TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This relates generally to antennas for use in wireless power transmission systems, including but not limited to flat antennas having two or more resonant frequencies for use in wireless power transmission systems.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Portable electronic devices, such as laptop computers, mobile phones, tablets, and other electronic devices, require frequent charging of a power-storing component (e.g., a battery) to operate. Many electronic devices require charging one or more times per day. Often, charging an electronic device requires manually connecting an electronic device to an outlet or other power source using a wired charging cable. In some cases, the power-storing component is removed from an electronic device and inserted into charging equipment. Accordingly, charging is time consuming, burdensome, and inefficient because users must carry around multiple charging cables and/or other charging devices, and frequently must locate appropriate power sources to charge their electronic devices. Additionally, conventional charging techniques potentially deprive a user of the ability to use the device while it is charging, and/or require the user to remain next to a wall outlet or other power source to which their electronic device or other charging equipment is connected.

[0003] Some other conventional charging systems utilize inductive coils to generate a magnetic field that is used to charge a device. However, such inductive coupling has a limited short range, such as a few inches or less. Users typically must place the device at a specific position on a charging pad and are unable to move the device to different positions on the pad, without interrupting or terminating the charging of the device. This results in a frustrating experience for many users as they may be unable to locate the device at the exact right position on the pad to start charging their device.

[0004] Additionally, existing antennas used for transmission of power waves have relatively large cross-sectional areas, such as 6 inches by 6 inches for transmission of power waves at a frequency of 900 MHz. Due to these large cross-sectional areas, integrating these antennas with devices results in noticeable and undesired changes to the aesthetic appearance of the devices, thereby reducing the likelihood that users will be willing to install such devices in their homes or offices.

SUMMARY

[0005] Accordingly, there is a need for improved antenna designs that help to address the shortcomings of conventional charging systems described above. In particular, there is a need for antennas that have a form factor that is suitable for integration within devices. The antennas described herein address these shortcomings and have a form factor that is suitable for integration within devices. For example, in some embodiments the antennas have a largest cross-sectional dimension of two inches or less, making integration within devices more feasible, such devices include sound bars (e.g., a sound bar with the novel multi-band antennas described herein integrated within the sound bar), televisions, media entertainment systems, light fixtures, portable air conditioning /heater systems, dashboard and glove compartments in automobiles, devices embedded in seat-backs (e.g., in trains, busses and airplanes), advertisement panels, and other devices without impacting aesthetic appeal of these devices, thereby ensuring that users will be more receptive to installing such transmitter devices in their homes, offices, or other spaces.

[0006] In some embodiments, an antenna for use in a wireless charging system is formed with a monopole configured to radiate and/or receive wireless signals. By

implementing with a monopole antenna, the dimensions, including length or depth, of the antenna are, in some instances and embodiments, reduced. A reduction in antenna dimensions improves the antenna's versatility, enabling it to be used in space-constrained environments, such as homes or conference rooms. In some embodiments, an antenna unit includes two or more conductive plates where one of the conductive plates includes a monopole antenna. In some embodiments, the conductive plates are positioned on the same plane with respect to each other with a gap between the two conductive plates that forms a capacitor. By adding a capacitance load to the monopole antenna, one or more loop antennas are created (e.g., with the feed line 306 acting as an inductor and a capacitor formed between plates 302, 304 and gap 303, Figure 3), thereby allowing a single antenna (e.g., antenna 300, Figure 3) to operate as a dual- or multi-band antenna.

[0007] In some embodiments, an apparatus for wirelessly charging and/or powering a device includes a transmitter unit that includes an antenna unit communicatively coupled to a transmitter. In some embodiments, the transmitter unit is configured to transmit a wireless power signal for use in charging and/or powering an electronic device. In some embodiments, the antenna unit includes at least two coplanar conductive plates, such that a capacitor is formed between the plates.

[0008] In some embodiments, an apparatus for wirelessly charging and/or powering a device includes a receiver unit that includes an antenna unit communicatively coupled to a receiver. In some embodiments, the receiver unit is configured to receive a wireless signal for use in charging and/or powering an electronic device. In some embodiments, the antenna unit includes at least two coplanar conductive plates, such that a capacitor is formed between the plates.

[0009] In some embodiments, a transmitter device for a wireless charging system includes: (1) an antenna component configured to transmit electromagnetic waves toward a wireless power receiver, the antenna component having at least two conductive plates positioned on a same plane and a feed line between the at least two conductive plates, where: (a) one of the at least two conductive plates and the feed line form a monopole antenna configured to transmit electromagnetic waves in a first frequency range, (b) the at least two conductive plates are positioned such that a gap exists between the at least two conductive plates, thereby forming a capacitor, and (c) the at least two conductive plates, the feed line, and the gap capacitor form a capacitance loop antenna configured to transmit electromagnetic waves in a second frequency range; (2) an integrated circuit configured to control operation of the antenna; and (3) a transmission line coupling the antenna to the integrated circuit

[0010] In some embodiments, an antenna unit includes two or more planar antennas in parallel. For example, the antenna unit includes a first pair of coplanar conductive plates positioned within a first plane such that there is a gap between the two conductive plates that forms first capacitor. In this example, the antenna unit further includes a second pair of coplanar conductive plates positioned within a second plane such that there is a gap between the second pair of two conductive plates that forms a second capacitor. The first pair of conductive plates and the second pair of conductive plates are positioned in parallel (i.e., the first and second planes are parallel) such that there is a gap between at least one conductive plate of the first pair and the second pair that forms a third capacitor.

[0011] In some embodiments, an apparatus for wirelessly charging/powering a device includes a transmitter unit having a transmitter and an antenna unit in communication with the transmitter to transmit a wireless signal for use in charging a battery. The apparatus further includes a receiver and an antenna unit in communication with the receiver to receive the wireless signal for use in charging the battery. In some embodiments, the antenna unit includes at least two conductive plates positioned on the same plane as one another such that there is a gap between the two conductive plates that forms a capacitor.

[0012] In some embodiments, an apparatus for wirelessly charging a battery includes a receiver unit having a receiver and an antenna unit in communication with the receiver. In some embodiments, the antenna unit includes multiple antenna elements (e.g., 3 dimensional (3D) antenna elements) comprising a monopole configured to receive a wireless signal for use in charging a battery. In some embodiments, the battery comprises a battery of a wearable device, such as wristband or watch.

[0013] Example transmitters and receivers that include the antenna 300 are described below.

[0014] (Al) In some embodiments, a transmitter device (e.g., transmitter 102) for a wireless charging system includes: (1) an antenna component (e.g., antenna 300) configured to transmit electromagnetic waves toward a wireless power receiver (e.g., receiver 120), the antenna component having at least two conductive plates positioned on a same plane and a feed line between the at least two conductive plates (e.g., plates 302 and 304), where: (a) one of the at least two conductive plates and the feed line form a monopole antenna configured to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic waves in a first frequency range, (b) the at least two conductive plates are positioned such that a gap exists between the at least two conductive plates (e.g., gap 303), thereby forming a capacitor, and (c) the at least two conductive plates, the feed line, and the capacitor form a loop antenna configured to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic waves in a second frequency range; (2) an integrated circuit configured to control operation of the antenna; and (3) a transmission line coupling the antenna to the integrated circuit.

[0015] (A2) In some embodiments of the transmitter of Al, the at least two conductive plates each have a distinct geometric or irregular shape. In some embodiments, the at least two conductive plates each have a same geometric or irregular shape. In some embodiments, the antenna component further includes a feed line coupling the at least two conductive plates (e.g., feed line 306). In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two conductive plates (e.g., plate 304) is coupled to an electrical ground. In some embodiments, at least one of the monopole antenna and the loop antenna is tunable to adjust a

corresponding transmit frequency (e.g., tunable using tuning lines 310, tuning lines 314, tuning patch 308, and/or tuning patch 312). In some embodiments, the antenna component is mounted on a printed circuit board. [0016] (A3) In some embodiments of the transmitter of any of A1-A2, the first frequency range and the second frequency range are distinct frequency ranges. In some embodiments the first frequency range consists of a first operating frequency (e.g., 900 MHz) and/or the second frequency range consists of a second operating frequency (e.g., 2.4 MHz). In some embodiments, the first frequency range includes a frequency of 900 MHz or a frequency of 5.8 GHz. In some embodiments, the second frequency range includes a frequency of 2.4 GHz.

[0017] (A4) In some embodiments of the transmitter of any of A1-A3, the antenna component is configured to concurrently transmit electromagnetic waves in the first frequency range and in the second frequency range. In some embodiments, the antenna component is configured to concurrently transmit electromagnetic waves in the first frequency range and receive electromagnetic waves in the second frequency range. In some embodiments, the monopole antenna and the loop antenna are configured to transmit electromagnetic waves toward the wireless power receiver.

[0018] (A5) In some embodiments of the transmitter of any of A1-A4, the antenna component is configured to receive communication signals from the wireless power receiver using at least one of the first frequency range and the second frequency range. In some embodiments, the antenna component is configured to receive the communication signals while the antenna component is transmitting electromagnetic waves. In some embodiments, the communication signals received from the wireless power receiver include information identifying an amount of power received by the wireless power receiver, and the transmitter device adjusts one or more transmission characteristics used to transmit electromagnetic waves to increase an amount of power received by the wireless power receiver. In some embodiments, the transmitter device is configured to receive multiple communications from a receiver device during charging. In some embodiments, the transmitter device is configured to update the transmission characteristics responsive to each of the multiple communications received during charging.

[0019] (A6) In some embodiments of the transmitter of any of A1-A5, the antenna component has a two-dimensional structure and does not include vias. In some

embodiments, the antenna component is located entirely on a single plane, including means (e.g., a feed line that is coupled with a power amplifier) for providing an RF signal that is then transmitted by the antenna component. In some embodiments, the at least two conductive plates (e.g., plates 302 and 304) are positioned on a same plane and are coupled together on the same plane (e.g., without the use of vias that would extend outside of that same plane).

[0020] (A7) In some embodiments of the transmitter of any of A1-A6, the antenna component further includes an additional loop antenna configured to transmit and/or receive in a third frequency range, distinct from the first frequency range and the second frequency range.

[0021] (A8) In some embodiments of the transmitter of any of A1-A7, the monopole antenna is configured to transmit communication signals at a frequency of approximately 2.4 GHz and the loop antenna is configured to transmit power transmission signals at a frequency of approximately 900 MHz or 5.8 GHz. In some embodiments, the monopole antenna is configured to transmit power transmission signals and the loop antenna is configured to transmit communication signals.

[0022] (Bl) In some embodiments, a receiver device for a wireless charging system comprises: (1) an antenna component configured to receive electromagnetic waves from a wireless power transmitter, the antenna component having at least two conductive plates positioned on a same plane and a feed line between the at least two conductive plates, where: (a) one of the at least two conductive plates and the feed line form a monopole antenna configured to transmit electromagnetic waves in a first frequency range, (b) the at least two conductive plates are positioned such that a gap exists between the at least two conductive plates, thereby forming a capacitor, and (c) the at least two conductive plates, the feed line, and the capacitor form a loop antenna configured to transmit electromagnetic waves in a second frequency range; (2) an integrated circuit configured to control operation of the antenna and convert at least a portion of the received electromagnetic waves to an electrical current; and (3) a transmission line coupling the antenna to the integrated circuit. In some embodiments, the receiver device includes components and/or is configured to operate as described above in (A2) - (A8).

[0023] Note that the various embodiments described above can be combined with any other embodiments described herein. The features and advantages described in the specification are not all inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] So that the present disclosure can be understood in greater detail, a more particular description may be had by reference to the features of various embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. The appended drawings, however, merely illustrate pertinent features of the present disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting, for the description may admit to other effective features.

[0025] Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating a representative wireless power transmission system in accordance with some embodiments.

[0026] Figure 2A is a block diagram illustrating a representative transmitter device in accordance with some embodiments.

[0027] Figure 2B is a block diagram illustrating a representative receiver device in accordance with some embodiments.

[0028] Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating a perspective view of a representative antenna in accordance with some embodiments.

[0029] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating a three-dimensional view of a representative antenna in accordance with some embodiments.

[0030] Figures 5 A-5B are block diagrams illustrating representative layers of an antenna unit in accordance with some embodiments.

[0031] In accordance with common practice, the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given system, method or device. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] Numerous details are described herein in order to provide a thorough understanding of the example embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

However, some embodiments may be practiced without many of the specific details, and the scope of the claims is only limited by those features and aspects specifically recited in the claims. Furthermore, well-known processes, components, and materials have not been described in exhaustive detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure pertinent aspects of the embodiments described herein. [0033] Flat antennas that are capable of operating at two or more distinct frequencies

(also referred to herein as multi-band antennas) are described herein. These antennas address the shortcomings described above in connection with conventional charging systems and antenna designs. In some embodiments, the antennas described herein are components of a transmitter and/or a receiver of a wireless power transmission environment 100 (e.g., as described with regard to Figure 1). For example, the antennas transmit via RF or other transmission medium waves (hereinafter power waves) and/or receive transmitted power waves.

[0034] In some embodiments, one or more transmitters generate power waves to form pockets of energy at target locations and adjust power wave generation based on sensed data to provide safe, reliable, and efficient wirelessly-delivered power to receivers (and devices associated therewith). In some embodiments, a controlled "pocket of energy" (e.g., a region in which available power is high due to constructive interference of power waves) and/or null spaces (e.g., a region in which available power is low or nonexistent due to destructive interference of power waves) are formed by convergence of the power waves transmitted into a transmission field of the one or more transmitters. In some embodiments, the one or more transmitters include an array of the multi -frequency antennas described herein (e.g., in reference to Figures 3-5B), and the array of the multi -frequency antennas is used to transmit the power waves. For example, the antennas discussed herein may be integrated with consumer devices (such as the example devices described above) to produce a respective transmitter that remains aesthetically appealing, yet still capable of transmitting power waves sufficient to charge other electronic devices (e.g., cell phones, smart watches, etc.).

[0035] In some embodiments, pockets of energy (i.e., energy concentrations) form at one or more locations in a two- or three-dimensional field due to patterns of constructive interference caused by convergence of transmitted power waves. Energy from the transmitted power waves is optionally harvested by receivers (i.e., received and converted into usable power) at the one or more locations.

[0036] In some embodiments, adaptive pocket-forming is performed by adjusting power wave transmissions to achieve a target power level for at least some of the power waves transmitted by the one or more transmitters. For example, a system for adaptive pocket-forming includes a sensor. In some embodiments, when the sensor detects an object, or a particular type of object such as a sensitive object (e.g., a person, an animal, equipment sensitive to the power waves, and the like), within a predetermined distance (e.g., a distance within a range of 1-5 feet) of a pocket of energy, of one or more of the power waves, or of a transmitter, then a respective transmitter of the one or more transmitters adjusts one or more characteristics of transmitted power waves. Non-limiting examples of the one or more characteristics include: on/off status, power level, frequency, amplitude, trajectory, phase, and other characteristics used by one or more antennas of the one or more transmitters to transmit the power waves. As an example, in response to receiving information indicating that transmission of power waves by a respective transmitter of the one or more transmitters should be adjusted (e.g., a sensor senses a sensitive object within a predetermined distance of a respective target location), the adaptive pocket-forming process adjusts the one or more characteristics accordingly. As used herein, a sensitive object is an object that is affected, or could potentially be affected, (adversely or otherwise) by the transmitted power waves and/or the pockets of energy.

[0037] In some embodiments, adjusting the one or more characteristics includes reducing a currently-generated power level at a location by adjusting one or more transmitted power waves that converge at the target location. In some embodiments, reducing a generated power level includes transmitting a power wave that causes destructive interference with at least one other transmitted power wave at the target location. For example, a power wave is transmitted with a first phase that is shifted relative to a second phase of at least one other power wave to destructively interfere with the at least one other power wave in order to diminish or eliminate the power level at the target location. In some embodiments, reducing a power level at a location includes adjusting transmission of one or more power waves such that constructive interference does not occur at the target location (e.g., the transmitters operate in turns rather than concurrently).

[0038] In some embodiments, adjusting the one or more characteristics includes increasing a power level for some of the transmitted power waves to ensure that the receiver receives adequate energy sufficient to quickly charge a power-storing component of an electronic device that is associated with the receiver (e.g., to complete the charging prior to the sensitive object's arrival at the target location).

[0039] In some embodiments, an object is "tagged" (e.g., an identifier of the object is stored in memory in association with a flag) to indicate that the detected object is a sensitive object. In some embodiments, a tagged object is identified using a wireless identifier (e.g., an RFID tag). In some embodiments, in response to detection of a particular object within a predetermined distance of a target location, a determination is made as to whether the particular object is a sensitive object. In some embodiments, this determination includes performing a lookup in the memory to check whether the particular object has been previously tagged and is therefore known as a sensitive object. In response to determining that the particular object is a sensitive object, the one or more characteristics used to transmit the power waves are adjusted accordingly.

[0040] In some embodiments, sensing an object includes using sensor readings from one or more sensors to determine motion and/or positioning of an object within a

transmission field of the one or more transmitters. In some embodiments, sensor output from one or more sensors is used to detect motion of the object approaching within a

predetermined distance of a pocket of energy or of power waves used to form the pocket of energy. In some embodiments, in response to a determination that a sensitive object is approaching (e.g., moving toward and/or within a predefined distance of a pocket of energy), the power level at the location of the pocket of energy is reduced. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors include sensors that are internal to the one or more transmitters, the receiver, and/or sensors that are external to the one or more transmitters and the receiver (e.g., sensors within a mobile phone). In some embodiments, the one or more sensors optionally include thermal imaging, optical, radar, and/or other types of sensors capable to detecting objects within a transmission field. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors include positioning sensors such as GPS sensors. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors include one or more sensors remote from the one or more transmitters and the receiver.

[0041] Although some embodiments herein include the use of RF -based wave transmission technologies as a primary example, it should be appreciated that the wireless charging techniques that may be employed are not limited to RF -based technologies and transmission techniques. Rather, it should be appreciated that additional or alternative wireless charging techniques may be utilized, including any suitable technology and technique for wirelessly transmitting energy so that a receiver is capable of converting the transmitted energy to electrical power. Such technologies or techniques may transmit various forms of wirelessly transmitted energy including the following non-limiting examples:

ultrasound, microwave, laser light, infrared, or other forms of electromagnetic energy.

[0042] Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating a representative wireless power transmission system 100 in accordance with some embodiments. In accordance with some embodiments, the wireless power transmission system 100 includes transmitters 102 (e.g., transmitters 102a, 102b ... 102n) and a receiver 120. In some embodiments, the wireless power transmission environment 100 includes multiple receivers 120, each of which is associated with (e.g., coupled to) a respective electronic device 122.

[0043] In accordance with some embodiments, the transmitter 102 (e.g., transmitter

102a) includes processor(s) 104, memory 106, one or more antenna array(s) 110,

communications component(s) 112, and one or more transmitter sensor(s) 114 interconnected via a communications bus 108. References to these components of transmitters 102 cover embodiments in which one or more than one of each of these components (and combinations thereof) are included.

[0044] In some embodiments, a single processor 104 (e.g., processor 104 of transmitter 102a) executes software modules for controlling multiple transmitters 102 (e.g., transmitters 102b . . . 102n). In some embodiments, a single transmitter 102 (e.g., transmitter 102a) includes multiple processors 104 such as one or more transmitter processors (e.g., configured to control transmission of signals 116 by antenna(s) 110), one or more communications component processors (e.g., configured to control communications transmitted by the communications component(s) 112 and/or receive communications via the communications component(s) 112), and/or one or more sensor processors (e.g., configured to control operation of the transmitter sensor(s) 114 and/or receive output from the transmitter sensor(s) 114).

[0045] The receiver 120 receives the power signals 116 and/or the communications

118 transmitted by the transmitters 102. In some embodiments, the receiver 120 includes one or more antennas 124 (e.g., an antenna array including multiple antenna elements), a power converter 126, a receiver sensor 128, and/or other components or circuitry (e.g., processor(s) 140, memory 142, and/or communication component(s) 144). References to these components of receiver 120 cover embodiments in which one or more than one of each of these components (and combinations thereof) are included. The receiver 120 converts energy from the received signals 116 (e.g., power waves) into electrical energy to power and/or charge the electronic device 122. For example, the receiver 120 uses the power converter 126 to convert captured energy from the power waves 116 to alternating current (AC) electricity or to direct current (DC) electricity usable to power and/or charge the electronic device 122. Non-limiting examples of the power converter 126 include rectifiers, rectifying circuits, and voltage conditioners, among other suitable circuitry and devices. [0046] In some embodiments, receiver 120 is a standalone device that is detachably coupled to one or more electronic devices 122. For example, electronic device 122 has processor(s) 133 for controlling one or more functions of electronic device 122 and receiver 120 has processor(s) 140 for controlling one or more functions of receiver 120.

[0047] In some embodiments, as shown, receiver 120 is a component of electronic device 122. For example, processor(s) 133 controls functions of electronic device 122 and receiver 120.

[0048] In some embodiments, electronic device 122 includes processor(s) 133, memory 134, communication component(s) 136, and/or battery/batteries 130. In some embodiments, these components are interconnected by way of a communications bus 138. In some embodiments, communications between electronic device 122 and receiver 120 occur via communications component(s) 136 and/or 144. In some embodiments, communications between electronic device 122 and receiver 120 occur via a wired connection between communications bus 138 and communications bus 146. In some embodiments, electronic device 122 and receiver 120 share a single communications bus.

[0049] In some embodiments, the receiver 120 receives one or more power waves

116 directly from the transmitter 102. In some embodiments, the receiver 120 harvests energy from one or more pockets of energy created by one or more power waves 116 transmitted by the transmitter 102.

[0050] In some embodiments, after the power waves 116 are received and/or energy is harvested from a pocket of energy, circuitry (e.g., integrated circuits, amplifiers, rectifiers, and/or voltage conditioner) of the receiver 120 converts the energy of the power waves (e.g., radio frequency electromagnetic radiation) to a suitable form (e.g., electricity) for powering the electronic device 122 and/or storage in a battery 130 of the electronic device 122. In some embodiments, a rectifying circuit of the receiver 120 translates the electrical energy from AC to DC for use by the electronic device 122. In some embodiments, a voltage conditioning circuit increases or decreases the voltage of the electrical energy as required by the electronic device 122. In some embodiments, an electrical relay conveys electrical energy from the receiver 120 to the electronic device 122.

[0051] In some embodiments, the receiver 120 is a component of the electronic device 122. In some embodiments, a receiver 120 is coupled (e.g., detachably coupled) to the electronic device 122. In some embodiments, the electronic device 122 is a peripheral device of receiver 120. In some embodiments, the electronic device 122 obtains power from multiple transmitters 102. In some embodiments, the electronic device 122 using (e.g., is coupled to) multiple receivers 120. In some embodiments, the wireless power transmission system 100 includes a plurality of electronic devices 122, each having at least one respective receiver 120 that is used to harvest power waves from the transmitters 102 and provide usable power for charging/powering the electronic devices 122.

[0052] In some embodiments, the one or more transmitters 102 adjust one or more characteristics (e.g., phase, gain, direction, and/or frequency) of power waves 116. For example, a particular transmitter 102 (e.g., transmitter 102a) selects a subset of one or more antenna elements of antenna(s) 110 to initiate transmission of the power waves 116, cease transmission of the power waves 116, and/or adjust one or more characteristics used to transmit the power waves 116. In some embodiments, the one or more transmitters 102 adjust the power waves 116 such that trajectories of the power waves 116 converge at a predetermined location within a transmission field (e.g., a location or region in space), resulting in controlled constructive or destructive interference patterns.

[0053] In some embodiments, respective antenna array(s) 110 of the one or more transmitters 102 optionally include a set of one or more antennas configured to transmit the power waves 116 into respective transmission fields of the one or more transmitters 102. In some embodiments, integrated circuits (not shown) of the respective transmitter 102, such as a controller circuit and/or waveform generator, control the behavior of the antenna(s). For example, based on the information received from the receiver 120 via the communications signal 118, a controller circuit determines a set of one or more characteristics or waveform characteristics (e.g., amplitude, frequency, trajectory, phase, among other characteristics) used for transmitting power waves that effectively provide power to the receiver 120. In some embodiments, the controller circuit identifies a subset of antennas from the antenna(s) 110 that would be effective in transmitting the power waves 116. As another example, a waveform generator circuit of the respective transmitter 102 (e.g., coupled to the processor 104) converts energy and generates the power waves 116 having the waveform characteristics identified by the controller, and then provides the power waves to the antenna array(s) 110 for transmission.

[0054] In some instances, constructive interference of power waves occurs when two or more power waves 116 are in phase with each other and converge into a combined wave such that an amplitude of the combined wave is greater than amplitude of a single one of the power waves. For example the positive and negative peaks of sinusoidal waveforms arriving at a location from multiple antennas "add together" to create larger positive and negative peaks. In some instances and embodiments, a pocket of energy is formed at a location in a transmission field where constructive interference of power waves occurs.

[0055] In some instances, destructive interference of power waves occurs when two or more power waves are out of phase and converge into a combined wave such that the amplitude of the combined wave is less than the amplitude of a single one of the power waves. For example, the power waves "cancel each other out," thereby diminishing the amount of energy concentrated at a location in the transmission field. In some embodiments, destructive interference is used to generate a negligible amount of energy or "null" at a location within the transmission field where the power waves converge.

[0056] In some embodiments, the one or more transmitters 102 transmit power waves

116 that create two or more discrete transmission fields (e.g., overlapping and/or non- overlapping discrete transmission fields). In some embodiments, a first transmission field is managed by a first processor 104 of a first transmitter (e.g. transmitter 102a) and a second transmission field is managed by a second processor 104 of a second transmitter (e.g., transmitter 102b). In some embodiments, the two or more discrete transmission fields (e.g., overlapping and/or non-overlapping) are managed by the transmitter processors 104 as a single transmission field.

[0057] In some embodiments, the communications component(s) 112 transmit communication signals 118 via a wired and/or wireless communication connection to receiver 120. In some embodiments, the communications component 112 generates communications signals 118 to determine positioning of the receiver 120 (e.g., via triangulation). In some embodiments, the communication signals 118 are used to convey information between the transmitter 102 and the receiver 120. In some embodiments, the conveyed information is used for adjusting one or more characteristics used to transmit the power waves 116. In some embodiments, the communications signals 118 relay information related to device status, efficiency, user data, power consumption, billing, geo-location, and/or other types of information.

[0058] In some embodiments, the receiver 120 includes a transmitter (not shown), or is a part of a transceiver, that transmits communications signals 118 to communications component 112 of transmitter 102.

[0059] In some embodiments, the communications component 112 (e.g.,

communications component 112 of transmitter 102a) includes a communications component antenna for communicating with the receiver 120, other transmitters 102 (e.g., transmitters 102b through 102n), and/or other remote devices. In some embodiments, these

communications signals 118 represent a distinct channel of signals transmitted by transmitter 102, independent from a channel of signals used for transmission of the power waves 116.

[0060] In some embodiments, the receiver 120 includes a receiver-side

communications component (not shown) configured to communicate various types of data with one or more of the transmitters 102, through a respective communications signal 118 generated by the receiver-side communications component. The data optionally includes location indicators for the receiver 120 and/or the electronic device 122, a power status of the device 122, status information for the receiver 120, status information for the electronic device 122, status information regarding the power waves 116, and/or status information for pocket(s) of energy. In some embodiments, the receiver 120 provides data to the transmitter 101, via the communications signal 118, regarding the current operation of the system 100, including one or more of: information identifying a present location of the receiver 120 or the device 122, an amount of energy received by the receiver 120, and an amount of power received and/or used by the electronic device 122, among other possible types of information.

[0061] In some embodiments, the data contained within communications signals 118 is used by electronic device 122, receiver 120, and/or transmitters 102 for determining adjustments of the one or more characteristics used by the antenna(s) 110 to transmit the power waves 106. For example, using a communications signal 118, the transmitter 102 communicates data that is used to identify the receiver(s) 120 within a transmission field, identify the electronic device(s) 122, determine safe and effective waveform characteristics for power waves, and/or hone the placement of pockets of energy. In some embodiments, the receiver 120 uses a communications signal 118 to communicate data for alerting transmitters 102 that the receiver 120 has entered or is about to enter a transmission field, provide information about electronic device 122, provide user information that corresponds to electronic device 122, indicate the effectiveness of received power waves 116, and/or provide updated characteristics or transmission parameters that the one or more transmitters 102 use to adjust transmission of the power waves 116.

[0062] As an example, the communications component 112 of the transmitter 102 communicates (e.g., transmits and/or receives) one or more types of data (such as

authentication data and/or transmission parameters) including various information such as a beacon message, a transmitter identifier, a device identifier for an electronic device 122, a user identifier, a charge level for the electronic device 122, a location of receiver 120 in a transmission field, and/or a location of the electronic device 122 in a transmission field.

[0063] In some embodiments, the transmitter sensor 114 and/or the receiver sensor

128 detect and/or identify conditions of the electronic device 122, the receiver 120, the transmitter 102, and/or a transmission field. In some embodiments, data generated by the transmitter sensor 114 and/or the receiver sensor 128 is used by the transmitter 102 to determine appropriate adjustments to the one or more characteristics used to transmit the power waves 106. In some embodiments, data from the transmitter sensor 114 and/or the receiver sensor 128 received by transmitter 102 includes raw sensor data and/or sensor data processed by a processor, such as a sensor processor. In some embodiments, the processed sensor data includes determinations based upon sensor data output. In some embodiments, sensor data is received from sensors that are external to the receiver 120 and the transmitters 102 (such as thermal imaging data, information from optical sensors, and others).

[0064] In some embodiments, the receiver sensor(s) 128 include a gyroscope that provides raw data such as orientation data (e.g., tri-axial orientation data). In some embodiments, processing this raw data includes determining a location of receiver 120 and/or a location of receiver antenna 124 using the orientation data.

[0065] In some embodiments, the receiver sensor(s) 128 include one or more infrared sensors (e.g., that output thermal imaging information), and processing this infrared sensor data includes identifying a person (e.g., indicating presence of the person and/or indicating an identification of the person) or other sensitive object based upon the thermal imaging information.

[0066] In some embodiments, the receiver sensor(s) 128 includes a gyroscope and/or an accelerometer that indicates an orientation of the receiver 120 and/or the electronic device 122. As an example, transmitter(s) 102 receive orientation information from the receiver sensor 128 and the transmitter(s) 102 (or a component thereof, such as the processor 104) uses the received orientation information to determine whether the electronic device 122 is flat on a table, in motion, and/or in use (e.g., near to a user's ear).

[0067] In some embodiments, the receiver sensor 128 is a sensor of the electronic device 122 (e.g., an electronic device 122 that is remote from receiver 120). In some embodiments, the receiver 120 and/or the electronic device 122 includes a communication system for transmitting signals (e.g., sensor signals output by the receiver sensor 128) to the transmitter 102. [0068] Non-limiting examples of transmitter sensor 114 and/or receiver sensor 128 include infrared/pyro-electric sensors, ultrasonic sensors, laser sensors, optical sensors, Doppler sensors, gyro sensors, accelerometers, microwave sensors, millimeter sensors, RF standing-wave sensors, resonant LC sensors, capacitive sensors, and/or inductive sensors. In some embodiments, technologies for the transmitter sensor 114 and/or the receiver sensor 128 include binary sensors that acquire stereoscopic sensor data, such as the location of a human or other sensitive object.

[0069] In some embodiments, the transmitter sensor 114 and/or the receiver sensor

128 is configured for human recognition (e.g., is capable of distinguishing between a person and other objects, such as furniture) and/or human identification (e.g., is capable of distinguishing between two persons). Examples of sensor data output by human recognition- enabled sensors include: body temperature data, infrared range-finder data, motion data, activity recognition data, silhouette detection and recognition data, gesture data, heart rate data, portable devices data, and wearable device data (e.g., biometric readings and output, accelerometer data).

[0070] In some embodiments, the transmitters 102 adjust one or more characteristics used to transmit the power waves 116 to ensure compliance with electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure protection standards for human subjects. Maximum exposure limits are defined by US and European standards in terms of power density limits and electric field limits (as well as magnetic field limits). These include, for example, limits established by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for MPE, and limits established by European regulators for radiation exposure. Limits established by the FCC for MPE are codified at 47 CFR § 1.1310. For electromagnetic field (EMF) frequencies in the microwave range, power density can be used to express an intensity of exposure. Power density is defined as power per unit area. For example, power density can be commonly expressed in terms of watts per square meter (W/m ² ), milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm ² ), or microwatts per square centimeter In some embodiments, output from transmitter sensor 114 and/or receiver sensor 128 is used by transmitter 102 to detect whether a person or other sensitive object enters a power transmission region (e.g., a location within a predetermined distance of a transmitter 102, power waves generated by transmitter 102, and/or a pocket of energy). In some embodiments, in response to detecting that a person or other sensitive object has entered the power transmission region, the transmitter 102 adjusts one or more power waves 116 (e.g., by ceasing power wave transmission, reducing power wave transmission, and/or adjusting the one or more characteristics of the power waves). In some embodiments, in response to detecting that a person or other sensitive object has entered the power

transmission region, the transmitter 102 activates an alarm (e.g., by transmitting a signal to a loudspeaker that is a component of transmitter 102 or to an alarm device that is remote from transmitter 102). In some embodiments, in response to detecting that a person or other sensitive object has entered a power transmission region, the transmitter 102 transmits a digital message to a system log or administrative computing device.

[0071] In some embodiments, the antenna array(s) 110 includes multiple antenna elements (e.g., configurable "tiles") collectively forming an antenna array. In various embodiments, the antenna(s) 110 generate RF power waves, ultrasonic power waves, infrared power waves, and/or magnetic resonance power waves. In some embodiments, the antenna(s) 110 (e.g., of a single transmitter, such as transmitter 102a, and/or of multiple transmitters, such as transmitters 102a, 102b, ... , 102n) transmit two or more power waves that intersect at a defined location (e.g.,. a location corresponding to a detected location of a receiver 120), thereby forming a pocket of energy at the defined location.

[0072] In some embodiments, transmitter 102 assigns a first task to a first subset of antenna elements of antenna(s) 110, a second task to a second subset of antenna elements of antenna(s) 110, and so on, such that the constituent antennas of antenna(s) 110 perform different tasks (e.g., determining locations of previously undetected receivers 120 and/or transmitting power waves 116 to one or more receivers 120). As one example, the antenna(s) 110 includes ten antennas, nine antennas transmit power waves 116 that form a pocket of energy and the tenth antenna operates in conjunction with communications component 112 to identify new receivers in the transmission field. In another example, the antenna(s) 110 includes ten antenna elements is split into two groups of five antenna elements, each of which transmits power waves 116 to two different receivers 120 in the transmission field.

[0073] In some embodiments, a device for wirelessly charging a battery includes a transmitter unit having a transmitter and an antenna unit comprising the antenna array in communication with the transmitter. In some embodiments, the antenna unit is configured to transmit a wireless signal for use in charging a battery. The battery may be in a wearable device such as a smart watch, or a mobile device such as a smart phone. In some

embodiments, the wireless signal is used for operating an electronic device. In some embodiments, the antenna unit is configured as a linear array. In some embodiments, the linear array is longer than 2 feet. In some embodiments, the linear array is formed from multiple linear subarrays with spaces between the multiple linear subarrays. The antenna unit comprising the array of antennas may be configured as a matrix. In some embodiments, the antenna elements are regularly spaced. In some embodiments, the antenna elements are variably or irregularly spaced. In some embodiments, the antenna elements are grouped into sub-arrays, and the sub-arrays are selectable for transmitting wireless power signals by the selected sub-arrays. In some embodiments, the antenna elements are individually selectable. In some embodiments, a processing unit (e.g., processor(s) 104) is configured to cause a transmitter to generate and transmit a wireless transmission signal via the antenna element(s).

[0074] Figure 2A is a block diagram illustrating a representative transmitter device

102 (also sometimes referred to herein as a transmitter) in accordance with some

embodiments. In some embodiments, the transmitter device 102 includes one or more processing units (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, microprocessors, and the like) 104, one or more communication components 112, memory 106, antenna(s) 110, and one or more

communication buses 108 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset). In some embodiments, the transmitter device 102 includes one or more sensor(s) 114 as described above with reference to Figure 1. In some embodiments, the transmitter device 102 includes one or more output devices such as one or more indicator lights, a sound card, a speaker, a small display for displaying textual information and error codes, etc. In some embodiments, the transmitter device 102 includes a location detection device, such as a GPS (global positioning satellite) or other geo-location receiver, for determining the location of the transmitter device 102. In some embodiments, the antenna(s) 110 include one or more multi-band antennas (such as those described below in reference to Figures 3-5B).

[0075] In various embodiments, the one or more sensor(s) 114 include one or more thermal radiation sensors, ambient temperature sensors, humidity sensors, IR sensors, occupancy sensors (e.g., RFID sensors), ambient light sensors, motion detectors,

accelerometers, and/or gyroscopes.

[0076] The communication component(s) 112 enable communication between the transmitter 102 and one or more communication networks. In some embodiments, the communication component(s) 112 include, e.g., hardware capable of data communications using any of a variety of wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6L0WPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISAlOO. l la, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), and/or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. [0077] The memory 106 includes high-speed random access memory, such as

DRAM, SRAM, DDR SRAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and, optionally, includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one or more flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid state storage devices. The memory 106, or alternatively the nonvolatile memory within memory 106, includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, the memory 106, or the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of the memory 106, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:

• Operating logic 216 including procedures for handling various basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks;

• Communication module 218 for coupling to and/or communicating with remote

devices (e.g., remote sensors, transmitters, receivers, servers, mapping memories, etc.) in conjunction with communication component(s) 112;

• Sensor module 220 for obtaining and processing sensor data (e.g., in conjunction with sensor(s) 114) to, for example, determine the presence, velocity, and/or positioning of object in the vicinity of the transmitter 102;

• Power-wave generating module 222 for generating and transmitting (e.g., in

conjunction with antenna(s) 110) power waves, including but not limited to, forming pocket(s) of energy at given locations; and

• Database 224, including but not limited to: o Sensor information 226 for storing and managing data received, detected, and/or transmitted by one or more sensors (e.g., sensors 114 and/or one or more remote sensors); o Device settings 228 for storing operational settings for the transmitter 102 and/or one or more remote devices; o Communication protocol information 230 for storing and managing protocol information for one or more protocols (e.g., custom or standard wireless protocols, such as ZigBee, Z-Wave, etc., and/or custom or standard wired protocols, such as Ethernet); and o Mapping data 232 for storing and managing mapping data (e.g., mapping one or more transmission fields). [0078] Each of the above-identified elements (e.g., modules stored in memory 106 of the transmitter 102) are optionally stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set of instructions for performing the function(s) described above. The above identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are optionally combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the memory 106, optionally, stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, the memory 106, optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not described above, such as a tracking module for tracking the movement and positioning of objects within a transmission field.

[0079] In some instances and embodiments, the transmitter(s) 102 are positioned in households and commercial settings, such as conference rooms, where it is necessary and/or preferable that the transmitter(s) 102 are sized in a manner that results in a small footprint and/or profile. Although the size of the footprint (e.g., width of overall antenna arrays) in some embodiments has to have a certain length for creating the energy pockets at various distances, the profiles (e.g., length of the antenna elements along the z-axis, which defines the distance that the transmitters 102 extend from a wall) is optionally reduced to be more viable for use by consumers and businesses.

[0080] Figure 2B is a block diagram illustrating a representative receiver device 120

(also sometimes called a receiver) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the receiver device 120 includes one or more processing units (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, microprocessors, and the like) 140, one or more communication components 144, memory 256, antenna(s) 124, power harvesting circuitry 259, and one or more communication buses 258 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset). In some embodiments, the receiver device 120 includes one or more sensor(s) 128 such as one or sensors described above with reference to Figure 1. In some embodiments, the receiver device 120 includes an energy storage device 261 for storing energy harvested via the power harvesting circuitry 259. In various embodiments, the energy storage device 261 includes one or more batteries (e.g., battery 130, Figure 1), one or more capacitors, one or more inductors, and the like.

[0081] As described above in reference to Figure 1, in some embodiments, the receiver 120 is internally or externally connected to an electronic device (e.g., electronic device 122a, Figure 1) via a connection (e.g., a bus) 138. [0082] In some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry 259 includes one or more rectifying circuits and/or one or more power converters. In some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry 259 includes one or more components (e.g., a power converter 126) configured to convert energy from power waves and/or energy pockets to electrical energy (e.g., electricity). In some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry 259 is further configured to supply power to a coupled electronic device (e.g., an electronic device 122), such as a laptop or phone. In some embodiments, supplying power to a coupled electronic device include translating electrical energy from an AC form to a DC form (e.g., usable by the electronic device 122). In some embodiments, the antenna(s) 124 include one or more multi-band antennas (such as those described below in reference to Figures 3-5B).

[0083] In some embodiments, the receiver device 120 includes one or more output devices such as one or more indicator lights, a sound card, a speaker, a small display for displaying textual information and error codes, etc. (in some embodiments, the receiver device 120 sends information for display at an output device of an associated electronic device). In some embodiments, the receiver device 120 includes a location detection device, such as a GPS (global positioning satellite) or other geo-location receiver, for determining the location of the receiver device 120.

[0084] In various embodiments, the one or more sensor(s) 128 include one or more thermal radiation sensors, ambient temperature sensors, humidity sensors, IR sensors, occupancy sensors (e.g., RFID sensors), ambient light sensors, motion detectors,

accelerometers, and/or gyroscopes.

[0085] The communication component(s) 144 enable communication between the receiver 120 and one or more communication networks. In some embodiments, the communication component(s) 144 include, e.g., hardware capable of data communications using any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6L0WPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISAlOO. l la, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) custom or standard wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), and/or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

[0086] The memory 256 includes high-speed random access memory, such as

DRAM, SRAM, DDR SRAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and, optionally, includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one or more flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid state storage devices. The memory 256, or alternatively the nonvolatile memory within memory 256, includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, the memory 256, or the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of the memory 256, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:

• Operating logic 266 including procedures for handling various basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks;

• Communication module 268 for coupling to and/or communicating with remote

devices (e.g., remote sensors, transmitters, receivers, servers, mapping memories, etc.) in conjunction with communication component(s) 144;

• Sensor module 270 for obtaining and processing sensor data (e.g., in conjunction with sensor(s) 128) to, for example, determine the presence, velocity, and/or positioning of the receiver 120, a transmitter 102, or an object in the vicinity of the receiver 120;

• Wireless power-receiving module 272 for receiving (e.g., in conjunction with

antenna(s) 124 and/or power harvesting circuitry 259) energy from power waves and/or energy pockets; optionally converting (e.g., in conjunction with power harvesting circuitry 259) the energy (e.g., to direct current); transferring the energy to a coupled electronic device (e.g., an electronic device 122); and optionally storing the energy (e.g., in conjunction with energy storage device 261); and

• Database 274, including but not limited to: o Sensor information 276 for storing and managing data received, detected, and/or transmitted by one or more sensors (e.g., sensors 128 and/or one or more remote sensors); o Device settings 278 for storing operational settings for the receiver 120, a coupled electronic device (e.g., an electronic device 122) , and/or one or more remote devices; and o Communication protocol information 280 for storing and managing protocol information for one or more protocols (e.g., custom or standard wireless protocols, such as ZigBee, Z-Wave, etc., and/or custom or standard wired protocols, such as Ethernet).

[0087] Each of the above identified elements (e.g., modules stored in memory 256 of the receiver 120) are optionally stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set of instructions for performing the function(s) described above. The above identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are optionally combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the memory 256, optionally, stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, the memory 256, optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not described above, such as an identifying module for identifying a device type of a connected device (e.g., a device type for an electronic device 122).

[0088] In some embodiments, the antennas (e.g., antenna(s) 110 and/or antenna(s)

124) have orientations that cause the wireless power signals 116 to be transmitted at different polarizations depending on an orientation of the electronic device with respect to the antennas. For example, in accordance with some embodiments, the receiver 120 includes a monopole or a dipole antenna so that orientation of the receiver 120 with respect to the antenna(s) 110 has minimal impact on the amount of power that is received from the wireless power signals 116.

[0089] Turning now to Figure 3, a block diagram illustrating a perspective view of a representative antenna 300 is shown, in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the antenna 300 includes a first plate 302 and a second plate 304 (e.g., each of the plates 302, 304 is a conductive plate). In accordance with some embodiments, the plate 304 comprises a monopole antenna and the plate 302 comprises a patch antenna. Figure 3 further shows a feed line 306 (also sometimes called a monopole arm) coupling the plates 302 and 304. A monopole antenna is a type of antenna that includes a conductive surface coupled to a feed line. Monopole antennas are resonant antennas where the feed line operates as an open resonator (e.g., oscillating with standing waves along its length). Thus, the frequency of operation of the monopole antenna is based on the length of the feed line. A patch antenna includes a conductive surface (e.g., a flat rectangular sheet of metal) and a ground plane. The conductive surface and ground plane form a resonant transmission line where the frequency of operation is based on the length of the conductive surface. In accordance with some embodiments, the plate 302 and the plate 304 are positioned on a same plane with a gap 303 between them that forms a capacitor.

[0090] In some embodiments, a first antenna component (e.g., a monopole antenna component, such as the plate 302 of Figure 3) is configured to transmit and/or receive at a first frequency and a second antenna component (e.g., a loop antenna component, such as that shown in Figure 3 as formed by the plates 302, 304 and the gap 303 there between) is configured to transmit and/or receive at a second frequency. For example, in accordance with some embodiments, the first antenna component is configured to transmit and/or receive power waves at a first frequency (e.g., 900 MHz) and the second antenna component is configured to wirelessly communicate with one or more remote electronic devices via a second frequency (e.g., 2.4 GHz).

[0091] In some embodiments, the size of the gap 303 is selected to achieve a frequency range and/or directivity at which the antenna 300 is adapted to operate. A capacitance value of the capacitor (that is formed by positioning the plates 302, 304 on a same plane with a gap 303 there between) is optionally tuned by varying the size of the gap

303 between the two conductive plates 302, 304. In some embodiments, the plates 302 and

304 and the gap 303 form a loop antenna, where the frequency of operation of the loop antenna is based on the capacitance value of the capacitor.

[0092] In some embodiments, the antenna 300 also includes tuning lines 310 and 314

(also sometimes called tuning tabs) and tuning patches 308 and 312 for tuning operation of the antenna 300 (e.g., for adjusting operating frequencies of the antenna 300). By adding a capacitance load via the gap to the monopole antenna, one or more loop antennas are created (e.g., with the feed line 306 acting as an inductor and a capacitor formed between plates 302, 304 and gap 303), thereby allowing the antenna 300 to operate as a dual-band or multi-band antenna with the monopole antenna operating at a first frequency and the loop antenna(s) operating at a second frequency. For example, the antenna 300 is configured to operate at more than one frequency in a range from 900 MHz to 100 GHz with bandwidths suitable for operation (e.g., 200 MHz to 5 GHz bandwidths). In some embodiments, the tuning lines (e.g., tuning lines 316, 310, and/or 314) and the tuning patches (e.g., tuning patch 308 and/or tuning patch 312) are adapted to enable tuning of plus/minus 20% of a desired frequency. For example, if the desired frequency is 900 MHz, the tuning lines and/or the tuning patches of the antenna 300 are adapted to enable tuning of an operating frequency of the antenna 300 by plus/minus 180 MHz.

[0093] In the illustrated example of Figure 3, the plate 304 forms a monopole component along with feed line 306. The feed line 306 couples the monopole component 304 with the conductive plate 302. As is also shown in the illustrated example of Figure 3, the conductive plate 302 is a patch component. In some embodiments, the monopole antenna 304 and the patch antenna 302 are made of copper or a copper alloy. In other embodiments, the antenna 300 (and its constituent components) may be constructed from other materials such as metals, alloys, composites, or any suitable material.

[0094] In some embodiments, the first antenna component is configured to transmit and/or receive using a first frequency range and a second antenna component is configured to transmit and/or receive using a second frequency range. For example, in accordance with some embodiments, the first antenna component is configured to wirelessly communicate with one or more remote electronic devices via electromagnetic waves with a first frequency that is within a first preset frequency range to enable use of frequency modulation (e.g., the first frequency is 2.4 GHz plus/minus 1%, 5%, 10%, or the like). In such embodiments, the second antenna component is optionally configured to transmit and/or receive power waves with a second frequency that is within a second preset frequency range to enable use of frequency modulation (e.g., the second frequency range of 900 MHz plus/minus 1%, 5%, 10%, or the like). Thus, the antenna may concurrently operate in two frequency ranges and may encode information in the transmissions through the use of frequency modulation.

[0095] In some embodiments, the first antenna component and the second antenna component are configured to transmit and/or receive concurrently. For example, in accordance with some embodiments, the antenna 300 is part of a wireless power transmitter (e.g., transmitter 102a, Figure 1) and the first antenna component is configured to

communicate with a remote receiver (e.g., receiver 120, Figure 1) while the second antenna component is configured to direct power waves (e.g., power waves 116) to the remote receiver. In some embodiments, the first antenna component receives feedback information from the remote receiver. In some embodiments, the feedback information includes information regarding power received by the remote receiver. For example, the feedback information identifies an amount of power received by the remote receiver at any given time. As another example, the antenna 300 communicates with a first remote receiver using the first antenna component and concurrently directs power waves to a second remote receiver using the second antenna component.

[0096] In some embodiments, a controller (e.g., processor(s) 104) is configured to adjust transmission of the power transmission signals by the second antenna component based on the feedback information received by the first antenna component. In some embodiments, the controller is configured to adjust operation of the second antenna component to increase the amount of power received by the remote receiver. For example, the controller adjusts one or more characteristics (examples of these characteristics are provided above in reference to Figure 1) of electromagnetic waves transmitted by the second antenna component by modifying one or more tuning components of the antenna 300 (e.g., tuning lines 310, tuning lines 316, tuning lines 314, tuning patch 308, and/or tuning patch 312).

[0097] In some embodiments, the controller is configured such that, during charging of a remote receiver, the controller continuously adjusts operation of the second antenna component based on feedback information received by the first antenna component (e.g., to account for positional changes of the remote receiver, objects or interference between the antenna and the remote receiver, changes in an amount of power received by the remote receiver, etc.). For example, while transmitting power transmission signals using the second antenna component to the remote receiver, the first antenna component periodically receives feedback information (e.g., every 100 ms, Is, 10s, or the like) and the controller optionally adjusts operation of the second antenna component responsive to the received feedback information. In some embodiments, the remote receiver device is configured to send feedback information in accordance with a determination that the power received is below a threshold value (e.g., power received by the receiver is less than 50% of power sent by the transmitter).

[0098] In some embodiments, communications components/ interfaces (e.g., communications component(s) 112) implement a wireless communication protocol, such as Bluetooth® or ZigBee®, to be used with, e.g., the first or the second antenna component. In some embodiments, the communications components are used to transfer other data, such as an identifier for the electronic device, a battery level, a location, charge data, or other such data. In various embodiments, other communications components are utilized, such as radar, infrared cameras, and/or frequency-sensing devices for sonic triangulation to determine the position of the electronic device.

[0099] In some embodiments, the antenna 300 described above in reference to Figure

3 is disposed on a printed circuit board (PCB). In some embodiments, the antenna 300 is mounted directly on the PCB. The PCB optionally includes additional components such as, but not limited to, inductors, capacitors, resistors, or integrated circuits. For instance, in accordance with some embodiments, an inductor element is coupled between the two conductive plates 302 and 304 such that the inductor element is in series with the capacitor formed by the plates 302, 304 and the gap 303 there between. [00100] In some embodiments, the two coplanar conductive plates 302 and 304 of the antenna 300 feed directly into the wiring of the PCB. In some embodiments, the two conductive plates 302 and 304 are soldered directly onto the PCB during a manufacturing process. In some embodiments, an array of antennas that includes the two coplanar conductive plates 302 and 304 is mounted onto a single PCB. For example, in accordance with some embodiments, an array of 4 x 4, 8 x 8 or 16 x 16 antennas 300 is mounted on the PCB. In some embodiments, the two conductive plates 302 and 304 are mounted among other circuitry, such as resistors, inductors, and/or integrated circuits on the PCB.

[00101] In some embodiments, the antenna 300 includes a base (not shown). In some embodiments, the base is used as an electrical ground for the antenna. In some embodiments, the base is used to improve impedance matching. For example, the PCB optionally includes, or is connected to, an antenna tuner and/or coupler. In various embodiments, the base has different shapes. In some embodiments, the base is altered to improve bandwidth of the antenna 300. In some embodiments, the base comprises multiple parts such as a main base component and a support component. In some embodiments, the support component includes legs that create a distance between the base and the PCB. In some embodiments,

transmission lines are attached to the base and/or the monopole component 304 to connect to other parts of the PCB and/or other conductive elements. For example, the transmission lines optionally carry a signal (e.g., a radio frequency signal) from one part of the PCB to another part.

[00102] In some embodiments, the antenna 300 is part of or associated with a transmitter (e.g., transmitter 102). In some embodiments, the antenna 300 is used for transmitting power waves (e.g., power waves 116). In some embodiments, the antenna 300 is a part of or associated with a receiver (e.g., receiver 120). In some embodiments, the antenna 300 is used for receiving power waves (e.g., power waves 116). In some embodiments, the antenna 300 operates as a transceiver and both transmits and receives power waves.

[00103] Turning now to Figure 4, a block diagram is shown that illustrates a three- dimensional view of a representative antenna unit 400 in accordance with some

embodiments. Figure 4 shows the antenna unit 400 including a first set of plates (e.g., plates 402, 406, and 412) and a second set of plates (e.g., plates 404, 408, and 410). In some embodiments, the first set of plates includes an electrical ground plate (e.g., plate 412) and/or the second set of plates includes an electrical ground plate (e.g., plate 410). [00104] In accordance with some embodiments, the plates 406 and 408 (and optionally 410 and 412) comprise monopole antennas and the plates 402 and 404 comprise patch antennas. In some embodiments, the antenna unit 400 includes respective feed lines coupling plates 402 and 406, plates 402 and 412, plates 404 and 408, and plates 404 and 410. In accordance with some embodiments, the plates 404 and 408 are positioned on a first plane with a gap 416 between them, thereby forming a first capacitor. In some embodiments, the plates 404 and 408 and the gap 416 form a loop antenna with an operating frequency based on the capacitance value of the first capacitor. Similarly, the plates 404 and 410 are positioned on the first plane with a gap (e.g., a gap equal to, less than, or greater than gap 416) between them, thereby forming a second capacitor. In some embodiments, the plates 404 and 410 and the gap between them form a loop antenna with an operating frequency based on the capacitance value of the second capacitor.

[00105] Additionally, the plates 402 and 406 are positioned on a second plane with a gap (e.g., a gap equal to, less than, or greater than gap 416) between them, thereby forming a third capacitor. In some embodiments, the plates 402 and 406 and the gap between them compose a loop antenna with an operating frequency based on the capacitance value of the third capacitor. Similarly, the plates 402 and 412 are positioned on the second plane with a gap (e.g., a gap equal to, less than, or greater than gap 416) between them, thereby forming a fourth capacitor. In some embodiments, the plates 402 and 412 and the gap between them form a loop antenna with an operating frequency based on the capacitance value of the fourth capacitor. In accordance with some embodiments, Figure 4 further shows tuning lines 420 and 422 for tuning operation of the antenna unit 400 (e.g., for adjusting the operating frequency of the antenna unit 400). Figure 4 also shows the first set of plates in parallel with the second set of plates with a gap 418 between them, thereby optionally forming a fifth capacitor. In some embodiments, the antenna unit 400 includes one or more additional layers with each layer having two or more plates configured to transmit electromagnetic waves within a particular frequency range.

[00106] In accordance with some embodiments, the first set of conductive plates and the second set of conductive plates are positioned in parallel to one another such that there is a gap 418 between the first pair and the second pair of conductive plates. In accordance with some embodiments, the first set of conductive plates includes a monopole (e.g., plate 406) and a patch (e.g., plate 402). In accordance with some embodiments, the second set of conductive plates includes a monopole (e.g., plate 408) and a patch (e.g., plate 404). In some embodiments, the monopole antennas and the gap form a capacitor. In some embodiments, the dimensions of the monopole antennas and/or the dimensions of the gap are dependent on a frequency range at which the antenna unit 400 is configured to operate and/or its desired directivity. In some embodiments, the capacitance value of the capacitor is tuned by varying the size of the respective gap between the monopole antennas and the patches.

[00107] In some embodiments, the antenna unit 400 comprises an array of antennas

(e.g., the first set of plates composes a first antenna 300 and the second set of plates composes a second antenna 300). In some embodiments, the array of antennas includes antennas arranged on different layers. In some embodiments, the antennas are arranged in different orientations with respect to one another. In some embodiments, the antennas of the antenna array are positioned in parallel to one another as shown in Figure 4. As shown in Figure 4, the first set of conductive plates (e.g., composing a first antenna 300) and the second set of conductive plates (e.g., composing a second antenna 300) are positioned in parallel with one another. In some embodiments, each antenna includes at least one patch and at least monopole positioned on a same plane. In some embodiments, the monopole antennas of the first pair and/or the second pair are arranged such that there is gap between the monopole antennas, thereby forming a capacitor.

[00108] In some embodiments, (e.g., when operating as a power wave transmitter) the antennas of the antenna array are disposed within a charging surface (e.g., of receiver 120). In some embodiments, the charging surface includes a housing for the antennas, a digital signal processor (DSP) or microcontroller, and/or communications components. The antennas of the array of antennas optionally include suitable antenna types for operating in frequency bands such as 900 MHz, 2.5 GHz, or 5.8 GHz as these frequency bands conform to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations part 18 (Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) equipment). For example, in accordance with some embodiments, the patch antennas of the first set and the second set have heights ranging from 1/24 inch to 1 inch and widths ranging from 1/24 inch to 1 inch. In some embodiments, other types of antennas are used, for example, dipole antennas of the first set and the second set, among others.

[00109] In some embodiments, the antenna unit 400 is disposed on, or mounted to, a printed circuit board (PCB). In some embodiments, an inductor element is coupled between the monopole antennas such that the inductor element is in series with the capacitor(s) described above. [00110] In some embodiments, one or more tuning lines (e.g., tuning lines 422 and/or tuning lines 420) are coupled between the monopole antennas and the patch antennas. In some embodiments, the one or more tuning lines are configured to tune frequency of operation of the antenna unit 400 or a component of the antenna unit 400 such as a monopole antenna component and/or a loop component. In some embodiments, the base is configured to improve bandwidth of the antenna unit 400.

[00111] In some embodiments, the base and the monopole antennas are constructed from a single mold, such as one piece of plastic and/or other materials. In some

embodiments, the monopole antennas comprise a copper material. In some embodiments, the antenna unit 400 comprises steel or another metal or metal alloy. In some embodiments, the monopole antennas are configured as radiating dipoles with the base. In some embodiments, the base isolates the dipoles from the PCB. In some instances and embodiments, a distance between the monopole antennas and the PCB alters the matching and/or impedance matching of the monopole antennas, and the distance is configurable to optimize performance of the monopole antennas.

[00112] In some embodiments, one or more of the plates 410 and 412 are located on a different side of the plates 404 and 402 from the plates 408 and 406 (e.g., an opposite of the plates 404 and 402).

[00113] Figures 5A-5B are block diagrams illustrating representative layers of the antenna unit 400 shown in Figure 4 in accordance with some embodiments. Figure 5 A shows a first layer (e.g., a top layer) of the antenna unit 400 comprising plates 404, 408, and 410. Figure 5B shows a second layer (e.g., a bottom layer) of the antenna unit 400 comprising plates 402, 406, and 412 as well as tuning lines 420 and 422.

[00114] Although some of various drawings illustrate a number of logical stages in a particular order, stages that are not order dependent may be reordered and other stages may be combined or broken out. While some reordering or other groupings are specifically mentioned, others will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art, so the ordering and groupings presented herein are not an exhaustive list of alternatives. Moreover, it should be recognized that the stages could be implemented in hardware, firmware, software or any combination thereof.

[00115] Features of the present disclosure can be implemented in, using, or with the assistance of a computer program product, such as a storage medium (media) or computer- readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a processing system to perform any of the features presented herein. The storage medium (e.g., memory 106) can include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices, and may include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory 106 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the CPU(s) (e.g., processor(s) 104, 132, and/or 140). Memory 106, or alternatively the non-volatile memory device(s) within memory 106, comprises a non- transitory computer readable storage medium.

[00116] Stored on any one of the machine readable medium (media), features of the present invention can be incorporated in software and/or firmware for controlling the hardware of a processing system, and for enabling a processing system to interact with other mechanism utilizing the results of the present invention. Such software or firmware may include, but is not limited to, application code, device drivers, operating systems, and execution environments/containers.

[00117] Communication systems as referred to herein (e.g., communications component 112, receiver 120) optionally communicates via wired and/or wireless

communication connections. Communication systems optionally communicate with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless

communication. Wireless communication connections optionally use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to radio- frequency (RF), radio-frequency identification (RFID), infrared, radar, sound, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), ZigBee, wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 102.11a, IEEE 102.1 lac, IEEE 102.1 lax, IEEE 102.1 lb, IEEE 102.1 lg and/or IEEE 102.1 In), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging

Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including

communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

[00118] It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first antenna could be termed a second antenna, and, similarly, a second antenna could be termed a first antenna, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments.

[00119] The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term "and/or" as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms "includes," "including," "comprises," and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[00120] As used herein, the term "if is, optionally, construed to mean "when" or

"upon" or "in response to determining" or "in response to detecting" or "in accordance with a determination that," depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase "if it is determined" or "if [a stated condition or event] is detected" is, optionally, construed to mean "upon determining" or "in response to determining" or "upon detecting [the stated condition or event]" or "in response to detecting [the stated condition or event]" or "in accordance with a determination that [a stated condition or event] is detected," depending on the context.

[00121] The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of the claims to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen in order to best explain the principles underlying the claims and their practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular uses contemplated.