnetic field sources and orient themselves based on the polarities of those magnetic field sources. For example, multiple (e.g., dozens, hundreds, etc.) magnetized spherical particles may group about one magnetic field source having a 'South Up' polarity and will rotate themselves so that their North polarities are attracted to and aligned with the South polarity of the magnetic field source. As such, the group of small magnetized particles, once oriented (coded) and having their orientations maintained by a hardened binder, will thereafter function together as a single magnetic field source that complements that of their respective magnetic field source of the magnetic coding mechanism used to code them. Given a plurality of magnetic field sources, a corresponding plurality of groups of magnetized particles will be produced where the groups are complementary to the magnetic field sources of the magnetic coding mechanism.

[0064] For certain binding materials, an optional heat source 624 can be employed with the system 600 to at least partially liquefy the binding material. As shown, heat from such a heat source 624 may be applied as the binding material leaves the binding material source 604, while the binding material is being mixed with the magnetized particles, and/or after the mixture of magnetized particles and binding material have been deposited onto the laminant but prior to them being exposed to the magnetic coding mechanism. Alternatively (or additionally), heat may be applied after the magnetized particles have oriented themselves within the binder material. Heat may also be applied to an already liquefied binding material so as to cause evaporation, for example, of a solvent thereby causing the binding material to solidify.

[0065] Fig. 6B depicts an alternative exemplary system 626 for manufacturing magnetic field emission structures from magnetized particles. As shown in Fig. 6B, the alternative system 626 is similar to the system 600 of Fig. 6A but instead of mixing the magnetized particles and the binding material and depositing the mixture onto the laminant or mold, a particle depositing mechanism 628 deposits only the magnetized particles onto the laminant or mold and a separate binder applicator mechanism applies the binder material onto the laminant or mold so that it can thereafter harden to maintain the code orientation of the magnetized particles. As shown, the binder material can be applied to the laminant or mold prior to the depositing of the magnetic particles, after the depositing of the magnetic particles but before coding by the magnetic coding mechanism, and/or after the coding by the magnetic coding mechanism. Alternatively, the binder material can be applied by the binder applicator mechanism 630 over any amount of time during a time period beginning prior to the magnetic particles being deposited on the laminant or mold and ending after the magnetic particles have been coded.

[0066] As with the previous system 600, for certain binding materials, an optional heat source 624 can be employed with the alternative system 626 to at least partially liquefy the binding material. As shown, heat from such a heat source 624 may be applied as the binding material leaves the binding material source 604, while the binding material is being added to the binder applicator mechanism 630, and/or while it is being applied to the laminant and/or the deposited magnetized particles. As with the previous system, heat may also be applied to an already liquefied binding material so as to cause evaporation, for example, of a solvent thereby causing the binding material to solidify.

[0067] Fig. 7A depicts an exemplary method 700 for manufacturing magnetic field emission structures from magnetized particles. Referring to Fig. 7A, the method 700 includes three steps. A first step 702 is to mix magnetized particles and a binder material. A second step 704 is to deposit the mixture of the magnetized particles and the binder material onto a laminant or mold. A third step 706 is to align a magnetic coding mechanism with the mixture of particles and binder to cause the particles to orient their polarities to produce a magnetic field structure.

[0068] Fig. 7B depicts another exemplary method 710 for manufacturing magnetic field emission structures from magnetized particles. Referring to Fig. 7B, the method 710 includes four steps. A first step 712 is to deposit magnetized particles onto a laminant or mold and a second step 714 is to apply a binder material onto to the laminant or mold. It should be noted that, as described in relation to Fig. 6B, the step of applying a binder material onto the laminant or mold can occur prior to, concurrent with, or after the step of depositing magnetized particles onto the laminant or mold. A third step 716 is to align a magnetic coding mechanism with the particles on the laminant or mold to cause the particles to orient their polarities to produce a magnetic field structure.

[0069] Exemplary applications of correlated field emission structures in accordance with the invention include:

o Position based function control. o Gyroscope, Linear motor, Fan motor. o Precision measurement, precision timing. o Computer numerical control machines. o Linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers, mirror mounts. o Cylinders, turbines, engines (no heat allows lightweight materials), o Seals for food storage, o Scaffolding. o Structural beams, trusses, cross-bracing, o Bridge construction materials (trusses), o Wall structures (studs, panels, etc.), floors, ceilings, roofs, o Magnetic shingles for roofs. o Furniture (assembly and positioning). o Picture frames, picture hangers. o Child safety seats. o Seat belts, harnesses, trapping. o Wheelchairs, hospital beds. o Toys - self assembling toys, puzzles, construction sets (e.g., Legos, magnetic logs). o Hand tools - cutting, nail driving, drilling, sawing, etc. o Precision machine tools - drill press, lathes, mills, machine press. o Robotic movement control. o Assembly lines - object movement control, automated parts assembly. o Packaging machinery. o Wall hangers - for tools, brooms, ladders, etc. o Pressure control systems, Precision hydraulics. o Traction devices (e.g., window cleaner that climbs building). o Gas/Liquid flow rate control systems, ductwork, ventilation control systems. o Door/window seal, boat/ship/submarine/space craft hatch seal. o Hurricane/storm shutters, quick assembly home tornado shelters/snow window covers/vacant building covers for windows and doors (e.g., cabins). o Gate Latch - outdoor gate (dog proof), Child safety gate latch (child proof). o Clothing buttons, Shoe/boot clasps, o Drawer/cabinet door fasteners. o Child safety devices - lock mechanisms for appliances, toilets, etc. o Safes, safe prescription drug storage. o Quick capture/release commercial fishing nets, crab cages. o Energy conversion - wind, falling water, wave movement. o Energy scavenging - from wheels, etc. o Microphone, speaker. o Applications in space (e.g., seals, gripping places for astronauts to hold/stand). o Analog-to-digital (and vice versa) conversion via magnetic field control. o Use of correlation codes to affect circuit characteristics in silicon chips. o Use of correlation codes to effect attributes of nanomachines (force, torque, rotation, and translations). o Ball joints for prosthetic knees, shoulders, hips, ankles, wrists, etc. o Ball joints for robotic arms. o Robots that move along correlated magnetic field tracks. o Correlated gloves, shoes. o Correlated robotic "hands" (all sorts of mechanisms used to move, place, lift, direct, etc. objects could use invention). o Communications/symbology. o Snow skis/skateboards/cycling shoes/ski board/water ski/boots o Keys, locking mechanisms. o Cargo containers (how they are made and how they are moved). o Credit, debit, and ATM cards. o Magnetic data storage, floppy disks, hard drives, CDs, DVDs. o Scanners, printers, plotters. o Televisions and computer monitors. o Electric motors, generators, transformers. o Chucks, fastening devices, clamps. o Secure Identification Tags. o Door hinges. o Jewelry, watches. o Vehicle braking systems. o Maglev trains and other vehicles. o Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Spectroscopy. o Bearings (wheels), axles. o Particle accelerators, o Mounts between a measurement device and a subject (xyz controller and a magnetic probe)/ mounts for tribrachs and associated devices (e.g., survey instruments, cameras, telescopes, detachable sensors, TV cameras, antennas, etc.) o Mounts for lighting, sound systems, props, walls, objects, etc. - e.g., for a movie set, plays, concerts, etc. whereby objects are aligned once, detached, and reattached where they have prior alignment. o Equipment used in crime scene investigation having standardized look angles, lighting, etc. - enables reproducibility, authentication, etc. for evidentiary purposes, o Detachable nozzles such as paint gun nozzle, cake frosting nozzle, welding heads, plasma cutters, acetylene cutters, laser cutters, and the like where rapid removable/replacement having desired alignment provides for time savings, o Lamp shades attachment device including decorative figurines having correlated magnets on bottom that would hold lamp shade in place as well as the decoration. o Tow chain/rope. o Parachute harness, o Web belt for soldiers, handyman, maintenance, telephone repairman, scuba divers, etc. o Attachment for extremely sharp objects moving at high rate of speed to include lawnmower blades, edgers, propellers for boats, fans, propellers for aircraft, table saw blades, circular saw blades, etc. o Seal for body part transfer system, blood transfer, etc. o Light globes, jars, wood, plastic, ceramic, glass or metal containers, o Bottle seal for wine bottle, carbonated drinks etc. allowing one to reseal a bottle to include putting a vacuum or a pressure on the liquid, o Seals for cooking instruments, o Musical instruments. o Attach points for objects in cars, for beer cans, GPS device, phone, etc. o Restraint devices, hand cuffs, leg cuffs. o Leashes, collars for animals. o Elevator, escalators. o Large storage containers used on railroads, ships, planes. o Floor mat clasps. o Luggage rack/bicycle rack/canoe rack/cargo rack. o Trailer hitch cargo rack for bicycles, wheelchairs. o Trailer hitch. o Trailer with easily deployable ramp/lockable ramp for cargo trailers, car haulers, etc. o Devices for holding lawnmowers, other equipment on trailers, o 18 wheeler applications for speeding up cargo handling for transport, o Attachment device for battery compartment covers, o Connectors for attachment of ear buds to iPod or iPhone. While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood, however, that the invention is not limited thereto, since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.