CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/238,538, filed August 30, 2021 , and entitled “Devices, Systems, and Methods for Hydrogen Generation, Collection, and Distribution,” the entire content of which is incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[002] The present disclosure relates to filtration systems and methods for hydroelectric turbines.

INTRODUCTION

[003] The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described in any way.

[004] A hydroelectric energy system may utilize a hydroelectric turbine to generate electricity from the current in a moving body of water or other fluid source, such as a river, an ocean, or other natural or man-made fluid current source. Tidal power, for example, exploits the movement of water caused by tidal currents, or the rise and fall in sea levels due to tides. As the waters rise and then fall, a flow, or fluid current, is generated. The one-directional flow, for example, from a river also creates a current that may be used to generate electricity. And, additional forms of differential pressure, such as, for example, that are created by dams, also can cause water to flow and create water speeds sufficient to enable the conversion of energy associated with the water’s flow to other useful forms of energy. Those having ordinary skill in the art would appreciate a variety of other fluid currents in addition to those above.

[005] Hydropower which relies on the natural movement of currents in a body of liquid (e.g., water), is classified as a renewable energy source. Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, however, hydro power is reliably predictable. Water currents are a source of renewable power that is clean, reliable, and predictable years in advance, thereby facilitating integration with existing energy grids. Additionally, by virtue of the basic physical characteristics of water (including, e.g., seawater), namely, its density (which can be 832 times that of air) and its noncompressibility, this medium holds unique “ultra-high-energy-density” potential in comparison to other renewable energy sources for generating renewable energy. This potential is amplified once the volume and flow rates present in many coastal locations and/or useable locations worldwide are factored in.

[006] Hydropower, therefore, may offer an efficient, long-term source of pollution- free electricity, hydrogen production, and/or other useful forms of energy that can help reduce the world’s current reliance upon petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Reduced consumption of fossil fuel resources can in turn help to decrease the output of greenhouse gases into the world’s atmosphere. Similar benefits may also be achieved in harnessing hydropower from non-natural currents.

[007] Hydroelectric turbines convert energy from interaction with liquid currents and can, for example, act like underwater windmills, and have a relatively low cost and ecological impact. In various hydroelectric turbines, for example, the current flow from a tide or other source interacts with blades that rotate about an axis and that rotation is harnessed to thereby produce electricity or other forms of energy. Hydroelectric turbines are, however, often deployed in mineral rich, organically rich, and/or otherwise polluted environments, thereby causing the turbines to operate within fluid flows having iron, organic materials, and/or other forms of small particulate matter and debris, which may adversely affect the operation of the turbines.

[008] A need exists to remove and/or otherwise filter particulates and debris associated with the environment in which hydroelectric turbines are submerged to prevent damage and other impairment to operation of the turbines.

SUMMARY

[009] The present disclosure solves one or more of the above-mentioned problems and/or achieves one or more of the above-mentioned desirable features. Other features and/or advantages may become apparent from the description which follows.

[010] In accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, a turbine is provided. The turbine includes a stator and a rotor configured to rotate around an axis of rotation and relative to the stator in response to flow of a fluid from a fluid source.

The rotor and stator comprise opposing bearing surfaces separated by a bearing gap formed by a fluid entering the bearing gap during rotation of the rotor. The turbine also includes a filtering mechanism arranged in a path of the flow of the fluid upstream of the fluid entering the bearing gap. The turbine further includes an electricity generation system configured to produce electrical current in response to rotation of the rotor relative to stator. [011] In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of filtering fluid flow interacting with a hydroelectric turbine is provided. The method includes causing rotation of a rotor relative to a stator about an axis of rotation in response to the fluid flow interacting with the rotor. The method also includes utilizing fluid from the fluid flow within a gap for a bearing mechanism between the rotor and the stator. The bearing mechanism provides bearing between opposing surfaces of the rotor and the stator during rotation of the rotor relative to the stator. The method further includes passing the fluid through a filtering mechanism prior to utilizing the fluid within the gap.

[012] Additional objects and advantages will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the present teachings. At least some of the objects and advantages of the present disclosure may be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

[013] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the present disclosure and claims, including equivalents. It should be understood that the present disclosure and claims, in their broadest sense, could be practiced without having one or more features of these exemplary aspects and embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[014] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and together with the description, serve to explain certain principles. In the drawings [015] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a hydroelectric turbine, including a filtration system, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[016] FIG. 2 is a front view of another exemplary embodiment of a hydroelectric turbine, including a filtration system, in accordance with the present disclosure;

[017] FIG. 3 shows an enlarged, cross-sectional view of the hydroelectric turbine of FIG. 2 taken through section 3-3, showing the upper half of the cross-section of the hydroelectric turbine of FIG. 2; [018] FIG. 4 shows an enlarged, partial view of a bearing gap of the hydroelectric turbine of FIG. 2, which includes an exemplary embodiment of a hydrodynamic bearing mechanism in accordance with the present disclosure;

[019] FIG. 5 shows an enlarged, cross-sectional view of the hydroelectric turbine of FIG. 2 taken through section 3-3, showing the upper half of the cross-section of the hydroelectric turbine of FIG. 2, with the filter removed from the turbine; and

[020] FIG. 6 shows an enlarged, cross-sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of a hydroelectric turbine, including a filtration system, which includes an exemplary embodiment of a magnetic bearing system in accordance with the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[021] In accordance with various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, a hydroelectric turbine may include a stator comprising a first plurality of electricity-generating elements and a rotor comprising a second plurality of electricitygenerating elements. The rotor and stator may be disposed in a generally concentric manor relative to each other such that the rotor can rotate relative to the stator (e.g., either around an outside or an inside of the stator about an axis of rotation.) The turbine may further include at least one bearing mechanism configured to support the rotor relative to the stator during rotation of the rotor around the stator.

[022] In accordance with one embodiment, for example, at least one hydrodynamic bearing mechanism can be positioned and secured between the rotor and stator to separate those components during rotation of the rotor and to prevent the rotor from being forced radially and/or axially out of alignment with the stator, such as by the fluid flow. As described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 10,389,209, entitled "Hydroelectric Turbines, Anchoring Structures, and Related Methods of Assembly," and U.S. Patent No. 10,544,775, entitled “Hydroelectric Energy Systems, and Related Components and Methods,” each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, such hydrodynamic bearing mechanisms may include water lubricated bearings made of wood, or a composite material, such as, for example, a Vesconite composite, which rub on an opposing surface of the rotor and/or stator, which may be lined, for example, with a carbon fiber or stainless steel material. In this manner, hydroelectric turbines, which utilize hydrodynamic bearings, may utilize fluid from the fluid flow interacting with the turbine within a bearing gap between the opposing bearing surfaces of the rotor and stator to lubricate the bearings and enable the hydrodynamic bearing mechanism to function.

[023] In accordance with another embodiment, at least one magnetic bearing mechanism can be positioned and secured between the rotor and stator to support the rotor relative to the stator (e.g., radially and/or axially). As described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 9,359,991 B2, entitled "Energy Conversion Systems and Methods,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, such magnetic bearing mechanisms may include magnet arrays, such as, for example, partial Halbach magnet arrays positioned on opposing bearing surfaces of the rotor and stator. In this manner, hydroelectric turbines, which utilize magnetic bearings, may also utilize fluid from the fluid flow interacting with the turbine within a bearing gap between the opposing bearing surfaces of the rotor and stator to separate and facilitate a repulsive effect between the magnet arrays.

[024] Hydroelectric turbines in accordance with the present disclosure may, therefore, utilize a bearing gap (e.g., between the respective bearing surfaces of the rotor and stator), which may fill with water upon deployment of the turbine in a fluid source. For example, the bearing gap may be formed by a fluid from the fluid source entering the bearing gap during rotation of the rotor relative to the stator. In such configurations, it is therefore advantageous to prevent obstructions in the bearing gap. For example, to prevent direct contact between the bearing surfaces of a hydrodynamic bearing (such that the bearing may operate without friction), unobstructed flow is required within the bearing gap to create pressure in the converging area between the bearing surfaces. Likewise, to operate without friction, magnetic bearings also need an unobstructed clearance between the bearing surfaces. Magnetic bearings may, for example, attract iron particles/filings that can collect in and obstruct the bearing gap, thereby creating friction due to physical contact between the particles within the gap. [025] When such turbines are deployed in organically rich and/or mineral rich environments, such as, for example, into water bodies that are rich in iron filings, it is therefore desirable to filter such particulate matter from the fluid (i.e. , water) before it enters the bearing gap and interacts with the bearings, to prevent damage to or malfunction of the bearing mechanisms. One or more embodiments of the present disclosure further contemplate, for example, a hydroelectric turbine that includes a filtration system that filters particulate matter and other substances that may otherwise come into contact with and damage or impair a bearing mechanism, such that the fluid from the fluid flow passes through the filters (e.g., to remove particulate matter, such as, for example, iron filings from the fluid) before it comes into contact with the bearings (e.g., is used to the lubricate the hydrodynamic bearings).

[026] As illustrated schematically in FIG. 1 , for example, a hydrodynamic bearing (i.e., a fluid dynamic bearing) may be used to support the load between a rotor and stator of a hydroelectric turbine 10 using a thin layer of rapidly moving pressurized fluid between opposing surfaces Si and S20f the turbine 10. To lubricate the bearing, fluid from the fluid flow F, in which the turbine 10 operates, is channeled into a gap 12 between the surfaces Si and S2. As further illustrated in FIG. 1 , the hydroelectric turbine 10 incorporates a filtering mechanism 8 upstream of the bearing, such that the fluid, which is used to lubricate the bearing, is channeled through the mechanism 8 before it enters the bearing gap 12.

[027] Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the present disclosure contemplates various types of hydroelectric turbines, having various rotor/stator arrangements, and that surfaces Si and S2 are used to generically represent opposing surfaces of a rotor and a stator of the turbine, and are not intended to be limited to any specific turbine configuration. Those of ordinary skill in the art will further understand that the filtering mechanism 8 may also include various types and configurations of filters that may be used to filter out unwanted debris and impurities from a fluid flow, including, for example, mechanical filters, absorption filters (e.g., carbon filters), sequestration filters, ion exchange filters, magnetic filters, reverse osmosis filters, and/or various combinations thereof.

[028] With reference now to FIGS. 2 and 3, an exemplary embodiment of a hydroelectric turbine 100 in accordance with the present disclosure is shown. The hydroelectric turbine 100 includes a rotor 104 disposed radially outward of a stator 106. In this arrangement, one or more blades (hydrofoils) 101 can extend radially inward and/or radially outward, i.e., relative to a rotational axis Y. For example, with reference to the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 , the turbine 100 includes at least one blade 101 (eight blades 101 being shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1 ), wherein blade 101 includes a radially inward extending blade portion 103 and a radially outward extending blade portion 102. Both blade portions 102, 103 are arranged in a fluid flow F that moves in a direction of the axis of rotation Y (which is into the page in the embodiment of FIG. 1) to thereby cause the rotor 104 to rotate relative to the stator 106 about the axis Y. In various exemplary embodiments a plurality of blades 101 can be mounted around the circumference of the rotor 104, for example, at uniform intervals about the circumference.

[029] As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, in various exemplary embodiments, the rotor 104 may include one or more electricity-generating magnets 114, which are disposed with respect to one or more corresponding electricity-generating elements 116 of the stator 106 when installed in the turbine 100. Although not shown, in various additional embodiments, the stator 106 may include one or more electricity-generating magnets disposed with respect to one or more corresponding electricity-generating elements of the rotor 104. The electricity-generating element(s) 116 may, for example, comprise at least one coil 118 with windings configured to generate electricity in response to rotational movement of electricity-generating magnets 114 on the rotor 104. As understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art, the rotation of magnets 114 in the rotor 104 induces a voltage in the coils 118 disposed in the stator 106, which can be collected via appropriate electrical transmission lines to be converted for later energy use.

[030] As also illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, the hydroelectric turbine 100 also utilizes a hydrodynamic bearing system 110 including one or more sets of hydrodynamic bearings 140 positioned in a gap 112 between the rotor 104 and the stator 106, which, during operation of the turbine 100, when the gap 112 is created and flooded with fluid (e.g., water from the environment in which the turbine in operating) function to both radially and axially align the rotor 104 relative to the stator 106. Various embodiments, for example, contemplate using hydrodynamic bearings made of wood, such as, for example, as commercially available from Lignum-Vitae North America of Powhatan Virginia, or a composite material, such as, for example, Vesconite, which rub on an opposing surface of the rotor and/or stator that is lined, for example, with a carbon fiber or stainless steel material, as the hydrodynamic bearings 140 between the rotor 104 and the stator 106.

[031] In one embodiment, as shown best perhaps in the enlarged view of FIG. 4, it is contemplated to use strips of bearing material 142, such as made of wood (e.g., Lignum-Vitae) and/or a composite material (e.g., Vesconite) positioned along an outer circumferential surface 129 (e.g., a bearing surface) of the stator 106, and which are arranged opposite to another bearing surface, such as, for example, a stainless-steel material 144 positioned along an inner circumferential surface 120 of the rotor 104. In this manner, when there is no fluid in the system, the bearing materials rub against each other (i.e. , there is no gap between the surfaces), and when fluid (e.g., sea water) is introduced, a gap 112 (i.e., between the rotor 104 and the stator 106) is formed, such that the fluid flowing in the gap 112 may provide a hydrodynamic bearing effect (i.e., between the surfaces of the strips 142 and the bearing surface 144) to contain the radial and axial loads of the turbine 100.

[032] As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the hydrodynamic bearing mechanism 110, and sets of hydrodynamic bearings 140, shown and described with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4 are exemplary only and may have various arrangements and configurations of hydrodynamic bearings, and/or may be used in conjunction with any known bearing mechanism and/or system. Other types, configurations, and arrangements of bearings that may support the rotor 104 with respect to the stator 106 (axially or radially) are also possible, for example, as described in U.S. Patent No. 10,389,209, incorporated by reference above, and as described further below.

[033] As discussed above, the hydrodynamic bearing system 110 is positioned within a gap 112 (i.e., between the rotor 104 and the stator 106), which is formed during the operation of the hydroelectric turbine 100. In accordance with various embodiments, fluid from the fluid flow F interacting with the turbine 100 is tunneled into the gap 112 to lubricate the bearing mechanism 110, thereby creating a hydrodynamic bearing effect between the surfaces of the strips 142 and the bearing surface 144. To help prevent iron (e.g., iron filings), organic materials, and/or other forms of small particulate matter and debris, which may be in the fluid flow F, from potentially damaging or otherwise adversely affecting the bearing mechanism 110, in various embodiments, the hydroelectric turbine 100 may also utilize one or more filtering mechanisms 108 (e.g., filters) to filter the fluid before it enters the gap 112. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, the one or more filtering mechanisms 108 may be disposed within the rotor 104 and placed in fluid communication with the hydrodynamic bearing mechanism 110. In various embodiments, a plurality of filtering mechanisms 108 can be mounted around the circumference of the rotor 104, for example, within openings 107 at uniform intervals about the circumference of the rotor 104. The rotor 104 may, for example, include an opening 107 within each blade 101 . As illustrated best perhaps in the cross-sectional views of FIGS. 3 and 4, each opening 107 may be positioned within the cowl 105 and be connected to the gap 112, and the hydrodynamic bearing mechanism 110, via a respective channel 109.

[034] With reference to FIG. 5, each opening 107 is configured to receive a respective filtering mechanism (e.g., filter) 108, for example, each opening 107 may removably receive a respective filtering mechanism 108 such that the filtering mechanisms 108 may be both easily installed and removed for maintenance and replacement purposes. In accordance with various embodiments, the turbines 100 may include cylindrical openings 107 that are sized and shaped to accommodate cylindrical filters 108 having threads 121 , which may be screwed into the openings 107 (which have corresponding features (not shown) to receive the threads 121). In this manner, the filters 108 may be easily screwed into and out of the openings 107 for maintenance and replacement. In various embodiments, for example, the openings 107 can be formed in the cowl 105, or otherwise formed between each blade pair 101 , during, for example, the printing of the blades 101 via an additive manufacturing process.

[035] As above, the filtering mechanisms 108 are each configured to filter (i.e. , remove) particulate matter, organic matter, and/or other debris from the fluid flow F in which the turbine 100 is placed and interacts, before it enters the bearing gap 112. Accordingly, as illustrated in FIG. 3, during operation of the turbine 100, the filtering mechanisms 108 are positioned to collect a fluid FIN from the fluid flow F, which is moving in a direction of the axis of rotation Y and, after filtering the fluid F, route the fluid F through the channels 109 and into the gap 112, wherein it is used to lubricate the hydrodynamic bearing mechanism 110, and then exit the bearing gap 112 via a respective opening 113 at each end of the bearing gap 112 (see FOUT). In one embodiment, for example, the filters 108 are used to filter iron, such as, for example, iron filings from the fluid of the fluid flow F. As above, the present disclosure contemplates utilizing various types of known filtering mechanisms to remove debris and other impurities from the fluid flow F, including, but not limited to, mechanical filters, absorption filters (e.g., carbon filters), sequestration filters, ion exchange filters, magnetic filters, reverse osmosis filters, and/or various combinations thereof. In one embodiment, for example, the filtering mechanisms 108 may include mechanical type filters which employ various types of barrier materials (e.g., screens, meshes, and/or ceramic materials) to physically remove iron filings, debris, and other particulate matter from the fluid flow F. In another embodiment, the filtering mechanisms 108 may include flow-through magnetic filters, which utilize high-intensity filter magnets to create a magnetic field that collects and traps ferrous particles in a magnetic trap.

[036] Various additional embodiments also contemplate removing any particulate matter, organic matter, and/or other debris that made it through the filter 108 and is lodged within the gap 112, by, for example, utilizing the openings 107 to flush out the gap 112 during the maintenance process. In one embodiment, when the filters 108 are removed from the openings (i.e. , for replacement), a high-pressure fluid and/or cleaning solution may be directed through the openings 107 to flush out the gap 112.

[037] Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the turbines 100 illustrated in FIGS. 2-5 and described above are exemplary only, and that the blades 101 , rotors 104, stators 106, hydrodynamic bearing mechanisms 110, and bearing gaps 112 may have various configurations, dimensions, shapes, and/or arrangements without departing from the scope of the present disclosure and claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, for example, that the contemplated turbines may have various shapes and configurations, which employ various types and combinations of bearing mechanisms to support the rotor relative to the stator. Those of ordinary skill in the art will further understand that although the turbine 100 depicts the rotor 104 positioned concentrically around an outside surface of the stator 106, that turbines in accordance with the present disclosure may be oppositely arranged such that the stator is positioned concentrically around an outside surface of the rotor.

[038] In an additional embodiment, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 6, a hydroelectric turbine 200 may utilize a magnetic bearing system 210 including one or more sets of magnetic bearings 242, 244 positioned in a gap 212 between a rotor 204 and a stator 206. In one embodiment, the magnetic bearing mechanism may include, for example, a first partial Halbach magnet array 242 on the stator 206 that is positioned opposite to a second partial Halbach magnet array 244 on the rotor 204. Similar to the hydrodynamic bearings described above, the magnet arrays 242 and 244 may be positioned relative to each other, such that, during operation of the turbine 200 (e.g., during rotation of the rotor 204 relative to the stator 206 via blades 201), the gap 212 (i.e., between the rotor 204 and the stator 206) is flooded with fluid (e.g., water from the environment in which the turbine is operating) to separate the magnet arrays 242 and 244. Also similar to the above hydrodynamic bearings, to help prevent iron (e.g., iron filings), organic materials, and/or other forms of small particulate matter and debris, which may be in the fluid flow F, from potentially damaging or otherwise adversely affecting the bearing mechanism 210, the hydroelectric turbine 200 may also utilize one or more filtering mechanisms (e.g., filters) 208, which are mounted in openings 207 in the rotor 204, to filter the fluid before it enters the gap 212. For example, each opening 207 is configured to removably receive a respective filter 208 and is connected to the gap 212 via a respective channel 209, such that fluid FIN passes through the filter 208, through the channel 209, and through the gap 212 where it is later expelled back into the environment (see FOUT).

[039] Embodiments of the present disclosure further contemplate turbines that utilize various supplemental devices and methods to help maintain the gap 112, 212 between the rotor 104, 204 and the stator 106, 206, such as, for example, when there is no fluid flow through the gap 112, 212, as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. In various embodiments, for example, ball-type, touchdown bearings may be positioned within the gap 112, 212 to help maintain the gap and separate the bearing surfaces when there is little or no fluid flow.

[040] It will also be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the turbines 100, 200 may be configured to accommodate various numbers, types, and configurations of filtering mechanisms 108, 208 and are not limited to the exemplary embodiments shown. For example, the shape and/or positioning of the openings 107, 207 in the rotor 104, 204 (which receive the filtering mechanisms 108, 208) may be different to accommodate different types of filters and for turbines used in different environments (e.g., oceans vs. rivers), so as to optimize the collection and filtration of the fluid f from the fluid flow F. Additionally, various features may be used to removably secure the filtering mechanisms 108, 208 within the openings 107, 207, such that the filtering mechanisms 108, 208 may be easily removed and replaced.

[041] As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, although the present disclosure is generally described with reference generating energy via tidal currents, the turbines and features disclosed herein are applicable to a wide range of fluid flow applications including, but not limited to, ocean and tidal environments, rivers, and streams, as well as fluids other than water.

[042] This description and the accompanying drawings that illustrate exemplary embodiments should not be taken as limiting. Various mechanical, compositional, structural, electrical, and operational changes may be made without departing from the scope of this description and the claims, including equivalents. In some instances, well- known structures and techniques have not been shown or described in detail so as not to obscure the disclosure. Furthermore, elements and their associated features that are described in detail with reference to one embodiment may, whenever practical, be included in other embodiments in which they are not specifically shown or described. For example, if an element is described in detail with reference to one embodiment and is not described with reference to a second embodiment, the element may nevertheless be included in the second embodiment.

[043] It is noted that, as used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the,” and any singular use of any word, include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent. As used herein, the term “include” and its grammatical variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that can be substituted or added to the listed items.

[044] Further, this description’s terminology is not intended to limit the disclosure. For example, spatially relative terms — such as “upstream,” downstream,” “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” “forward,” “front,” “behind,” and the like — may be used to describe one element’s or feature’s relationship to another element or feature as illustrated in the orientation of the figures. These spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different positions and orientations of a device in use or operation in addition to the position and orientation shown in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be “above” or “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both positions and orientations of above and below. A device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. [045] Further modifications and alternative embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein. For example, the devices may include additional components that were omitted from the diagrams and description for clarity of operation. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the present disclosure. It is to be understood that the various embodiments shown and described herein are to be taken as exemplary. Elements and materials, and arrangements of those elements and materials, may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the present teachings may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of the description herein. Changes may be made in the elements described herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[046] It is to be understood that the particular examples and embodiments set forth herein are non-limiting, and modifications to structure, dimensions, materials, and methodologies may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with being entitled to their full breadth of scope, including equivalents.