CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/838,695, filed April 25, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

I. Technical Field

[002] The present disclosure relates generally to surveying technology for scanning a surrounding environment and, more specifically, to systems and methods that use LIDAR technology to detect objects in the surrounding environment.

II. Background Information

[003] With the advent of driver assist systems and autonomous vehicles, automobiles need to be equipped with systems capable of reliably sensing and interpreting their surroundings, including identifying obstacles, hazards, objects, and other physical parameters that might impact navigation of the vehicle. To this end, a number of differing technologies have been suggested including radar, LIDAR, camera-based systems, operating alone or in a redundant manner.

[004] One consideration with driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles is an ability of the system to determine surroundings across different conditions including, rain, fog, darkness, bright light, and snow. A light detection and ranging system, (LIDAR a/k/a LADAR) is an example of technology that can work well in differing conditions, by measuring distances to objects by illuminating objects with light and measuring the reflected pulses with a sensor. A laser is one example of a light source that can be used in a LIDAR system. As with any sensing system, in order for a LIDAR-based sensing system to be fully adopted by the automotive industry, the system should provide reliable data enabling detection of far-away objects. Currently, however, the maximum illumination power of LIDAR systems is limited by the need to make the LIDAR systems eye-safe (i.e., so that they will not damage the human eye which can occur when a projected light emission is absorbed in the eye's cornea and lens, causing thermal damage to the retina.)

[005] The systems and methods of the present disclosure are directed towards improving performance of LIDAR systems while complying with eye safety regulations.

SUMMARY

[006] In an embodiment, a method for detecting objects using a LIDAR system may include controlling a light emission assembly comprising at least one light source in a manner enabling spatial light modulation to a field of view (FOV) of the LIDAR system to vary during different flash light emissions of the light emission assembly. The method may also include controlling at least one sensor of the LIDAR system to detect a plurality of first reflection signals indicative of reflections of first flash light emissions from one or more objects in the field of view. The method may further include determining a nonuniform spatial light modulation for the light emission assembly based on at least one of the plurality of first reflection signals. The method may also include instructing the light emission assembly to emit to the field of view at least one second flash light emission in accordance with the nonuniform spatial light modulation. The method may further include detecting an object in the field of view based on a plurality of second reflection signals of the at least one second flash light emission.

[007] In an embodiment, a LIDAR system may include a spatial light modulator configured to selectively pass light in a first portion of a selective spatial filter and to limit passage of light in a second portion of the selective spatial filter. The LIDAR system may also include at least one processor configured to receive, from at least one sensor, a plurality of first reflection signals indicative of reflections of a first light emission from one or more objects in a field of view of the LIDAR system. The at least one processor may also be configured to instruct the spatial light modulator to emit a subsequent light emission to the field of view by selectively passing light in the first portion of the selective spatial filter and limiting passage of light in the second portion of the selective spatial filter, based on processing of the plurality of first reflection signals. The at least one processor may further be configured to receive, from the at least one sensor, a plurality of second reflection signals indicative of reflections of the subsequent light emission from the one or more objects in the field of view. The at least one processor may also be configured to detect an object in the particular portion, based on detected reflections associated with a particular portion of the field of view.

[008] In an embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, may be configured to cause the one or more processors to control a light emission assembly comprising at least one light source in a manner enabling spatial light modulation to a field of view (FOV) of the LIDAR system to vary during different flash light emissions of the light emission assembly to a field of view of the LIDAR system. The instructions may also be configured to cause the one or more processors to control at least one sensor of the LIDAR system to detect a plurality of first reflection signals indicative of reflections of first flash light emissions from one or more objects in the field of view. The instructions may further be configured to cause the one or more processors to determine a nonuniform spatial light modulation for the light emission assembly based on at least one of the plurality of first reflection signals. The instructions may also be configured to cause the one or more processors to instruct the light emission assembly to emit to the field of view at least one second flash light emission in accordance with the nonuniform spatial light modulation. The instructions may further be configured to cause the one or more processors to detect an object in the field of view based on a plurality of second reflection signals of the at least one second flash light emission.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[009] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate various disclosed embodiments. In the drawings:

[010] Fig. 1A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary LIDAR system consistent with disclosed embodiments. [011 ] Fig. IB is an image showing an exemplary output of single scanning cycle of a LIDAR system mounted on a vehicle consistent with disclosed embodiments.

[012] Fig. 1C is another image showing a representation of a point cloud model determined from output of a LIDAR system consistent with disclosed embodiments.

[013] Figs. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, and 2G are diagrams illustrating different configurations of projecting units in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[014] Figs. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are diagrams illustrating different configurations of scanning units in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[015] Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, and 4E are diagrams illustrating different configurations of sensing units in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[016] Fig. 5A includes four example diagrams illustrating emission patterns in a single frame-time for a single portion of the field of view.

[017] Fig. 5B includes three example diagrams illustrating emission scheme in a single frame-time for the whole field of view.

[018] Fig. 5C is a diagram illustrating the actual light emission projected towards and reflections received during a single frame-time for the whole field of view.

[019] Figs. 6A, 6B, and 6C are diagrams illustrating a first example implementation consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[020] Fig. 6D is a diagram illustrating a second example implementation consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[021 ] Fig. 7 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a FIDAR system that emits light and detects photons reflected from a field-of-view of the FIDAR consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[022] Fig. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for controlling operation of a FIDAR to generate a sequence of depth maps consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[023] Fig. 9A is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for controlling operation of a

FIDAR to generate a sequence of depth maps consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[024] Fig. 9B is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for detecting one or more objects consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[025] Fig. 10A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary FIDAR system consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[026] Fig. 10B is a diagram illustrating an exemplary FIDAR system consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[027] Fig. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for detecting one or more objects consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. [028] Fig. 12 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for detecting a location of an object consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[029] The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or similar parts. While several illustrative embodiments are described herein, modifications, adaptations and other implementations are possible. For example, substitutions, additions or modifications may be made to the components illustrated in the drawings, and the illustrative methods described herein may be modified by substituting, reordering, removing, or adding steps to the disclosed methods. Accordingly, the following detailed description is not limited to the disclosed embodiments and examples. Instead, the proper scope is defined by the appended claims.

Terms Definitions

[030] Disclosed embodiments may involve an optical system. As used herein, the term“optical system” broadly includes any system that is used for the generation, detection and/or manipulation of light. By way of example only, an optical system may include one or more optical components for generating, detecting and/or manipulating light. For example, light sources, lenses, mirrors, prisms, beam splitters, collimators, polarizing optics, optical modulators, optical switches, optical amplifiers, optical detectors, optical sensors, fiber optics, semiconductor optic components, while each not necessarily required, may each be part of an optical system. In addition to the one or more optical components, an optical system may also include other non-optical components such as electrical components, mechanical components, chemical reaction components, and semiconductor components. The non-optical components may cooperate with optical components of the optical system. For example, the optical system may include at least one processor for analyzing detected light.

[031 ] Consistent with the present disclosure, the optical system may be a LIDAR system. As used herein, the term“LIDAR system” broadly includes any system which can determine values of parameters indicative of a distance between a pair of tangible objects based on reflected light. In one embodiment, the LIDAR system may determine a distance between a pair of tangible objects based on reflections of light emitted by the LIDAR system. As used herein, the term“determine distances” broadly includes generating outputs which are indicative of distances between pairs of tangible objects. The determined distance may represent the physical dimension between a pair of tangible objects. By way of example only, the determined distance may include a line of flight distance between the LIDAR system and another tangible object in a field of view of the LIDAR system. In another embodiment, the LIDAR system may determine the relative velocity between a pair of tangible objects based on reflections of light emitted by the LIDAR system. Examples of outputs indicative of the distance between a pair of tangible objects include: a number of standard length units between the tangible objects (e.g. number of meters, number of inches, number of kilometers, number of millimeters), a number of arbitrary length units (e.g. number of LIDAR system lengths), a ratio between the distance to another length (e.g. a ratio to a length of an object detected in a field of view of the LIDAR system), an amount of time (e.g. given as standard unit, arbitrary units or ratio, for example, the time it takes light to travel between the tangible objects), one or more locations (e.g. specified using an agreed coordinate system, specified in relation to a known location), and more.

[032] The LIDAR system may determine the distance between a pair of tangible objects based on reflected light. In one embodiment, the LIDAR system may process detection results of a sensor which creates temporal information indicative of a period of time between the emission of a light signal and the time of its detection by the sensor. The period of time is occasionally referred to as“time of flight” of the light signal. In one example, the light signal may be a short pulse, whose rise and/or fall time may be detected in reception. Using known information about the speed of light in the relevant medium (usually air), the information regarding the time of flight of the light signal can be processed to provide the distance the light signal traveled between emission and detection. In another embodiment, the LIDAR system may determine the distance based on frequency phase-shift (or multiple frequency phase-shift). Specifically, the LIDAR system may process information indicative of one or more modulation phase shifts (e.g. by solving some simultaneous equations to give a final measure) of the light signal. For example, the emitted optical signal may be modulated with one or more constant frequencies. The at least one phase shift of the modulation between the emitted signal and the detected reflection may be indicative of the distance the light traveled between emission and detection. The modulation may be applied to a continuous wave light signal, to a quasi-continuous wave light signal, or to another type of emitted light signal. It is noted that additional information may be used by the LIDAR system for determining the distance, e.g. location information (e.g. relative positions) between the projection location, the detection location of the signal (especially if distanced from one another), and more.

[033] In some embodiments, the LIDAR system may be used for detecting a plurality of objects in an environment of the LIDAR system. The term“detecting an object in an environment of the LIDAR system” broadly includes generating information which is indicative of an object that reflected light toward a detector associated with the LIDAR system. If more than one object is detected by the LIDAR system, the generated information pertaining to different objects may be interconnected, for example a car is driving on a road, a bird is sitting on the tree, a man touches a bicycle, a van moves towards a building. The dimensions of the environment in which the LIDAR system detects objects may vary with respect to implementation. For example, the LIDAR system may be used for detecting a plurality of objects in an environment of a vehicle on which the LIDAR system is installed, up to a horizontal distance of 100m (or 200m, 300m, etc.), and up to a vertical distance of 10m (or 25m, 50m, etc.). In another example, the LIDAR system may be used for detecting a plurality of objects in an environment of a vehicle or within a predefined horizontal range (e.g., 25° , 50°, 100°, 180°, etc.), and up to a predefined vertical elevation (e.g., ±10°, ±20°, +40°-20°, ±90° or 0°-90°). [034] As used herein, the term“detecting an object” may broadly refer to determining an existence of the object (e.g., an object may exist in a certain direction with respect to the LIDAR system and/or to another reference location, or an object may exist in a certain spatial volume). Additionally or alternatively, the term“detecting an object” may refer to determining a distance between the object and another location (e.g. a location of the LIDAR system, a location on earth, or a location of another object). Additionally or alternatively, the term“detecting an object” may refer to identifying the object (e.g. classifying a type of object such as car, plant, tree, road; recognizing a specific object (e.g., the Washington Monument); determining a license plate number; determining a composition of an object (e.g., solid, liquid, transparent, semitransparent); determining a kinematic parameter of an object (e.g., whether it is moving, its velocity, its movement direction, expansion of the object). Additionally or alternatively, the term“detecting an object” may refer to generating a point cloud map in which every point of one or more points of the point cloud map correspond to a location in the object or a location on a face thereof. In one embodiment, the data resolution associated with the point cloud map representation of the field of view may be associated with 0.1°x0.1° or 0.3°x0.3° of the field of view.

[035] Consistent with the present disclosure, the term“object” broadly includes a finite composition of matter that may reflect light from at least a portion thereof. For example, an object may be at least partially solid (e.g. cars, trees); at least partially liquid (e.g. puddles on the road, rain); at least partly gaseous (e.g. fumes, clouds); made from a multitude of distinct particles (e.g. sand storm, fog, spray); and its size may be of one or more scales of magnitude, such as ~1 millimeter (mm), ~5mm, ~10mm, ~50mm, ~100mm, ~500mm, ~1 meter (m), ~5m, ~10m, ~50m, ~100m, and so on. Smaller or larger objects, as well as any size in between those examples, may also be detected. It is noted that for various reasons, the LIDAR system may detect only part of the object. For example, in some cases, light may be reflected from only some sides of the object (e.g., only the side facing the LIDAR system will be detected); in other cases, light may be projected on only part of the object (e.g. laser beam projected onto a road or a building); in other cases, the object may be partly blocked by another object between the LIDAR system and the detected object; in other cases, the LIDAR’ s sensor may only detects light reflected from a portion of the object, e.g., because ambient light or other interferences interfere with detection of some portions of the object.

[036] Consistent with the present disclosure, a LIDAR system may be configured to detect objects by scanning the environment of LIDAR system. The term“scanning the environment of LIDAR system” broadly includes illuminating the field of view or a portion of the field of view of the LIDAR system. In one example, scanning the environment of LIDAR system may be achieved by moving or pivoting a light deflector to deflect light in differing directions toward different parts of the field of view. In another example, scanning the environment of LIDAR system may be achieved by changing a positioning (i.e. location and/or orientation) of a sensor with respect to the field of view. In another example, scanning the environment of LIDAR system may be achieved by changing a positioning (i.e. location and/or orientation) of a light source with respect to the field of view. In yet another example, scanning the environment of LIDAR system may be achieved by changing the positions of at least one light source and of at least one sensor to move rigidly respect to the field of view (i.e. the relative distance and orientation of the at least one sensor and of the at least one light source remains).

[037] As used herein the term“field of view of the LIDAR system” may broadly include an extent of the observable environment of LIDAR system in which objects may be detected. It is noted that the field of view (FOV) of the LIDAR system may be affected by various conditions such as but not limited to: an orientation of the LIDAR system (e.g. is the direction of an optical axis of the LIDAR system); a position of the LIDAR system with respect to the environment (e.g. distance above ground and adjacent topography and obstacles); operational parameters of the LIDAR system (e.g. emission power, computational settings, defined angles of operation), etc. The field of view of LIDAR system may be defined, for example, by a solid angle (e.g. defined using f, Q angles, in which f and Q are angles defined in perpendicular planes, e.g. with respect to symmetry axes of the LIDAR system and/or its FOV). In one example, the field of view may also be defined within a certain range (e.g. up to 200m).

[038] Similarly, the term“instantaneous field of view” may broadly include an extent of the observable environment in which objects may be detected by the LIDAR system at any given moment. For example, for a scanning LIDAR system, the instantaneous field of view is narrower than the entire FOV of the LIDAR system, and it can be moved within the FOV of the LIDAR system in order to enable detection in other parts of the FOV of the LIDAR system. The movement of the instantaneous field of view within the FOV of the LIDAR system may be achieved by moving a light deflector of the LIDAR system (or external to the LIDAR system), so as to deflect beams of light to and/or from the LIDAR system in differing directions. In one embodiment, LIDAR system may be configured to scan scene in the environment in which the LIDAR system is operating. As used herein the term“scene” may broadly include some or all of the objects within the field of view of the LIDAR system, in their relative positions and in their current states, within an operational duration of the LIDAR system. For example, the scene may include ground elements (e.g. earth, roads, grass, sidewalks, road surface marking), sky, man-made objects (e.g. vehicles, buildings, signs), vegetation, people, animals, light projecting elements (e.g. flashlights, sun, other LIDAR systems), and so on.

[039] Disclosed embodiments may involve obtaining information for use in generating reconstructed three-dimensional models. Examples of types of reconstructed three-dimensional models which may be used include point cloud models, and Polygon Mesh (e.g. a triangle mesh). The terms“point cloud” and “point cloud model” are widely known in the art, and should be construed to include a set of data points located spatially in some coordinate system (i.e., having an identifiable location in a space described by a respective coordinate system). The term“point cloud point” refer to a point in space (which may be dimensionless, or a miniature cellular space, e.g. 1 cm ³ ), and whose location may be described by the point cloud model using a set of coordinates (e.g. (C,U,Z), (G,f,q)). By way of example only, the point cloud model may store additional information for some or all of its points (e.g. color information for points generated from camera images). Likewise, any other type of reconstructed three-dimensional model may store additional information for some or all of its objects. Similarly, the terms“polygon mesh” and“triangle mesh” are widely known in the art, and are to be construed to include, among other things, a set of vertices, edges and faces that define the shape of one or more 3D objects (such as a polyhedral object). The faces may include one or more of the following: triangles (triangle mesh), quadrilaterals, or other simple convex polygons, since this may simplify rendering. The faces may also include more general concave polygons, or polygons with holes. Polygon meshes may be represented using differing techniques, such as: Vertex-vertex meshes, Face-vertex meshes, Winged-edge meshes and Render dynamic meshes. Different portions of the polygon mesh (e.g., vertex, face, edge) are located spatially in some coordinate system (i.e., having an identifiable location in a space described by the respective coordinate system), either directly and/or relative to one another. The generation of the reconstructed three-dimensional model may be implemented using any standard, dedicated and/or novel photogrammetry technique, many of which are known in the art. It is noted that other types of models of the environment may be generated by the LIDAR system.

[040] Consistent with disclosed embodiments, the LIDAR system may include at least one projecting unit with a light source configured to project light. As used herein the term“light source” broadly refers to any device configured to emit light. In one embodiment, the light source may be a laser such as a solid- state laser, laser diode, a high power laser, or an alternative light source such as, a light emitting diode (LED)-based light source. In addition, light source 112 as illustrated throughout the figures, may emit light in differing formats, such as light pulses, continuous wave (CW), quasi-CW, and so on. For example, one type of light source that may be used is a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Another type of light source that may be used is an external cavity diode laser (ECDL). In some examples, the light source may include a laser diode configured to emit light at a wavelength between about 650 nm and 1150 nm. Alternatively, the light source may include a laser diode configured to emit light at a wavelength between about 800 nm and about 1000 nm, between about 850 nm and about 950 nm, or between about 1300 nm and about 1600 nm. Unless indicated otherwise, the term“about” with regards to a numeric value is defined as a variance of up to 5% with respect to the stated value. Additional details on the projecting unit and the at least one light source are described below with reference to Figs. 2A-2C.

[041] Consistent with disclosed embodiments, the LIDAR system may include at least one scanning unit with at least one light deflector configured to deflect light from the light source in order to scan the field of view. The term“light deflector” broadly includes any mechanism or module which is configured to make light deviate from its original path; for example, a mirror, a prism, controllable lens, a mechanical mirror, mechanical scanning polygons, active diffraction (e.g. controllable LCD), Risley prisms, non- mechanical-electro-optical beam steering (such as made by Vscent), polarization grating (such as offered by Boulder Non-Linear Systems), optical phased array (OP A), and more. In one embodiment, a light deflector may include a plurality of optical components, such as at least one reflecting element (e.g. a mirror), at least one refracting element (e.g. a prism, a lens), and so on. In one example, the light deflector may be movable, to cause light deviate to differing degrees (e.g. discrete degrees, or over a continuous span of degrees). The light deflector may optionally be controllable in different ways (e.g. deflect to a degree a, change deflection angle by Da, move a component of the light deflector by M millimeters, change speed in which the deflection angle changes). In addition, the light deflector may optionally be operable to change an angle of deflection within a single plane (e.g., Q coordinate). The light deflector may optionally be operable to change an angle of deflection within two non-parallel planes (e.g., Q and f coordinates). Alternatively or in addition, the light deflector may optionally be operable to change an angle of deflection between predetermined settings (e.g. along a predefined scanning route) or otherwise. With respect the use of light deflectors in LIDAR systems, it is noted that a light deflector may be used in the outbound direction (also referred to as transmission direction, or TX) to deflect light from the light source to at least a part of the field of view. However, a light deflector may also be used in the inbound direction (also referred to as reception direction, or RX) to deflect light from at least a part of the field of view to one or more light sensors. Additional details on the scanning unit and the at least one light deflector are described below with reference to Figs. 3A-3C.

[042] Disclosed embodiments may involve pivoting the light deflector in order to scan the field of view. As used herein the term“pivoting” broadly includes rotating of an object (especially a solid object) about one or more axis of rotation, while substantially maintaining a center of rotation fixed. In one embodiment, the pivoting of the light deflector may include rotation of the light deflector about a fixed axis (e.g., a shaft), but this is not necessarily so. For example, in some MEMS mirror implementation, the MEMS mirror may move by actuation of a plurality of benders connected to the mirror, the mirror may experience some spatial translation in addition to rotation. Nevertheless, such mirror may be designed to rotate about a substantially fixed axis, and therefore consistent with the present disclosure it considered to be pivoted. In other embodiments, some types of light deflectors (e.g. non-mechanical-electro-optical beam steering, OP A) do not require any moving components or internal movements in order to change the deflection angles of deflected light. It is noted that any discussion relating to moving or pivoting a light deflector is also mutatis mutandis applicable to controlling the light deflector such that it changes a deflection behavior of the light deflector. For example, controlling the light deflector may cause a change in a deflection angle of beams of light arriving from at least one direction.

[043] Disclosed embodiments may involve receiving reflections associated with a portion of the field of view corresponding to a single instantaneous position of the light deflector. As used herein, the term “instantaneous position of the light deflector” (also referred to as“state of the light deflector”) broadly refers to the location or position in space where at least one controlled component of the light deflector is situated at an instantaneous point in time, or over a short span of time. In one embodiment, the instantaneous position of light deflector may be gauged with respect to a frame of reference. The frame of reference may pertain to at least one fixed point in the LIDAR system. Or, for example, the frame of reference may pertain to at least one fixed point in the scene. In some embodiments, the instantaneous position of the light deflector may include some movement of one or more components of the light deflector (e.g. mirror, prism), usually to a limited degree with respect to the maximal degree of change during a scanning of the field of view. For example, a scanning of the entire the field of view of the LIDAR system may include changing deflection of light over a span of 30°, and the instantaneous position of the at least one light deflector may include angular shifts of the light deflector within 0.05°. In other embodiments, the term“instantaneous position of the light deflector” may refer to the positions of the light deflector during acquisition of light which is processed to provide data for a single point of a point cloud (or another type of 3D model) generated by the LIDAR system. In some embodiments, an instantaneous position of the light deflector may correspond with a fixed position or orientation in which the deflector pauses for a short time during illumination of a particular sub-region of the LIDAR field of view. In other cases, an instantaneous position of the light deflector may correspond with a certain position/orientation along a scanned range of positions/orientations of the light deflector that the light deflector passes through as part of a continuous or semi-continuous scan of the LIDAR field of view. In some embodiments, the light deflector may be moved such that during a scanning cycle of the LIDAR FOV the light deflector is located at a plurality of different instantaneous positions. In other words, during the period of time in which a scanning cycle occurs, the deflector may be moved through a series of different instantaneous positions/orientations, and the deflector may reach each different instantaneous position/orientation at a different time during the scanning cycle.

[044] Consistent with disclosed embodiments, the LIDAR system may include at least one sensing unit with at least one sensor configured to detect reflections from objects in the field of view. The term “sensor” broadly includes any device, element, or system capable of measuring properties (e.g., power, frequency, phase, pulse timing, pulse duration) of electromagnetic waves and to generate an output relating to the measured properties. In some embodiments, the at least one sensor may include a plurality of detectors constructed from a plurality of detecting elements. The at least one sensor may include light sensors of one or more types. It is noted that the at least one sensor may include multiple sensors of the same type which may differ in other characteristics (e.g., sensitivity, size). Other types of sensors may also be used. Combinations of several types of sensors can be used for different reasons, such as improving detection over a span of ranges (especially in close range); improving the dynamic range of the sensor; improving the temporal response of the sensor; and improving detection in varying environmental conditions (e.g. atmospheric temperature, rain, etc.). In one embodiment, the at least one sensor includes a SiPM (Silicon photomultipliers) which is a solid-state single-photon-sensitive device built from an array of avalanche photodiode (APD), single photon avalanche diode (SPAD), serving as detection elements on a common silicon substrate. In one example, a typical distance between SPADs may be between about IOmih and about 50mih, wherein each SPAD may have a recovery time of between about 20ns and about 100ns. Similar photomultipliers from other, non-silicon materials may also be used. Although a SiPM device works in digital/switching mode, the SiPM is an analog device because all the microcells may be read in parallel, making it possible to generate signals within a dynamic range from a single photon to hundreds and thousands of photons detected by the different SPADs. It is noted that outputs from different types of sensors (e.g., SPAD, APD, SiPM, PIN diode, Photodetector) may be combined together to a single output which may be processed by a processor of the LIDAR system. Additional details on the sensing unit and the at least one sensor are described below with reference to Figs. 4A-4C.

[0451 Consistent with disclosed embodiments, the LIDAR system may include or communicate with at least one processor configured to execute differing functions. The at least one processor may constitute any physical device having an electric circuit that performs a logic operation on input or inputs. For example, the at least one processor may include one or more integrated circuits (IC), including

Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), microchips, microcontrollers, microprocessors, all or part of a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), digital signal processor (DSP), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or other circuits suitable for executing instructions or performing logic operations. The instructions executed by at least one processor may, for example, be pre-loaded into a memory integrated with or embedded into the controller or may be stored in a separate memory. The memory may comprise a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a hard disk, an optical disk, a magnetic medium, a flash memory, other permanent, fixed, or volatile memory, or any other mechanism capable of storing instructions. In some embodiments, the memory is configured to store information representative data about objects in the environment of the LIDAR system. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may include more than one processor. Each processor may have a similar construction or the processors may be of differing constructions that are electrically connected or disconnected from each other. For example, the processors may be separate circuits or integrated in a single circuit. When more than one processor is used, the processors may be configured to operate independently or collaboratively. The processors may be coupled electrically, magnetically, optically, acoustically, mechanically or by other means that permit them to interact. Additional details on the processing unit and the at least one processor are described below with reference to Figs. 5A-5C.

System Overview

[046] Fig. 1 A illustrates a LIDAR system 100 including a projecting unit 102, a scanning unit 104, a sensing unit 106, and a processing unit 108. LIDAR system 100 may be mountable on a vehicle 110. Consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure, projecting unit 102 may include at least one light source 112, scanning unit 104 may include at least one light deflector 114, sensing unit 106 may include at least one sensor 116, and processing unit 108 may include at least one processor 118. In one embodiment, at least one processor 118 may be configured to coordinate operation of the at least one light source 112 with the movement of at least one light deflector 114 in order to scan a field of view 120. During a scanning cycle, each instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114 may be associated with a particular portion 122 of field of view 120. In addition, LIDAR system 100 may include at least one optional optical window 124 for directing light projected towards field of view 120 and/or receiving light reflected from objects in field of view 120. Optional optical window 124 may serve different purposes, such as collimation of the projected light and focusing of the reflected light. In one embodiment, optional optical window 124 may be an opening, a flat window, a lens, or any other type of optical window.

[047] Consistent with the present disclosure, LIDAR system 100 may be used in autonomous or semi- autonomous road-vehicles (for example, cars, buses, vans, trucks and any other terrestrial vehicle). Autonomous road- vehicles with LIDAR system 100 may scan their environment and drive to a destination vehicle without human input. Similarly, LIDAR system 100 may also be used in autonomous/semi-autonomous aerial-vehicles (for example, UAV, drones, quadcopters, and any other airborne vehicle or device); or in an autonomous or semi-autonomous water vessel (e.g., boat, ship, submarine, or any other watercraft). Autonomous aerial-vehicles and water craft with LIDAR system 100 may scan their environment and navigate to a destination autonomously or using a remote human operator. According to one embodiment, vehicle 110 (either a road-vehicle, aerial- vehicle, or watercraft) may use LIDAR system 100 to aid in detecting and scanning the environment in which vehicle 110 is operating.

[048] It should be noted that LIDAR system 100 or any of its components may be used together with any of the example embodiments and methods disclosed herein. Further, while some aspects of LIDAR system 100 are described relative to an exemplary vehicle-based LIDAR platform, LIDAR system 100, any of its components, or any of the processes described herein may be applicable to LIDAR systems of other platform types.

[049] In some embodiments, LIDAR system 100 may include one or more scanning units 104 to scan the environment around vehicle 110. LIDAR system 100 may be attached or mounted to any part of vehicle 110. Sensing unit 106 may receive reflections from the surroundings of vehicle 110, and transfer reflection signals indicative of light reflected from objects in field of view 120 to processing unit 108. Consistent with the present disclosure, scanning units 104 may be mounted to or incorporated into a bumper, a fender, a side panel, a spoiler, a roof, a headlight assembly, a taillight assembly, a rear-view mirror assembly, a hood, a trunk or any other suitable part of vehicle 110 capable of housing at least a portion of the LIDAR system. In some cases, LIDAR system 100 may capture a complete surround view of the environment of vehicle 110. Thus, LIDAR system 100 may have a 360-degree horizontal field of view. In one example, as shown in Fig. 1A, LIDAR system 100 may include a single scanning unit 104 mounted on a roof vehicle 110. Alternatively, LIDAR system 100 may include multiple scanning units (e.g., two, three, four, or more scanning units 104) each with a field of few such that in the aggregate the horizontal field of view is covered by a 360-degree scan around vehicle 110. One skilled in the art will appreciate that LIDAR system 100 may include any number of scanning units 104 arranged in any manner, each with an 80° to 120° field of view or less, depending on the number of units employed. Moreover, a 360-degree horizontal field of view may be also obtained by mounting a multiple LIDAR systems 100 on vehicle 110, each with a single scanning unit 104. It is nevertheless noted, that the one or more LIDAR systems 100 do not have to provide a complete 360° field of view, and that narrower fields of view may be useful in some situations. For example, vehicle 110 may require a first LIDAR system 100 having an field of view of 75° looking ahead of the vehicle, and possibly a second LIDAR system 100 with a similar FOV looking backward (optionally with a lower detection range). It is also noted that different vertical field of view angles may also be implemented.

[050] Fig. IB is an image showing an exemplary output from a single scanning cycle of LIDAR system 100 mounted on vehicle 110 consistent with disclosed embodiments. In this example, scanning unit 104 is incorporated into a right headlight assembly of vehicle 110. Every gray dot in the image corresponds to a location in the environment around vehicle 110 determined from reflections detected by sensing unit 106. In addition to location, each gray dot may also be associated with different types of information, for example, intensity (e.g., how much light returns back from that location), reflectivity, proximity to other dots, and more. In one embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may generate a plurality of point-cloud data entries from detected reflections of multiple scanning cycles of the field of view to enable, for example, determining a point cloud model of the environment around vehicle 110.

[051] Fig. 1C is an image showing a representation of the point cloud model determined from the output of LIDAR system 100. Consistent with disclosed embodiments, by processing the generated point- cloud data entries of the environment around vehicle 110, a surround- view image may be produced from the point cloud model. In one embodiment, the point cloud model may be provided to a feature extraction module, which processes the point cloud information to identify a plurality of features. Each feature may include data about different aspects of the point cloud and/or of objects in the environment around vehicle 110 (e.g. cars, trees, people, and roads). Features may have the same resolution of the point cloud model (i.e. having the same number of data points, optionally arranged into similar sized 2D arrays), or may have different resolutions. The features may be stored in any kind of data structure (e.g. raster, vector, 2D array, ID array). In addition, virtual features, such as a representation of vehicle 110, border lines, or bounding boxes separating regions or objects in the image (e.g., as depicted in Fig. IB), and icons representing one or more identified objects, may be overlaid on the representation of the point cloud model to form the final surround-view image. For example, a symbol of vehicle 110 may be overlaid at a center of the surround-view image.

The Projecting Unit

[052] Figs. 2A-2G depict various configurations of projecting unit 102 and its role in FIDAR system 100. Specifically, Fig. 2A is a diagram illustrating projecting unit 102 with a single light source; Fig. 2B is a diagram illustrating a plurality of projecting units 102 with a plurality of light sources aimed at a common light deflector 114; Fig. 2C is a diagram illustrating projecting unit 102 with a primary and a secondary light sources 112; Fig. 2D is a diagram illustrating an asymmetrical deflector used in some configurations of projecting unit 102; Fig. 2E is a diagram illustrating a first configuration of a non- scanning LIDAR system; Fig. 2F is a diagram illustrating a second configuration of a non-scanning LIDAR system; and Fig. 2G is a diagram illustrating a LIDAR system that scans in the outbound direction and does not scan in the inbound direction. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the depicted configurations of projecting unit 102 may have numerous variations and modifications.

[053] Fig. 2A illustrates an example of a bi-static configuration of LIDAR system 100 in which projecting unit 102 includes a single light source 112. The term“bi-static configuration” broadly refers to LIDAR systems configurations in which the projected light exiting the LIDAR system and the reflected light entering the LIDAR system pass through substantially different optical paths. In some embodiments, a bi-static configuration of LIDAR system 100 may include a separation of the optical paths by using completely different optical components, by using parallel but not fully separated optical components, or by using the same optical components for only part of the of the optical paths (optical components may include, for example, windows, lenses, mirrors, beam splitters, etc.). In the example depicted in Lig. 2A, the bi-static configuration includes a configuration where the outbound light and the inbound light pass through a single optical window 124 but scanning unit 104 includes two light deflectors, a first light deflector 114 A for outbound light and a second light deflector 114B for inbound light (the inbound light in LIDAR system includes emitted light reflected from objects in the scene, and may also include ambient light arriving from other sources). In the examples depicted in Ligs. 2E and 2G, the bi-static configuration includes a configuration where the outbound light passes through a first optical window 124 A, and the inbound light passes through a second optical window 124B. In all the example configurations above, the inbound and outbound optical paths differ from one another.

[054] In this embodiment, all the components of LIDAR system 100 may be contained within a single housing 200, or may be divided among a plurality of housings. As shown, projecting unit 102 is associated with a single light source 112 that includes a laser diode 202A (or one or more laser diodes coupled together) configured to emit light (projected light 204). In one non-limiting example, the light projected by light source 112 may be at a wavelength between about 800 nm and 950 nm, have an average power between about 50 mW and about 500 mW, have a peak power between about 50 W and about 200 W, and a pulse width of between about 2 ns and about 100 ns. In addition, light source 112 may optionally be associated with optical assembly 202B used for manipulation of the light emitted by laser diode 202A (e.g. for collimation, focusing, etc.). It is noted that other types of light sources 112 may be used, and that the disclosure is not restricted to laser diodes. In addition, light source 112 may emit its light in different formats, such as light pulses, frequency modulated, continuous wave (CW), quasi-CW, or any other form corresponding to the particular light source employed. The projection format and other parameters may be changed by the light source from time to time based on different factors, such as instructions from processing unit 108. The projected light is projected towards an outbound deflector 114A that functions as a steering element for directing the projected light in field of view 120. In this example, scanning unit 104 also include a pivotable return deflector 114B that direct photons (reflected light 206) reflected back from an object 208 within field of view 120 toward sensor 116. The reflected light is detected by sensor 116 and information about the object (e.g., the distance to object 212) is determined by processing unit 108.

[055] In this figure, LIDAR system 100 is connected to a host 210. Consistent with the present disclosure, the term“host” refers to any computing environment that may interface with LIDAR system 100, it may be a vehicle system (e.g., part of vehicle 110), a testing system, a security system, a surveillance system, a traffic control system, an urban modelling system, or any system that monitors its surroundings. Such computing environment may include at least one processor and/or may be connected LIDAR system 100 via the cloud. In some embodiments, host 210 may also include interfaces to external devices such as camera and sensors configured to measure different characteristics of host 210 (e.g., acceleration, steering wheel deflection, reverse drive, etc.). Consistent with the present disclosure,

LIDAR system 100 may be fixed to a stationary object associated with host 210 (e.g. a building, a tripod) or to a portable system associated with host 210 (e.g., a portable computer, a movie camera). Consistent with the present disclosure, LIDAR system 100 may be connected to host 210, to provide outputs of LIDAR system 100 (e.g., a 3D model, a reflectivity image) to host 210. Specifically, host 210 may use LIDAR system 100 to aid in detecting and scanning the environment of host 210 or any other environment. In addition, host 210 may integrate, synchronize or otherwise use together the outputs of LIDAR system 100 with outputs of other sensing systems (e.g. cameras, microphones, radar systems). In one example, LIDAR system 100 may be used by a security system.

[056] LIDAR system 100 may also include a bus 212 (or other communication mechanisms) that interconnect subsystems and components for transferring information within LIDAR system 100.

Optionally, bus 212 (or another communication mechanism) may be used for interconnecting LIDAR system 100 with host 210. In the example of Fig. 2A, processing unit 108 includes two processors 118 to regulate the operation of projecting unit 102, scanning unit 104, and sensing unit 106 in a coordinated manner based, at least partially, on information received from internal feedback of LIDAR system 100. In other words, processing unit 108 may be configured to dynamically operate LIDAR system 100 in a closed loop. A closed loop system is characterized by having feedback from at least one of the elements and updating one or more parameters based on the received feedback. Moreover, a closed loop system may receive feedback and update its own operation, at least partially, based on that feedback. A dynamic system or element is one that may be updated during operation.

[057] According to some embodiments, scanning the environment around LIDAR system 100 may include illuminating field of view 120 with light pulses. The light pulses may have parameters such as: pulse duration, pulse angular dispersion, wavelength, instantaneous power, photon density at different distances from light source 112, average power, pulse power intensity, pulse width, pulse repetition rate, pulse sequence, pulse duty cycle, wavelength, phase, polarization, and more. Scanning the environment around LIDAR system 100 may also include detecting and characterizing various aspects of the reflected light. Characteristics of the reflected light may include, for example: time-of-flight (i.e., time from emission until detection), instantaneous power (e.g., power signature), average power across entire return pulse, and photon distribution/signal over return pulse period. By comparing characteristics of a light pulse with characteristics of corresponding reflections, a distance and possibly a physical characteristic, such as reflected intensity of object 212 may be estimated. By repeating this process across multiple adjacent portions 122, in a predefined pattern (e.g., raster, Lissajous or other patterns) an entire scan of field of view 120 may be achieved. As discussed below in greater detail, in some situations LIDAR system 100 may direct light to only some of the portions 122 in field of view 120 at every scanning cycle. These portions may be adjacent to each other, but not necessarily so.

[058] In another embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may include network interface 214 for

communicating with host 210 (e.g., a vehicle controller). The communication between LIDAR system 100 and host 210 is represented by a dashed arrow. In one embodiment, network interface 214 may include an integrated service digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem, satellite modem, or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, network interface 214 may include a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. In another embodiment, network interface 214 may include an Ethernet port connected to radio frequency receivers and transmitters and/or optical (e.g., infrared) receivers and transmitters. The specific design and implementation of network interface 214 depends on the communications network(s) over which LIDAR system 100 and host 210 are intended to operate. For example, network interface 214 may be used, for example, to provide outputs of LIDAR system 100 to the external system, such as a 3D model, operational parameters of LIDAR system 100, and so on. In other embodiment, the communication unit may be used, for example, to receive instructions from the external system, to receive information regarding the inspected environment, to receive information from another sensor, etc.

[059] Fig. 2B illustrates an example of a monostatic configuration of FIDAR system 100 including a plurality projecting units 102. The term“monostatic configuration” broadly refers to FIDAR system configurations in which the projected light exiting from the FIDAR system and the reflected light entering the FIDAR system pass through substantially similar optical paths. In one example, the outbound light beam and the inbound light beam may share at least one optical assembly through which both outbound and inbound light beams pass. In another example, the outbound light may pass through an optical window (not shown) and the inbound light radiation may pass through the same optical window.

A monostatic configuration may include a configuration where the scanning unit 104 includes a single light deflector 114 that directs the projected light towards field of view 120 and directs the reflected light towards a sensor 116. As shown, both projected light 204 and reflected light 206 hits an asymmetrical deflector 216. The term“asymmetrical deflector” refers to any optical device having two sides capable of deflecting a beam of light hitting it from one side in a different direction than it deflects a beam of light hitting it from the second side. In one example, the asymmetrical deflector does not deflect projected light 204 and deflects reflected light 206 towards sensor 116. One example of an asymmetrical deflector may include a polarization beam splitter. In another example, asymmetrical 216 may include an optical isolator that allows the passage of light in only one direction. A diagrammatic representation of asymmetrical deflector 216 is illustrated in Fig. 2D. Consistent with the present disclosure, a monostatic configuration of LIDAR system 100 may include an asymmetrical deflector to prevent reflected light from hitting light source 112, and to direct all the reflected light toward sensor 116, thereby increasing detection sensitivity.

[060] In the embodiment of Fig. 2B, LIDAR system 100 includes three projecting units 102 each with a single of light source 112 aimed at a common light deflector 114. In one embodiment, the plurality of light sources 112 (including two or more light sources) may project light with substantially the same wavelength and each light source 112 is generally associated with a differing area of the field of view (denoted in the figure as 120A, 120B, and 120C). This enables scanning of a broader field of view than can be achieved with a light source 112. In another embodiment, the plurality of light sources 112 may project light with differing wavelengths, and all the light sources 112 may be directed to the same portion (or overlapping portions) of field of view 120.

[061] Fig. 2C illustrates an example of LIDAR system 100 in which projecting unit 102 includes a primary light source 112A and a secondary light source 112B. Primary light source 112 A may project light with a longer wavelength than is sensitive to the human eye in order to optimize SNR and detection range. For example, primary light source 112A may project light with a wavelength between about 750 nm and 1100 nm. In contrast, secondary light source 112B may project light with a wavelength visible to the human eye. For example, secondary light source 112B may project light with a wavelength between about 400 nm and 700 nm. In one embodiment, secondary light source 112B may project light along substantially the same optical path the as light projected by primary light source 112A. Both light sources may be time-synchronized and may project light emission together or in interleaved pattern. An interleave pattern means that the light sources are not active at the same time which may mitigate mutual interference. A person who is of skill in the art would readily see that other combinations of wavelength ranges and activation schedules may also be implemented.

[062] Consistent with some embodiments, secondary light source 112B may cause human eyes to blink when it is too close to the LIDAR optical output port. This may ensure an eye safety mechanism not feasible with typical laser sources that utilize the near-infrared light spectrum. In another embodiment, secondary light source 112B may be used for calibration and reliability at a point of service, in a manner somewhat similar to the calibration of headlights with a special reflector/pattern at a certain height from the ground with respect to vehicle 110. An operator at a point of service could examine the calibration of the LIDAR by simple visual inspection of the scanned pattern over a featured target such a test pattern board at a designated distance from LIDAR system 100. In addition, secondary light source 112B may provide means for operational confidence that the LIDAR is working for the end-user. For example, the system may be configured to permit a human to place a hand in front of light deflector 114 to test its operation.

[063] Secondary light source 112B may also have a non-visible element that can double as a backup system in case primary light source 112A fails. This feature may be useful for fail-safe devices with elevated functional safety ratings. Given that secondary light source 112B may be visible and also due to reasons of cost and complexity, secondary light source 112B may be associated with a smaller power compared to primary light source 112 A. Therefore, in case of a failure of primary light source 112 A, the system functionality will fall back to secondary light source 112B set of functionalities and capabilities. While the capabilities of secondary light source 112B may be inferior to the capabilities of primary light source 112A, LIDAR system 100 system may be designed in such a fashion to enable vehicle 110 to safely arrive its destination.

[064] Fig. 2D illustrates asymmetrical deflector 216 that may be part of LIDAR system 100. In the illustrated example, asymmetrical deflector 216 includes a reflective surface 218 (such as a mirror) and a one-way deflector 220. While not necessarily so, asymmetrical deflector 216 may optionally be a static deflector. Asymmetrical deflector 216 may be used in a monostatic configuration of LIDAR system 100, in order to allow a common optical path for transmission and for reception of light via the at least one deflector 114, e.g. as illustrated in Figs. 2B and 2C. However, typical asymmetrical deflectors such as beam splitters are characterized by energy losses, especially in the reception path, which may be more sensitive to power loses than the transmission path.

[065] As depicted in Fig. 2D, LIDAR system 100 may include asymmetrical deflector 216 positioned in the transmission path, which includes one-way deflector 220 for separating between the transmitted and received light signals. Optionally, one-way deflector 220 may be substantially transparent to the transmission light and substantially reflective to the received light. The transmitted light is generated by projecting unit 102 and may travel through one-way deflector 220 to scanning unit 104 which deflects it towards the optical outlet. The received light arrives through the optical inlet, to the at least one deflecting element 114, which deflects the reflection signal into a separate path away from the light source and towards sensing unit 106. Optionally, asymmetrical deflector 216 may be combined with a polarized light source 112 which is linearly polarized with the same polarization axis as one-way deflector 220. Notably, the cross-section of the outbound light beam is much smaller than that of the reflection signals.

Accordingly, LIDAR system 100 may include one or more optical components (e.g. lens, collimator) for focusing or otherwise manipulating the emitted polarized light beam to the dimensions of the asymmetrical deflector 216. In one embodiment, one-way deflector 220 may be a polarizing beam splitter that is virtually transparent to the polarized light beam.

[066] Consistent with some embodiments, LIDAR system 100 may further include optics 222 (e.g., a quarter wave plate retarder) for modifying a polarization of the emitted light. For example, optics 222 may modify a linear polarization of the emitted light beam to circular polarization. Light reflected back to system 100 from the field of view would arrive back through deflector 114 to optics 222, bearing a circular polarization with a reversed handedness with respect to the transmitted light. Optics 222 would then convert the received reversed handedness polarization light to a linear polarization that is not on the same axis as that of the polarized beam splitter 216. As noted above, the received light-patch is larger than the transmitted light-patch, due to optical dispersion of the beam traversing through the distance to the target.

[067] Some of the received light will impinge on one-way deflector 220 that will reflect the light towards sensing unit 106 with some power loss. However, another part of the received patch of light will fall on a reflective surface 218 which surrounds one-way deflector 220 (e.g., polarizing beam splitter slit). Reflective surface 218 will reflect the light towards sensing unit 106 with substantially zero power loss. One-way deflector 220 would reflect light that is composed of various polarization axes and directions that will eventually arrive at the detector. Optionally, sensing unit 106 may include sensor 116 that is agnostic to the laser polarization, and is primarily sensitive to the amount of impinging photons at a certain wavelength range.

[068] It is noted that the proposed asymmetrical deflector 216 provides far superior performances when compared to a simple mirror with a passage hole in it. In a mirror with a hole, all of the reflected light which reaches the hole is lost to the detector. However, in deflector 216, one-way deflector 220 deflects a significant portion of that light (e.g., about 50%) toward the respective sensor 116. In LIDAR systems, the number photons reaching the LIDAR from remote distances is very limited, and therefore the improvement in photon capture rate is important.

[069] According to some embodiments, a device for beam splitting and steering is described. A polarized beam may be emitted from a light source having a first polarization. The emitted beam may be directed to pass through a polarized beam splitter assembly. The polarized beam splitter assembly includes on a first side a one-directional slit and on an opposing side a mirror. The one-directional slit enables the polarized emitted beam to travel toward a quarter-wave-plate/wave-retarder which changes the emitted signal from a polarized signal to a linear signal (or vice versa) so that subsequently reflected beams cannot travel through the one-directional slit.

[070] Fig. 2E shows an example of a bi-static configuration of LIDAR system 100 without scanning unit 104. In order to illuminate an entire field of view (or substantially the entire field of view) without deflector 114, projecting unit 102 may optionally include an array of light sources (e.g., 112A-112F). In one embodiment, the array of light sources may include a linear array of light sources controlled by processor 118. For example, processor 118 may cause the linear array of light sources to sequentially project collimated laser beams towards first optional optical window 124 A. First optional optical window 124A may include a diffuser lens for spreading the projected light and sequentially forming wide horizontal and narrow vertical beams. Optionally, some or all of the at least one light source 112 of system 100 may project light concurrently. For example, processor 118 may cause the array of light sources to simultaneously project light beams from a plurality of non-adjacent light sources 112. In the depicted example, light source 112 A, light source 112D, and light source 112F simultaneously project laser beams towards first optional optical window 124A thereby illuminating the field of view with three narrow vertical beams. The light beam from fourth light source 112D may reach an object in the field of view. The light reflected from the object may be captured by second optical window 124B and may be redirected to sensor 116. The configuration depicted in Fig. 2E is considered to be a bi-static configuration because the optical paths of the projected light and the reflected light are substantially different. It is noted that projecting unit 102 may also include a plurality of light sources 112 arranged in non-linear configurations, such as a two dimensional array, in hexagonal tiling, or in any other way.

[071 ] Fig. 2F illustrates an example of a monostatic configuration of LIDAR system 100 without scanning unit 104. Similar to the example embodiment represented in Fig. 2E, in order to illuminate an entire field of view without deflector 114, projecting unit 102 may include an array of light sources (e.g.,

112A-112F). But, in contrast to Fig. 2E, this configuration of LIDAR system 100 may include a single optical window 124 for both the projected light and for the reflected light. Using asymmetrical deflector 216, the reflected light may be redirected to sensor 116. The configuration depicted in Fig. 2E is considered to be a monostatic configuration because the optical paths of the projected light and the reflected light are substantially similar to one another. The term“substantially similar” in the context of the optical paths of the projected light and the reflected light means that the overlap between the two optical paths may be more than 80%, more than 85%, more than 90%, or more than 95%.

[072] Fig. 2G illustrates an example of a bi-static configuration of LIDAR system 100. The configuration of LIDAR system 100 in this figure is similar to the configuration shown in Fig. 2A. For example, both configurations include a scanning unit 104 for directing projected light in the outbound direction toward the field of view. But, in contrast to the embodiment of Fig. 2A, in this configuration, scanning unit 104 does not redirect the reflected light in the inbound direction. Instead the reflected light passes through second optical window 124B and enters sensor 116. The configuration depicted in Fig. 2G is considered to be a bi-static configuration because the optical paths of the projected light and the reflected light are substantially different from one another. The term“substantially different” in the context of the optical paths of the projected light and the reflected light means that the overlap between the two optical paths may be less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, or less than 0.25%. The Scanning Unit

[073] Figs. 3A-3D depict various configurations of scanning unit 104 and its role in LIDAR system 100. Specifically, Fig. 3A is a diagram illustrating scanning unit 104 with a MEMS mirror (e.g., square shaped), Fig. 3B is a diagram illustrating another scanning unit 104 with a MEMS mirror (e.g., round shaped), Fig. 3C is a diagram illustrating scanning unit 104 with an array of reflectors used for monostatic scanning LIDAR system, and Fig. 3D is a diagram illustrating an example LIDAR system 100 that mechanically scans the environment around LIDAR system 100. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the depicted configurations of scanning unit 104 are exemplary only, and may have numerous variations and modifications within the scope of this disclosure.

[074] Fig. 3A illustrates an example scanning unit 104 with a single axis square MEMS mirror 300. In this example MEMS mirror 300 functions as at least one deflector 114. As shown, scanning unit 104 may include one or more actuators 302 (specifically, 302A and 302B). In one embodiment, actuator 302 may be made of semiconductor (e.g., silicon) and includes a piezoelectric layer (e.g. PZT, Lead zirconate titanate, aluminum nitride), which changes its dimension in response to electric signals applied by an actuation controller, a semi conductive layer, and a base layer. In one embodiment, the physical properties of actuator 302 may determine the mechanical stresses that actuator 302 experiences when electrical current passes through it. When the piezoelectric material is activated it exerts force on actuator 302 and causes it to bend. In one embodiment, the resistivity of one or more actuators 302 may be measured in an active state (Ractive) when mirror 300 is deflected at a certain angular position and compared to the resistivity at a resting state (Rrest). Feedback including Ractive may provide information to determine the actual mirror deflection angle compared to an expected angle, and, if needed, mirror 300 deflection may be corrected. The difference between Rrest and Ractive may be correlated by a mirror drive into an angular deflection value that may serve to close the loop. This embodiment may be used for dynamic tracking of the actual mirror position and may optimize response, amplitude, deflection efficiency, and frequency for both linear mode and resonant mode MEMS mirror schemes. This embodiment is described in greater detail below with reference to Figs. 32-34.

[075] During scanning, current (represented in the figure as the dashed line) may flow from contact 304A to contact 304B (through actuator 302A, spring 306A, mirror 300, spring 306B, and actuator 302B). Isolation gaps in semiconducting frame 308 such as isolation gap 310 may cause actuator 302 A and 302B to be two separate islands connected electrically through springs 306 and frame 308. The current flow, or any associated electrical parameter (voltage, current frequency, capacitance, relative dielectric constant, etc.), may be monitored by an associated position feedback. In case of a mechanical failure - where one of the components is damaged- the current flow through the structure would alter and change from its functional calibrated values. At an extreme situation (for example, when a spring is broken), the current would stop completely due to a circuit break in the electrical chain by means of a faulty element. [076] Fig. 3B illustrates another example scanning unit 104 with a dual axis round MEMS mirror 300. In this example MEMS mirror 300 functions as at least one deflector 114. In one embodiment, MEMS mirror 300 may have a diameter of between about 1 mm to about 5mm. As shown, scanning unit 104 may include four actuators 302 (302A, 302B, 302C, and 302D) each may be at a differing length. In the illustrated example, the current (represented in the figure as the dashed line) flows from contact 304A to contact 304D, but in other cases current may flow from contact 304A to contact 304B, from contact 304A to contact 304C, from contact 304B to contact 304C, from contact 304B to contact 304D, or from contact 304C to contact 304D. Consistent with some embodiments, a dual axis MEMS mirror may be configured to deflect light in a horizontal direction and in a vertical direction. For example, the angles of deflection of a dual axis MEMS mirror may be between about 0° to 30° in the vertical direction and between about 0° to 50° in the horizontal direction. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the depicted configuration of mirror 300 may have numerous variations and modifications. In one example, at least of deflector 114 may have a dual axis square-shaped mirror or single axis round-shaped mirror. Examples of round and square mirror are depicted in Fig. 3A and 3B as examples only. Any shape may be employed depending on system specifications. In one embodiment, actuators 302 may be incorporated as an integral part of at least of deflector 114, such that power to move MEMS mirror 300 is applied directly towards it. In addition, MEMS mirror 300 may be connected to frame 308 by one or more rigid supporting elements. In another embodiment, at least of deflector 114 may include an electrostatic or electromagnetic MEMS mirror.

[077] As described above, a monostatic scanning LIDAR system utilizes at least a portion of the same optical path for emitting projected light 204 and for receiving reflected light 206. The light beam in the outbound path may be collimated and focused into a narrow beam while the reflections in the return path spread into a larger patch of light, due to dispersion. In one embodiment, scanning unit 104 may have a large reflection area in the return path and asymmetrical deflector 216 that redirects the reflections (i.e., reflected light 206) to sensor 116. In one embodiment, scanning unit 104 may include a MEMS mirror with a large reflection area and negligible impact on the field of view and the frame rate performance. Additional details about the asymmetrical deflector 216 are provided below with reference to Fig. 2D.

[078] In some embodiments (e.g. as exemplified in Fig. 3C), scanning unit 104 may include a deflector array (e.g. a reflector array) with small light deflectors (e.g. mirrors). In one embodiment, implementing light deflector 114 as a group of smaller individual light deflectors working in synchronization may allow light deflector 114 to perform at a high scan rate with larger angles of deflection. The deflector array may essentially act as a large light deflector (e.g. a large mirror) in terms of effective area. The deflector array may be operated using a shared steering assembly configuration that allows sensor 116 to collect reflected photons from substantially the same portion of field of view 120 being concurrently illuminated by light source 112. The term“concurrently” means that the two selected functions occur during coincident or overlapping time periods, either where one begins and ends during the duration of the other, or where a later one starts before the completion of the other.

[079] Fig. 3C illustrates an example of scanning unit 104 with a reflector array 312 having small mirrors. In this embodiment, reflector array 312 functions as at least one deflector 114. Reflector array 312 may include a plurality of reflector units 314 configured to pivot (individually or together) and steer light pulses toward field of view 120. For example, reflector array 312 may be a part of an outbound path of light projected from light source 112. Specifically, reflector array 312 may direct projected light 204 towards a portion of field of view 120. Reflector array 312 may also be part of a return path for light reflected from a surface of an object located within an illumined portion of field of view 120.

Specifically, reflector array 312 may direct reflected light 206 towards sensor 116 or towards asymmetrical deflector 216. In one example, the area of reflector array 312 may be between about 75 to about 150 mm ² , where each reflector units 314 may have a width of about I Omhi and the supporting structure may be lower than I OOmhi.

[080] According to some embodiments, reflector array 312 may include one or more sub-groups of steerable deflectors. Each sub-group of electrically steerable deflectors may include one or more deflector units, such as reflector unit 314. For example, each steerable deflector unit 314 may include at least one of a MEMS mirror, a reflective surface assembly, and an electromechanical actuator. In one embodiment, each reflector unit 314 may be individually controlled by an individual processor (not shown), such that it may tilt towards a specific angle along each of one or two separate axes. Alternatively, reflector array 312 may be associated with a common controller (e.g., processor 118) configured to synchronously manage the movement of reflector units 314 such that at least part of them will pivot concurrently and point in approximately the same direction.

[081] In addition, at least one processor 118 may select at least one reflector unit 314 for the outbound path (referred to hereinafter as“TX Mirror”) and a group of reflector units 314 for the return path (referred to hereinafter as“RX Mirror”). Consistent with the present disclosure, increasing the number of TX Mirrors may increase a reflected photons beam spread. Additionally, decreasing the number of RX Mirrors may narrow the reception field and compensate for ambient light conditions (such as clouds, rain, fog, extreme heat, and other environmental conditions) and improve the signal to noise ratio. Also, as indicated above, the emitted light beam is typically narrower than the patch of reflected light, and therefore can be fully deflected by a small portion of the deflection array. Moreover, it is possible to block light reflected from the portion of the deflection array used for transmission (e.g. the TX mirror) from reaching sensor 116, thereby reducing an effect of internal reflections of the LIDAR system 100 on system operation. In addition, at least one processor 118 may pivot one or more reflector units 314 to overcome mechanical impairments and drifts due, for example, to thermal and gain effects. In an example, one or more reflector units 314 may move differently than intended (frequency, rate, speed etc.) and their movement may be compensated for by electrically controlling the deflectors appropriately. [082] Fig. 3D illustrates an exemplary LIDAR system 100 that mechanically scans the environment of LIDAR system 100. In this example, LIDAR system 100 may include a motor or other mechanisms for rotating housing 200 about the axis of the LIDAR system 100. Alternatively, the motor (or other mechanism) may mechanically rotate a rigid structure of LIDAR system 100 on which one or more light sources 112 and one or more sensors 116 are installed, thereby scanning the environment. As described above, projecting unit 102 may include at least one light source 112 configured to project light emission. The projected light emission may travel along an outbound path towards field of view 120. Specifically, the projected light emission may be reflected by deflector 114A through an exit aperture 314 when projected light 204 travel towards optional optical window 124. The reflected light emission may travel along a return path from object 208 towards sensing unit 106. For example, the reflected light 206 may be reflected by deflector 114B when reflected light 206 travels towards sensing unit 106. A person skilled in the art would appreciate that a LIDAR system with a rotation mechanism for synchronically rotating one or more light sources or one or more sensors, may use this synchronized rotation instead of (or in addition to) steering an internal light deflector.

[083] In embodiments in which the scanning of field of view 120 is mechanical, the projected light emission may be directed to exit aperture 314 that is part of a wall 316 separating projecting unit 102 from other parts of LIDAR system 100. In some examples, wall 316 can be formed from a transparent material (e.g., glass) coated with a reflective material to form deflector 114B. In this example, exit aperture 314 may correspond to the portion of wall 316 that is not coated by the reflective material. Additionally or alternatively, exit aperture 314 may include a hole or cut-away in the wall 316. Reflected light 206 may be reflected by deflector 114B and directed towards an entrance aperture 318 of sensing unit 106. In some examples, an entrance aperture 318 may include a filtering window configured to allow wavelengths in a certain wavelength range to enter sensing unit 106 and attenuate other wavelengths. The reflections of object 208 from field of view 120 may be reflected by deflector 114B and hit sensor 116.

By comparing several properties of reflected light 206 with projected light 204, at least one aspect of object 208 may be determined. For example, by comparing a time when projected light 204 was emitted by light source 112 and a time when sensor 116 received reflected light 206, a distance between object 208 and LIDAR system 100 may be determined. In some examples, other aspects of object 208, such as shape, color, material, etc. may also be determined.

[084] In some examples, the LIDAR system 100 (or part thereof, including at least one light source 112 and at least one sensor 116) may be rotated about at least one axis to determine a three-dimensional map of the surroundings of the LIDAR system 100. For example, the LIDAR system 100 may be rotated about a substantially vertical axis as illustrated by arrow 320 in order to scan field of 120. Although Fig. 3D illustrates that the LIDAR system 100 is rotated clock-wise about the axis as illustrated by the arrow 320, additionally or alternatively, the LIDAR system 100 may be rotated in a counter clockwise direction. In some examples, the LIDAR system 100 may be rotated 360 degrees about the vertical axis. In other examples, the LIDAR system 100 may be rotated back and forth along a sector smaller than 360-degree of the LIDAR system 100. For example, the LIDAR system 100 may be mounted on a platform that wobbles back and forth about the axis without making a complete rotation.

The Sensing Unit

[085] Figs. 4A-4E depict various configurations of sensing unit 106 and its role in LIDAR system 100. Specifically, Fig. 4A is a diagram illustrating an example sensing unit 106 with a detector array, Fig. 4B is a diagram illustrating monostatic scanning using a two-dimensional sensor, Fig. 4C is a diagram illustrating an example of a two-dimensional sensor 116, Fig. 4D is a diagram illustrating a lens array associated with sensor 116, and Fig. 4E includes three diagram illustrating the lens structure. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the depicted configurations of sensing unit 106 are exemplary only and may have numerous alternative variations and modifications consistent with the principles of this disclosure.

[086] Fig. 4 A illustrates an example of sensing unit 106 with detector array 400. In this example, at least one sensor 116 includes detector array 400. LIDAR system 100 is configured to detect objects (e.g., bicycle 208 A and cloud 208) in field of view 120 located at different distances from LIDAR system 100 (could be meters or more). Objects 208 may be a solid object (e.g. a road, a tree, a car, a person), fluid object (e.g. fog, water, atmosphere particles), or object of another type (e.g. dust or a powdery illuminated object). When the photons emitted from light source 112 hit object 208 they either reflect, refract, or get absorbed. Typically, as shown in the figure, only a portion of the photons reflected from object 208A enters optional optical window 124. As each ~15 cm change in distance results in a travel time difference of 1 ns (since the photons travel at the speed of light to and from object 208), the time differences between the travel times of different photons hitting the different objects may be detectable by a time-of- flight sensor with sufficiently quick response.

[087] Sensor 116 includes a plurality of detection elements 402 for detecting photons of a photonic pulse reflected back from field of view 120. The detection elements may all be included in detector array 400, which may have a rectangular arrangement (e.g. as shown) or any other arrangement. Detection elements 402 may operate concurrently or partially concurrently with each other. Specifically, each detection element 402 may issue detection information for every sampling duration (e.g. every 1 nanosecond). In one example, detector array 400 may be a SiPM (Silicon photomultipliers) which is a solid-state single-photon-sensitive device built from an array of single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs, serving as detection elements 402) on a common silicon substrate. Similar photomultipliers from other, non-silicon materials may also be used. Although a SiPM device works in digital/switching mode, the SiPM is an analog device because all the microcells are read in parallel, making it possible to generate signals within a dynamic range from a single photon to hundreds and thousands of photons detected by the different SPADs. As mentioned above, more than one type of sensor may be implemented (e.g. SiPM and APD). Possibly, sensing unit 106 may include at least one APD integrated into an SiPM array and/or at least one APD detector located next to a SiPM on a separate or common silicon substrate. [088] In one embodiment, detection elements 402 may be grouped into a plurality of regions 404. The regions are geometrical locations or environments within sensor 116 (e.g. within detector array 400) - and may be shaped in different shapes (e.g. rectangular as shown, squares, rings, and so on, or in any other shape). While not all of the individual detectors, which are included within the geometrical area of a region 404, necessarily belong to that region, in most cases they will not belong to other regions 404 covering other areas of the sensor 310 - unless some overlap is desired in the seams between regions. As illustrated in Fig. 4A, the regions may be non-overlapping regions 404, but alternatively, they may overlap. Every region may be associated with a regional output circuitry 406 associated with that region. The regional output circuitry 406 may provide a region output signal of a corresponding group of detection elements 402. For example, the region of output circuitry 406 may be a summing circuit, but other forms of combined output of the individual detector into a unitary output (whether scalar, vector, or any other format) may be employed. Optionally, each region 404 is a single SiPM, but this is not necessarily so, and a region may be a sub-portion of a single SiPM, a group of several SiPMs, or even a combination of different types of detectors.

[089] In the illustrated example, processing unit 108 is located at a separated housing 200B (within or outside) host 210 (e.g. within vehicle 110), and sensing unit 106 may include a dedicated processor 408 for analyzing the reflected light. Alternatively, processing unit 108 may be used for analyzing reflected light 206. It is noted that LIDAR system 100 may be implemented multiple housings in other ways than the illustrated example. For example, light deflector 114 may be located in a different housing than projecting unit 102 and/or sensing module 106. In one embodiment, FIDAR system 100 may include multiple housings connected to each other in different ways, such as: electric wire connection, wireless connection (e.g., RF connection), fiber optics cable, and any combination of the above.

[090] In one embodiment, analyzing reflected light 206 may include determining a time of flight for reflected light 206, based on outputs of individual detectors of different regions. Optionally, processor 408 may be configured to determine the time of flight for reflected light 206 based on the plurality of regions of output signals. In addition to the time of flight, processing unit 108 may analyze reflected light 206 to determine the average power across an entire return pulse, and the photon distribution/signal may be determined over the return pulse period (“pulse shape”)- In the illustrated example, the outputs of any detection elements 402 may not be transmitted directly to processor 408, but rather combined (e.g.

summed) with signals of other detectors of the region 404 before being passed to processor 408.

However, this is only an example and the circuitry of sensor 116 may transmit information from a detection element 402 to processor 408 via other routes (not via a region output circuitry 406).

[091] Fig. 4B is a diagram illustrating FIDAR system 100 configured to scan the environment of FIDAR system 100 using a two-dimensional sensor 116. In the example of Fig. 4B, sensor 116 is a matrix of 4X6 detectors 410 (also referred to as“pixels”). In one embodiment, a pixel size may be about lxlmm. Sensor 116 is two-dimensional in the sense that it has more than one set (e.g. row, column) of detectors 410 in two non-parallel axes (e.g. orthogonal axes, as exemplified in the illustrated examples). The number of detectors 410 in sensor 116 may vary between differing implementations, e.g. depending on the desired resolution, signal to noise ratio (SNR), desired detection distance, and so on. For example, sensor 116 may have anywhere between 5 and 5,000 pixels. In another example (not shown in the figure) Also, sensor 116 may be a one-dimensional matrix (e.g. 1X8 pixels).

[092] It is noted that each detector 410 may include a plurality of detection elements 402, such as Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD), Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs), combination of Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD) and Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs)or detecting elements that measure both the time of flight from a laser pulse transmission event to the reception event and the intensity of the received photons. For example, each detector 410 may include anywhere between 20 and 5,000 SPADs. The outputs of detection elements 402 in each detector 410 may be summed, averaged, or otherwise combined to provide a unified pixel output.

[093] In the illustrated example, sensing unit 106 may include a two-dimensional sensor 116 (or a plurality of two-dimensional sensors 116), whose field of view is smaller than field of view 120 of LIDAR system 100. In this discussion, field of view 120 (the overall field of view which can be scanned by LIDAR system 100 without moving, rotating or rolling in any direction) is denoted“first FOV 412”, and the smaller FOV of sensor 116 is denoted“second FOV 412” (interchangeably“instantaneous FOV”). The coverage area of second FOV 414 relative to the first FOV 412 may differ, depending on the specific use of LIDAR system 100, and may be, for example, between 0.5% and 50%. In one example, second FOV 412 may be between about 0.05° and 1° elongated in the vertical dimension. Even if LIDAR system 100 includes more than one two-dimensional sensor 116, the combined field of view of the sensors array may still be smaller than the first FOV 412, e.g. by a factor of at least 5, by a factor of at least 10, by a factor of at least 20, or by a factor of at least 50, for example.

[094] In order to cover first FOV 412, scanning unit 106 may direct photons arriving from different parts of the environment to sensor 116 at different times. In the illustrated monostatic configuration, together with directing projected light 204 towards field of view 120 and when least one light deflector 114 is located in an instantaneous position, scanning unit 106 may also direct reflected light 206 to sensor 116. Typically, at every moment during the scanning of first FOV 412, the light beam emitted by LIDAR system 100 covers part of the environment which is larger than the second FOV 414 (in angular opening) and includes the part of the environment from which light is collected by scanning unit 104 and sensor 116.

[095] Fig. 4C is a diagram illustrating an example of a two-dimensional sensor 116. In this embodiment, sensor 116 is a matrix of 8X5 detectors 410 and each detector 410 includes a plurality of detection elements 402. In one example, detector 410A is located in the second row (denoted“R2”) and third column (denoted“C3”) of sensor 116, which includes a matrix of 4X3 detection elements 402. In another example, detector 410B located in the fourth row (denoted“R4”) and sixth column (denoted “C6”) of sensor 116 includes a matrix of 3X3 detection elements 402. Accordingly, the number of detection elements 402 in each detector 410 may be constant, or may vary, and differing detectors 410 in a common array may have a different number of detection elements 402. The outputs of all detection elements 402 in each detector 410 may be summed, averaged, or otherwise combined to provide a single pixel-output value. It is noted that while detectors 410 in the example of Fig. 4C are arranged in a rectangular matrix (straight rows and straight columns), other arrangements may also be used, e.g. a circular arrangement or a honeycomb arrangement.

[096] According to some embodiments, measurements from each detector 410 may enable determination of the time of flight from a light pulse emission event to the reception event and the intensity of the received photons. The reception event may be the result of the light pulse being reflected from object 208. The time of flight may be a timestamp value that represents the distance of the reflecting object to optional optical window 124. Time of flight values may be realized by photon detection and counting methods, such as Time Correlated Single Photon Counters (TCSPC), analog methods for photon detection such as signal integration and qualification (via analog to digital converters or plain comparators) or otherwise.

[097] In some embodiments and with reference to Fig. 4B, during a scanning cycle, each instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114 may be associated with a particular portion 122 of field of view 120. The design of sensor 116 enables an association between the reflected light from a single portion of field of view 120 and multiple detectors 410. Therefore, the scanning resolution of LIDAR system may be represented by the number of instantaneous positions (per scanning cycle) times the number of detectors 410 in sensor 116. The information from each detector 410 (i.e., each pixel) represents the basic data element that from which the captured field of view in the three-dimensional space is built. This may include, for example, the basic element of a point cloud representation, with a spatial position and an associated reflected intensity value. In one embodiment, the reflections from a single portion of field of view 120 that are detected by multiple detectors 410 may be returning from different objects located in the single portion of field of view 120. For example, the single portion of field of view 120 may be greater than 50x50 cm at the far field, which can easily include two, three, or more objects partly covered by each other.

[098] Fig. 4D is a cross cut diagram of a part of sensor 116, in accordance with examples of the presently disclosed subject matter. The illustrated part of sensor 116 includes a part of a detector array 400 which includes four detection elements 402 (e.g., four SPADs, four APDs). Detector array 400 may be a photodetector sensor realized in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS). Each of the detection elements 402 has a sensitive area, which is positioned within a substrate surrounding. While not necessarily so, sensor 116 may be used in a monostatic LiDAR system having a narrow field of view (e.g., because scanning unit 104 scans different parts of the field of view at different times). The narrow field of view for the incoming light beam— if implemented— eliminates the problem of out-of-focus imaging. As exemplified in Fig. 4D, sensor 116 may include a plurality of lenses 422 (e.g., microlenses), each lens 422 may direct incident light toward a different detection element 402 (e.g., toward an active area of detection element 402), which may be usable when out-of-focus imaging is not an issue. Lenses 422 may be used for increasing an optical fill factor and sensitivity of detector array 400, because most of the light that reaches sensor 116 may be deflected toward the active areas of detection elements 402 [099] Detector array 400, as exemplified in Fig. 4D, may include several layers built into the silicon substrate by various methods (e.g., implant) resulting in a sensitive area, contact elements to the metal layers and isolation elements (e.g., shallow trench implant STI, guard rings, optical trenches, etc.). The sensitive area may be a volumetric element in the CMOS detector that enables the optical conversion of incoming photons into a current flow given an adequate voltage bias is applied to the device. In the case of a APD/SPAD, the sensitive area would be a combination of an electrical field that pulls electrons created by photon absorption towards a multiplication area where a photon induced electron is amplified creating a breakdown avalanche of multiplied electrons.

[0100] A front side illuminated detector (e.g., as illustrated in Fig. 4D) has the input optical port at the same side as the metal layers residing on top of the semiconductor (Silicon). The metal layers are required to realize the electrical connections of each individual photodetector element (e.g., anode and cathode) with various elements such as: bias voltage, quenching/ballast elements, and other photodetectors in a common array. The optical port through which the photons impinge upon the detector sensitive area is comprised of a passage through the metal layer. It is noted that passage of light from some directions through this passage may be blocked by one or more metal layers (e.g., metal layer ML6, as illustrated for the leftmost detector elements 402 in Fig. 4D). Such blockage reduces the total optical light absorbing efficiency of the detector.

[0101 ] Fig. 4E illustrates three detection elements 402, each with an associated lens 422, in accordance with examples of the presenting disclosed subject matter. Each of the three detection elements of Fig. 4E, denoted 402(1), 402(2), and 402(3), illustrates a lens configuration which may be implemented in associated with one or more of the detecting elements 402 of sensor 116. It is noted that combinations of these lens configurations may also be implemented.

[0102] In the lens configuration illustrated with regards to detection element 402(1), a focal point of the associated lens 422 may be located above the semiconductor surface. Optionally, openings in different metal layers of the detection element may have different sizes aligned with the cone of focusing light generated by the associated lens 422. Such a structure may improve the signal-to-noise and resolution of the array 400 as a whole device. Large metal layers may be important for delivery of power and ground shielding. This approach may be useful, e.g., with a monostatic LiDAR design with a narrow field of view where the incoming light beam is comprised of parallel rays and the imaging focus does not have any consequence to the detected signal. [0103] In the lens configuration illustrated with regards to detection element 402(2), an efficiency of photon detection by the detection elements 402 may be improved by identifying a sweet spot.

Specifically, a photodetector implemented in CMOS may have a sweet spot in the sensitive volume area where the probability of a photon creating an avalanche effect is the highest. Therefore, a focal point of lens 422 may be positioned inside the sensitive volume area at the sweet spot location, as demonstrated by detection elements 402(2). The lens shape and distance from the focal point may take into account the refractive indices of all the elements the laser beam is passing along the way from the lens to the sensitive sweet spot location buried in the semiconductor material.

[0104] In the lens configuration illustrated with regards to the detection element on the right of Fig. 4E, an efficiency of photon absorption in the semiconductor material may be improved using a diffuser and reflective elements. Specifically, a near IR wavelength requires a significantly long path of silicon material in order to achieve a high probability of absorbing a photon that travels through. In a typical lens configuration, a photon may traverse the sensitive area and may not be absorbed into a detectable electron. A long absorption path that improves the probability for a photon to create an electron renders the size of the sensitive area towards less practical dimensions (tens of um for example) for a CMOS device fabricated with typical foundry processes. The rightmost detector element in Fig. 4E demonstrates a technique for processing incoming photons. The associated lens 422 focuses the incoming light onto a diffuser element 424. In one embodiment, light sensor 116 may further include a diffuser located in the gap distant from the outer surface of at least some of the detectors. For example, diffuser 424 may steer the light beam sideways (e.g., as perpendicular as possible) towards the sensitive area and the reflective optical trenches 426. The diffuser is located at the focal point, above the focal point, or below the focal point. In this embodiment, the incoming light may be focused on a specific location where a diffuser element is located. Optionally, detector element 422 is designed to optically avoid the inactive areas where a photon induced electron may get lost and reduce the effective detection efficiency. Reflective optical trenches 426 (or other forms of optically reflective structures) cause the photons to bounce back and forth across the sensitive area, thus increasing the likelihood of detection. Ideally, the photons will get trapped in a cavity consisting of the sensitive area and the reflective trenches indefinitely until the photon is absorbed and creates an electron/hole pair.

[0105] Consistent with the present disclosure, a long path is created for the impinging photons to be absorbed and contribute to a higher probability of detection. Optical trenches may also be implemented in detecting element 422 for reducing cross talk effects of parasitic photons created during an avalanche that may leak to other detectors and cause false detection events. According to some embodiments, a photo detector array may be optimized so that a higher yield of the received signal is utilized, meaning, that as much of the received signal is received and less of the signal is lost to internal degradation of the signal. The photo detector array may be improved by: (a) moving the focal point at a location above the semiconductor surface, optionally by designing the metal layers above the substrate appropriately; (b) by steering the focal point to the most responsive/sensitive area (or“sweet spot”) of the substrate and (c) adding a diffuser above the substrate to steer the signal toward the“sweet spot” and/or adding reflective material to the trenches so that deflected signals are reflected back to the“sweet spot.”

[0106] While in some lens configurations, lens 422 may be positioned so that its focal point is above a center of the corresponding detection element 402, it is noted that this is not necessarily so. In other lens configuration, a position of the focal point of the lens 422 with respect to a center of the corresponding detection element 402 is shifted based on a distance of the respective detection element 402 from a center of the detection array 400. This may be useful in relatively larger detection arrays 400, in which detector elements further from the center receive light in angles which are increasingly off-axis. Shifting the location of the focal points (e.g., toward the center of detection array 400) allows correcting for the incidence angles. Specifically, shifting the location of the focal points (e.g., toward the center of detection array 400) allows correcting for the incidence angles while using substantially identical lenses 422 for all detection elements, which are positioned at the same angle with respect to a surface of the detector.

[0107] Adding an array of lenses 422 to an array of detection elements 402 may be useful when using a relatively small sensor 116 which covers only a small part of the field of view because in such a case, the reflection signals from the scene reach the detectors array 400 from substantially the same angle, and it is, therefore, easy to focus all the light onto individual detectors. It is also noted, that in one embodiment, lenses 422 may be used in LIDAR system 100 for favoring about increasing the overall probability of detection of the entire array 400 (preventing photons from being“wasted” in the dead area between detectors/sub-detectors) at the expense of spatial distinctiveness. This embodiment is in contrast to prior art implementations such as CMOS RGB camera, which prioritize spatial distinctiveness (i.e., light that propagates in the direction of detection element A is not allowed to be directed by the lens toward detection element B, that is, to“bleed” to another detection element of the array). Optionally, sensor 116 includes an array of lens 422, each being correlated to a corresponding detection element 402, while at least one of the lenses 422 deflects light which propagates to a first detection element 402 toward a second detection element 402 (thereby it may increase the overall probability of detection of the entire array).

[0108] Specifically, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure, light sensor 116 may include an array of light detectors (e.g., detector array 400), each light detector (e.g., detector 410) being configured to cause an electric current to flow when light passes through an outer surface of a respective detector. In addition, light sensor 116 may include at least one micro-lens configured to direct light toward the array of light detectors, the at least one micro-lens having a focal point. Light sensor 116 may further include at least one layer of conductive material interposed between the at least one micro-lens and the array of light detectors and having a gap therein to permit light to pass from the at least one micro-lens to the array, the at least one layer being sized to maintain a space between the at least one micro-lens and the array to cause the focal point (e.g., the focal point may be a plane) to be located in the gap, at a location spaced from the detecting surfaces of the array of light detectors.

[0109] In related embodiments, each detector may include a plurality of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) or a plurality of Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD). The conductive material may be a multi-layer metal constriction, and the at least one layer of conductive material may be electrically connected to detectors in the array. In one example, the at least one layer of conductive material includes a plurality of layers. In addition, the gap may be shaped to converge from the at least one micro-lens toward the focal point, and to diverge from a region of the focal point toward the array. In other embodiments, light sensor 116 may further include at least one reflector adjacent each photo detector. In one embodiment, a plurality of micro-lenses may be arranged in a lens array and the plurality of detectors may be arranged in a detector array. In another embodiment, the plurality of micro-lenses may include a single lens configured to project light to a plurality of detectors in the array.

[01 10] Referring by way of a nonlimiting example to Figs. 2E, 2F and 2G, it is noted that the one or more sensors 116 of system 100 may receive light from a scanning deflector 114 or directly from the FOV without scanning. Even if light from the entire FOV arrives to the at least one sensor 116 at the same time, in some implementations the one or more sensors 116 may sample only parts of the FOV for detection output at any given time. For example, if the illumination of projection unit 102 illuminates different parts of the FOV at different times (whether using a deflector 114 and/or by activating different light sources 112 at different times), light may arrive at all of the pixels or sensors 116 of sensing unit 106, and only pixels/sensors which are expected to detect the FIDAR illumination may be actively collecting data for detection outputs. This way, the rest of the pixels/sensors do not unnecessarily collect ambient noise. Referring to the scanning - in the outbound or in the inbound directions - it is noted that substantially different scales of scanning may be implemented. For example, in some implementations the scanned area may cover Woo or 0.1 % _< of the FOV, while in other implementations the scanned area may cover 10% or 25% of the FOV. All other relative portions of the FOV values may also be implemented, of course.

The Processing Unit

[01 1 1] Figs. 5A-5C depict different functionalities of processing units 108 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, Fig. 5A is a diagram illustrating emission patterns in a single frame-time for a single portion of the field of view, Fig. 5B is a diagram illustrating emission scheme in a single frame-time for the whole field of view, and. Fig. 5C is a diagram illustrating the actual light emission projected towards field of view during a single scanning cycle.

[01 12] Fig. 5A illustrates four examples of emission patterns in a single frame-time for a single portion 122 of field of view 120 associated with an instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114. Consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure, processing unit 108 may control at least one light source 112 and light deflector 114 (or coordinate the operation of at least one light source 112 and at least one light deflector 114) in a manner enabling light flux to vary over a scan of field of view 120.

Consistent with other embodiments, processing unit 108 may control only at least one light source 112 and light deflector 114 may be moved or pivoted in a fixed predefined pattern.

[01 13] Diagrams A-D in Fig. 5A depict the power of light emitted towards a single portion 122 of field of view 120 over time. In Diagram A, processor 118 may control the operation of light source 112 in a manner such that during scanning of field of view 120 an initial light emission is projected toward portion 122 of field of view 120. When projecting unit 102 includes a pulsed-light light source, the initial light emission may include one or more initial pulses (also referred to as“pilot pulses”)- Processing unit 108 may receive from sensor 116 pilot information about reflections associated with thcjnitial light emission. In one embodiment, the pilot information may be represented as a single signal based on the outputs of one or more detectors (e.g. one or more SPADs, one or more APDs, one or more SiPMs, etc.) or as a plurality of signals based on the outputs of multiple detectors. In one example, the pilot information may include analog and/or digital information. In another example, the pilot information may include a single value and/or a plurality of values (e.g. for different times and/or parts of the segment).

[01 14] Based on information about reflections associated with the initial light emission, processing unit 108 may be configured to determine the type of subsequent light emission to be projected towards portion 122 of field of view 120. The determined subsequent light emission for the particular portion of field of view 120 may be made during the same scanning cycle (i.e., in the same frame) or in a subsequent scanning cycle (i.e., in a subsequent frame).

[01 15] In Diagram B, processor 118 may control the operation of light source 112 in a manner such that during scanning of field of view 120 light pulses in different intensities are projected towards a single portion 122 of field of view 120. In one embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may be operable to generate depth maps of one or more different types, such as any one or more of the following types: point cloud model, polygon mesh, depth image (holding depth information for each pixel of an image or of a 2D array), or any other type of 3D model of a scene. The sequence of depth maps may be a temporal sequence, in which different depth maps are generated at a different time. Each depth map of the sequence associated with a scanning cycle (interchangeably“frame”) may be generated within the duration of a corresponding subsequent frame-time. In one example, a typical frame-time may last less than a second. In some embodiments, LIDAR system 100 may have a fixed frame rate (e.g. 10 frames per second, 25 frames per second, 50 frames per second) or the frame rate may be dynamic. In other embodiments, the frame-times of different frames may not be identical across the sequence. For example, LIDAR system 100 may implement a 10 frames-per-second rate that includes generating a first depth map in 100 milliseconds (the average), a second frame in 92 milliseconds, a third frame at 142 milliseconds, and so on.

[01 16] In Diagram C, processor 118 may control the operation of light source 112 in a manner such that during scanning of field of view 120 light pulses associated with different durations are projected towards a single portion 122 of field of view 120. In one embodiment, LIDAR system 100 may be operable to generate a different number of pulses in each frame. The number of pulses may vary between 0 to 32 pulses (e.g., 1, 5, 12, 28, or more pulses) and may be based on information derived from previous emissions. The time between light pulses may depend on desired detection range and can be between 500ns and 5000ns. In one example, processing unit 108 may receive from sensor 116 information about reflections associated with each light-pulse. Based on the information (or the lack of information), processing unit 108 may determine if additional light pulses are needed. It is noted that the durations of the processing times and the emission times in diagrams A-D are not in-scale. Specifically, the processing time may be substantially longer than the emission time. In diagram D, projecting unit 102 may include a continuous-wave light source. In one embodiment, the initial light emission may include a period of time where light is emitted and the subsequent emission may be a continuation of the initial emission, or there may be a discontinuity. In one embodiment, the intensity of the continuous emission may change over time.

[01 17] Consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the emission pattern may be determined per each portion of field of view 120. In other words, processor 118 may control the emission of light to allow differentiation in the illumination of different portions of field of view 120. In one example, processor 118 may determine the emission pattern for a single portion 122 of field of view 120, based on detection of reflected light from the same scanning cycle (e.g., the initial emission), which makes LIDAR system 100 extremely dynamic. In another example, processor 118 may determine the emission pattern for a single portion 122 of field of view 120, based on detection of reflected light from a previous scanning cycle. The differences in the patterns of the subsequent emissions may result from determining different values for light-source parameters for the subsequent emission, such as any one of the following:

a. Overall energy of the subsequent emission.

b. Energy profile of the subsequent emission.

c. A number of light-pulse-repetition per frame.

d. Light modulation characteristics such as duration, rate, peak, average power, and pulse shape.

e. Wave properties of the subsequent emission, such as polarization, wavelength, etc.

[01 18] Consistent with the present disclosure, the differentiation in the subsequent emissions may be put to different uses. In one example, it is possible to limit emitted power levels in one portion of field of view 120 where safety is a consideration, while emitting higher power levels (thus improving signal-to- noise ratio and detection range) for other portions of field of view 120. This is relevant for eye safety, but may also be relevant for skin safety, safety of optical systems, safety of sensitive materials, and more. In another example, it is possible to direct more energy towards portions of field of view 120 where it will be of greater use (e.g. regions of interest, further distanced targets, low reflection targets, etc.) while limiting the lighting energy to other portions of field of view 120 based on detection results from the same frame or previous frame. It is noted that processing unit 108 may process detected signals from a single instantaneous field of view several times within a single scanning frame time; for example, subsequent emission may be determined upon after every pulse emitted, or after a number of pulses emitted.

[01 19] Fig. 5B illustrates three examples of emission schemes in a single frame-time for field of view 120. Consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure, at least on processing unit 108 may use obtained information to dynamically adjust the operational mode of LIDAR system 100 and/or determine values of parameters of specific components of LIDAR system 100. The obtained information may be determined from processing data captured in field of view 120, or received (directly or indirectly) from host 210. Processing unit 108 may use the obtained information to determine a scanning scheme for scanning the different portions of field of view 120. The obtained information may include a current light condition, a current weather condition, a current driving environment of the host vehicle, a current location of the host vehicle, a current trajectory of the host vehicle, a current topography of road surrounding the host vehicle, or any other condition or object detectable through light reflection. In some embodiments, the determined scanning scheme may include at least one of the following: (a) a designation of portions within field of view 120 to be actively scanned as part of a scanning cycle, (b) a projecting plan for projecting unit 102 that defines the light emission profile at different portions of field of view 120; (c) a deflecting plan for scanning unit 104 that defines, for example, a deflection direction, frequency, and designating idle elements within a reflector array; and (d) a detection plan for sensing unit 106 that defines the detectors sensitivity or responsivity pattern.

[0120 ] In addition, processing unit 108 may determine the scanning scheme at least partially by obtaining an identification of at least one region of interest within the field of view 120 and at least one region of non-interest within the field of view 120. In some embodiments, processing unit 108 may determine the scanning scheme at least partially by obtaining an identification of at least one region of high interest within the field of view 120 and at least one region of lower-interest within the field of view 120. The identification of the at least one region of interest within the field of view 120 may be determined, for example, from processing data captured in field of view 120, based on data of another sensor (e.g. camera, GPS), received (directly or indirectly) from host 210, or any combination of the above. In some embodiments, the identification of at least one region of interest may include identification of portions, areas, sections, pixels, or objects within field of view 120 that are important to monitor. Examples of areas that may be identified as regions of interest may include, crosswalks, moving objects, people, nearby vehicles or any other environmental condition or object that may be helpful in vehicle navigation. Examples of areas that may be identified as regions of non-interest (or lower-interest) may be static (non-moving) far-away buildings, a skyline, an area above the horizon and objects in the field of view. Upon obtaining the identification of at least one region of interest within the field of view 120, processing unit 108 may determine the scanning scheme or change an existing scanning scheme. Further to determining or changing the light-source parameters (as described above), processing unit 108 may allocate detector resources based on the identification of the at least one region of interest. In one example, to reduce noise, processing unit 108 may activate detectors 410 where a region of interest is expected and disable detectors 410 where regions of non-interest are expected. In another example, processing unit 108 may change the detector sensitivity, e.g., increasing sensor sensitivity for long range detection where the reflected power is low.

[0121] Diagrams A-C in Fig. 5B depict examples of different scanning schemes for scanning field of view 120. Each square in field of view 120 represents a different portion 122 associated with an instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114. Legend 500 details the level of light flux represented by the filling pattern of the squares. Diagram A depicts a first scanning scheme in which all of the portions have the same importance/priority and a default light flux is allocated to them. The first scanning scheme may be utilized in a start-up phase or periodically interleaved with another scanning scheme to monitor the whole field of view for unexpected/new objects. In one example, the light source parameters in the first scanning scheme may be configured to generate light pulses at constant amplitudes. Diagram B depicts a second scanning scheme in which a portion of field of view 120 is allocated with high light flux while the rest of field of view 120 is allocated with default light flux and low light flux.

The portions of field of view 120 that are the least interesting may be allocated with low light flux.

Diagram C depicts a third scanning scheme in which a compact vehicle and a bus (see silhouettes) are identified in field of view 120. In this scanning scheme, the edges of the vehicle and bus may be tracked with high power and the central mass of the vehicle and bus may be allocated with less light flux (or no light flux). Such light flux allocation enables concentration of more of the optical budget on the edges of the identified objects and less on their center which have less importance.

[0122] Fig. 5C illustrating the emission of light towards field of view 120 during a single scanning cycle. In the depicted example, field of view 120 is represented by an 8 X 9 matrix, where each of the 72 cells corresponds to a separate portion 122 associated with a different instantaneous position of at least one light deflector 114. In this exemplary scanning cycle, each portion includes one or more white dots that represent the number of light pulses projected toward that portion, and some portions include black dots that represent reflected light from that portion detected by sensor 116. As shown, field of view 120 is divided into three sectors: sector I on the right side of field of view 120, sector II in the middle of field of view 120, and sector III on the left side of field of view 120. In this exemplary scanning cycle, sector I was initially allocated with a single light pulse per portion; sector II, previously identified as a region of interest, was initially allocated with three light pulses per portion; and sector III was initially allocated with two light pulses per portion. Also as shown, scanning of field of view 120 reveals four objects 208: two free-form objects in the near field (e.g., between 5 and 50 meters), a rounded-square object in the mid field (e.g., between 50 and 150 meters), and a triangle object in the far field (e.g., between 150 and 500 meters). While the discussion of Fig. 5C uses number of pulses as an example of light flux allocation, it is noted that light flux allocation to different parts of the field of view may also be implemented in other ways such as: pulse duration, pulse angular dispersion, wavelength, instantaneous power, photon density at different distances from light source 112, average power, pulse power intensity, pulse width, pulse repetition rate, pulse sequence, pulse duty cycle, wavelength, phase, polarization, and more. The illustration of the light emission as a single scanning cycle in Fig. 5C demonstrates different capabilities of LIDAR system 100. In a first embodiment, processor 118 is configured to use two light pulses to detect a first object (e.g., the rounded-square object) at a first distance, and to use three light pulses to detect a second object (e.g., the triangle object) at a second distance greater than the first distance. In a second embodiment, processor 118 is configured to allocate more light to portions of the field of view where a region of interest is identified. Specifically, in the present example, sector II was identified as a region of interest and accordingly it was allocated with three light pulses while the rest of field of view 120 was allocated with two or less light pulses. In a third embodiment, processor 118 is configured to control light source 112 in a manner such that only a single light pulse is projected toward to portions Bl, B2, and Cl in Fig. 5C, although they are part of sector III that was initially allocated with two light pulses per portion. This occurs because the processing unit 108 detected an object in the near field based on the first light pulse. Allocation of less than maximal amount of pulses may also be a result of other considerations. For examples, in at least some regions, detection of object at a first distance (e.g. a near field object) may result in reducing an overall amount of light emitted to this portion of field of view 120.

[0123] Additional details and examples on different components of LIDAR system 100 and their associated functionalities are included in Applicant’s United States Patent Application No. 15/391,916 filed December 28, 2016; Applicant’s United States Patent Application No. 15/393,749 filed December 29, 2016; Applicant’s United States Patent Application No. 15/393,285 filed December 29, 2016; and Applicant’s United States Patent Application No. 15/393,593 filed December 29, 2016, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Example Implementation: Vehicle

[0124] Figs. 6A-6C illustrate the implementation of LIDAR system 100 in a vehicle (e.g., vehicle 110). Any of the aspects of LIDAR system 100 described above or below may be incorporated into vehicle 110 to provide a range-sensing vehicle. Specifically, in this example, LIDAR system 100 integrates multiple scanning units 104 and potentially multiple projecting units 102 in a single vehicle. In one embodiment, a vehicle may take advantage of such a LIDAR system to improve power, range and accuracy in the overlap zone and beyond it, as well as redundancy in sensitive parts of the FOV (e.g. the forward movement direction of the vehicle). As shown in Fig. 6A, vehicle 110 may include a first processor 118A for controlling the scanning of field of view 120A, a second processor 118 for controlling the scanning of field of view 120B, and a third processor 118C for controlling synchronization of scanning the two fields of view. In one example, processor 118C may be the vehicle controller and may have a shared interface between first processor 118A and second processor 118. The shared interface may enable an exchanging of data at intermediate processing levels and a synchronization of scanning of the combined field of view in order to form an overlap in the temporal and/or spatial space. In one embodiment, the data exchanged using the shared interface may be: (a) time of flight of received signals associated with pixels in the overlapped field of view and/or in its vicinity; (b) laser steering position status; (c) detection status of objects in the field of view.

[0125] Fig. 6B illustrates overlap region 600 between field of view 120A and field of view 120B. In the depicted example, the overlap region is associated with 24 portions 122 from field of view 120A and 24 portions 122 from field of view 120B. Given that the overlap region is defined and known by processors 118A and 118, each processor may be designed to limit the amount of light emitted in overlap region 600 in order to conform with an eye safety limit that spans multiple source lights, or for other reasons such as maintaining an optical budget. In addition, processors 118A and 118 may avoid interferences between the light emitted by the two light sources by loose synchronization between the scanning unit 104 A and scanning unit 104B, and/or by control of the laser transmission timing, and/or the detection circuit enabling timing.

[0126] Fig. 6C illustrates how overlap region 600 between field of view 120A and field of view 120B may be used to increase the detection distance of vehicle 110. Consistent with the present disclosure, two or more light sources 112 projecting their nominal light emission into the overlap zone may be leveraged to increase the effective detection range. The term“detection range” may include an approximate distance from vehicle 110 at which LIDAR system 100 can clearly detect an object. In one embodiment, the maximum detection range of LIDAR system 100 is about 300 meters, about 400 meters, or about 500 meters. For example, for a detection range of 200 meters, LIDAR system 100 may detect an object located 200 meters (or less) from vehicle 110 at more than 95%, more than 99%, more than 99.5% of the times. Even when the object’s reflectivity may be less than 50% (e.g., less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5%). In addition, LIDAR system 100 may have less than 1% false alarm rate. In one embodiment, light from projected from two light sources that are collocated in the temporal and spatial space can be utilized to improve SNR and therefore increase the range and/or quality of service for an object located in the overlap region. Processor 118C may extract high-level information from the reflected light in field of view 120A and 120B. The term“extracting information” may include any process by which information associated with objects, individuals, locations, events, etc., is identified in the captured image data by any means known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In addition, processors 118A and 118 may share the high-level information, such as objects (road delimiters, background, pedestrians, vehicles, etc.), and motion vectors, to enable each processor to become alert to the peripheral regions about to become regions of interest. For example, a moving object in field of view 120 A may be determined to soon be entering field of view 120B. Example Implementation: Surveillance System

[0127] Fig. 6D illustrates the implementation of LIDAR system 100 in a surveillance system. As mentioned above, LIDAR system 100 may be fixed to a stationary object 650 that may include a motor or other mechanism for rotating the housing of the LIDAR system 100 to obtain a wider field of view. Alternatively, the surveillance system may include a plurality of LIDAR units. In the example depicted in Fig. 6D, the surveillance system may use a single rotatable LIDAR system 100 to obtain 3D data representing field of view 120 and to process the 3D data to detect people 652, vehicles 654, changes in the environment, or any other form of security-significant data.

[0128] Consistent with some embodiment of the present disclosure, the 3D data may be analyzed to monitor retail business processes. In one embodiment, the 3D data may be used in retail business processes involving physical security (e.g., detection of: an intrusion within a retail facility, an act of vandalism within or around a retail facility, unauthorized access to a secure area, and suspicious behavior around cars in a parking lot). In another embodiment, the 3D data may be used in public safety (e.g., detection of: people slipping and falling on store property, a dangerous liquid spill or obstruction on a store floor, an assault or abduction in a store parking lot, an obstruction of a fire exit, and crowding in a store area or outside of the store). In another embodiment, the 3D data may be used for business intelligence data gathering (e.g., tracking of people through store areas to determine, for example, how many people go through, where they dwell, how long they dwell, how their shopping habits compare to their purchasing habits).

[0129 ] Consistent with other embodiments of the present disclosure, the 3D data may be analyzed and used for traffic enforcement. Specifically, the 3D data may be used to identify vehicles traveling over the legal speed limit or some other road legal requirement. In one example, LIDAR system 100 may be used to detect vehicles that cross a stop line or designated stopping place while a red traffic light is showing. In another example, LIDAR system 100 may be used to identify vehicles traveling in lanes reserved for public transportation. In yet another example, LIDAR system 100 may be used to identify vehicles turning in intersections where specific turns are prohibited on red.

Adaptive Lidar Illumination Techniques Based on Intermediate Detection Results

[0130] Fig. 7 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a LIDAR system 700 that emits light and detects photons reflected from a field-of-view of the LIDAR. In some embodiments, LIDAR system 700 may operate as described above with reference to LIDAR system 100. Based on the detection results, the LIDAR may generate a sequence of depth maps. As previously described, the LIDAR may be operable to generate depth maps of one or more different types, such as any one or more of the following types: point cloud model (PC), polygon mesh, depth image (holding depth information for each pixel of an image or of a 2D array), or any other type of 3D model of a scene.

[0131 ] The generated depth maps may include a temporal characteristic. For example, the depth maps may be generated in a temporal sequence, in which different depth maps are generated at different times. Each depth map (interchangeably“frame”) of the sequence may be generated within the duration of a scan of the LIDAR FOV. In some embodiments, such scans may occur within a period of several seconds, within about 1 second, or less than a second.

[0132] In some embodiments, LIDAR system 700 (interchangeably“the LIDAR”) may have a fixed frame rate over the sequence (e.g. 10 frames per second— FPS— 25 FPS, etc.) or a dynamic frame rate. The frame-times of different frames are not necessarily identical across the sequence. For example, a 10 FPS LIDAR may generate one depth map in 100 milliseconds (the average), the next frame in 92 milliseconds, a third frame at 142 milliseconds, and additional frames at a wide variety of rates averaging to the 10 FPS specification.

[0133] The frame time may refer to the span of time starting with the first projection of light whose detection gives rise to the detection information of the frame and ending with the finalization of the respective depth map (“frame”). A“frame-illumination-duration” is the span of time starting with the first projection of light whose detection gives rise to the detection information of the frame, and ending when the last photon whose detection impacts the detection information of the frame is emitted (i.e. the“frame- illumination-duration” is the first part of the respective frame-time, followed by a duration of at least some processing of detection information of the frame to yield the respective depth-map). In some embodiments, all actions, processes or events which are described in the present disclosure as happening in the same frame-time, may be required to happen in the same frame-illumination-duration (i.e. stricter time-constrains may be implemented).

[01 4] In some embodiments, the frame-times may partly overlap (e.g. the processing of an N* depth- map may extend into the lighting of an (N+l) ^th frame), but optionally may be completely nonoverlapping. In some embodiments, there may be time gaps between the frame-times of different frames.

[0135] The number of depth maps in the sequence may be equal or greater than 3, even though significantly longer sequences of frames may be generated by the LIDAR. For example, the sequence may include more than 10 depth maps. For example, the sequence may include more than 100 depth maps. For example, the sequence may include more than 1,000 depth maps. It is noted that the sequence does not necessarily include all of the frames which are generated by the LIDAR. Optionally, the sequence of depth maps may include all of the depth maps generated by the LIDAR between the first and the last depth maps of the sequence.

[0136] System 700 may include at least sensor-interface 750 and light source controller 760, but may also include additional components, such as (but not limited to) the ones discussed below. Sensor- interface 750 may be configured and be operable to receive from one or more sensors of the LIDAR (e.g. sensors 744(1), 744(2) and 744(3)) detection-information which is indicative of amount (or amounts) of light detected by the respective sensor(s) (e.g. number of detected photons, accumulated energy of detected light, etc.). The light detected by the sensors may include— for at least some of the segments of the field-of-view (FOV) of the LIDAR— photons emitted by the LIDAR and reflected back from a scene toward one or more detectors of the LIDAR.

[0137] The FOV of the LIDAR may include several segments (two or more, up to the hundreds or thousands, and possibly more) that are illuminated in different timings. Each segment may include one or more items of the depth map (e.g. one or more polygons, one or more point-cloud points, one or more depth image pixels), and may be covered by one or more sensors (generating one or more detection signals). In some embodiments, the segments of the FOV may include non-overlapping segments. In other embodiments, some of the segments of the FOV may partly overlap each other. Optionally, the depth map may not include an item for one or more segments (e.g. because no photons reflected within the allowed time frame, or the SNR was too low for detection). In such cases, the depth map may include a corresponding indication of lack of data, but not necessarily so.

[0138] In some embodiments, the depth map generated by the LIDAR may include depth information based on detection of light from segments which are illuminated without processing of preliminary illumination (e.g. as may be implemented with regard to the optional distinction between central segments and circumference segments). The depth map generated by the LIDAR may include depth information also for parts (or segments) of the FOV which are not illuminated and/or which is not based on detection of light. For example, some items of the depth map (pixel, PC point, polygon or part thereof) may be based on interpolation or averaging of detection-based values determined for illuminated parts of the FOV.

[0139] In an exemplary embodiment, sensor-interface 750 is operable to receive (from one or more sensors of the LIDAR), in each of the frame-times of the sequence and for each segment out of a plurality of segments of a field-of-view of the LIDAR, preliminary detection-information of light emitted by the LIDAR during the respective frame-time and reflected (or otherwise scattered) from the respective segment. For some of the segments, no light projected by the LIDAR may be reflected (e.g. if no target is within a detection range of the LIDAR), but for at least some of the segments the preliminary detection- information may be indicative of amount of projected light that is reflected from the scene and detected by one or more sensors of the LIDAR. Along with the detection-information provided by the one or more sensors (including the preliminary detection-information), the signals generated by the one or more sensors may include contributions from, for example, external radiation (e.g. sunlight, flashlights, and other sources of light/radiation other than the LIDAR system 100) and sensor noise (e.g. dark current).

[0140] The preliminary detection-information may be obtained as a single signal (based on the outputs of one or more sensors - e.g. one or more SPADs, one or more APDs, one or more SiPMs, etc.) or as a plurality of signals (e.g., the outputs of multiple sensors). The preliminary detection-information may include analog and/or digital information. The preliminary detection-information may include a single value and/or a plurality of values (e.g. for different times and/or parts of the segment). The preliminary detection-information may pertain to one or more items of the depth map (e.g. to one or more polygons, to one or more point-cloud points, to one or more depth image pixels, etc.)· It is noted that the preliminary information may be later used for the determining of the distance to at least one object in the FOV.

[0141] Light-source controller 760 may be configured and operable to control a light source 710 of the LIDAR, and especially to control emission of light by the light source 710. Light-source controller 760 may be the only entity which controls emission of light by the light source 710 of the LIDAR, but this is not necessarily so. If the LIDAR includes more than one light sources, light-source controller 760 may be configured and operable to control one or more of these light sources, possibly all of them.

Additionally, various controllers other than controller 760 may control or influence at least one operational aspect of a light source associated with LIDAR system 100.

[0142] In some embodiments, light-source controller 760 is configured to control, in each of the frame-times of the sequence, subsequent emission of light by the LIDAR. The subsequent emission is emitted (if its emission is permitted by light-source controller 760) after the emission of the preliminary light emission (the emission which is used for the preliminary detection-information). If the LIDAR emits pulsed light, than the subsequent emission of light may include one or more pulses of light.

[0143] Light-source controller 760 may be configured to control in each of the frame-times of the sequence, based on the preliminary detection-information of each segment out of the plurality of segments, subsequent emission of light by the LIDAR to the respective segment during the respective frame-time. That is - in each frame time, light-source controller 760 may control subsequent emission of light in each segment out of a plurality of segments - based on detection and processing of light which was emitted by the LIDAR in the same frame-time, and which was detected in the same segment.

[0144] The controlling of the emission of subsequent light per segment of the FOV allows differentiation in the projecting of light to different segments of the LIDAR’ s FOV, based on detection of reflected light from the same frame - indicative of detection results (e.g. of targets in different parts of the FOV) with almost instantaneous inputs. This differentiation may be used to accomplish various goals, such as - a. Eye safety (and other safety consideration such as skin safety, safety of optical systems, safety of sensitive materials and objects on so on): it is possible to limit emitted power levels in one or more portions of the LIDAR FOV where safety is a consideration, while emitting higher power levels (thus potentially improving signal-to-noise ratio and detection range) to other parts of the FOV.

b. Power Management: It may be possible to direct more energy towards parts of the

LIDAR FOV were it will be of greater use (e.g. regions of interest, further distanced targets, low reflection targets, etc.) while limiting lighting energy delivered to other parts of the FOV. Such light allocation for either eye safety or power management (or any other purpose) may be based on detection results from a current frame or any preceding frame.

[0145] In some embodiments, controlling of the emission of subsequent projections of light to a particular segment or region of the FOV may include controlling (e.g., altering) one or more parameters of the light source to impact subsequent light emissions. Such alterations may impact various characteristics of the projected light, such as (though not limited to) any one of the following:

a. increasing, reducing, limiting, or precluding light projection to any one or more LIDAR FOV segments during a current scan of the FOV or during subsequent scans of the FOV; b. overall light energy supplied to across the FOV or to any portion of the FOV; c. an energy profile of light supplied to any portion of the FOV ;

d. a duration of light emissions;

e. wave properties of the light projected to any portion of the FOV, such as polarization, wavelength, etc.

[0146] In addition, Fig. 7 illustrates a plurality of segments of the FOV. It will be clear to a person who is skilled in the art that each segment may represent a three-dimensional conic section (in essence a cone or a truncated cone). For simplicity of illustration, only a cross section of each segment is illustrated. Additionally, the number of segments and their spatial configuration may be significantly different. For example, the segments in the illustration are arranged in a 3 by 6 2D rectangular array, but other non- rectangular arrangements may be used instead, as well as ID arrangements.

[0147 ] System 700 may be adapted to control inspection of (and possibly also to inspect) regions or segments of a scene (shown here is a specific field of view (FOV) being scanned) using light pulses (or other forms of transmitted light such as CW laser illumination). The characteristics of the illumination (initial illumination, subsequent illumination, or any other illumination by the LIDAR) may be selected (possibly also during operation of the LIDAR) as a function of any one or more of the following parameters (among others):

a. Optical characteristics of the scene segment being inspected.

b. Optical characteristics of scene segments other than the one being inspected. c. Scene elements present or within proximity of the scene segment being inspected.

d. Scene elements present or within proximity of scene segments other than the one being inspected.

e. An operational mode of the scanning or the steering device.

f. A situational feature/ characteristic of a host platform with which the scanning or the steering device is operating.

[0148] The light source 710 of the LIDAR (interchangeably“emitter” and“emitter assembly”) may include one or more individual emitters (e.g. one or more lasers, one or more LEDs), which may operate using similar or different operational parameters (e.g. wavelength, power, focus, divergence, etc.). Light- source controller 760 may control one, some or all of the individual emitters of light-source 710. In some embodiments, the light source 710 may be operable to emit photonic inspection pulses toward the FOV.

In some embodiments, the light source and deflector may be combined. For example, the LIDAR system may include a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser or an optical phased array.

[ 149] The sensor assembly 740 of the LIDAR (interchangeably“sensor array”,“sensor”,“detector array” and“detector assembly”) may include one or more light sensitive detectors 744, each of which may include individual sensing units. For example, each detector 744 may be a Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) which includes a plurality of Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). The sensor assembly detects photons emitted by the LIDAR which are reflected back from objects of a scanned scene.

[0150] In some embodiments, the LIDAR may further include a steering assembly 730 for directing the emitted light in a direction of a scanned scene segment, and/or for steering the reflected photons towards the sensor array 740. The steering assembly 730 may include controllably steerable optics (e.g. a rotating/movable mirror, rotating/movable lenses, etc.), and may also include fixed optical components such as beam splitters, mirrors and lenses. Some optical components (e.g. used for collimation of the laser pulse) may be part of the emitter, while other optical components may be part of the detector assembly. In some embodiments the steering assembly 730 may contain an array of mirrors.

[0151 ] In some embodiments, light-source controller 760 may be connected to the light-source 710 in different ways, such as by electrical circuitry or other wired connection, by wireless connection, etc. Light-source controller 760 may also be connected to steering assembly 730, for controlling a steering direction of emitted and/or reflected light, based on analysis of the preliminary detection information. For example, if no subsequent illumination is needed for a given segment, the steering assembly may be instructed to immediately change to another steering state, in order to illuminate another segment of the scene.

[0152] A controller 720 of the LIDAR may be implemented for controlling the sensing array 740, the steering assembly 730 and/or other components of the LIDAR. Controller 720 may include light-source controller 760, but light-source controller 760 may also be external and/or independent of controller 720 (e.g. host 230). In the latter case, it is possible that the light-source may be controlled by both controller 720 and light-source controller 760. Controller 720 may optionally be used in order to regulate operation of the emitter 710, the steering assembly 730 and the sensor assembly 740 in a coordinated manner and optionally in accordance with scene segment inspection characteristics (e.g. based on internal feedback, host information, or other sources).

[0153] According to some embodiments, inspection of a scene segment by the LIDAR may include illumination of a scene segment (interchangeably“segment”,“region” and“scene region”) with transmitted light (e.g. a pulse of photons). The emitted light may have known parameters such as:

duration, angular dispersion, wavelength, instantaneous power, photon density at different distances from the emitter, average power, power intensity, pulse width, pulse repetition rate, pulse sequence, duty cycle, wavelength, phase, polarization and more.

[0154 j Inspection of the region may also include detecting reflected photons, and characterizing various aspects of these reflected inspection photons. The reflected inspection photons may include photons of the emitted light reflected back towards the LIDAR from an illuminated element present within the scanned scene segment.

[0155] The reflected photons may result from inspection photons and the scene elements they are reflected from, and so the received reflected signal may be analyzed accordingly. By comparing characteristics of emitted light with characteristics of a corresponding reflected and detected signal, a distance and possibly other physical characteristics (such as reflected intensity) of one or more scene elements present in the scanned scene segment may be estimated. By repeating this process across multiple parts of the FOV (e.g. in a raster pattern, Lissajous pattern or other patterns), an entire scene may be scanned in order to produce a depth map of the scene.

[0156] A“scene segment” or“scene region” may be defined, for example, using angles in a spherical coordinate system, for example, corresponding to a beam of light in a given direction. The light beam having a center radial vector in the given direction may also be characterized by angular divergence values, spherical coordinate ranges of the light beam and more.

[0157] In some embodiments, the different segments as defined in the context of illumination are not necessarily identical to the size of FOV portions or parts which are differentiated in the context of detection (e.g.“pixels” or the depth map). For example, the LIDAR may generate an N by M depth map (e.g. a 100 by 100 depth image), but partition the same FOV into less segments (e.g. 10 by 10 or 20 by 1) for the illumination. In another example, an illumination segment may be narrower in at least one dimension than the angular resolution of detection.

[0158] In some embodiments, range estimator 790 obtains detection information acquired by the sensor array 740, and processes the information in order to generate the depth map. The processing may be based on time-of-flight analysis, or in any other way known in the art.

[0159] The preliminary detection-information may be based on detection by a plurality of detectors (e.g. pixels, SiPMs) of a concurrent emission (e.g. one or more pulses, or a spatially continuous illumination). Light-source controller 760 may determine, based on the preliminary detection-information generated by the plurality of detectors (e.g. 740), how to collectively control subsequent emission which is detectable by all of the respective detectors. In some embodiments, the light-source controller 760 may block any subsequent emission to an entire segment - even if only one or some of the detectors (but not all) indicate that projecting to the respective segment is not safe.

[0160] Fig. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an example of method 800, in accordance with presently disclosed embodiments. Method 800 is a method for controlling operation of a Light Detection and Ranging device (LIDAR) which generates a sequence of depth maps. Each depth map of the sequence may be generated in a corresponding subsecond frame-time. In some embodiments, method 800 may be executed on a pixel-by-pixel or beam-spot by beam-spot basis.

[016 i j Referring to the examples set forth with respect to the previous drawings, method 800 may be executed by system 700. Method 800 may include executing any functionality, process, capability, etc. discussed with respect to system 700, even if not explicitly stated. Likewise, system 700 may be configured, adapted and/or operable to incorporate any step or variation of method 800, even if not explicitly stated.

[0162] Method 800 may include executing in each of the frame times (referred to as 801 in Fig. 8) of the sequence, for each segment out of a plurality of segments (referred to as 802 in Fig. 8) of a field-of- view of the LIDAR, at least stages 840 and 850. In some embodiments, method 800 may or may not include executing stages 840 and 850 for all of the segments in the FOV. In other embodiments, method 800 may or may not include executing stages 840 and 850 for all of the illuminated segments of the FOV.

[0163] Stage 840 may include: obtaining preliminary detection-information (e.g. in one or more signals) based on light emitted by the LIDAR during the respective frame-time and reflected from the respective segment. Obtaining preliminary detection-information may include obtaining detection information for a single pixel of the depth image (or an item of another type of depth map, such as a PC point or a polygon, surface, face, edge or vertex of a polygon mesh), or for more than one pixel (or item). Referring to the examples set forth with respect to the previous drawings, stage 840 may be executed by sensor interface 850 and/or by sensor assembly 840.

[0164] Stage 850 may include: selectively controlling, based on the preliminary detection-information (of stage 840, for the same segment in the same frame-time), subsequent emission of light by the LIDAR to a respective segment during the same respective frame time. Referring to examples set forth with respect to the previous drawings, stage 850 may be executed, e.g., by light source controller 860. The controlling of stage 850 may include, for example, any form of controlling discussed with respect to light source controller 860. In some embodiments, stage 850 may include controlling a steering assembly of the LIDAR (e.g. steering assembly 830) to direct the subsequent emission to the respective segment.

[0165] In some embodiments, in each frame- time the obtaining of the preliminary detection- information and the selective controlling (for ah of the segments) are executed within the same frame - ihumination-duration (which is the time between the emissions of the first photon in the frame-time to the emission of the last photon whose detection affects the depth map of the frame). Optionally, the selective controlling and the subsequent emission are finished before a processing of detection information for the generation of the depth map of the frame- time begins.

[0166] In some embodiments, different orders in which different segments are illuminated and analyzed may be implemented. For example, preliminarily illuminating each segment, obtaining the respective preliminary detection information (stage 840) and selectively controlling the subsequent illumination to the same segment (stage 850) may proceed before proceeding to execute the same steps for another segment.

[0167] In another embodiment, between a preliminary illumination of a first segment to its subsequent illumination (with the respective subsequent emission), another segment may be illuminated. In some embodiments, the subsequent emission for a single segment is preceded by a segment dark-time of the single segment (i.e. during which the LIDAR does not project any light to that segment), during which another segment of the plurality of segments is illuminated by the LIDAR.

[0168] Method 800 may be used for ensuring that LIDAR system 100 is eye-safe (e.g. operates according to the requirements of any relevant eye safety regulations). In some embodiments, the selective controlling illumination is preceded by a stage (not illustrated) of determining-based on the preliminary detection-information-that a projection field (e.g. spherical sector, a cone or a truncated cone) is clear of people at least within an eye-safety range for at least a predetermined number of frames. This way, LIDAR system 100 may prevent subsequent emission whose power exceeds a safety threshold for portions of the FOV that were not clear of people. The eye-safety range (e.g.“range threshold” of Fig. 7) may be a predetermined range, but not necessarily so. In some cases, processor 118 may be configured to adjust the threshold associated with the safety distance based on reflection signals received based on one or more light projections to a particular region of the LIDAR FOV (either based on an initial light projection or a subsequent light projection having at least one characteristic altered with respect to the initial light projection).

[0169 ] Depending on the detected conditions or scenario, the selective controlling of stage 850 may include controlling projection of subsequent light emissions to the projection field that do or do not fall below an eye safety illumination limit, but in all cases controlling of the illumination may be performed in a manner which complies with eye safety regulations. For example, where LIDAR detection indicate a lack of eye bearing individuals (human or otherwise) in a particular region or regions of the LIDAR FOV, subsequent light projections within that region or regions may proceed at levels that would not ordinarily be eye-safe. Should an eye bearing individual be subsequently detected, e.g., entering the region or regions not previous occupied by such individuals, then one or more parameters of the light projector may be altered such that subsequent light emissions to the occupied region may be performed in a manner safe for the individual’s eyes. In other cases, one or more eye bearing individuals may be detected within a particular region of the LIDAR FOV, but at a distance beyond an eye safety threshold (e.g., an ocular hazard distance). In such cases, light may be projected to that region in a manner that may not be eye-safe within the eye safety threshold, but that is eye-safe beyond the eye-safety threshold where the individuals are detected. In still other cases, humans and/or animals may be detected at a range within an immediate area of the LIDAR system (e.g., within a predetermined eye safety threshold distance). In such cases, light projections may be altered to maintain eye safety in those regions in the immediate area of the LIDAR where one or more eye bearing individuals are detected. Eye-safety protocols may define a maximum power level or a threshold of accumulated energy over time. If a subsequent light emission includes a group of pulses, for example, eye safety compliance may require that the aggregate energy of those pulses not exceed a predetermined threshold level. In some cases, when an object (e.g., a person) is detected in an immediate area of the LIDAR system, processor 118 may be configured to prevent any further light emission toward a portion of the immediate area associated with the detected object. In other cases, when an object is detected in the immediate area, the at least one processor may be further configured to regulate at least one of the at least one light source and the at least one light deflector to emit visible light toward the immediate area. It is noted that the visible light may be emitted by a separate light source that the light source whose light is used in the determination of distances.

[ 170 j The term“immediate area” is widely used in the art, and should be broadly construed to include an area in proximity to the LIDAR system. The size of the immediate area may depend on the power settings of the LIDAR system (which effect the potential hazard distance of the LIDAR system). The immediate area may be of substantially the same diameter in all directions of the FOV (to which light may be emitted by the LIDAR system)— for example having differences of up to 50%— but this is not necessarily so. Optionally, the immediate area of the LIDAR system is defined in all directions of the FOV to which light may be emitted by the LIDAR system.

[0171 j In some embodiments, based on light projected to selected regions of the LIDAR FOV, a processor, such as processor 118, may receive from at least one sensor reflection signals indicative of light reflected from objects in the LIDAR FOV. Processor 118 may determine, based on the reflection signals resulting from an initial light emission, whether an object is located in an immediate area of the LIDAR system (e.g., in a region associated with a particular segment of the LIDAR FOV or group of segments of the FOV and within a threshold distance from the at least one light deflector). The threshold distance may be associated with a safety distance, such as an eye safety distance. When no object is detected in the immediate area of the FOV, processor 118 may control the at least one light source such that an additional light emission may be projected toward the immediate area, thereby enabling detection of objects beyond the immediate area. In such cases, for example, the at least one processor may be configured to use an initial light emission and an additional light emission to determine a distance of an object located beyond the immediate area. It is noted that the term“reflection signals” should be broadly interpreted to include any form of reflection and of scattering of light, including specular reflections, diffuse reflections, and any other form of light scattering.

[0172] When an object is detected in the immediate area, processor 118 may regulate at least one of the at least one light source and the at least one light deflector to prevent an accumulated energy density of the light projected in the immediate area to exceed a maximum permissible exposure. For example, various parameters of the light projecting unit and/or the light deflecting unit may be altered to provide an additional light emission to a particular LIDAR FOV segment that is different from an initial light emission in at least one aspect (e.g., differing in at least one aspect relating to an eye safety parameter). The additional light emission may be made to the particular LIDAR FOV segment either during the same FOV scan as when the initial light emission is made or during any subsequent FOV scan.

[0173] As LIDAR systems may be capable of determining distance values to detected objects, this information may be leveraged by the LIDAR system for compliance with eye safety regulations. For example, once an object is detected, processor 118 may determine a distance to the object (e.g., based on time of flight analysis, etc.). Processor 118 may calculate an intensity of projected light at the detected object (e.g., based on the detected distance and known characteristics of the light projected from source 112/deflector 114). Based on this calculation, processor 118 may determine a light exposure time that is eye-safe at the distance to the object. Processor 118 may then control at least one of light source 112 and deflector 114, to ensure that the light exposure time is not exceeded. Similarly, processor 118 may be configured to determine a value associated with the maximum permissible exposure, and this determination may be based on a determined distance between the at least one light deflector and the object detected in the immediate area of the LIDAR system.

[0174] In addition or instead to determination of exposure time, processor 118 may determine a permissible light energy that is eye-safe at the distance to the object based on the aforementioned calculation of the intensity. For both exposure time and permissible light energy, it is noted that in some examples, processor 118 may determine the respective parameter indirectly, by determining a value which is indicative of the respective parameter. It is noted that the determination of permissible light energy (if implemented) may be used in the same way the determined exposure time is used, mutatis mutandis, even if not explicitly elaborated.

[0175] It is also noted that the distance between the at least one light deflector and the object may be determined directly or indirectly. Indirect determination of that distance may be achieved, for example, by determining another distance, such as the distance between at least one light source to the object.

[0176] In embodiments where the LIDAR FOV is divided into segments or sectors for performing scans of the FOV, for example, each segment or sector may be associated with a different immediate area relative to the LIDAR system. That is, each segment or sector, along with an eye safety threshold distance, may define a separate immediate area in the vicinity of the LIDAR system. In some embodiments, processor 118 may be configured to determine, based on reflection signals resulting from initial light emissions to each sector, whether an object is located in each of the immediate areas associated with the plurality of sectors. In some cases and based on reflection signals received from a particular sector via the sensor unit, processor 118 may be configured to detect an object in a first immediate area associated with a first sector. Similarly, processor 118 may be configured to determine an absence of objects in a second immediate area associated with a second sector. In such as case, the at least one processor 118 may be configured to control (e.g., in a single scanning cycle) the at least one light source such that an additional light emission is projected toward the second immediate area. Further, processor 118 may regulate at least one of the light source and/or the light deflector to prevent an accumulated energy density of the light in the first immediate area to exceed a maximum permissible exposure.

[0177] In some embodiments where the LIDAR FOV is divided into sectors, processor 118 may be configured to determine, based on reflection signals associated with an initial light emission from each sector, whether an object is located in each of the immediate areas associated with the plurality of sectors. Upon detecting an object in a first immediate area associated with a first sector and determining an absence of objects in a second immediate area associated with a second sector, processor 118 may control the at least one light source such that in a single scanning cycle, an additional light emission may be projected toward the second immediate area. Processor 118 may also regulate at least one of the at least one light source and the at least one light deflector to prevent an accumulated energy density of the light in the first immediate area to exceed the maximum permissible exposure.

[0178] It should be noted that any of the LIDAR system embodiments described above may be used in conjunction with the eye safety light projection protocols described here. For example, in some embodiments an eye safe LIDAR may include a monostatic deflector configuration such that a deflector steers projected light toward a particular segment of the field of view while light reflected from objects in the particular segment of the field of view is directed toward one or more sensors by the same deflector. Additionally, the light deflector may include a plurality of light deflectors, and processor 118 may be configured to cause the plurality of light deflectors to cooperate to scan the LIDAR FOV. In some embodiments, the at least one light deflector may include a single light deflector, and the at least one light source may include a plurality of light sources aimed at the single light deflector.

[0179] Various different light sources may be employed in the LIDAR system 100. For example, in some cases, the light source may be configured to project light at a wavelength less than 1,000 nm, between 800 nm and 1,000 nm, etc.

[0180] In some embodiments, LIDAR system 100 may include more than one light source. In such cases, each light source may be associated with a differing area of the LIDAR FOV. Processor 118 may be configured to coordinate operation of the at least one light deflector and the plurality of light sources such that when one object is detected in a first area of the field of view at a distance greater than the safety distance, energy density of light projected by a different light source to a second area of the field of view does not surpass a maximum permissible exposure associated with the second area of the field of view.

[0181 ] Additionally, processor 118 may be configured to coordinate the at least one light deflector and the at least one light source such that when another object is detected in another area at a distance greater than the safety distance, energy density of light projected by the at least one light source to the another portion of the field of view does not surpass a maximum permissible exposure associated with the another portion of the field of view. In some embodiments, the safety distance is a Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD). [0182] In some embodiments, the selective controlling of stage 850 may include preventing-in at least one segment during at least one frame-time-subsequent emission whose power exceeds a safety threshold, for projection fields which were not clear of people for at least a predetermined number of frame-times. In some embodiments, the selective controlling for at least one FOV segment in at least one frame-time may include maintaining or even increasing a light projection power level, while at the same time decreasing an accumulated energy amount provided to the at least one FOV segment. For example, in a pulsed laser example, the pulse (or pulses) of a preceding illumination may have the same peak power (or even a lower power level) as the pulse (or pulses) of one or more subsequent emissions. Still, however, an accumulated energy of the subsequent illumination may nevertheless be lower than the accumulated energy of the preceding emission or emissions. In such a manner, it may be possible to increase a signal to noise ratio and/or a detection range while still operating in compliance with eye safety regulations. Of course, in other instances, it may be possible to vary the power level, accumulated energy characteristics, or any other light emission parameter in any combination in order to accomplish LIDAR detection goals while complying with eye safety regulations.

[0183] In some embodiments, the selective controlling of stage 850 may include stopping (or preventing) a subsequent light emission to a particular FOV segment or group of segments within any given frame-time to comply with eye safety regulations. Such control may also be implemented to reduce or eliminate a risk of saturation of the detector, or any other component of the detection and/or processing chain. Such control can also support power conservation considerations (e.g. not spending energy where it is not required, e.g. if an object can be detected and/or a range can be determined based on previous emissions and without continued emissions).

[01 4] In some embodiments, the selective controlling for at least one segment of the LIDAR FOV in at least one frame-time may include preventing emission of any subsequent emission if the preliminary detection-information fulfills a predetermined detection criterion. In some embodiments, the selective controlling may be followed by further processing of the preliminary detection information (without any further subsequent detection information for the respective segment), to yield depth information for the segment.

[0185] Regarding eye safety (for example), method 800 may be used to prevent illumination of potentially harmful emissions to FOV regions where one or more objects are detected based on a determined likelihood that the one or more objects includes a human and/or animal. Potentially harmful emissions to the particular FOV region may be suspended even if there is only a low likelihood that the one or more objects includes an eye bearing individual. Potentially harmful emissions to a particular FOV may also be suspended (or otherwise altered) even in situations where no individuals (or even objects) are detected if the FOV region is determined (e.g., based on detected context, such as near a stopped bus, near a cross walk, near a sidewalk, near a building entrance, etc.) to be a region where eye bearing individuals are commonly found. In other regions of the FOV not determined to include eye bearing individuals or expected/predicted to include such individuals, higher power emissions may be provided to those regions. As a result, a generated depth map may benefit from detections in those areas not subject to eye safety limitations (e.g., because of higher power emissions, etc.), such that the overall quality of the depth map may be higher than if every light emission across the entire FOV was made at power levels etc. that assumed the presence of eye bearing individuals.

[0186] Method 800 may include executing within a single frame-time of the sequence: selectively controlling subsequent emissions to different FOV segments having power levels that differ from one another by at least a factor of 2 or more (e.g., a subsequent emission to one FOV segment may have a power level at least twice as high as the subsequent emission to another segment, in the same frame-time), based on the corresponding preliminary-detection information. A depth-map for this frame-time may be generated (e.g. in stage 580). This may allow, for example, high SNR, or long distance detection, in some parts of the FOV, while maintaining eye safety compliance in other regions of the FOV or even across the entire FOV (e.g., in view of accumulated energy thresholds).

[0187] In some embodiments, stage 850 may include selectively controlling the subsequent emission to prevent saturation of a detection path by which the sensor detection information is obtained. This may include the sensor, or any component of the LIDAR in the detection and/or processing path - e.g.

amplifier, analog-to-digital converter, etc. The prevention of saturation may be leveraged in advanced processing of the detection results (e.g. for estimating reflectivity level of a detected target).

[0188] Method 800 may include limiting (or otherwise managing) the emission levels to a given FOV segment in a given frame-time based on detection results in a preceding frame (or frames) - either of the same segment or of other segments. Method 800 may include limiting (or otherwise managing) the emission levels to a given segment in a given frame-time based on detection results of another segment (either in the same frame-time, or in preceding frame-time).

[0189] Method 800 may include controlling subsequent emissions to a segment of the FOV (e.g. in the same frame-time), based on preliminary detection-information of the same FOV segment or another segment of the FOV which was obtained in the same frame-time. For example, detection in a particular FOV segment of a target, especially one corresponding to an eye bearing individual, within an immediate area of the LIDAR may affect subsequent light emissions provided to the same FOV segment and or provided to one or more surrounding FOV segments. Such targets, for example, may span two or more FOV segments or may be expected to move to neighboring FOV segments.

[0190] Method 800 may include selectively controlling preliminary emission to a particular FOV segment, prior to the obtaining of the preliminary detection-information, based on detection-information collected during a previous frame-time. In some embodiments different light sources may be used for the preliminary illumination and for the subsequent illumination. For example - while the subsequent emission may be projected by the main light source of the LIDAR, the preliminary illumination may be projected by another light source (e.g. visible light source, or even a light source of another system). Optionally, the preliminary detection information is based on detection of at least one photon emitted by at least one light source of the LIDAR which is not projecting during the respective subsequent emission. The different light sources may be controlled by a single light-source controller, or by different controllers.

[0191 ] The detection of the preliminary detection-information and of the subsequent detection- information may be executed by different sensors. For example, the preliminary detection information may be based on detection by least one sensor optimized for close range detection, while method 800 also includes processing detection information of reflected photons of the subsequent emission detected by at least one other sensor optimized for larger range detection. The use of sensors of different types may be combined with use of light sources of different types (e.g. optimized for the different sensors or vice versa), but this is not necessarily so. In one example, sensor 116 may include an Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) detector for close range objects detection in addition to (or alternatively to) the array of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs).

[0192] A preliminary illumination of an FOV segment may be used in some segments of the FOV (e.g. if the preliminary illumination is below a threshold level - e.g. eye safety threshold). Illumination to other segments of the FOV (e.g. with energy level exceeding the threshold level) may be governed by analysis of the preliminary detection-information of the relevant frames. For example - the circumference of the FOV may be analyzed using preliminary low level investigatory signals, while the center of the FOV may be scanned using higher power light projections, if the regions of the FOV around the circumference of the FOV return an indication of low risk to eye bearing individuals.

[0193] Method 800 may include executing within a frame-time of the FOV scan steps including, e.g., obtaining circumference detection-information based on light emitted by the LIDAR during the frame- time and reflected from one or more objects in at least one segment located at a circumference of the FOV. The steps may also include selectively controlling light emission to segments located at a center of the FOV based on the circumference detection-information.

[0194] Referring to method 800 as a whole, and to any variation of which is discussed above, it is noted that method 800 may be embodied into a computer readable code (a set of instructions) which can be executed by a processor (e.g. a controller of a LIDAR). A non-transitory computer-readable medium for controlling operation of a Light Detection and Ranging device (LIDAR) which generates a sequence of depth maps is hereby disclosed (each depth map of the sequence being generated in a corresponding subsecond frame-time). That non-transitory computer-readable medium may include instructions stored thereon, that when executed on a processor, may perform steps including: (a) obtaining preliminary detection-information of light emitted by the LIDAR during the respective frame-time and reflected from the respective segment; and (b) selectively controlling, based on the preliminary detection-information, subsequent emission of light by the LIDAR to the respective segment during the respective frame-time. Any other step of method 800 may also be implemented as instructions stored on the computer-readable medium and executable by the processor.

[0195 j Fig. 9A is a flow chart illustrating an example of method 900, in accordance with the presently disclosed subject matter. Method 900 is one possible implementation of method 800. As exemplified in Fig. 9A, optionally the selective control of further emission of light by the LIDAR (in a given segment in a given frame-time) based on detection results from the same frame-time can be repeated several times in the safe frame-time. For example, this sequence of emitting, detecting, analyzing and selective controlling may be repeated with respect to each pulse emitted relative to a particular FOV segment.

[01 6] Method 900 may include, in some embodiments, steps for detecting an object within a range threshold of the LIDAR and setting the subsequent light emission based on whether or not an object has been detected. At step 901, LIDAR system 100, or the LIDAR as described above with reference to Fig.

7, may control one or more light sources 112 to emit a light pulse toward the immediate area. The light pulse may be directed toward a particular segment of the FOV by one or more deflectors 114. At step 902, if an object is within the particular segment of the FOV, the LIDAR system 100 may receive light reflected from that object via one or more sensors 116 or a sensor array. At step 903, processor 118 or range estimator 890 may use the reflected light to determine the distance between the object and the LIDAR system 100. At step 904, whether the object is within a threshold distance may be determined (by, e.g., processor 118). If the object is within a threshold distance, method 900 may proceed to step 905, and processor 118 may regulate at least one of the light sources 112 and at least one of the light deflectors 114 to prevent an accumulated energy density of the light projected in the immediate area to exceed a maximum permissible exposure. Method 900 may then proceed to step 907 for the next segment. On the other hand, if no object is detected, method 900 may proceed to step 906, and a subsequent pulse of light may be emitted in the same segment to detect if there is an object beyond the immediate area, after which method 900 may proceed to step 907 for the next segment.

[0197] For example, if a pedestrian is detected, then subsequent light emission characteristics may be determined to account for the presence of the pedestrian. In some embodiments, light emissions to a particular FOV segment or segments in which the pedestrian is determined to reside may be limited to power levels, aggregated energy levels, time durations, etc. to comply with applicable eye safety regulations. Advantages of this embodiment include increased safety to pedestrians or other people in the area of the LIDAR by reducing the emission power to within a range deemed safe by local or federal regulations.

[0198] Fig. 9B illustrates an example method 910 for detecting objects. Method 910 may be performed by at least one processor (e.g., processor 118 of processing unit 108 of LIDAR system 100 as depicted in Fig. 1A and/or two processors 118 of processing unit 108 of the LIDAR system depicted in Fig. 2A). At step 911, processor 118 controls at least one light source (e.g., light source 112 of Fig. 1A, laser diode 202 of light source 112 of Fig. 2A, and/or plurality of light sources 112 of Fig. 2B) in a manner enabling light flux of light from at least one light source to vary over a scanning cycle of a field of view (e.g., held of view 120 of Figs. 1A and 2A). For example, processor 118 may vary the timing of pulses from the at least one light source. Alternatively or concurrently, processor 118 may vary the length of pulses from the at least one light source. By way of further example, processor 118 may alternatively or concurrently vary a size (e.g., length or width or otherwise alter a cross-sectional area) of pulses from the at least one light source. In a yet further example, processor 118 may alternatively or concurrently vary the amplitude and/or frequency of pulses from the at least one light source.

[0199] Step 912 may further include processor 118 controlling at least one deflector (e.g., light deflector 114 of Fig. 1A, deflector 114A and/or deflector 114B of Fig. 2A, and/or one-way deflector 214 of Fig. 2B) to deflect light from the at least one light source in order to scan the held of view. For example, processor 118 may cause mechanical movement of the at least one light deflector to scan the field of view. Alternatively or concurrently, processor 118 may induce a piezoelectric or thermoelectrical change in the at least one dehector to scan the held of view.

[0200] At step 913, processor 118 may receive from at least one sensor (e.g., sensor 116 of Fig. 1 A), reflection signals indicative of light reflected from objects in the held of view. In one embodiment, the reflection signals may be associated with a single portion of the held of view (e.g., second FOV 414 of Fig. 4B). At step 914, processor 118 may determine, based on the reflection signals of an initial light emission, whether an object is located in an immediate area of the held of view within a threshold distance from the at least one light dehector. Consistent with one embodiment, the threshold distance may be associated with an ocular hazard distance. In other words, processor 118 may determine if the amount of light projected may damage an individual located in the immediate area. Consistent with another embodiment, the threshold distance may be associated with a sensor saturation distance. In other words, processor 118 may determine if the amount of light projected may cause the reflected light to overflow sensor 116.

[0201] When no object is detected in the immediate area, i.e., at step 915, processor 118 may control the at least one light source such that an additional light emission is projected toward the immediate area, thereby enabling detection of objects beyond the immediate area. Additionally, when an object is detected in the immediate area, i.e., at step 916, processor 118 may include regulating at least one of the at least one light source and the at least one light deflector to prevent an accumulated energy density of the light in the immediate area to exceed a maximum permissible exposure. In accordance with the two embodiments described above, the maximum permissible exposure may be associated with the amount of light projected that may damage an individual located in the immediate area; or the amount of light projected that may cause the reflected light to overflow sensor 116 such that it may damage its functionally. Flash LIDAR Having Nonuniform Light Modulation

[0202] In flash LIDAR systems, a large field of view (in many cases the entire field of view, or more than 10% thereof) may be illuminated by the LIDAR system. A detection array unit may detect light reflections from the illuminated field. There are many cases, however, in which the illumination level should be locally reduced in some part of the field of view, or even in some cases, flash light emissions should not be directed to an area of the field of view. For example, illumination may need to be reduced to prevent damage to an object in the field of view (e.g., camera, eyes). As another example, to prevent blinding the LIDAR system from reflections of highly reflective objects in the field of view, illumination directed to an area in which the objects are located should be reduced.

[0203] It may be desirable to design systems and methods for LIDAR illumination having a nonuniform spatial light modulation, which may enable a LIDAR system to emit light emissions to the field of view of the LIDAR system in a nonuniform manner. A nonuniform spatial light modulation refers to a modulation of light in which different parts of the field of view may be illuminated with different intensities. For example, a nonuniform spatial light modulation may be implemented such that a segment of the field of view may be illuminated with a relatively low illumination level (or no illumination at all), and other segment(s) of the field of view may be illuminated with a higher intensity (or higher intensities). The nonuniform spatial light modulation implemented by the LIDAR system may be controlled (or adjusted) from time to time, which may allow the LIDAR system to operate in high performance (e.g., with a higher light intensity) in most areas of the field of view and minimize potential damages to the objects in certain part of the field of view by reducing the light intensity of light directed to that part of field of view.

[0204] Fig. 10A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary LIDAR system 1000 consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated in Fig. 10A, LIDAR system 1000 may include a light emission assembly 1002, a sensing unit 1010, and a processing unit 1014.

[0205] Light emission assembly 1002 may be configured to emit flash light emissions to the field of view of LIDAR system 1000 under the control of processing unit 1014. Light emission assembly 1002 may include a light source 1004, a spatial light modulation 1006, and an optics 1008. Light source 1004 may be configured to emit flash light emissions. Spatial light modulation 1006 may be configured to selectively filter (and/or block) the flash light emissions (or a portion thereof) emitted from light source 1004, which may reach optics 1008. For example, spatial light modulation 1006 may include one or more spatial filters that selectively filters (and/or block) the flash light emissions (or a portion thereof) emitted from light source 1004. Optics 1008 may be configured to direct the flash light emissions from spatial light modulation 1006 to the field of view. For example, as illustrated in Fig. 10A, spatial light modulation 1006 may allow passage of flash light emissions emitted from light source 1004 except two subsections (illustrated as two black lines out of the box representing spatial light modulation 1006 in Fig. 10A), and accordingly, no flash light emissions will be directed to two segments in the field of view (illustrated as two black slices in the sector representing the field of view). Alternatively or additionally, spatial light modulation 1006 may modulate the flash light emissions from light source 1004 in a non binary manner. For example, spatial light modulation 1006 may suppress a portion of the flash light emissions (e.g., an intensity of the flash light emissions is lowered by spatial light modulation 1006), and the suppressed flash light emissions may be emitted to a corresponding segment of the field of view.

[0206] In some embodiments, light source 1004 may include one or more light sources of one or more types described elsewhere in this disclosure (e.g., laser, LED, vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), vixel array, etc.). In some embodiments, light source 1004 may include two or more light sources configured to emit flash light emissions. For example, light source 1004 may include a first light source and a second light source. The first light source may be configured to emit a first flash light emission, and the second light source may be configured to emit a second flash light emissions. The first flash light emissions may be different from the second flash light emission. For example, the first flash light emission may have a wavelength, an intensity, a power level, or the like, or a combination thereof, different from the second flash light emission. Spatial light modulation 1006 may be configured to block (and/or suppress) the flash light emissions emitted from the first light source and/or the second light source.

[0207] Processing unit 1014 may be configured to control one or more components of LIDAR system 1000. For example, processing unit 1014 may be configured to control light emission assembly 1002 to emit flash light emissions to the field of view (or one or more segments thereof) of FIDAR system 1000. In some embodiments, processing unit 1014 may include a processor 1016 configured to perform the functions of processing unit 1014 described in this disclosure. Processor 1016 may be similar to processor 118 described elsewhere in this disclosure. For example, processor 1016 may be configured to control light emission assembly 1002 to emit first flash light emissions to the field of view. As another example, processor 1016 may be operable to determine, based on the reflection signals of the first flash emission, whether an object is located in an immediate area of the FIDAR system and within a threshold distance from a light deflector of the FIDAR system (e.g., the threshold distance being associated with the safety distance). For example, the threshold distance may be a distance between 1 meter and 5 meters.

[0208] In some embodiments, processor 1016 may be configured to detect an object within a threshold distance from the deflector as described elsewhere in this disclosure. If processor 1016 detects an object within the threshold distance, processor 1016 may be configured to control spatial light modulation 1006 to block (or suppress) the second flash light emission toward a segment of the field of view that includes the detected object (and/or the immediate area) so that no second flash light emissions (or suppressed second flash light emission) will be directed to the segment of the field of view (and/or the immediate area). For example, processor 1016 may be configured to control spatial light modulation 1006 to regulate passage of the second flash light emission emitted from light source 1004 to prevent an accumulated energy density of the light in the immediate area to exceed a maximum permissible exposure. Other variations of selectively illuminating parts of the field of view in flash illumination may include any variation of the methods of Figs. 8, 9A and 9B, mutatis mutandis.

[0209] Sensing unit 1010 may include a sensor 1012 configured to detect reflections from the field of view of LIDAR system 1000. Sensor 1012 may include any device, element, or system capable of measuring properties (e.g., power, frequency, phase, pulse timing, pulse duration) of electromagnetic waves and to generate an output relating to the measured properties. In some embodiments, the at least one sensor may include a plurality of detectors constructed from a plurality of detecting elements. Sensor 1012 may include light sensors of one or more types. It is noted that the at least one sensor may include multiple sensors of the same type which may differ in other characteristics (e.g., sensitivity, size). Other types of sensors may also be used. Combinations of several types of sensors can be used for different reasons, such as improving detection over a span of ranges (especially in close range); improving the dynamic range of the sensor; improving the temporal response of the sensor; and improving detection in varying environmental conditions (e.g. atmospheric temperature, rain, etc.). In one embodiment, the at least one sensor includes a SiPM (Silicon photomultipliers) which is a solid-state single-photon-sensitive device built from an array of avalanche photodiode (APD), single photon avalanche diode (SPAD), serving as detection elements on a common silicon substrate. In one example, a typical distance between SPADs may be between about I Omhi and about 50pm, wherein each SPAD may have a recovery time of between about 20ns and about 100ns. Similar photomultipliers from other, non-silicon materials may also be used. Although a SiPM device works in digital/switching mode, the SiPM is an analog device because all the microcells may be read in parallel, making it possible to generate signals within a dynamic range from a single photon to hundreds and thousands of photons detected by the different SPADs. It is noted that outputs from different types of sensors (e.g., SPAD, APD, SiPM, PIN diode, Photodetector) may be combined together to a single output which may be processed by a processor of the LIDAR system. Additional details on the sensing unit and the at least one sensor are described below with reference to Figs. 4A-4C. Optionally, LIDAR system 1000 may include a scanning unit to direct the flash illumination to different parts of the field of view at different times. In such cases, the determining of the spatial light modulation may be executed for each part of the field of view (e.g., if eye safety is a concern), but not necessarily so (e.g., if sensor pixel malfunctioning is the concern).

[0210] Fig. 10B is a diagram illustrating an exemplary LIDAR system 1001 consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. LIDAR system 1001 may be similar to LIDAR system 1000 except LIDAR system 1001 does not include a spatial light modulation (such as spatial light modulation 1006 illustrated in Fig. 10A), but instead includes a light source 1004’, which may be capable of modulating flash light emissions nonuniformly. As illustrated in Fig. 10B, light source 1004 may be configured to block flash light emissions in two sections of the flash light emissions (illustrated as two black lines out of the box representing light source 1004’) and suppress two sections of the flash light emissions (illustrated as two lines having a striped pattern out of the box representing light source 1004’). Accordingly, no flash light emissions may be directed to two segments of the field of view (illustrated as two black slides in the sector), and suppressed flash light emissions (e.g., having a reduced illumination level) may be directed to two segments of the field of view (illustrated as two slices having a striped pattern in the sector).

[021 1 ] It is noted that when detecting objects in the field of view, if intensity levels are used in the detecting, classification, or presentation of the point cloud, the reduced levels caused by the nonuniform spatial light modulation may be taken into account in these processes.

[02 ! 2] Fig. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process 1100 for detecting one or more objects consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Process 1100 may be executed, for example, by LIDAR system 110 (e.g., via processor 118), LIDAR system 1000, LIDAR system 1001, or by any other LIDAR system. While the descriptions of process 1100 are provided using LIDAR system 1000 as an example, one skilled in the art would understand that process 1100 may be executed by a similar LIDAR system described elsewhere in this disclosure.

[0213] Process 1100 may involve controlling both a light emission assembly and at least one sensor, for illuminating the FOV of the LIDAR system and for detecting reflections of that illumination which are reflected from one or more objects in the FOV. The light emission assembly may include one or more light sources of one or more types (e.g., laser, LED, vixel array, etc.). The at least one sensor may include one or more sensors of one or more types (e.g., SiPM, photodiode, CMOS, etc.). It is noted that for the clarity of discussion, in the descriptions of process 1100 relating to a FOV of the system, the same stage or step can also be applied, mutatis mutandis, to a part of the FOV that is illuminated by a flash illumination, even if other parts of the FOV are illuminated by the LIDAR system at a different time. For example, a ID scanning mirror may be used to scan the FOV in 5, 10, or 20 slices, each of which is relatively large (e.g., a 100°-by-20° FOV may be scanned in 20 slices, each 5°-by-20° part of the FOV which is illuminated in a flash illumination).

[0214] At step 1101, a light emission assembly (e.g., light emission assembly 1002) may be controlled to emit first light emissions to the field of view of the LIDAR system. For example, processor 1016 may control light emission assembly 1002 (illustrated in Figs. 10A and 10B) to emit first flash light emissions to the field of view.

[0215] In some embodiments, processor 1016 may control light emission assembly 1002 to emit first flash light emissions to the field of view uniformly. Alternatively, processor 1016 may control the light emission assembly to emit flash light emissions to the field of view in a manner enabling spatial light modulation to vary in different flash light emissions of the light emission assembly to the field of view. For example, the light emission assembly may be configured to emit a flash light emission to a particular segment of the field of view. By way of example, the field of view may include a first segment and a second segment. The light emission assembly may be configured to emit a flash light emission to the first segment at a first time (or during a first time period), but emit no flash light emissions to the second segment at the same time (or during the same time period). Alternatively or additionally, the light emission assembly may be configured to emit a flash light emission to the first segment at a first time (or during a first time period) and emit a flash light emission to the second segment at a second time (or during a second time period). Alternatively or additionally, the light emission assembly may be configured to emit different flash light emissions to the first segment and the second segment. For example, the light emission assembly may be configured to emit to the first segment a flash light emission (referred to herein as a third flash light emission) and to emit to the second segment a different flash light emission (referred to herein as a fourth flash light emission) that may have one or more physical properties different from the third flash light emission. By way of example, the third flash light emission may have a wavelength different from that of the fourth flash light emission. Alternatively or additionally, the third flash light emission may have an intensity different (e.g., greater or lower) than that of the fourth flash light emission. Alternatively or additionally, the third flash light emission may have a power level different (e.g., higher or lower) than that of the fourth flash light emission. For example, the power level of the fourth flash light emission may be at least twice as high as the power level of the third flash light emission.

[0216] In some embodiments, light source 1004 may include two or more light sources configured to emit flash light emissions. For example, light source 1004 may include a first light source configured to emit a flash light emission and a second light source configured to emit a flash light emission. Processor 1016 may control light emission assembly 1002 to direct the flash light emission emitted from the first light source to a first segment of the field of view and to direct the flash light emission emitted from the second light source to a second segment of the field of view. In some embodiments, the flash light emission emitted from the first light source may be different from the flash light emission emitted from the second light source. For example, the first light source may emit a flash light emission having a wavelength different from the flash light emission emitted from the second light source. Alternatively or additionally, the light source may emit a flash light emission having an intensity (and/or a power level) different from the flash light emission emitted from the second light source.

[0217 ] At step 1103, at least one sensor of the LIDAR system may be controlled to detect a plurality of first reflection signals indicative of reflections of first flash light emissions from the one or more in the field of view of the LIDAR system. For example, one or more objects in the field of view may reflect some of the first flash light emissions, and processor 1016 may control sensing unit 1010 (e.g., sensor 1012) to detect a plurality of first reflection signals indicative of the reflections (or a portion thereof) from the one or more objects. In some embodiments, sensor 1012 may detect a plurality of first reflection signals as described elsewhere in this disclosure.

[0218] In some embodiments, the LIDAR system may include two or more sensors configured to detect reflection signals. For example, the LIDAR system may include a first sensor configured to detect reflection signals indicative of reflections from a first segment of the field of view. The LIDAR system may also include a second sensor configured to detect reflection signals indicative of reflections from a second segment of the field of view.

[0219] In some embodiments, an object in the field of view may be detected based on the detected first reflection signal. For example, processor 1016 may determine the presence of an object in the field of view (or a segment thereof) based on the detected first reflection signal.

[0220] In some embodiments, processor 1016 may also be configured to determine a distance of the object from LIDAR system 1000 based on the detected reflection signal. Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may be configured to determine an intensity of light projected at the object. For example, processor 1016 may determine the intensity of light projected at the object based on the detected reflection signals associated with the object. In some embodiments, the intensity of light projected at the object may relate to an accumulated amount of light projected to the object during a period of time. Alternatively, the intensity of light projected at the object may relate to the light projected to the object at a time point (e.g., determined based on the first reflection signal). In some embodiments, processor 1016 may be configured to determine whether the detected object is a human being. If so, processor 1016 may also be configured to determine a light exposure time that is eye-safe at the determined distance.

Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may be configured to determine a light energy that is eye- safe at the determined distance.

[0221] At step 1105, a nonuniform spatial light modulation for the light emission assembly may be determined based on at least one of the plurality of first reflection signals. For example, processor 1016 may receive the plurality of first reflection signals indicating that an object (e.g., an object resembling a human being) is present in a segment (e.g., an intermediate area) of the field of view. Processor 1016 may determine that no flash light emissions should not be directed to the segment (or the intermediate area) based on the detection of the object. Processor 1016 may also determine a nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 such that no flash light emissions are directed to the segment. As another example, processor 1016 may receive the plurality of first reflection signals indicating that an object (e.g., an object resembling a human being) is present within a threshold distance from the LIDAR system (e.g., a threshold distance from a deflector). Processor 1016 may determine a maximum power level of flash light emissions to be directed to a segment of the field of view corresponding to the detected object. Processor 1016 may also determine a nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 such that the power level of flash light emissions to be directed to the segment will not exceed the maximum power level.

[0222] Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may determine the nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 by adjusting one or more properties of the first flash light emissions to be directed to the segment of the field of view from which the reflections are detected. For example, processor 118 may determine the nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 by increasing or reducing an intensity (or a duration, an energy density, or the like, or a combination thereof) of a flash light emission previously directed to a segment of the field of view. Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may determine a nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 to prevent one or more conditions relating to the segment. For example, processor 1016 may determine a nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 such that an energy density of lights projected in a particular segment does not exceed a predetermined exposure level. Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may determine a nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 to prevent an accumulated energy density of light projected to a segment of the field of view from exceeding a predetermined energy density.

[0223] In some embodiments, if processor 1016 detects an object in a segment of the field of view (e.g., as described above in connection to step 1103), processor 1016 may determine the nonuniform spatial light modulation based on the detected object. For example, processor 1016 may determine the intensity of light projected at the object based on the detected reflection signals associated with the object. Processor 1016 may also determine the nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 such that the intensity of a subsequent flash light emission (or a second flash light emission) that is directed to the object does not exceed a threshold. As another example, processor 1016 may be configured to determine whether the detected object is a human being. If so, processor 1016 may also be configured to determine a light exposure time that is eye-safe at the determined distance. Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may be configured to determine a light energy that is eye-safe at the determined distance. Processor 1016 may further be configured to determine the nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 such that the light exposure time (and/or the light energy) of a second flash light emission that is directed to the object will not exceed a threshold exposure time (and/or light energy).

[0224] In some embodiments, when an object is not detected in a segment of the field of view, it may be due to a malfunction of the sensor (or another component of the detection path such as an amplifier or ADC) in one or more pixels corresponding to the segment. Processor 1016 may be configured to determine a nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 not to emit flash light emissions to that segment of the FOV, because a flash light emission directed to that segment may not be useful and may possibly harm people, animals, or objects in the scene.

[0225] At step 1107, the light emission assembly may be instmcted to emit to the field of view at least one second light emission in accordance with the nonuniform spatial light modulation. For example, processor 1016 may determine a nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 not to emit flash light emissions to a particular segment of the field of view, but emit flash light emissions to one or more other segments of the field of view. Processor 1016 may instruct light emission assembly 1002 not to emit flash light emissions to the field of view in accordance with the nonuniform spatial light modulation, by, for example, blocking a portion of flash light emissions emitted from light source 1004 corresponding to that segment of the field of view. As another example, the nonuniform spatial light modulation may include adjusting a flash light emission directed to a particular segment of the field of view. Processor 1016 may instruct light emission assembly 1002 to adjust a flash light emission directed to that segment of the field of view according to the nonuniform spatial light modulation. By way of example, processor 1016 may instruct light emission assembly 1002 to increase (or reduce) an intensity of a flash light emission previously emitted to a segment as the second flash light emission directed to that segment of the field of view. Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may instruct light emission assembly 1002 to increase (or reduce) the duration of a flash light emission previously emitted to the segment as the second flash light emission directed to that segment of the field of view. Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may instruct light emission assembly 1002 to emit to the segment a second flash light emission such that an energy density of lights projected to the segment does not exceed a predetermined exposure level. Alternatively or additionally, according to the nonuniform spatial light modulation, processor 1016 may instruct light emission assembly 1002 to regulate a light source or a light deflector to prevent an accumulated energy density of light projected to a segment of the field of view from exceeding a predetermined energy density.

[0226] At step 1109, second reflection signal indicative of the second flash light emission may be detected. For example, sensing unit 1010 may be configured to detect a second reflection signal indicative of the second flash light emission from one or more objects in the field of view. In some embodiments, sensing unit 1010 may detect a second reflection signal in a manner similar to a process as described elsewhere in this disclosure (e.g., the descriptions in connection to step 1103).

[0227] In some embodiments, sensing unit 1010 may detect reflection signals indicative of the second flash light emissions received from different segments of the field of view. For example, sensing unit 1010 may detect a first reflection signal from a first segment of the field of view and detect a second reflection signal from a second segment of the field of view.

[0228] At step 1111, an object in the field of view may be detected based on the detected second reflection signal. For example, processor 1016 may determine the presence of an object in the field of view (or a segment thereof) based on the detected second reflection signal.

[0229 ] In some embodiments, processor 1016 may also be configured to determine a distance of the object from LIDAR system 1000. Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may be configured to determine an intensity of light projected at the object. For example, processor 1016 may determine the intensity of light projected at the object based on the detected reflection signals associated with the object. In some embodiments, the intensity of light projected at the object may relate to an accumulated amount of light projected to the object during a period of time. Alternatively, the intensity of light projected at the object may relate to the light projected to the object at a time point (e.g., determined based on the second reflection signal). In some embodiments, processor 1016 may be configured to determine whether the detected object is a human being. If so, processor 1016 may also be configured to determine a light exposure time that is eye-safe at the determined distance and instruct the light emission assembly to emit, to a segment the field of view that includes the object, at least one flash light emission based on the determined light exposure time. Alternatively or additionally, processor 1016 may be configured to determine a light energy that is eye-safe at the determined distance and instruct the light emission assembly to emit, to a segment the field of view that includes the object, at least one flash light emission based on the determined light energy.

[0230] In some embodiments, as described above, sensing unit 1010 may detect reflection signals indicative of the second flash light emissions received from different segments of the field of view. Processor 1016 may be configured to generate a depth map based on the detected reflection signals from different segments of the field of view.

[02 1 ] In some embodiments, when no object is detected in an immediate area (i.e., a segment of the field of view), processor 1016 may control light emission assembly 1002 (e.g., by controlling the light source and/or the deflector) to emit flash light emissions such that an additional (or intensified) light emission is projected toward the immediate area, thereby enabling detection of objects beyond the immediate area. Alternatively or additionally, when an object is detected in an immediate area, processor 1016 may control light emission assembly 1002 (e.g., by controlling the light source and/or the deflector) to prevent an accumulated energy density of the light in the immediate area to exceed a maximum permissible exposure. The maximum permissible exposure may be associated with the amount of light projected that may damage an individual located in the immediate area. Alternatively or additionally, the maximum permissible exposure may be associated with the amount of light projected that may cause the reflected light to overflow sensing unit 1010 (e.g., sensor 1012) such that it may impair its function.

[0232 ] In some embodiments, the detection criteria for detecting an object based on a reflection signal (the first reflection signal or the second reflection signal) in steps 1103 and 1111 may be different. For example, if used for eye safety or for other safety reasons, step 1103 may implement a relatively low threshold of detection, preferring to err on the direction of false detection of objects than to harm people or objects in the field of view. On the other hand, the threshold (e.g., a SNR threshold) at step 1111 may be set higher, to balance between false detections and missed detection.

[0233] One skilled in the art would understand that, in some embodiments, some steps of process 1100 may be optional. For example, one or more of steps 1101, 1103, and 1109 may be optional. By way of example, processor 1016 may be configured to a nonuniform spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 without first emitting a first flash light emission to the field of view or detecting reflection signals (i.e., not to execute step 1101 and/or step 1103).

[0234] Fig. 12 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process 1200 for detecting a location of an object consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Process 1200 may be executed, for example, by LIDAR system 110 (e.g., via processor 118), LIDAR system 1000, LIDAR system 1001, or by any other LIDAR system. While the descriptions of process 1100 are provided using LIDAR system 1000 as an example, one skilled in the art would understand that process 1100 may be executed by a similar LIDAR system described elsewhere in this disclosure. In some embodiments, steps 1201 to 1211 of process 1200 are similar to steps 1101 to 1111 of process 1100, respectively. For brevity, some details will not be repeated for process 1200. One skilled in the art would understand that descriptions of steps 1101 to 1111 may also be applicable to steps 1201 to 1211, and vice versa.

[0235] At step 1201, one or more first flash light emissions may be emitted. For example, light emission assembly 1002 may include one or more light sources configured to emit one or more first flash light emissions. By way of example, step 1201 may be executed by light source(s) 1004 and/or light source(s) 112. In some embodiments, the one or more light sources may be later used for LIDAR detection (e.g., at step 1207), but this is not necessarily so and other light sources may also be used. If the same one or more light sources are used, they may be operated in similar settings or in different settings (e.g., filtered vs. nonfiltered flash emission). Optionally, step 1201 may be implemented with emission method other than flash emission (e.g., scanning).

[0236] While not necessarily so, the one or more first flash emissions may be low-intensity emissions (e.g., eye-safe emission, energy-consuming emission, and so forth). The intensity and modulation of the at least one first flash emission may be fixed, and may also be based on previous sensing results of the LIDAR system, on operational conditions (e.g., temperature, battery level), on condition of a carrying platform (e.g., speed, urban/suburban driving profile), or the like, or a combination thereof.

[0237] At step 1203, first reflections signals indicative of reflections of the at least one first flash light emissions may be detected. Step 1203 may be executed by one or more sensors that are later used for LIDAR detection (e.g., at step 1209), but this is not necessarily so and other sensor(s) may also be used. By way of example, step 1203 may be executed by sensor(s) 1012 and/or sensor(s) 116. If the same one or more sensors are used, they may be operated in similar settings or in different settings (e.g., detecting time-of-flight intensities, summing collected light over a continuous sampling duration, detecting when/whether intensity level crosses a threshold). Optionally, step 1203 may be implemented with an emission method other than array detection (e.g., scanning).

[0238] In some embodiments, processor 1016 may also be configured to detect an object in the field of view based on the first reflections signals. Optionally, processor 1016 may further be configured to the location (e.g., (q, f, R) or (x,y,z)) of the object based on the first reflections signals.

[0239] At step 1205, the spatial light modulation of the light emission assembly may be modified based on the processing of the first reflection signals. For example, processor 1016 (and/or processor 118) may obtain a configuration of the spatial light modulation for light emission assembly 1002 stored in a memory. Processor 1016 (and/or processor 118) may also modify the configuration based on the processing of the first reflection signals. For example, processor 1016 may modify a configuration having a uniform spatial light modulation into a configuration having a nonuniform spatial light modulation (or vice versa if, for example, no objects are detected in a safety radius from the LIDAR system). As another example, processor 1016 may modify the configuration of the spatial light modulation to regulate the flash light emission(s) directed to one or more particular segments of the field of view as described elsewhere in this disclosure.

[0240] At step 1207, at least one second flash light emission may be emitted to the field of view in accordance with the nonuniform spatial light modulation. The at least one second flash light emission may be preferably emitted by the main light source of the LIDAR system, possibly in combination with additional components such as optics, filters, and/or the spatial light modulation. For example, at least one second flash light emission may be emitted light source 1004 and/or light source(s) 112. In some embodiments, processor 1016 (and/or processor 118) may control the light source to emit the second flash light emission.

[0241] At step 1209, at least one second reflections signal indicative of a reflection of the at least one second flash light emission may be detected. For example, sensor 1012 and/or sensor 116 may be configured to detect at least one second reflections signal indicative of a reflection of the at least one second flash light emission.

[0242] At step 1211, an object in the field of view may be determined by processing the second reflection signal. In some embodiments, the location of the object may also be determined. For example, processor 1016 may detect an object and/or determine the location (e.g., (q, f, R) or (x,y,z)) of an object in the field of view based on the second reflection signal.

[0243] In some embodiments, the detection criteria for detecting an object based on a reflection signal (the first reflection signal or the second reflection signal) in steps 1203 and 1211 may be different. For example, if used for eye safety or for other safety reasons, step 1203 (and/or step 1103) may implement a relatively low threshold of detection, preferring to err on the direction of false detection of objects than to harm people or objects in the field of view. On the other hand, the threshold (e.g., SNR threshold) at step 1211 (and/or step 1111) may be set higher, to balance between false detections and missed detection.

[0244] In some embodiments, one or more steps of process 1000 and/or process 1100 may be repeated more than once during the operation of the LIDAR system. For example, a process may be repeated for every frame of a LIDAR detection and/or for every point cloud generated. Fig. 12 illustrates several options in which various steps may be reiterated. For example, as illustrated in Fig. 12, with option“A” (i.e., the arrow labeled“A” out of step 1111), process 1200 may proceed to step 1101 after step 1111 is executed in a previous iteration (e.g., for a previous frame), and a first flash light emission is emitted. Step 1103 may also executed for probing in each frame anew (or for each pulse anew) using low power short-range detection for one or more objects (e.g., people) in the field of view. As another example, with option“B” (i.e., the arrow labeled“B” out of step 1111), process 1100 may proceed to step 1105, and processing of the second reflection signal may be used for determining a light modulation for a next second flash light emission (e.g., detecting objects in the field of view). Reverting to first flash emissions in such a case may be implemented, for example, every N samples, whenever an object is expected to cross a safety distance threshold, and so on. As another example, with option“C” (i.e., the arrow labeled“C” out of step 1111), process 1100 may proceed to step 1107, and a spatial light modulation may be used for several second flash emissions, until another first flash probing is needed. Option“C” may be implemented, for example, when used for detecting that the sensors are operative (which doesn’t necessarily have to be checked in each frame).

[0245] The foregoing description has been presented for purposes of illustration. It is not exhaustive and is not limited to the precise forms or embodiments disclosed. Modifications and adaptations will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosed embodiments. Additionally, although aspects of the disclosed embodiments are described as being stored in memory, one skilled in the art will appreciate that these aspects can also be stored on other types of computer readable media, such as secondary storage devices, for example, hard disks or CD ROM, or other forms of RAM or ROM, USB media, DVD, Blu-ray, or other optical drive media.

[0246] Computer programs based on the written description and disclosed methods are within the skill of an experienced developer. The various programs or program modules can be created using any of the techniques known to one skilled in the art or can be designed in connection with existing software.

For example, program sections or program modules can be designed in or by means of .Net Framework, .Net Compact Framework (and related languages, such as Visual Basic, C, etc.), Java, C++, Objective-C, HTML, HTML/ AJAX combinations, XML, or HTML with included Java applets.

[0247] Moreover, while illustrative embodiments have been described herein, the scope of any and all embodiments having equivalent elements, modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., of aspects across various embodiments), adaptations and/or alterations as would be appreciated by those skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. The limitations in the claims are to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to examples described in the present specification or during the prosecution of the application. The examples are to be construed as non-exclusive.

Furthermore, the steps of the disclosed methods may be modified in any manner, including by reordering steps and/or inserting or deleting steps. It is intended, therefore, that the specification and examples be considered as illustrative only, with a true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims and their full scope of equivalents.