TRACKING ITEMS ACROSS WIDE AND LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to US Provisional Application No. 63/391,282, filed on July 21, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and should be considered a part of this specification.

BACKGROUND

Field

[0002] This invention relates generally to the field of wireless communication and more particularly to ultrathin Bluetooth labels used for asset tracking.

Description of the Related Art

[0003] The ability to track objects can have many commercial uses, including cargo tracking and logistics in supply chains. For example, nearly every business that maintains inventory can use an improved system to track objects within its inventory.

SUMMARY

[0004] In one aspect, a wireless tape is disclosed that includes wireless tracking labels, which may be formed in a reel-to-reel process and later separated to form individual wireless tracking labels. The wireless tape includes: a polyester substrate; an interconnect layer coated on the polyester substrate and patterned to electrically couple a plurality of electrical circuits, wherein the electrical circuits are formed and/or bonded on the interconnect layer, and comprise an RF processor, an RF communication circuit configured to broadcast beacons at a broadcast frequency; and a battery comprising a cathode and anode layer and a battery pouch disposed on the interconnect layer, wherein the interconnect layer comprises the cathode layer, and wherein the RF processor is configured to: receive the electrical signal; determine a rate of change of the electrical signal; and modulate the broadcast frequency, at least in part, based on the determined rate of change of the electrical signal. In some implementations, the RF processor is a Bluetooth processor and the RF communication circuit is Bluetooth processor.

[0005] In some implementations, the Bluetooth processor is further configured to: select a sequence of broadcasting signals, comprising a predetermined number of broadcasting signals; modify the broadcasting signals in the sequence based on a predetermined modification algorithm; and signal the Bluetooth communication circuit to transmit the sequence of the modified broadcasting signals to a smart device. [0006] In one implementation, the wireless tape may be used to print wireless tracking labels that include a Bluetooth processor and also a 5G RF communication processor to implement 5G protocols that include low power loT (LPWAN) connectivity. The LPWAN protocols that are part of the 5G loT family include NB-IoT and LTE-M (and possibly 5G NR and 5GC in the future). In one implementation the wireless tape has label sections that are printable in a thermal printer.

[0007] In some implementations, the wireless tape further includes: a coil antenna formed and/or disposed on the interconnect layer and tuned to resonate at a frequency generated by a transceiver of a smart device; and wherein the coil antenna is electrically coupled to a GPIO port of the Bluetooth processor, wherein the coil antenna is configured to receive RF energy field generated by the transceiver and convert the RF energy to an AC signal, and transmit the AC signal to the GPIO port of the Bluetooth processor waking up the Bluetooth processor, and wherein the Bluetooth processor begins transmitting a wireless beacon comprising a startup sequence, having a predefined power level and an identifier of the Bluetooth processor and the Bluetooth communication circuit.

[0008] In another implementation, the wireless tape further includes a first conductive plane and a second conductive plane formed on opposite edges of the wireless tape and on an external surface of the wireless tape, wherein the interconnect layer is further patterned to connect the first and second conductive planes to terminals of a GPIO port of the Bluetooth processor, and wherein the first and second conductive planes comprise an electrically conductive adhesive layer.

[0009] In some implementations, a dispenser is configured to dispense the wireless tape.

[0010] In another aspect, a method is disclosed. The method includes: providing a polyester substrate; coating an interconnect layer on the polyester substrate and patterning the interconnect layer to electrically couple a plurality of electrical circuits, wherein the electrical circuits are formed and/or bonded on the interconnect layer, and comprise a Bluetooth processor, a Bluetooth communication circuit configured to broadcast beacons at a broadcast frequency, and an energy harvesting circuit; providing a photovoltaic layer coupled to the energy harvesting circuit, wherein the photovoltaic layer and the energy harvesting circuit are configured to generate an electrical signal from converting light to the electrical signal; and forming a layered battery comprising a cathode and anode layer and a battery pouch disposed on the interconnect layer, wherein the interconnect layer comprises the cathode layer, and wherein the Bluetooth processor is configured to: receive the electrical signal; determine a rate of change of the electrical signal; and modulate the broadcast frequency, at least in part, based on the determined rate of change of the electrical signal. [0011] In some implementations, the Bluetooth processor is further configured to: select a sequence of broadcasting signals, comprising a predetermined number of broadcasting signals; modify the broadcasting signals in the sequence based on a predetermined modification algorithm; and signal the Bluetooth communication circuit to transmit the sequence of the modified broadcasting signals to a smart device.

[0012] In another implementation, the smart device receives and routes the sequence of modified broadcasting signals to a wireless tape application running on the smart device and the wireless tape application reconstructs unmodified broadcasting signals from the received modified broadcasting signals, based on the predetermined modification algorithm.

[0013] In some implementations, the method further includes: forming and/or disposing a coil antenna on the interconnect layer; tuning the coil antenna to resonate at a frequency generated by a transceiver of a smart device; and electrically coupling the coil antenna, and a GPIO port of the Bluetooth processor, wherein the coil antenna is configured to receive RF energy field generated by the transceiver and convert the RF energy to an AC signal, and transmit the AC signal to the GPIO port of the Bluetooth processor waking up the Bluetooth processor, and wherein the Bluetooth processor begins transmitting a wireless beacon comprising a startup sequence, having a predefined power level and an identifier of the Bluetooth processor and the Bluetooth communication circuit.

[0014] In one implementation, the Bluetooth processor further comprises an ADC configured to receive voltages from a conductive surface of the wireless tape and the Bluetooth processor is further configured to determine a rate of change of the voltages from the conductive surface and modulate the broadcast frequency, at least in part, based on the determined rate of change of the voltages from the conductive plane.

[0015] In another implementation, the method further includes forming a first conductive plane and a second conductive plane on opposite edges of the wireless tape and on an external surface of the wireless tape; and further patterning the interconnect layer to connect the first and second conductive planes to terminals of a GPIO port of the Bluetooth processor, and wherein the first and second conductive planes comprise an electrically conductive adhesive layer.

[0016] In one implementation, a wireless tracking label includes a flexible substrate. An interconnect layer is formed on the flexible substrate and patterned to electrically couple a plurality of electrical circuits including a wireless RF communication processor and a wireless RF communication circuit configured to generate tracking information. A battery is formed on the flexible substrate and includes a cathode layer and an anode layer, with a battery pouch disposed on the interconnect layer, the battery pouch containing electrochemical components of the battery. In some implementations, the battery includes a cathode coating and an anode coating, with a battery pouch formed on the interconnect layer, the battery pouch containing electrochemical components of the battery to form a barrier impermeable to gases or moisture deleterious to battery lifetime for electrolyte chemicals including at least one member from the group consisting of ZnSO4, ZnCh, MnS04, and AICI4. In some implementations, the battery comprises two electrochemical cells in series formed by a planar process with vertical flow of ions in each electrochemical cell with a planar conductive layer coupling the two electrochemical cells in series. Alternatively, in some implementations, the battery comprises two electrochemical cells in series formed by a coplanar process with each electrochemical cell having a lateral flow of ions between an interdigitated cathode and anode with a planar conductive layer coupling the two electrochemical cells in series.

[0017] In one implementation, wireless tracking label tape includes a flexible substrate. An interconnect layer is formed on the flexible substrate and patterned to electrically couple a plurality of electrical circuits including a wireless RF communication processor and a wireless RF communication circuit configured to generate tracking information. A battery formed on the flexible substrate includes a cathode layer and an anode layer, with a battery pouch disposed on the interconnect layer. The battery pouch contains the electrochemical components of the battery. In one implementation, the wireless RF communication processor is a Bluetooth processor and the wireless RF communication circuit is a Bluetooth communication circuit, and the wireless RF communication processor and the wireless RF communication circuit are configured to generate broadcast beacons at a broadcast frequency. In one implementation, the battery is coated onto the interconnect layer. In one implementation, the battery is a layered structure. In one implementation, the battery is printed onto the interconnect layer. In one implementation, the wireless RF communication processor and the wireless RF communication circuit are configured to stay in a power-saving sleep mode during storage until activated for use. In one implementation, the wireless tracking label tape is formed in a reel-to-reel process with the wireless RF communication processor and the wireless RF communication circuit of at least one individual wireless tracking label is activated subsequent to separation from a reel. In one implementation, the wireless tracking label tape includes a coil antenna tuned to resonate at a wake-up frequency and generate a wake-up voltage in response to engaging with a device having a transceiver emitting a wireless signal at the wake-up frequency. In one implementation, the wireless tracking label tape includes a coil antenna to harvest energy from engaging with HF RFID or NFC reader and in response generate a wake-up voltage for the wireless RF communication processor and the wireless RF communication circuit. In one implementation of the wireless tacking label tape, the wireless RF communication processor is configured to: receive an electrical signal; determine a rate of change of the electrical signal; and modulate a broadcast frequency, at least in part, based on the determined rate of change of the electrical signal.

[0018] In one implementation, a wireless tracking label tape includes a flexible substrate. An interconnect layer is formed on the flexible substrate and patterned to electrically couple a plurality of electrical circuits including a wireless RF communication processor and a wireless RF communication circuit configured to generate tracking information. A battery is printed onto the interconnect layer and includes a cathode layer and an anode layer. A battery pouch disposed on the interconnect layer, the battery pouch containing electrochemical components of the battery. The wireless tracking label tape is formed in a reel-to-reel process with the wireless RF communication processor and the wireless RF communication circuit of at least one individual wireless tracking label activated subsequent to separation from a reel. In one implementation, the wireless tracking label tape includes a coil antenna tuned to resonate at a wake-up frequency and generate a wake-up voltage in response to engaging with a user device having a transceiver emitting a wireless signal at the wake-up frequency. In one implementation, the wireless tracking label tape includes a coil antenna to harvest energy from engaging with a n HF RFID or an NFC reader and in response generate a wake-up voltage for the wireless RF communication processor and the wireless RF communication circuit. In one implementation, the wireless RF communication processor and the wireless RF communication circuit comprises a Bluetooth processor and a Bluetooth communication circuit configured to generate broadcast beacons at a broadcast frequency.

[0019] In one implementation, a wireless tracking label tape has a flexible substrate. An interconnect layer formed on the flexible substrate is patterned to electrically couple a plurality of electrical circuits including a RF communication processor and a RF communication circuit configured to generate broadcast beacons at a broadcast frequency. A battery formed on the flexible substrate has a cathode coating and an anode coating. A battery pouch is formed on the interconnect layer, the battery pouch containing electrochemical components of the battery to form a barrier impermeable to gases or moisture deleterious to battery lifetime. The electrolyte chemicals of the battery include at least one member from the group consisting of ZnSO4, ZnCh, MnSO4, and AICI4. In one implementation, the interconnect layer comprises an aluminum layer. In one implementation, the RF communication processor and the RF communication circuit are configured to stay in a power-saving sleep mode during storage until activated for use. In one implementation, the wireless tracking label tape is formed in a reel-to-reel process with the RF communication processor and the RF communication circuit of at least one individual wireless tracking label activated subsequent to separation from a reel. In one implementation, the wireless tracking label tape includes coil antenna tuned to resonate at a wake-up frequency and generate a wake-up voltage in response to engaging with a user device having a transceiver emitting a wireless signal at the wake-up frequency. In one implementation, the battery includes at least two electrochemical cells in series formed by a planar process with vertical flow of ions in each electrochemical cell with a planar conductive layer coupling the two electrochemical cells in series. In one implementation, the battery comprises at least two electrochemical cells in series formed by a coplanar process with each electrochemical cell having a lateral flow of ions between an interdigitated cathode and anode, with a planar conductive layer coupling the two electrochemical cells in series. In one implementation, the battery comprises 3 electrochemical cells in series with an electrical trace formed on the flexible substrate electrically coupling a top layer to a bottom layer.

[0020] In one implementation of a method of fabricating a wireless tracking label tape, the method includes: forming a sequence of patterned anode and cathode battery layer sections into a first section and a second section on a flexible substrate. The first second and the second section are arranged on opposite sides of a fold line. At least one conductive trace is formed crossing the fold line between the first and second section. The method includes folding the flexible substrate along a pre-selected fold line to form a battery housed in a battery pouch having in series at least 3 electrochemical cells of the battery. The method includes mounting a RF communication chip to the flexible substrate with an electrical interconnect layer coupling the positive current collector and negative current collector of the battery in series to the RF communication chip with the conductive trace providing an electrical connection to one of the positive current collector and negative current collector.

[0021] In one implementation of a method of fabricating a wireless tracking label tape, the method includes: forming on a flexible substrate, cathode layer regions and anode layer regions; patterning a transfer adhesive onto the flexible substrate in 1) a first set of regions to be used as seals; and 2) a second set of regions that have electrolyte; and applying a powdered gel electrolyte to the second set of regions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0022] These drawings and the associated description herein are provided to illustrate specific implementations of the invention and are not intended to be limiting.

[0023] FIG. 1A illustrates an object tracking system according to an implementation.

[0024] FIG. IB is a block diagram illustrating more details of a dispenser and a wireless tape, used in the object tracking system.

[0025] FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary method of dispensing the wireless tape from the dispenser for tracking objects.

[0026] FIG. 3 illustrates some layers and arrangements of the layers in an example wireless tape according to an implementation, where a layered battery structure is used.

[0027] FIG. 4 illustrates a diagram of a wireless tape, which can be paired to a smart device without using a dedicated NFC pairing chip.

[0028] FIG. 5 illustrates a method of Bluetooth pairing of an NFC-enabled wireless tape with a smart device.

[0029] FIG. 6 illustrates a diagram of a communication protocol between a wireless tape and a smart device, which can enhance the background processes of the smart device in relation to the processing of the signals received from the wireless tape.

[0030] FIG. 7 illustrates a method of enhancing the background processes of a smart device in relation to receiving broadcasting signals from the wireless tape.

[0031] FIG. 8 illustrates an implementation of the wireless tape, where fluctuations in light levels can be used to modulate the frequency of broadcasting beacons.

[0032] FIG. 9 illustrates a method of using fluctuations in light level to modulate the frequency of a broadcasting beacon.

[0033] FIG. 10 illustrates diagrams of various implementations to maintain the wireless tape in a low-power state when in storage or before deployment by a user of the object tracking system. [0034] FIG. 11A illustrates an example of conventional battery pouch layers.

[0035] FIG. 11B illustrates a functional equivalent of battery pouch layers in terms of providing an impermeable barrier.

[0036] FIG. 11C is a side view of a battery pouch in accordance with an implementation.

[0037] FIG. 1 ID is a side view illustrating how an interconnect layer forms a portion of a battery pouch in accordance with an implementation.

[0038] FIG. 1 IE is a side view illustrating another example of how an interconnect layer forms a portion of a battery pouch in accordance with an implementation. [0039] FTG. 1 1 F is a side view illustrating an example of a battery and battery pouch formed in the Zn and MnO system in accordance with an implementation.

[0040] FIG. 12A is a top view illustrating a coplanar battery with interdigitated cathodes and anodes in accordance with an implementation.

[0041] FIG. 12B is a side view of a coplanar battery and battery pouch in accordance with an implementation.

[0042] FIG. 13 is a flow chart of a method of forming a battery pouch in accordance with an implementation.

[0043] FIG. 14 is a flow chart of a planar fabrication process in accordance with an implementation.

[0044] FIGs 14A, 14B, 14C, 14D, and 14E illustrate aspects of the flowchart of FIG. 14.

[0045] FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a coplanar process in accordance with an implementation.

[0046] FIGs 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, and 15E illustrate aspects of the flowchart of FIG. 15.

[0047] FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a planar fabrication process that includes folding in accordance with an implementation.

[0048] FIG. 16A illustrates aspects of the process of FIG. 16.

[0049] FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a coplanar fabrication process that includes folding in accordance with an implementation.

[0050] FIG. 17A illustrates aspects of the process of FIG. 17.

[0051] FIG. 18A is a cross-section of a battery pouch having an even number of electrochemical cells in series in accordance with an implementation.

[0052] FIG. 18B illustrates the series connections of the battery of FIG. 18A in accordance with an implementation.

[0053] FIG. 18C illustrates how a wireless tracking label with an even number of at least four electrochemical cells in series can be used to power dual voltage circuits in accordance with an implementation.

[0054] FIG. 19A illustrates electrochemical cells in series in accordance with an implementation.

[0055] FIG. 19B illustrates how a defect or fabrication problem in an individual electrochemical cell can create an excessive resistance or open connection for electrochemical cells in series.

[0056] FIG. 19C illustrates a series-parallel arrangement in which individual stages of electrochemical cells are coupled in parallel, and the stages are coupled in series. [0057] FTG. 19D illustrates a high resistance or open connection in an individual electrochemical cell in the series-parallel arrangement of FIG. 19C.

[0058] FIG. 20A illustrates a voltage control circuit to switch a battery voltage of a wireless track label and prevent an excessive voltage during an initial turn-on phase of an RF device in accordance with an implementation.

[0059] FIG. 20B illustrates a time response of the voltage control circuit of FIG. 20A.

[0060] FIG. 20C illustrates a design methodology for the circuit of FIG. 20A.

[0061] FIG. 21 A illustrates a wireless tracking label in which a discrete component of an RF circuit, such as a capacitor of an RF filter, is replaced with a thin film component compatible with fabrication of the wireless tracking label.

[0062] FIG. 2 IB illustrates an example of an aluminized PET layer in accordance with an implementation.

[0063] FIG. 21C illustrates an example of an RF filter circuit for which a discrete component is replaced with an aluminized PET layer in accordance with an implementation.

[0064] FIG. 22A is a flowchart illustrating a technique to form via-like connections between conductive layers of a wireless tracking label in accordance with an implementation.

[0065] FIG. 22B illustrates forming laser drilled holes between conductive layers of a wireless tracking label in accordance with an implementation.

[0066] FIG. 22C illustrates forming mechanically created holes between conductive layers of a wireless tracking label in accordance with an implementation.

[0067] FIG. 22D illustrates an example of a cross-section in which a via-like connection is formed between conductive layers of a wireless tracking label in accordance with an implementation.

[0068] FIG. 23A is a cross section of a battery structure to protect an aluminum layer from corrosion in accordance with an implementation.

[0069] FIG. 23B is a partial cross section of a battery structure to protect an aluminum layer from corrosion in accordance with an implementation.

[0070] FIG. 23C is a cross section of the battery structure of FIG. 23B in the completed structure for protect an aluminum layer from corrosion in accordance with an implementation.

[0071] FIG. 23D is a partial cross section of a battery structure to protect an aluminum layer from corrosion in accordance with an implementation.

[0072] FIG. 23E is a cross section of the battery structure of FIG. 23E in the completed structure to protect an aluminum layer from corrosion in accordance with an implementation. [0073] FTG. 24 is a cross section of a variation of a battery structure having an outer aluminum layer serving as an impermeable pouch layer in accordance with an implementation.

[0074] FIG. 25 is a cross section of a variation of a battery structure having an outer aluminum layer serving as an impermeable pouch layer in accordance with an implementation.

[0075] FIG. 26A illustrates an example of Interconnect Separator layers in accordance with an implementation.

[0076] FIG. 26B illustrates a top view and a side cross-sectional view of a wireless tracking label with Interconnect Separator layers in accordance with an implementation.

[0077] FIG. 26C and 26D illustrate how the Interconnect Separator can be used for dual-sided battery formation in a reel-to-reel fabrication process in accordance with an implementation.

[0078] FIG. 27A illustrates a wireless label reel and an individual label supporting 5G and Bluetooth in accordance with an implementation.

[0079] FIG. 27B illustrates aspects of printing a wireless 5G/Bluetooth label in accordance with an implementation.

[0080] FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate examples of 5G/Bluetooth labels in accordance with implementation.

[0081] FIG. 29 illustrates an example of provisioning of 5G information in accordance with an implementation.

[0082] FIG. 30 illustrates an example of compiling composite information to track a package in accordance with an implementation.

[0083] FIG. 31 is a flowchart illustrating switching between a Bluetooth mode and a 5G mode in accordance with an implementation.

[0084] FIG. 32 illustrates an example of using different types of shipping labels in a multipart shipment, including Bluetooth labels and 5G/Bluetooth labels in accordance with an implementation.

[0085] FIG. 33 is a flowchart illustrating a method of identifying separated multipart shipments in accordance with an implementation.

[0086] FIG. 34 illustrates how a 5G/Bluetooth label may function as a gateway for a Bluetooth label in accordance with an implementation.

[0087] FIG. 35 illustrates aspects related to a shipping label entering an airplane mode in accordance with an example.

[0088] FIG. 36 is a flowchart of a method of implementing an airplane mode in accordance with an implementation based on a whitelist. [0089] FIG. 37 is a flowchart of a method of using RSST changes to enter and exist an airplane mode in accordance with an implementation.

[0090] FIG. 38 is a flowchart of tracking multiple packages and generating a display in accordance with an implementation.

[0091] FIG. 39 illustrates an example user interface display for shipments in accordance with an implementation.

[0092] FIGS. 40A and 40B illustrates an example of a wireless tracking label stored in accordion folds in accordance with an implementation.

[0093] FIG. 41 A illustrates examples of using label to detect opening of a package in accordance with an implementation.

[0094] FIG. 41B is a flowchart of a method of detecting an open package in accordance with an implementation.

[0095] FIG. 42 is a flowchart of a method of using a learning model in accordance with an example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0096] The following detailed description of certain implementations presents various descriptions of specific implementations of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways as defined and covered by the claims. In this description, reference is made to the drawings where like reference numerals may indicate identical or functionally similar elements.

[0097] Unless defined otherwise, all terms used herein have the same meaning as are commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents, patent applications and publications referred to throughout the disclosure herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that there is a plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this section prevail. When the terms “one”, “a” or “an” are used in the disclosure, they mean “at least one” or “one or more”, unless otherwise indicated.

[0098] Object tracking system 100

[0099] FIG. 1A illustrates an object tracking system 100 according to an implementation. A tape dispenser 101 can be used to dispense a wireless tape 102 from a reel of rolled up wireless tape 102. The dispenser 101 can include a cutting means 115 for detaching wireless tape 102 from its reel. The wireless tape 102 can include an adhesive layer allowing it to be affixed to various objects for tracking. [0100] Wireless tape 102 is capable of wireless communication with a smart device 103. The smart device 103 may be any kind of computer system capable of sending and receiving wireless communication to and from the wireless tape 102. Examples include smart phones, tablets, smart glasses, smart watches, laptops, desktops, personal digital assistant (PDA) devices and others. In one implementation, a wireless tape application 121 may run on the smart device 103 to manage the operations of one or more wireless tapes 102. The wireless tape application 121 can include program instructions to wirelessly communicate with the wireless tapes 102 and a server 104 via a wired or wireless connection with the network 150. The network 150 can be a local-area network, intranet, wide-area network, internet, the Internet, wireless networks, wired networks, a Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular network or other networks. The server 104 may be local to the wireless tape 102 and/or the smart device 103 or it may be at a remote location.

[0101] The wireless tape application 121 may maintain and/or manage a local database 120 on the smart device 103. The local database 120 can store various information related to the tracking and management of the wireless tapes 102, such as an identifier for each wireless tape 102, name of an associated item to which the wireless tape is affixed, description and/or images of the item, historical tracking data, an identifier of the owner/custodian of the item and other information as may be desired to be stored in relation to a tracked object. The data stored in local database 120 can additionally, instead or partially be stored in a remote database 122 at the server 104. The server 104 may include the remote database 122, which includes information about additional wireless tapes 102 that may be associated with a user and also other users of wireless tapes 102. Although illustrated as a single server 104, the server 104 may be implemented as a plurality of networked servers.

[0102] FIG. IB is a block diagram illustrating more details of the dispenser 101 and the wireless tape 102. The dispenser 101 may include a beacon 110, comprising a wireless communication system, and a cutting means 115 for detaching pieces of wireless tape 102 from a roll of them. The beacon 110 can be any wireless communication device, capable of transmitting and receiving wireless communication signals to and from the smart device 103. As described earlier, the dispenser 101 can include a cutting means 115 configured to detach wireless tapes 102 during dispensing process. In other implementations, the dispenser 101 can be a housing enclosing a stack of wireless tapes 102 that are folded in a zig-zag pattern on top of one another. A small slit in the housing allows at least one wireless tape 102 to protrude through the slit, giving a user an ability to tear one wireless tape 102 from the rest of the stack. The wireless tapes 102 may be separated by perforation along which a user may tear and separate one wireless tape 102 from the rest. Alternatively, or in addition to perforation, a cutting means at the slit can facilitate separating a wireless tape 102 from the rest.

[0103] The wireless tape 102 may comprise a plurality of electronics on a flexible and ultrathin substrate 116. In some implementations, the electronics in the wireless tape 102 can include a wireless communication circuit 111, a processor 112, timer 113, battery 114, and memory module 117, etched, fabricated, bonded or otherwise formed on the substrate 116 and connected through an interconnect layer 118. The interconnect layer 118 can be any electrically conductive material, including aluminum, copper, gold, silver and others. While the circuitry in the wireless tape 102 are shown as discrete components, the persons of ordinary skill in the art can appreciate that these components can be combined in single or multiple chips, depending according to various implementations of the disclosed implementations. For example, when a Bluetooth wireless communication circuit is used to implement the wireless tape 102, the processor 112 can include Bluetooth wireless communication circuitry, and timing circuits, as well as volatile and nonvolatile memory to carry out the operations of the wireless tape 102. Alternatively, some components may be integrated, while others can remain as separate components.

[0104] Using the object tracking system 100

[0105] FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary method 200 of dispensing the wireless tape 102 from dispenser 101 for tracking objects. The wireless tape 102 can be dispensed from a roll of wireless tapes 102 and subsequently attached to an item to be tracked. In step 201, the wireless tape 102 is dispensed from the dispenser 101 and simultaneously activated in a single action. Activation can refer to waking up the processor 112 to send/receive wireless signals, beacons, packets or other wireless messages, using the wireless communication circuit 111. In step 202, the wireless tape 102 may transmit a wireless signal to the smart device 103. The wireless signal may be transmitted at predetermined intervals based on a signal from the timer 113 or may be transmitted based on detected changes in the environment such as through electrostatic detection or other mechanisms like ambient light sensing, accelerometer or other methods, as described herein.

[0106] The wireless signal transmitted from the wireless tape 102 may include a unique identifier that is encoded in the memory module 117 of the processor 112, where the identifier is unique among all the wireless tape devices. In step 203, the smart device 103 may receive the wireless signal from the wireless tape 102. In step 204, configuration and setup of the wireless tape 102 may be performed on the smart device 103. The configuration and setup of a wireless tape 102 can include, registering an item to be tracked and associating the item with a unique identifier of the wireless tape 102 and recording the registration and association in one or more local or remote databases, including local database 120 and the remote database 122.The smart device 103 may check for the identifier in the local database 120. If the identifier is located in the local database 120, the smart device 103 may display some or all of the stored information about the wireless tape device and its associated item. Otherwise, the smart device 103 may transmit a request to the server 104 to query the remote database 122 using the identifier. If the identifier is found in the remote database 122, then the information about the wireless tape device is retrieved from the remote database 122 and transmitted from the server 104 to the smart device 103 where the information may be displayed. For example, the smart device 103 may display an indication of the owner of the wireless tape 102. Otherwise, if the wireless tape 102 is not found in the local database 120 nor the remote database 122, then this can indicate that the wireless tape 102 is unassociated with any smart device 103 and can be paired to the smart device 103. The smart device 103 may prompt the user to pair the wireless tape 102 and thereby claim ownership of it. The smart device 103 may display on its screen user interface elements for entering information about the item that the wireless tape 102 is attached to and/or is going to be tracking. The smart device 103 can gather information, such as a name and description of the item. The gathered item information can include text entry, photo of the item, video, voice memo and/or any other data associated with the owner/tracker of the item and/or the item. The gathered item and/or owner data can be stored in the local database 120 and/or in the remote database 122 along with the identifier of the paired wireless tape 102.

[0107] Wireless tape 102

[0108] Various techniques and material, described herein, can be used to manufacture the wireless tape 102 in an ultrathin fashion. For example, the inclusion of the battery source in most ultrathin devices can be challenging. In one implementation, the wireless tape 102 can be manufactured as a laminated structure, where a battery source is integrated in the laminated structure to distribute the battery components between various layers to reduce the overall area consumed by the battery source and to maintain the flexibility of the wireless tape 102.

[0109] FIG. 3 illustrates some layers and arrangements of the layers in an example wireless tape 102 according to an implementation, where a layered battery structure is used. In the implementation shown, an anode layer 302 of the battery powering the wireless tape 102 is the bottom layer. In one implementation, the anode layer 302 may be a graphite coated anode in a reel-to-reel process. The substrate layer 116 and the components thereon are sandwiched between the anode layer 302 and a photovoltaic layer 310. The photovoltaic layer 310 can be formed from a lattice of an organic photovoltaic (OPV) material or other solar energy harvesting material. The interconnect layer 1 18 formed on the substrate 1 16 can function as a cathode of the battery powering the electronics 306 of the wireless tape 102. A battery pouch 308 containing electrochemical components of the battery can be formed on the interconnect 118. The substrate 116 can be an ultrathin and flexible material such as a polyester or Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The interconnect layer 118 can be coated with a conductive metal, such aluminum. The battery pouch 308 can be manufactured by coating the interconnect 118 in the battery portion by an active lithium compound, such as lithium manganese dioxide. The wireless tape 102 can also include an adhesive layer 304 to allow the wireless tape 102 to be affixed to an item for tracking or other purposes.

[0110] The electronics 306 can include various components depending on the implementation of the wireless tape 102. For example, if the photovoltaic layer 310 is used, the electronics 306 can include circuitry to harvest and utilize light energy absorbed from that layer to power the electronics 306. If manual beacon trigger feature is included, the electronics 306 can include an associated switch and/or piezo electric sensors. The electronics 306 can include the components of the wireless tape 102 as described above. Examples include the wireless communication circuit 111, the processor 112, the timer 113 and the memory 117. These components can be discrete, separate components or they can be part of an integrated circuit implementing their functionality in one or multiple chips. In some implementations, as will be described, the electronics 306 can include an analog to digital converter (ADC). Additional electrical components 306, depending on the implementation of the wireless tape 102 can include a near field communication chip (NFC), sensors (e.g. , sensors for detecting ambient light, motion, acceleration, temperature, etc.). While not shown, the interconnect layer 118 can be patterned in a manner to provide electrical connection and/or isolation between the electrical components 306 of the wireless tape 102. The layers shown are for example purposes only and persons of ordinary skill in the art can envision that the wireless tape 102 may be manufactured with more or fewer layers than those shown.

[0111] Example dimensions and components of wireless tape 102

[0112] Implementations of the wireless tape 102 may be constructed in various ways. One implementation of the wireless tape 102 is a paper-thin label that comprises ultrathin electronics printed or etched on laminated layers of a polyester film (e.g., PET), as described earlier. In some implementations, the thickness of the wireless tape 102, including the layers and the electronics therein, depending on the implementation, can range from approximately l/20th of a millimeter, to half a millimeter. The electronics 306 may be etched or printed into the interconnect layer 1 18, or they may be attached or otherwise bonded to the interconnect layer 118, as separate chips or circuits or as various integrated or separate components, depending on the implementation.

[0113] To help achieve an ultrathin form factor for the wireless tape 102, one or more of the surface areas of the battery pouch 308, the anode layer 302 or the cathode layer (e.g., some or a portion of the interconnect layer 118) can be used as a wireless communication antenna, instead of a traditional dedicated antenna component (such as a printed antenna). For example, in some implementations, the surface area of the battery pouch 308 comprises a substantial area within the wireless tape 102 and can function additionally as a wireless antenna component to radiate wireless beacons. When a Nordic nRF52810 or similar processors 112 are used, the wireless balun at the analog output of the processor 112 can be connected to an outside metal foil of the battery pouch 308, or the anode layer 302 or to the interconnect layer 118 and/or a portion thereof, where these components can additionally function as an antenna.

[0114] The wireless tape 102 may be designed with an adhesive layer to attach the wireless tape 102 to a surface of an item of interest to track the item. In one implementation, As described, the wireless tapes 102, in some implementations, can be fabricated on a very flexible substrate 116 (e.g., a PET substrate), with a thin, flexible, battery source printed or laminated directly to a flexible coated interconnect layer 118, therein. In one implementation, the battery may be printed onto the interconnect layer 118.

[0115] In one implementation, the wireless tape 102 may be designed to adhere to a range of surfaces and things. In an implementation, one or both sides of the wireless tape 102 are coated with an adhesive to allow sticking to other objects.

[0116] Methods of pairing wireless tape 102 with smart device 103

[0117] In one implementation, the wireless communication circuit 111 can be activated and paired with the smart device 103 using near-field-communication (NFC).

[0118] NFC can be employed to pair NFC-enabled Bluetooth devices such as internet of things (IOT) appliances, wearables or other devices with user accounts on mobile phones. The pairing process can also pair these devices with backend databases associated with the user account. This works by users touching or bringing their smart devices (e.g. , a smart phone) in close proximity to an NFC-enabled Bluetooth device. A coil antenna on a circuit board inside the NFC-enabled Bluetooth device receives and converts the RF energy field of the user’s smart device to an electrical signal, which can turn on an NFC chip inside the NFC-enabled Bluetooth device. Example NFC chips include NTAG213, NTAG214, NTAG215, manufactured by NXP

Semiconductors N.V. of Eindhoven, Netherlands (https://www.nxp.com/). Using the same energy harvested through the coil, the NFC chip can return to the smart device of the user, an NFC unique identifier. This NFC unique identifier is linked via a backend software (e.g., a database) to the Bluetooth identifier of the NFC-enabled Bluetooth device (e.g., at the time of manufacturing that product). The user’s smart device can use the Bluetooth identifier to pair with the NFC-enabled Bluetooth device and communicate with it via Bluetooth. The pairing information can also be used to associate the NFC-enabled Bluetooth device with the user’s profile and account in a backend database.

[0119] The NFC method of pairing described above can be used to pair a wireless tape 102 with a user’s smart device 103, thereby eliminating the need for continuous broadcast of wireless beacons for pairing. Compared to continuous broadcast methods for pairing, the NFC method of pairing a wireless tape 102 and a smart device 103 consumes no battery power and prolongs the life of the wireless tape 102. Additionally, the described NFC pairing technique, can prevent multiple users from simultaneously pairing with the same wireless tape 102 because only the user whose smart device 103 is held within close proximity of the NFC-enabled wireless tape 102 (e.g., within 2-3 centimeters range of the wireless tape 102) can receive the NFC unique identifier and pair with that wireless tape 102.

[0120] However, in some implementations, the inclusion of an NFC chip (such as NTAG213) can add to manufacturing cost of the wireless tape 102, and/or the chip area dedicated to circuitry for pairing. Consequently, it is advantageous to utilize NFC techniques of pairing a wireless tape 102 to a smart device 103, without the use of a dedicated NFC chip for pairing.

[0121] FIG. 4 illustrates a diagram 400 of a wireless tape 102, which can be paired to a smart device 103, without using a dedicated NFC pairing chip. As described earlier, the electronics of the wireless tape 102 can be manufactured on an interconnect layer 118, which is patterned to create electrical connections and isolation between various electrical components on the interconnect layer 118. The diagram 400 does not illustrate every component and layers of an NFC -enabled wireless tape 102. Only some components are shown to illustrate Bluetooth pairing using NFC, without a dedicated NFC chip. An NFC coil antenna 402 and an RF energy harvesting circuit 404 can be manufactured on the interconnect layer 118. A user’s smart device 103 is equipped with an NFC transceiver 406 capable of generating and transmitting an RF energy field with wake-up frequency (WUF). The coil antenna 402 is tuned to resonate at the wake-up frequency, WUF sent by the transceiver 406. In some implementations, the NFC energy harvesting circuit 404 can include components, such as one or more capacitors, and rectifiers to convert an alternating current (AC) signal generated in the coil antenna 402 to a direct current (DC) signal by which the processor 1 12 can be awakened. Tn another implementation, the NFC energy harvesting circuit 404 can include components that capture a wake-up voltage 408 from the coil antenna 402 and transmit the wake-up voltage 408 to the processor 112 to wake up the processor 112. In another implementation, the NFC energy harvesting circuit 404 and some or all components therein can be skipped. In this scenario, the wake-up AC voltage generated in the coil antenna 402 can be used to directly wake up the processor 112, without converting AC voltages to DC voltages. Advantages of eliminating some or all of the components of the NFC energy harvesting circuit 404, include, lowering manufacturing cost and complexity of the NFC-enabled wireless tape 102. In other implementations, some or all of the components of the NFC energy harvesting circuit 404 can be integrated in the processor 112, when the processor 112 is implemented as a system on chip (SOC) solution.

[0122] FIG. 5 illustrates a method 500 of Bluetooth pairing of an NFC-enabled wireless tape 102 with a smart device 103. The processor 112 can be a Bluetooth microprocessor, such as Nordic Semiconductor, nRF52810, as described above, and the wireless communication circuit 111 can be a Bluetooth communication circuit. While the processor 112 and the wireless communication circuit 111 are shown as separate components, in some implementations, they can be part of an integrated Bluetooth chip. The processor 112 includes a general-purpose input/output (GPIO) port capable of receiving GPIO signals. The smart device 103 can be configured to execute program instructions to run the wireless tape application 121. The wireless tape application 121 can configure the transceiver 406 to resonate at the wake-up frequency, WUF. The method 500 starts at the step 502. At step 504, the user of the smart device 103 executes the wireless tape application 121 and brings the smart device 103 in close proximity (e.g., approximately within a 5-centimeter range) of the coil antenna 402 of the wireless tape 102. At step 506, the transceiver 406 generates and transmits an RF energy field at the wake-up frequency, WUF. The coil antenna 402 is tuned to resonate at the wake-up frequency, WUF. At step 508, the coil antenna 402 resonates at the wake-up frequency, WUF, and a wake-up voltage 408 is generated and transmitted to a GPIO port of the processor 112.

[0123] In some implementations, the NFC energy harvesting circuit 404 can include components that convert the wake-up AC voltage 408 to a DC voltage. However, both a DC or AC voltage can be used at a GPIO port of the processor 112 to wake up the processor 112. For example, in some implementations, voltages (DC or AC) above 0.7 Volts (V) at the GPIO port, can wake up the processor 1 12. In some instances, a conversion of the wake-up AC voltage 408 to a DC voltage may be desirable to protect the processor 112 from potentially receiving an unsafely high voltage. Nevertheless, the AC to DC conversion in some implementations can be safely skipped because the range of voltages the NFC-enabled wireless tape 102 and the coil antenna 402 encounter, most likely, do not exceed the levels that may be unsafe for the processor 112. As a result, the wake-up AC voltage 408 generated in the coil antenna 402 can be applied to the GPIO port of the processor 112, without conversion. In this scenario, the NFC-enabled wireless tape 102 can be manufactured, without the components, cost and complexity of converting NFC voltages.

[0124] In implementations where a threshold voltage to wake up the processor 112 is higher than the range of voltages the coil antenna 402 can generate, a comparator circuit as an external component or as an integrated component in the processor 112, as part of a system on chip (SOC) solution, can receive the wake-up signal and wake up one or more additional circuits in the processor 112. For example, in some implementations the processor 112 can wake up when it receives a voltage above a wake-up threshold voltage of approximately 0.7V, where the antenna coil 402 can generate voltages of approximately 0.3-0.4V or lower. A comparator circuit can detect low voltages generated from the antenna coil 402 (e.g., as low as approximately 1.8V in some implementations) and wake up the rest of the circuitry in the processor 112.

[0125] At step 512, the processor 112 receives the wake-up voltage 408 at its GPIO port and is awakened from an inactive state (e.g., a deep shutdown state). At step 14, the processor 112 uses the wireless communication circuit 111 to send a sequence of Bluetooth beacons 412 (e.g., via low powered BLE signals), which can be received by the wireless communication facilities of the smart device 103. The wireless facilities of the smart device 103 can include Bluetooth communication circuits 414. The Bluetooth beacons 412 can include a Bluetooth identifier, and/or other information which may be included in the pairing process. For example, the Bluetooth beacons 412 can include a unique identifier of the wireless tape 102. At step 516, the wireless tape application 121 can receive the information embedded in the Bluetooth beacon 412 and use them to associate the wireless tape 102 with the user profile of the wireless tape application 121 and the smart device 103. The method 500 ends at the step 518.

[0126] In some implementations, the Bluetooth beacons 412 can be customized to further identify the wireless tape 102 and/or other information to be included in the pairing process. For example, the Bluetooth beacons 412 can comprise an initial startup sequence having a pre-defined sequence and/or having a predefined power-level, also identified and recorded in the wireless tape application 121. Such information can be uploaded via the wireless tape application 121 upon purchase of a roll of wireless application tapes 102, the dispenser 101 and stored in the local database 120 and/or remote database 122. In some implementations, a camera of the smart device 103 can be used to scan a barcode from a dispenser 101 or from a roll of wireless tapes 102, where the barcode can include pairing information associated with the wireless tapes 102.

[0127] While the method 500 is described in the context of pairing Bluetooth devices, persons of ordinary skill in the art can appreciate that the described systems and methods can be modified to apply to other communication protocols, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and others. Additionally, while the described systems and methods of NFC pairing, without a dedicated NFC chip, is described in the context of pairing of wireless tapes 102, the persons of ordinary skill in the art can appreciate that the described technology can be used in other applications, where pairing of wireless devices are desired. For example, in many applications, wireless device pairings are performed infrequently or only once in the lifetime of the product. At the same time, the cost of an NFC chip used infrequently or only once for an initial pairing, may be prohibitive in several applications. The described technology can be used in these and other scenarios, where pairing of wireless devices is desired.

[0128] FIG. 6 illustrates a diagram of a communication protocol between a wireless tape 102 and a smart device 103, which can enhance the background processes of the smart device 103 in relation to the processing of the signals received from the wireless tape 102. In one implementation, the wireless tape 102 can modify its broadcasting signals 602 to simulate multiple devices sending them. The operating systems of the smart device 103 and similar devices are more likely to listen and allocate more background processes to received broadcasting signals 602 if they appear to be from new devices that they have not listened to before and/or have not processed before. In other words, in the described implementation, the broadcasting signals 602 are not redundant. The redundancy in the broadcasting signals 602 can be removed by a variety of means. [0129] FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 of enhancing the background processes of a smart device 103 in relation to receiving broadcasting signals 602 from the wireless tape 102. The method 700 starts at step 702. At step 704, a sequence of broadcasting signals 602, comprising a predetermined number of broadcasting signals 602 are selected. In one implementation, a broadcasting signal 602 is a BLE beacon formatted packet. At step 706, the broadcasting signals 602 in the sequence are modified according to a PMA. In some implementations, the PMA modifies the MAC address and/or the UUID embedded in one or more broadcasting signals 602. At step 708, the wireless tape 102 transmits the sequence of the modified broadcasting signals 602 to a smart device 103. At step 710, the smart device 103 can receive the modified broadcasting signals 602 and route them to the wireless tape application 121. The smart device 103 is more likely to receive some or all of the transmitted sequence of modified broadcasting signals 602 because they appear to be from different sources. At step 712, the wireless tape application 121 can receive the sequence of modified broadcasting signals 602 and determine locally and/or in combination with the server 104, and based on the PMA, that the modified broadcasting signals 602 are from the wireless tape 102. For example, in some implementations, the wireless tape application 121 and/or the server 104 can apply a reconstructing algorithm based on the PMA to reconstruct the original MAC addresses and/or UUIDs of the received modified broadcasting signals 602. The method 700 ends at step 714.

[0130] Method of achieving ultra-low power using changing ambient light levels to trigger power saving states in a microprocessor-based device

[0131] For many wireless devices (e.g., IOT devices) conserving battery power can be paramount. To maintain an ultrathin profile, many devices use a primary source. When the batter is exhausted, the battery or the device have to be replaced. In many applications, it is often the device that has to be replaced, as changing the used batteries is not a practical option. As a result, many modem wireless devices need to conserve battery to achieve longer product life span. Nonetheless, many wireless devices broadcast their beacon on periodic basis, whether or not a listening device can capture their beacon. This scenario presents a challenge for applications where the broadcasting device has limited battery resources. For example, it is advantageous for an ultrathin profile wireless tape 102, used for tracking items, to broadcast its beacons when a smart device 103 is in the vicinity and capable of receiving the beacons and communicating with the wireless tape 102. It is also advantageous for the wireless tape 102 to limit or stop sending broadcasting beacons, when no smart device 103 is in the vicinity to receive the beacons. Additionally, it is desirable to increase the frequency at which the wireless tape 102 broadcasts its beacons if a smart device 103 is in the vicinity and able to receive and process those beacons. Conversely, it is advantageous to reduce the frequency of (or stop) sending the beacons if no smart device 103 is in the vicinity to receive the beacons.

[0132] Sensors can be used to modulate the broadcasting of beacons and/or their sending frequency in order to save battery resources. For example, vibration or motion sensors can be used in wireless devices (such as the wireless tape 102) to trigger and/or to modulate the sending frequency of broadcasting beacons emitted from the wireless device. If sensors detect motion and/or vibration, the wireless device can increase the frequency of sending broadcasting beacons. However, in some applications, the sensors consume more battery resources than they save. For example, in some applications, motion sensing with passive infrared (PIR) or similar motion sensors and motion sensing with an accelerometer to save battery resources can task the battery resources more than they save the battery resources. Yet in other applications, the cost of the additional sensors can be prohibitive in relation to the overall target cost of the product, thus making the use of these sensors impractical. For other wireless devices, the form factor and sizes of these sensors can be incompatible with their form factor or design.

[0133] In the case of wireless devices that operate by NFC, solar or other energy harvesting methods, the battery resources can be limited. Thus, it is advantageous to reduce or minimize broadcasting beacons, when no listening smart device 103 is in the vicinity.

[0134] In one implementation, fluctuations of light levels in the environment of a wireless device can be used to modulate the frequency of broadcasting beacons. In this scenario, fluctuations in light levels in the environment can indicate the presence of a listening smart device 103. For example, when a wireless device, such as the wireless tape 102 is used for asset tracking, the wireless tape 102 may be attached to an item, which is placed in a delivery van, a work truck, a supply room or other physical locations, where that item and the attached wireless tape 102 are stored. When a person carrying the smart device 103, who has an interest in the tracked item, enters the physical location where the item and the attached wireless tape 102 are located, the environment likely can experience fluctuations in light level. For example, an automatic motion sensor in the environment can turn the lights on, when the person enters the environment. Or when the person opens the door to a storage area (such as the cargo compartment of a van or truck), the storage area, where the tracked item and wireless tape 102 are located can be exposed to outside light and experience fluctuations in light levels.

[0135] FIG. 8 illustrates an implementation of the wireless tape 102, where fluctuations in light levels can be used to modulate the frequency of broadcasting beacons. The wireless tape 102 in this scenario includes a photovoltaic layer 310 (as described in relation to FIG. 3) and an energy harvesting circuit 802. Fluctuations in light levels can occur due to the photovoltaic layer 310’s exposure to various light sources 804. The photovoltaic layer 310 and the energy harvesting circuit 802 convert light to an electrical signal 804 (e.g., a voltage or current), which can be received by the processor 112. The processor 112 can modulate the frequency of beacons sent from the wireless communication circuit 111, based on the value of the electrical signal 804. For example, the processor 112 can increase the frequency of broadcasting beacons, based on a rate of increase in the voltage received in the electrical signal 804. Accordingly, when a person carrying a smart device 103 enters the environment of the wireless tape 102 and exposes the photovoltaic layer 310 to fluctuations of light levels, the voltage generated by the energy harvesting circuit 802 can increase at a rapid rate, Rl . The processor 1 12 can correspondingly increase the rate of broadcasting beacons from the wireless communication circuit 111 at the rate Rl or to an increased rate based on Rl. In this manner, the increased broadcasting beacons have a better chance of detection by the smart device 103.

[0136] Conversely, if light fluctuations in the environment of the photovoltaic layer 310 is minimal, the voltage/current of the electrical signal 804 does not change or changes at a reduced rate, R2. The processor 112 can adjust the frequency of broadcasting beacons from the wireless communication circuit 111 to be at the reduced rate, R2 or another reduced rate based on R2. If R2 is zero, the frequency of broadcasting the beacons can be also zero or a reduced amount (e.g. , every thirty seconds) in order to conserve the battery energy. In some implementations, the electrical signal 804 can be used to wake up the processor 112 and begin broadcasting beacons.

[0137] FIG. 9 illustrates a method 900 of using fluctuations in light level to modulate the frequency of a broadcasting beacon. The method 900 starts at step 902. At step 904, the photovoltaic layer 310 and the energy harvesting circuit 802 generate an electrical signal by converting light energy from various light sources 804. At step 906, the processor 112 receives the electrical signal 804 and determines a rate of change of the electrical signal 804, based on fluctuations in converted light energy. At step 908, the processor 112 modulates the frequency of the broadcasting beacons sent from the wireless communication circuit 111, based on the determined rate. The method 900 ends at step 910.

[0138] Additional methods of activating the wireless tape J 02

[0139] It is advantageous to conserve the battery resources of the wireless tape 102 by maintaining the electronics 306 in a low-power of off-state, until the wireless tape 102 is to be used. FIG. 10 illustrates diagrams of various implementations to maintain the wireless tape 102 in a low-power state when in storage or before deployment by a user of the object tracking system 100. In one implementation, two conductive planes 1002 and 1004 can be patterned on the interconnect layer 118 or in one or more layers of the wireless tape 102 in a manner that the conductive planes 1002 and 1004 form a part of an edge 1006 of the wireless tape 102. The edge 1006 can be an edge between two discrete wireless tapes 102 (e.g., from a roll of wireless tapes 102). A metal cutting means 115 can shear the roll of wireless tapes 102 and separate them at edge 1006. The same process can be utilized to activate/wake-up the processor 112 and/or other electronics of the wireless tape 102. The interconnect layer 118 is patterned to electrically connect the conductive plane 1002 to a GPIO port of the processor 1 12 and the conductive plane 1004 to the battery 114. For ease of illustration, the battery 114 is shown as a single component on the interconnect layer 1 18. However, as described earlier in relation to FIG. 3, the battery 1 14 can be a layered structure on multiple layers of the wireless tape 102. The cutting means 115 can be made of a metal material, which can electrically connect the conductive planes 1002 and 1004 during the shearing of the edge 1006, thereby generating a signal at the GPIO port of the processor 112 from the battery 114. The signal at the GPIO port of the processor 112 can wake-up and activate the processor 112. The processor 112 can send beacons to nearby smart devices 103 for connection and communication.

[0140] In another implementation, the conductive planes 1002 and 1004 can be patterned on the same surface of the interconnect 118 and on the opposite edges 1014 and 1016 of the wireless tape 102, respectively. The conductive planes 1002 and 1004 can be electrically connected to conductive planes 1008, 1010, respectively. The conductive planes 1008 and 1010 are formed on an external surface 1018 of the wireless tape 102, from an electrically conductive and adhesive material, on the opposite edges 1014 and 1016 of the wireless tape 102, respectively. The conductive planes 1002 and 1004 and the conductive planes 1008 and 1010 are electrically coupled via interconnect patterns in the interconnect layer 118 to the terminals of a GPIO port 1012 of the processor 112. In this arrangement, the conductive planes 1002, 1004, 1008 and 1010 form an open switch between the terminals of the GPIO port 1012. When a user of the wireless tape 102 intends to activate the wireless tape 102, he can bring the opposite edges 1014 and 1016 of the wireless tape 102 together and adhere the conductive planes 1008 and 1010 together. Connecting the conductive planes 1008 and 1010 closes the switch and connects the terminals of the GPIO port 1012, generating a signal in the processor 112 and causing the processor 112 to wake up and begin transmitting beacons for connection and communication. In another implementation, the conductive planes 1008 and 1010 from the external surface 1018 of the wireless tape 102 can be routed to the terminals of the GPIO port 1012, directly or via interconnect patterns in the interconnect layer 118. In this scenario, the conductive planes 1002 and 1004 on the interconnect layer 118 can be excluded and not manufactured.

[0141] Some examples of reel-to-reel manufacturing processes and manufacturing considerations will now be described. In some implementations, the wireless tape 102 is fabricated to include a series of wireless tracking labels, in which each wireless tracking label can include a wireless communication circuit 111, a processor 112, a timer 113, a battery 114, and a memory module 117.

[0142] A fabricated reel of wireless tape 102 formed on a flexible substrate 1 16 includes many individual wireless tracking labels. This leads to several issues. First, a reel of wireless tape may be stored for some period of time before it is cut into different individual wireless tracking labels. Individual tracking labels may not necessarily be immediately used at the time of cutting. However, as discussed above, the processor(s) and communication circuit(s) may be activated as required. That is, an individual wireless tracking label may be awakened from a hibernation or sleep state close in time to when an individual tracking label is to used. That can include activating a wireless tracking label in response to cutting it from a reel. It can also include a wireless tracking label waking up in response to receiving energy from an external device. As discussed above, a coil on a wireless tracking label may receive energy from an NFC reader or other source that is used to generate a wakeup voltage.

[0143] In the context of a wireless tracking label, in some end-use applications, the wireless tracking label may only need to be active for less than a month to support, for example, tracking the shipment of a package in a supply chain.

[0144] Keeping individual wireless tracking labels in a hibernation mode until close to the time they are used extends the lifetime of the battery 114. This supports, for example, the option to omit using solar cells to harvest energy.

[0145] In a reel-to-reel manufacturing process, it’s desirable to design the layers used to optimize several goals. First, while the underlying substrate is flexible, it’s desirable to minimize the number of unnecessary layers and the number of critical alignments in the manufacturing process. It’s also desirable that the overall manufacturing process minimizes the likelihood of defects (e.g., pinholes or other sealing defects) that would increase the permeability of the battery pouch 308 to water vapor, oxygen, or other deleterious gases that might potentially shorten battery lifetime. Moreover, depending on the electrolyte chemicals used, preventing deleterious evaporation of the electrolytes may also be a concern in designing the battery pouch.

[0146] The lifetime of the battery will depend at least in part on the quality of the battery pouch 308 as a barrier to water vapor, oxygen, or other deleterious gases. The battery pouch 308 also serves as a barrier to prevent the evaporation of electrolytes.

[0147] Depending on the end-use application, a wireless tracking label may, in some cases, only require the battery 114 and battery pouch 308 design to be sufficient for the battery 114 to last through some initial time period in a hibernation state prior to use and provide, after activation, sufficient power for typical wireless tracking applications. For example, in many shipping applications, the total shipping time may be less than a month when taking into account all the different legs of the shipment process. [0148] The electrochemical components of the battery 114 may include electrolyte chemicals including at least one member from the group consisting of ZnSOr, ZnCh, MnSOr, AICU. These types of electrolyte chemicals are safer and more environmentally friendly than some alternatives such as lithium cell batteries. An advantage of lithium-based cells have nominal voltages of 3.0 or 3.6 V and up to 4.2 V fully charged. In contrast, many other electrochemical cells have a nominal voltage that is much lower, e.g., around 1.5 V in many cases. However, many communication and processor chips are designed to work in voltage ranges above 3.0 V. In fact, due to the wide-spread use of lithium batteries, many communication and processor chips are designed to work off the typical voltage ranges of a lithium battery.

[0149] This means that to directly replace lithium cell type batteries (without using voltage multiplier chips or specialty low-voltage chips designed to work at low voltages) requires connecting several 1.5 V electrochemical cells in series.

[0150] It should be understood that the battery 114 includes cathode and anode current collectors, a separator, and electrolyte. The current collectors may, for example, be based on carbon layers or a carbon-coated aluminized interconnect layer.

[0151] As previously discussed, the battery pouch 308 containing electrochemical components of the battery 114 can be formed on the interconnect 118. The substrate 116 can be an ultrathin and flexible material such as a polyester or Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), although other materials may be used.

[0152] One aspect that should be understood is that the battery pouch 308 is designed to provide an impermeable barrier to deleterious water vapor and deleterious gases such as oxygen. The battery pouch 308 is also designed to prevent the electrochemical components of the battery from evaporating.

[0153] In some implementations, a battery pouch has a multilayer film to protect the battery. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 11 A, a battery pouch may be formed from a multilayer film, which may include a polypropylene (PP) composite layer, an aluminum layer (Al), a biaxial oriented nylon layer (ONY), a PET layer, and other optional layers.

[0154] But as illustrated in FIG. 1 IB, the battery pouch may be formed from other sequences of layers that provide the function of serving as a barrier to water vapor and deleterious gases, as well as preventing evaporation of the electrochemical components.

[0155] Referring to FIG. 11C, the battery pouch 308 is formed by using one or more interconnect layers 118A, 1 18B to form at least one side of the battery pouch 308. The bottom interconnect layer 118A is formed on flexible substrate 116. In FIG. 11C, a bottom interconnect layer 1 18 A forms a bottom side of the battery pouch 308. A top interconnect layer 118B may also, in some implementations, be used to form a top side of the battery pouch 308. As an example, some types of interconnect layers, such as aluminum, are impermeable to deleterious gases. The overall battery pouch 308 includes barrier layers to form a barrier for the battery 114, which in this example includes two electrochemical cells 1105 with a series electrical connection 1110. As indicated by the dashed line, a series connection 1110 may be formed between at least two electrochemical cells 1105. This is useful in which individual electrochemical cells produce a voltage of around 1.5 V, such as electrochemical cells having electrolytes such as ZnSO4, ZnCh, MnSC , or A1C

[0156] Referring to FIG. 11D, one or more interconnect layers, such as a bottom interconnect layer 118A and a top interconnect layer 118B, may be used to form at least parts of the top and bottom sides of the battery pouch 308 having an interior region 1120 to house electrochemical components (not shown in FIG. 11D). Additional seals 1105 may be formed to complete the battery pouch 308.

[0157] Referring to FIG. HE, in some implementations the seal regions are formed from a transfer adhesive 1115 . The transfer adhesive 1115 used to form the seal regions may be selected to be electrically insulating. Many variations on the interconnect layer design and current collector layers 1130 are possible to form a series electrical connection between at least two electrochemical cells.

[0158] Referring to FIG. HF, as an illustrative but non- limiting example, the bottom interconnect layer 118 A may be formed of aluminum layer formed on a flexible PE substrate. The anodes may be formed from Zn, and the cathodes from MnO . Each electrochemical cell may include a separator, such as cellulose, with an electrolyte. A variety of different manufacturing processes may be used to support current collection and an electrical series connection between the electrochemical cells. This may include carbon layers as one option.

[0159] In some implementations, the battery structure 1205 is co-planar in that it is formed using interdigitated cathodes 1210 and anodes 1215 with a lateral flow of ions. FIG. 12A is a top view of co-planar design (not to scale). FIG. 12B is a side view, illustrating alternating cathode regions 1210 and anode regions 1215. In a co-planar design, there is a lateral ion flow between laterally adjacent interdigitated anode and cathode regions. That might be contrasted with a planar design in which the ion flow is vertical with respect to cathode and anode layers in the same vertical stack. [0160] While a bottom and/or top interconnect layers 1 18A, 118B can be used to form part of the battery pouch 308, a variety of other materials may also be used to form part of the battery pouch. A variety of materials may be used to form a portion of the battery pouch, including thermochromatic paper, resin coated face stock, etc. A wide variety of materials are good barriers by themselves or can be made impermeable by, for example, adding resins, waxes, or various sol gel processes and coatings. In one implementation, transfer adhesive is used to form the edge seals. [0161] By appropriate selection of layers, an individual interconnect layer forms at least a portion of one side of the battery pouch. This provides a variety of manufacturing benefits. It reduces the total number of layers required, simplifies manufacturing, and improves the reliability of the battery pouch in a reel-to-reel manufacturing process. In a reel-to-reel manufacturing process the electrical connections, layers, and seal regions are stored (at least for a while) on a reel with a radius of curvature such that upper layers of a given section of wireless tape 102 have slightly greater elongation of upper layers due to the radius of curvature. Simplifying the overall design of the battery pouch and reducing the number of layers improves manufacturability and reduces the likelihood sealing defects in the barrier and/or failures of electrical connections.

[0162] As illustrated in the flow chart 1300 of FIG. 13, a high-level method or process may include forming electrochemical components of the battery on a bottom interconnect layer that acts as at least a portion of bottom barrier layer in block 1305. A top interconnect layer that acts as at least a portion of the top barrier layer may be formed on the battery pouch in block 1310. In block 1315, additional seals and/or seal layers may be formed to complete the battery pouch.

[0163] FIG. 14 is a flowchart 1400 of an example of a planar process with additional details illustrated in Figures 14A, 14B, 14C, 14D, and 14E. As illustrated in FIG. 14 there is initially a separate (but parallel) set of reel-to-reel processes for forming what will be the top and bottom interconnect layers of a wireless tape 102. In the fabrication process, the top interconnect layer may be flipped over and aligned to the bottom interconnect layer, with top and bottom interconnect layers laminated to each other. The overall process can be implemented in a reel-to-reel process. [0164] FIG. 14A illustrates the result of initial steps 1402 and 1404 in a planar process. There is a printing of a cathode layer with (MnO2-C-PVDF) ink and an anode layer on (Zn-C-PVDF) ink onto a first interconnect layer, corresponding in the figure to a bottom interconnect layer. The bottom interconnect layer serves as an impervious battery pouch material. As examples, the first interconnect layer may include a liner or the underside of face stock material or thermal chromatic paper. [0165] FIG. 14 A shows an anode and cathode pair of what will become a first wireless tracking label device 1450A and an anode and cathode pair of second wireless tracking label device 1450B along the tape. Thus, in this example, as the reels (the circles) are rotated, a certain number of individual wireless tracking labels are fabricated by printing in windowed/masked areas, the appropriate inks to fabricate anode and cathode regions. The current collectors as part of the anode and cathode regions or structures may be served by the conductive nature of the interconnect layer itself or enhanced by additional coatings such as carbon or carbon nanotubes.

[0166] FIG. 14B illustrates printing of a cathode layer with (MnC -C-PVDF) ink and an anode layer on (Zn-C-PVDF) ink onto a second interconnect layer, which also will serve as an impervious battery pouch material. In one implementation, the anode and cathode inks, Zn-C and MnCh, respectively, are coated on top of carbon. The carbon is coated on top of the aluminum-PET or just the PET in the interconnect layer. However, carbon is not always required on top of aluminum PET. This corresponds generally to the result from steps 1410 and 1412. The second interconnect layer 118B may be a liner or the underside of face stock material or thermal chromatic paper. The second interconnect layer 118B may, as illustrated in the figure, be a top interconnect layer. The top interconnect layer in this example also has two label devices along the wireless tape. Conductive sections SI and S2 (e.g., carbon, copper, carbon-coating copper, etc.) are formed to create what will become a series connection between two electrochemical cells in the final fabricated devices.

[0167] FIG. 14C illustrates a processing step to apply electrolyte in windowed regions on the anode and cathode regions on what will be the bottom interconnect layer. This corresponds generally to step 1406.

[0168] FIG. 14D illustrates mounting of electrical components 1490, such as an RF wireless processor and an RF wireless communication chip (e.g., a Bluetooth processor and a Bluetooth wireless communication chip). Conductive traces, directly connected to the current collectors, are formed to power the electrical components 1490. Programming of firmware may also be performed. Pogo pin landing pads (not shown) may be provided for the programming. FIG. 14D corresponds generally to step 1408.

[0169] FIG. 14E illustrates how the top interconnect layer is flipped over and laminated to the bottom interconnect layer. This corresponds generally to steps 1414 and 1416. For example, in a reel-to-reel process a mechanical fixture may be used to slowly twist and rotate the top interconnect layer to flip it over. A registration technique (e.g., using optical fiducial marks or other alignment techniques) may be used to align the flipped top interconnect layer. Other mechanical components may be used to form the lamination, including adhesives, transfer adhesives, and/or thermal sealing techniques. This is what may be called a planar design in which an electrochemical cell is a vertical stack of layers with a vertical flow of ions as indicated by the arrows.

[0170] Referring back to FIG. 14, in the process of FIGs 14A to 14E, the initial process for forming the bottom interconnect layer may include forming anode and cathode current collectors in step 1402. In step 1404, cathode and anode ink patterns are formed. In step 1406, electrolytes are applied. In step 1408, electrical components are mounted and programed. For the top interconnect layer, in step 1410 anode and cathode current collector regions are formed. In step 1412, cathode and anode ink patterns are printed. In step 1414 the top interconnect layer is flipped over and aligned to the bottom interconnect layer. In step 1416 the top layer is laminated to the bottom interconnect layer.

[0171] An example of a coplanar fabrication process will now be described that also includes flipping a top interconnect layer and laminating it to a bottom interconnect layer. A coplanar fabrication has an interdigitated arrangement of anode and cathode regions with a horizontal flow of ions in each electrochemical cell (as previously discussed in regard to FIGS 12A and 12B). An electrical trace is formed to form a series connection between electrochemical cells. FIG. 15 is a flowchart 1500 of a method of forming a wireless tape 102. FIGs. 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, and 15E illustrate aspects of the method.

[0172] FIG. 15A illustrates the result of steps 1502 and 1504 in regard to printing a cathode (e.g. , MnC -PVDF) ink and anode (e.g. , Zn-C-PVDF) ink onto a bottom interconnect layer 118A. The bottom interconnect layer will serve to form a portion of an impermeable battery pouch. As examples, the bottom interconnect layer may be formed from thermal-chromatic paper, or a liner or underside of a face stock material. It will be understood that a current collector layer (e.g., carbon) may be included. Each individual electrochemical cell has interdigitated anode 1215 and cathode 1210 regions with a lateral ion flow between interdigitated fingers. Two interdigitated electrochemical cells are illustrated, which may be connected in series, e.g., with an aluminum or copper electrical trace or other connection, such as inks to form these connections including carbon, silver, or carbon nanotubes. Thus, if each interdigitated coplanar cell produces 1.5V, two in series produces about 3 V. The anode and cathode layers include a negative and positive current collector, respectively, which may be fabricated with carbon, copper, aluminum, carbon coated copper, carbon coated aluminum, carbon nanotubes, etc. [0173] FIG. 15B illustrates a top interconnect layer having transfer adhesive regions onto which a powdered gel is applied (e.g., brush rolled). FIG. 15B corresponds generally to the result of steps 1508 and 1510. Fiducial marks can be detected along a moving web and a relative offset calculated for determining where to apply the transfer adhesive. A transfer adhesive is patterned onto 1) edge seal regions (“first regions”) and 2) portions of the top interconnect to which electrolyte regions will be formed (“second regions”). The transfer adhesive forms a sticky side of a face stock material. The electrolyte may be formed on the second regions in two different ways. In one implementation, gum guar, xanthan gum, or a similar powdered material that forms a gel when wetted is initially deposited in a dry powdered form. For example, it may be deposited in a powdered form in which it is brush rolled onto the adhesive patterns in the second regions. In one implementation, these second regions are later wetted by applying water vapor that includes an electrolyte. In another implementation, the electrolyte chemical, in a dry powdered form, is included in powdered gum guar, xanthan gum, etc., that is brush rolled onto the adhesive patterns. Water vapor is then applied to wet these regions, forming a gel electrolyte. In one implementation, top and bottom interconnect layers are processed to permit the top and bottom layers to be attached to each other to form the battery and battery pouch with transfer adhesive edges to form the edge seals.

[0174] FIG. 15C illustrates wetting the gel (e.g., with water vapor) to form a semi-aqueous gel for the top layer). This corresponds to step 1512. As previously discussed, depending on implementation details, the water vapor may include the electrolyte. Alternatively, the powdered gel material may include the electrolyte material in dry form (e.g., a chemical salt) which becomes chemically active in the semi-aqueous gel.

[0175] FIG. 15D illustrates how electrical components, such as a Bluetooth processor and communication chips, are mounted to the bottom interconnect layer. Programming of microchip firmware may also be performed. This corresponds to the result of step 1506.

[0176] FIG. 15E illustrates that the top interconnect layer with the gel electrolyte that is to be laminated and sealed to the bottom interconnect layer with the transfer adhesive forming a seal of the battery pouch along the edges to form the battery pouch. This may include, for example, flipping the top layer over and aligning/registering it to the bottom layer. This corresponds to step 1516.

[0177] Referring back to FIG. 15, the process may include forming top and bottom barrier layers (e.g., on any suitable layer for forming an impermeable barrier) in which the interconnect layer(s) form portions of the battery pouch. The processing of the bottom layer may include forming current collector regions 1502, followed by printing 1504 interdigitated cathode and anode ink patterns. For the case of two electrochemical cells to be used in series, a series connection may be provided with an aluminum, copper as part of the interconnect layer itself, or from ink-based coatings which may include carbon, carbon nanotubes, or silver. Electrical components are mounted on the bottom layer in step 1506, along with any required programming (e.g., of firmware). For the top layer, adhesive is coated in selected regions in step 1508. In step 1510, a powdered gel is deposited on selected areas of the adhesive. In step 1512, the deposited powdered gel is wetted by, for example, exposing it to a source of water vapor (e.g., a fine mist or, for some materials, steam). Water applied to the powdered gel may include the electrolyte. Alternatively, the electrolytic chemicals (in a powdered dry form) may be added to the powdered gel material. In step 1514, the top layer is flipped, aligned, and registered with the bottom layer. In step 1516 the top and bottom layers are laminated together.

[0178] One advantage of the process of FIG. 15 is that the adhesive used to form seals may be also used to form electrolyte regions.

[0179] Referring to the flow chart of FIG. 16, and FIG. 16A in some implementations, aplanar fabrication process 1600 uses a folding process to form a wireless tape 102. For example, a component may be used to force it to fold along a fold line. A folding process eliminates the need to precisely align two separate top and bottom interconnect layers. Thus, the fabrication process includes forming top and bottom interconnect layers on the same substrate/interconnect layer, mounting processor, and communication chip components, and folding and sealing to form the battery and battery pouch.

[0180] A folding process facilitates fabrication in a reel-to-reel process because the folding is easier to perform than precisely registering separate top and bottom layers during a lamination stage. This is because the folding process forces a precise alignment.

[0181] Another advantage of a folding process is that it permits 3 electrochemical cells to be coupled in series. A conducive trace may be formed to connect the top and bottom without requiring welding, conductive adhesive or crimping.

[0182] FIG. 16A illustrates a fold line and how an interconnect layer is patterned to form top and bottom interconnect layers after folding. An interconnect layer 1670 has a top section 1652 and a bottom section 1654 and a fold line 1650 between the top section 1652 and bottom section 1654. An electrical trace may be formed to connect top and bottom layers as required after folding. [0183] In the example of FIG. 16A, there are three anode/cathode pairs corresponding to three electrochemical cells in series, as illustrated by the vertical arrows. There is a first anode/cathode pair corresponding to anode 1620A and first cathode 1620A. There is a second anode/cathode pair corresponding to second anode 1620B and second cathode 1630B. There is a third anode/cathode pair corresponding to third cathode 1630C and third anode 1620C. This corresponds to what will become three electrochemical cells in series. There is a first series connection from a first connecting layer SI and a second connecting layer S2. That is, SI forms a series connection from first cathode 1630A to second anode 1620B. S2 forms a series connection from second cathode 1630B to third anode 1620C. A conductive electrical trace forms a connection from third cathode 1630B to a voltage input (e.g., 4.5 V). A ground connection is made to first anode 1620A.

[0184] SI and S2 may, for example, include a carbon layer, an aluminum layer, or a copper layer. Folding on the fold line (illustrated by the center dashed line) and laminating/sealing results in 3 series connected electrochemical cells housed in a battery pouch to provide power to mounted electrical components. For the purposes of illustration, the vertical arrows illustrate the vertical ion flow in the final battery structure.

[0185] In some implementations, the materials of the interconnect layer may be selected for the entire battery pouch to form a Faraday cage or RF shield. For example, a thin metal coating layer may be included as part of the interconnect layer to form a faraday cage after folding and laminating.

[0186] Referring to FIG. 16, many aspects of the process are similar to previously described process steps for a planar process except that some process steps are done on different sections of the same interconnect layer and folding is used to fold different sections together. A top section (above the fold line) forms the top interconnect layer after folding. The bottom section (below the fold line) forms the bottom interconnect layer after folding. In block 1602, separate carbon anode and cathode current layers are formed on a second portion of an interconnect layer. In block 1604 adjacent cathode and anode ink patterns are patterned onto a first section of an interconnect layer. In block 1606, electrolytes are applied to cathode and anode regions. In block 1608, electrical components are mounted and firmware is programmed into the RF processor. For example, programming of firmware may also be performed using pogo pin landing pads (not shown in the figures). In block 1610, a carbon anode/cathode current collector series connection is formed onto the second section of the interconnect. In block 1612, adjacent cathode and anode ink patterns are printed onto the second section. In block 1614, the first and second section are folded along the fold line. In block 1616, the top and bottom interconnect layers are sealed for the battery pouch. As some examples, the sealing may be formed using a thermal lamination sealing process or by using transfer adhesive. [0187] In addition to other manufacturing techniques previously discussed, in some implementations, an ultrasonic weld is used to weld one interconnect layer to another.

[0188] FIG. 17 and FIG. 17A illustrate an example of how the folding process may be applied in a co-planar design of a wireless tape 102. As illustrated by FIG. 17A, three interdigitated electrochemical cells 1730A, 1730B, and 1730C may be formed and connected in series to support running chips at 3.0 volts or 4.5 volts as illustrated in the FIG. 17A. Many of the details of the processing are similar to previously described coplanar designs. However, a top section 1752 and a bottom section 1754 are patterned to form top and bottom interconnect layers after folding on a fold line 1750. As previously discussed, the battery pouch may include a conducive layer or conducive coating such that after the folding process a Faraday cage RF shield is formed around critical components to eliminate emission of unwanted radiation. Referring back to FIG. 17, there is a first section below the fold line that will form the bottom interconnect layer after folding. There is a top section above the fold line that will form the top interconnect layer after folding. An exemplary method includes forming separate carbon current collector regions 1702. In block 1704, the interdigitated cathode and anode ink patterns are printed onto the bottom section of the interconnect layer. In block 1706, the electrical components are mounted to the bottom section of the interconnect layer and firmware is programmed. In block 1708, the top section of the interconnect face stock materials are coated in selected regions with adhesive. In block 1710, a gel material is deposited in powdered form (e.g., via brush rolling) onto the adhesive coated top section. The gel material is wetted in block 1712 to form a gel electrolyte. For example, water vapor may be deposited that includes an electrolyte. Alternatively, the dry powder may include the electrolyte chemical in a dry form (e.g., a salt) such that wetting the gel material with water generates a semi-aqueous gel with the electrolyte. In block 1714, the first and second section are folded along the fold line. In block 1716, the top interconnect layer and bottom interconnect layer of the folded structure are sealed to form the battery pouch around the interdigitated electrochemical cells.

[0189] Fig. 18A is a side view cross-section of a battery pouch 1805 wireless tracking label that extends the previously described examples of a wireless tracking label with two electrochemical sells in series, formed by a planar process with a vertical flow of ions in each electrochemical cell with planar conductive layers coupled the electrochemical cells in series. Fig. 18A shows a battery comprising four electrochemical cells in series with a vertical flow of ions in each electrochemical cell with patterned planar conductive layer regions coupling the electrochemical cells in series. [0190] For a planar stacked design, an even number of electrochemical cells in series (e.g., 2, 4, 6, etc.) eliminates the need to form a separate connection (e.g., using a conductive tab) from a top planar conductive layer to an interconnect layer. That is, with an even number of electrochemical cells, a first electrochemical cell extends upwards from a portion of the interconnect layer to a planar conductive layer and the next electrochemical cell in series goes back downwards from the planar conductive layer to the interconnect layer. This is illustrated in Fig. 18B. This is true for two electrochemical cells, for four electrochemical cells, or even for higher even numbers of electrochemical cells, such as six electrochemical cells. For an even number of vertical electrochemical cells in series, the process for forming a series connection is highly manufacturable. The fabrication thus doesn’t require overlapping tabs or other steps (like forming conductive vias) that are harder to implement in a low-cost, high-yield manufacturing process.

[0191] One aspect of the wireless tracking label of Fig. 18A is that two or more different voltages can be routed from the electrochemical cells. In the example of Fig. 18C, a battery with an even number of electrochemical cells in series 1880, such as four cells in series has a dual voltage output use to power a first circuit block at a first voltage 1882 (e.g., 3V) and a second circuit block at a second voltage 1884 (e.g., 6V). That is two different voltages are routed to two different circuit blocks. For example, 3V could be routed to circuit blocks that operate well on 3V. However, some types of circuits, such as some types of RF circuit blocks, function better at voltages greater than 3 V.

[0192] The example of Fig. 18 A may be fabricated using any of the previously discussed techniques for forming vertical stacks of electrochemical cells in series. The interconnect layer can be patterned to route dual voltages (e.g., 3V or 6V) to different circuit blocks, as illustrated in Fig. 18C.

[0193] Figs. 19A and 19B illustrate some of the issues associated with scaling up the area of the electrochemical cells in a wireless tracking label. In Fig. 19A, a series connection of electrochemical cells is illustrated in which each electrochemical cell 1902, 1904, and 1906 has an associated battery resistance (e.g., Rl, R2, and R3 respectively). In Fig. 19B, the equivalent battery has the series equivalent voltage 1910 of all the batteries in series. The equivalent resistance is the combined series resistance of the batteries in series corresponding to resistors Rl, R2, and R3.

[0194] However, as illustrated in Fig. 19B, an individual resistance (e.g., that of resistor R2) may be higher than average. In thin film batteries using graphite coatings, the graphite coatings are notorious for high resistance compared to metal-based conductors. Graphite coatings are also prone to cracking. When connecting multiple cells in series, there is a multiplier effect regarding the probability than any one cell either exhibits above-normal resistance or is a disconnect.

[0195] There may also be a multiplier effect in scaling up the area of an electrochemical cell regarding the formation of potential cracks or other defects that, if they occur, may increase the resistance of the battery, or even create a disconnect.

[0196] As illustrated in Fig. 19C, in one implementation the electrochemical cells of the wireless tracking label are connected in series and parallel. That is, instead of a single large 1.5V cell (e.g., cell 1902 in Fig. 19A with nominal resistance R3), there may be a stage of two or more cells in parallel (e.g., cells 1953, 1954, and 1956). Instead of a single large 1.5V cell 1904 with nominal resistance R2, there may be a stage having two or more cells in parallel (e.g., cells 1962, 1964, and 1966). Instead of a single large 1.5V cell 1906 with nominal resistance Rl, there may be a stage with two or more cells series in parallel (e.g., cells 1972, 1974, and 1976). There is thus a parallel electrical connection of cells in each stage of the battery, with the stages electrically connected in series. There can be any reasonable number of stages connected in series (e.g., 2, 3, 4, etc.) and any reasonable number of cells in parallel in each stage (e.g., 2, 3, etc.).

[0197] As illustrated in Fig. 19D, the equivalent circuit for Fig. 19C has a set of parallel resistances for each cell. This means that if there is a defect in an individual cell (e.g., resistance R2-1 is higher than average or there is a disconnect for resistor R2-1) that it will not be catastrophic for the use of the battery. The battery resistance will still stay in a bounded range by virtue of other equivalent resistances in parallel (e.g., R2-2 and R2-3). The series-parallel configuration of battery cells and their equivalent resistances results in a more manufacturable process robust to manufacturing variances and defects.

[0198] In some implementations, the wireless tracking label uses a nominal higher voltage thin-film printed battery voltage (e.g., 6V) to power circuits having a lower safe operating voltage (e.g., 4.5V). As a practical matter, for thin film ZnMn batteries each having a nominal voltage of about 1.5 V, it’s easiest to manufacture thin film printed batteries with voltage of either 3V or 6V nominal (no load) voltages. As previously discussed, it’s more complicated to manufacture a thin film printed battery for a wireless tracking label with environmentally friendly materials with intermediate nominal voltages, such as 4.5V.

[0199] A wireless tracking label may include a variety of different processors and other circuits. Some of these circuits may consume more power (and draw more current) when activated. Fig. 20A illustrates a circuit that can be implemented on a wireless tracking label that is capable of using a higher supply thin film printed battery voltage (e.g., 6V) to power a circuit block on a wireless tracking label having an intermediate maximum operating voltage (e.g., an RF device 2010, such as an RF communication processor, having a maximum safe operating voltage of 4.5 V, or other RF communication circuit having a maximum safe operation voltage). In one implementation, a voltage protection circuit is provided that is capable of switching a supply voltage to a load (e.g., 6V to a high-power RF device (e.g., an RF communication processor or other RF communication circuit) using a lower power device 2004 (e.g., using a timer or a Bluetooth chip or other processor).

[0200] In the example of Fig. 20A, the RF device 2010 has some maximum highest safe voltage, which for example may be a maximum voltage around 4.5 V (or slightly lower, such as 4.2V). Some commercial RF devices are designed to operate at around 4.5 V.

[0201] However as previously discussed, a thin film printed battery constructed of environmentally friendly materials with four 1.5V electrochemical cells in series has a nominal voltage of 6V. As an example, depending on fabrication details, it may have an equivalent internal resistance in the range of 50 to 90 ohms. This internal resistance can be used beneficially in a voltage control circuit having a Zener diode circuit to control the voltage of an RF device during an initial turn on time period.

[0202] In the example if Fig. 20A, a complementary P-FET and N-FET complementary pair switch allows a lower power processor (or other circuit) to turn on the switch. When the lower voltage processor or circuit turns on the switch, 6V is initially presented to the load, which includes the 4.5V tolerant RF device in parallel with voltage protection circuit that include a 4.5 V Zener diode 2006 and a capacitor 2008.

[0203] When the load is applied, the Zener diode initially goes into reverse breakdown, which causes current to flow through the Zener to ground, limiting the voltage presented to the RF device to be no more than the Zener reverse breakdown voltage. However, while there is initially a high current drawn by the Zener diode 2006, the internal resistance of the thin film printed battery results in a voltage drop presented to the load, and hence to the Zener diode. That is, as the RF device 2010 turns on and draws current, there is effectively a voltage divider in the circuit in the sense some of the voltage of the battery is dropped by the internal resistance of the battery. The voltage drop created by the resistance of the thin film printed battery increases as the RF device 2010 turns on and draws current. After some initial turn on time period, the voltage drops below the range where the Zener diode 2006 is strongly conducting. The Zener diode 2006 begins to draw less current and consume less power. The Zener diode 2006 stops conducting strongly, effectively turning off.

[0204] This approach takes advantage of the internal resistance, R1 , of the thin film printed battery, the Zener diode breakdown voltage, the capacitance value of the capacitor 2008, the turnon voltage of the RF device 2010 (e.g., an RF processor, and the current drawn by the RF device (e.g., a RF processor) when it is turned on. By selecting these parameters, the Zener diode 2006 acts to prevent an over-voltage on the RF device 2010 beyond a maximum safe operating voltage when the 6V battery is initially presented to the load, yet after a short period of time, the voltage protection circuit enters a second mode of operation during normal use of the RF device in which the Zener diode stops strongly conducting (effectively turning off) and this the Zener diode doesn’t waste power during normal operation of the RF device.

[0205] Fog 20B illustrates how the Zener diode 2006 sinks current in reverse breakdown during an initial turn-on time constant to protect the RF device 2010 from an excessive voltage exceeding a maximum voltage for the RF device. However, after the turn on time constant, the voltage drops enough at the load such that the Zener diode 2006 is no longer conducting significant amounts of current. During normal operation of the RF device 2010, the current drawn by the Zener diode 2006, and the power consumed by the Zener diode 2006, is insignificant.

[0206] Fig. 20B illustrates the voltage applied to the load and hence to the RF device 2010. Curve 2005 illustrates how the volage applied to the load, without the Zener diode 2006 providing voltage protection, would initially rise to be approximately 6V and burn-out an RF device 2010 that was designed to operate at lower safe maximum voltage, such as 4.5V. Curve 2010 illustrates the voltage with the voltage protection circuit that includes Zener diode 2006 and associated capacitance 2008. The voltage at the load initially rises until the Zener diode 2006 conducts. There is a limited time period, tO, when the Zener diode 2006 conducts and sinks significant current. However, the Zener diode 2006 current drops after time tO because once the RF device 2010 begins to draw significant current, the voltage drop created by the internal resistance R1 of the battery drops the applied voltage by acting as a voltage divider.

[0207] The circuit of Fig. 20A takes advantage of the fact that thin film printed batteries formed from a series connection of 1.5V electrochemical cells have a significant resistance. The circuit of Fig. 20A performs a complex function using a small number of comparatively inexpensive components to achieve voltage protection while consuming minimal power during normal operation of the RF device. [0208] Fig. 20C illustrates a general design approach for the circuit of Fig. 20 A. Tn block 2090, in designing a thin film printed battery for a wireless tracking label, there is some nominal internal resistance range for a series connection of electrochemical cells. For example, the range could be 50 to 90 ohms for a series connection of four electrochemical cells of 1.5 V to produce a nominal 6V battery. However, different ranges of battery resistance are also possible depending on various factors. In block 2092, the circuit designer picks an RF device to use, which has tum-on characteristics, a maximum safe operating voltage, and operating current parameters. In block 2094, a selection is made of the Zener diode reverse breakdown voltage, and the capacitance associated with the Zener diode. For example, for a given thin film printed battery having a nominal 6V with 50 to 90 ohms internal resistance, the Zener diode characteristics and capacitance may be tweaked to achieve the desired voltage protection of the RF device.

[0209] Fig. 21A illustrates an implementation in which a wireless tracking label RF device 2110 (e.g., an RF communication processor) is powered by thin film battery cells 2105. An RF filter circuit 2120 may be provided that utilizes thin film aluminized PET inductor and/or capacitors 2115 formed from layers compatible with other layers of the wireless tracking label. This reduces the part content and manufacturing costs compared to using discrete capacitors and inductors. Even eliminating a single discrete capacitor can be significant in terms of manuf acturability .

[0210] Fig. 2 IB illustrates an example of aluminized PET structure. An example implementation has a 38 micron thickness PET layer, a 15 micron thick top aluminum layer, and a 10 micron thick bottom aluminum layer. These layer thickness can be adjusted to be compatible with the design and fabrication of other layers of the wireless tracking label.

[0211] Referring to Fig. 21C, an illustrative example of an RF circuit may be a 50 Ohm impedance matching circuit between a wireless RF device and an antenna. For example, the circuit may be a Pi filter for filtering noise that has an equivalent circuit of two capacitors and an inductor. The capacitor value of capacitors Cl and C2 may, for example, have values in the range between 1.2 pF and 6 pF. The inductor may have a value between 2nH and 5nH. As an illustrative example, a capacitor Cl of 1.2pF can be fabricated as a patterned rectangle of the aluminized PET structure of Fig. 21B having approximate surface dimensions 1.33 mm x 1.5 mm for total surface area of 1.95mm ² . Capacitance is given by the formula C=EA/d, where E =permittivity, A is area, and d is the separation distance. For PET, E is around 3.5. Assuming A =1.95 mm ² and d=38 microns, then C is 1.5pF. [0212] Eliminating the need for one or more discrete capacitors and/or inductors reduces the number of discrete components that need to be used to implement a wireless tracking label, which reduces manufacturing costs.

[0213] Referring to Fig. 22A, an exemplary method of forming electrical connection between conductive layers may include forming a label layer structuring have at least two conductive layers separated by an intermediate layer in block 2202, forming perforation in block 2204, and filling in voids in the perforation with a conductive material, such as by using a conductive ink or a conductive epoxy. A conductive ink or a conductive epoxy may, for example, include silver flakes or nickel spheres.

[0214] This method of forming an electrical connection is analogous to forming a conductive via hole in a printed circuit board (PCB). Conductive vias are formed in PCBs by forming holes and copperplating. However here the materials are different, as in PCBs copper plating and other technologies exist that are not compatible with manufacturing a via hole for a flexible wireless tracking label in a reel-to-reel fabrication process.

[0215] A variety of different implementation options to improve manufacturing and improve battery lifetime will now be described. One aspect of battery lifetime is associated with the issue of electrolytic corrosion. Fig. 23A illustrates a cross-section of a portion of an implementation of a wireless tracking label that protects an aluminum laminate from electrolytic corrosion. In this implementation, a PET film is employed (which in a preferred implementation is laminated between two layers of aluminum foil). An aluminum laminate serves as the interconnect layer, forming both the cathode and anode current collectors of the stacked structure and electrically connecting them to the electrical components of the wireless tape.

[0216] Within the pouched area, however, electrolytes such a ZnCh can cause corrosion to the aluminum foil, deteriorating its conductivity, resulting in a failed battery. One way to minimize this corrosion is by coating the aluminum current collector with printed graphite and a polymer such as PVDF (Poly(vinylidene fluoride)). However, this may not be sufficient to avoid corrosion over time from an aqueous electrolyte that may slowly permeate the graphite coating and corrode the underlying aluminum. Consequently, in one implementation the wireless tape is patterned without aluminum forming the current collector in the sealed pouch area. Instead, the aluminum is patterned to be adjacent to the pouched area of the cell with a graphite layer forming a bridge between the current collector and aluminized interconnect layer. This is illustrated in Fig. 23A. The pouched region generally includes the region between the top sealing film, the bottom PET layer, and the side adhesive regions. For the purposes of illustration, a 15 micron thick aluminum layer is illustrated adjacent to the pouched region having a graphite layer forming the bridge. This fabrication ensures electrolyte does not come into contact with the aluminum.

[0217] Fig. 23B illustrates a variation of the same principle in which a conductive ink, such as silver, is printed on or under the graphite layer at the interface between the graphite current collector and aluminum interconnect layer. Fig. 23C illustrates a cross section including other portions of the pouch.

[0218] Fig. 23D illustrates an implementation variation in which silver ink is patterned not only at the interface, but in a grid across the entire graphite-coated current collector area to increase the conductivity of the graphite and reduce the internal resistance of the battery. Fig. 23E illustrates the example of Fig. 23D showing the additional layers of the pouch.

[0219] Fig. 24 is a cross section of a battery pouch of a wireless tracking label that illustrates another variation to increase battery lifetime. The removal of aluminum as part of the current collector for either the cathode or anode fabrication avoids problems related to corrosion of the aluminum with common electrolytes such as ZnCb. However, there is an additional consideration by such a modification, because the substrate, which forms one side of the battery pouch, also serves as the interconnect layer, no longer provides a barrier layer to protect the oxidation and evaporation of the active electrochemical components. PET is not an impermeable material on its own and over time, oxygen and H2O can migrate through the PET material, causing evaporation of an aqueous electrolyte and failure of the battery on circuit.

[0220] To address this issue, a second layer of the interconnect on the bottom side of the PET layer can be added that also serves as a ground plane and interconnect, while also forming an impermeable pouch layer. As illustrated in Fig. 24, an additional aluminum layer can be added to the bottom of the PET layer to serve as a bottom impermeable pouch layer.

[0221] Fig. 25 is a cross section of a battery pouch of a wireless tracking label that eliminates the need for plastic -based materials to satisfy growing environmental impact regulations. Eliminating plastic-based materials makes wireless tracking labels fully recyclable and disposable. In some implementations, the PET layer can be replaced with a paper layer. As illustrated, the bottom aluminum layer serves as the impermeable pouch layer. A thin layer of acrylic adhesive (or other protective adhesive material) between the paper layer and the bottom aluminum layer separates the aqueous electrolyte from the aluminum and avoids corrosion. However, some seepage may occur in the horizontal direction. In one implementation, this is solved by impregnating points A and B with a material to make the paper more impermeable to H2O and O2. As an example, wax or sol gel process may be used a points A and B. Alternatively, the paper could be patterned with a silicone additive or other environmentally friendly sealing mechanisms to make it impermeable.

[0222] Fig. 26A, Fig. 26B, Fig. 26C, and Fig. 26D illustrate aspects of an implementation using an interconnect layer as a separator for double-sided battery formation, individualized top seal areas. The reason individualized top seals are required is that battery formation must be performed before component assembly. The battery is typically screen printed or coated in various ways via gravure or rotary flexographic on a flat surface. That requires the battery formation to occur before component assembly. Components, such as the RF processor would impart bumps and impede the printing process. Fig. 26A illustrates a cross-section of interconnect separator layer, which may, for example, include a paper layer, top and bottom aluminum layers, and additional acrylic adhesive layers. Fig. 26B show a top view and a side cross-sectional view. The side cross-section view shows the interconnect separator layers, battery layers, etc. This approach uses the interconnect layer itself as a separator of the battery formation. In this implementation, the separator is considered the primary material and also acts as the interconnect layer. It can be described as an Interconnect Separator. It can be constructed as paper, or a porous polypropylene material such as Celgard. The Interconnect Separator includes a porous material (or a material that could be made porous) to facilitate ionic transfer within an electrolyte between the anode and cathode of a battery. In one implementation, the Interconnect Separator is a cellulose-based paper material laminated with aluminum foil on both sides. This is a commonly available material, typically used for making environmentally friendly RFID labels.

[0223] In one implementation, the Interconnect Separator is impregnated with a polymer around the borders of each cell, but this could be accomplished with a printing method. For example, a sealant in a liquid form can be patterned via a printing process to isolate each separator cell area.

[0224] Referring to Figs. 26C and 26D, this method using the Interconnect Separator supports a continuous reel-to-real method of fabrication. The double-sided battery fabrication makes the material flatter, eliminating large, bumped areas and uneven levels in some other fabrication processes. This method also supports fabricating various parallel and series battery configurations. [0225] As previously discussed, in one implementation the wireless tracking label performs active beaconing. In order to build an active beaconing smart label, a wireless communication chip is required. However, advanced wireless silicon communication chips are often packaged in a variety of industry standards packages, such as epoxy Quad Flat No-Lead (QFN) packages Ball Grid Array (BGA) packages, etc. As an illustrative example, the heights of such packages may be in the range of 0.5mm to 0.85mm, to accommodate multiple chips in the same package, often referred to as an Multi Chip Module (MCM). As an example, the chips may include the RF communication chip itself, plus a memory chip, and even onboard inductors and capacitors on silicon. In typical manufacturing processes, these components are stacked in an MCM and formed with epoxy into a wireless chip (e.g., with a thickness of 0.5mm to 0.85m). However, in the application of a wireless tracking label, there are label applications in which it's necessary to use very thin packages, in some cases ideally less than 0.5mm in height. The only practical way to accommodate this is by bonding the wireless chip die (and memory and inductors/capacitors) directly to the flexible substrate (which may for example be a PET substrate). The height is critical since the labels must be printable as normal labels and if the circuity is too high, it interferes with the printability.

[0226] Additionally, another consideration is that flexibility of wireless tracking labels is also critical for larger chips, such as those that might be bigger than 2mm x 2mm (length, width). This is because labels are reeled up as they are finished and therefore need to bend. During manufacturing on a reel-to-reel (R2R) system, the wireless label substrate must take various bends as it moves over and under rollers. In a thermal printer itself, the labels must pass through a platen roller in the print head, again, exerting forces that bend and flex the labels. A rigid, packaged chip (such as a chip packaged with BGA or QFP) will tend to break away or crack the connections to the wireless label substrate. Therefore, in some implementations, directly attaching the die to the flexible substrate is used to keep the surface area of the bonds very small. For larger die, using wire bonding techniques enables flexible connections, allowing the wireless chip to bend as the entire flexible label substrate bends.

[0227] In some implementations, the wafer die itself can be "bumped" and flipped, and directly bonded to the flexible label substrate. However, the resolution in which circuits can be built using a flexible label substrate, such as aluminized PET, may in some implementations not be able to accommodate such tight space and trace requirements to reach the pads directly on the flipped die. Therefore, in one implementation, wire bonding methods, similar to those used in making the MCMs, are employed on a reel-to-reel process in which moving a web of aluminized PET through a machine to directly form flexible wire connections from very close pads on the die, to wider points of contact on the substrate.

BLUETOOTH AND 5G LABELS PRINTABLE IN THERMAL BARCODE PRINTERS FOR TRACKING ITEMS ACROSS WIDE AND LOCAL AREA NETWORKS FIELD [0228] Examples will now be described in which wireless tracking labels are printable in thermal printers and include not just a Bluetooth processor but also a 5G RF communication processor to implement 5G protocols implemented through cellphone towers, such as LPWAN. The LPWAN protocols include NB-IoT and LTE-M. However, more generally other 5G protocols could also be used, such as Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), using 5G satellite protocols. MTN is a communications technology that uses satellites and other non-terrestrial vehicles to bring connectivity to regions that were previously unreachable by terrestrial networks, whether over mountains, across deserts or in the middle of the ocean.

[0229] Including a 5G RF communication processor permits a shipping label to track items across either (or both) of wide area networks and local area networks. However, 5G processors typically consume more power than Bluetooth processors. Additionally, 5G processors also often require a higher operating voltage than Bluetooth processors.

[0230] Referring to Fig. 27 A, in one implementation, a wireless tracking label 2700 may include individual shipping label sections 2701 having a 5G communication RF processor 2702, a Bluetooth RF processor 2704, a battery section 2706, such as one of those previously described, along with other RF communication circuits and processors 2708, such as those previously discussed. For example, an NFC processor may optionally be included, as one example, More generally it will be understood by one in the art that other types of common processors and circuits could be included. Some 5G communication RF processors are designed to operate in an operating voltage range of approximately 2.2 to 4.5 V.

[0231] The design and fabrication may include any of the previously discussed battery optimizations such as four electrochemical cells, each having a nominal battery voltage of 1.5 V, connected in series for 6V and 3V battery supply voltages. For example, the design and fabrication may include the stacked planar battery approach discussed in the previous figures and associated text about Figs. 18A, 18B, 18C, 19A, 19B, 19C 19D, 20A, 20B, 20C, 21A, 21B, and 21C to achieve 6V and 3 V battery supply voltages in a wireless tracking label. Other aspects of the design and fabrication for a stacked planar battery approach may also be optionally utilized. Moreover, it will be understood that a stacked planar battery approach may also leverage off other features of the wireless tracking label previously discussed. As discussed below in more detail, a co-planar battery design and fabrication approach may also optionally be used.

[0232] In some implementations, the battery design includes a series-parallel configuration of four stages of 1.5 V electrochemical cells in series as previously discussed, with each stage including at least two electrochemical cells in series. As previously discussed this makes the fabrication of a battery with a nominal 6V output more robust to manufacturing defects. Tn some implementations, the design and fabrication may include a Zener diode voltage control circuit for a 6V battery to power an RF processor with a nominal maximum operating voltage that is significantly lower, e.g., 4.2 to 4.5 V. As previously discussed, a Zener diode-based voltage control circuit helps to regulate the RF processor voltage when it is initially turned on before it draws significant current. In some implementations, as previously discussed, the fabrication process includes wire bonding dies to aluminized PET, as previously discussed, with an additional overcoat.

[0233] In some alternate implementations, the wireless tracking label is fabricated using a coplanar fabrication process. In one implementation, laser scribing is utilized to scribe the coplanar circuit to reduce the possibility of forming shorts during the fabrication process.

[0234] Referring to Fig. 27B, a wireless tracking shipping label may be printed in a thermal printer (aka a thermal barcode printer). A thermal printer includes a printing pathway for the label to come into contact with a thermal printhead. The thermal printer may be NFC-enabled. An NFC- enabled thermal printer may also include serial connection interfaces. This permits NFC-enabled thermal printers to be used to activate a wireless tracking label during the thermal printing operation. It will be understood that the overall construction of the outer layers of the wireless tracking label include layers compatible with thermal printing.

[0235] As illustrated in Fig. 27B, the wireless tracking label has a thickness, t. The thickness, t, of the wireless tracking label and its flexibility may be selected to facilitate reliable printing in commercial thermal printers. Experiments by the inventor indicate that the thickness, t, of wireless tracking labels should be less than 1 mm to be reliably printed in a variety of different conventional thermal printers used for shipping labels. There are a variety of different common mechanisms in thermal printers to feed in labels and apply pressure to bring the label into contact with a thermal print head. An excessively thick wireless tracking label will not reliably feed into a variety of different commercial thermal printer designs. A preferred total thickness range for a wireless tracking label for reliable operation in a variety of different commercially available thermal printers is a range of thicknesses from 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm. However, it will be understood that for large scale applications, the thermal printers could, in principle, be customized to reliably feed thicker wireless tracking labels.

[0236] Various implementation options to provision and activate a wireless tracking label having 5G and Bluetooth communication capabilities may be supported. Referring to Fig. 28A, a wireless tracking label may include a 5G communication RF processor 2802, a Bluetooth RF processor 2804 a thin film battery 2812, and other circuits and/or processors 2812 as previously discussed. In some implementations, an NFC coil and NFC chip are included 2806 to support provisioning the label. In some implementations, activation circuity 2808 supports one or more of NFC activation, cutting a label to activate, and peeling a label to activate.

[0237] A variety of serial connection interfaces may be supported in a wireless tracking label, such as i2C, SPI, or TTL serial to support communication between different processors (where the processor may be located on different chips or on the same chip, depending on implementation details). For example, a serial connection may be used to support provisioning the 5G RF communication processor using an NFC coil.

[0238] A battery pouch of the battery 2810 of a wireless tracking label may include 1.5 V electrochemical cells connected to in series to achieve nominal battery voltages of 6V and 3V to power a Bluetooth RF processor, a 5G RF communication processor, and other electronic circuits and processors 2812 of the tracking label.

[0239] Fig. 28B illustrates another example of a label, similar to Fig. 28A, but with provisioning supported by a serial connection 2807 between a 5G RF communication processor and the Bluetooth RF processor. A serial connection, via a Bluetooth connection, may be used to read information from the label, such as a Bluetooth device ID. But a serial connection, via a Bluetooth connection, may also be used to write configuration data to the label (e.g., information on trusted Bluetooth gateways, although more generally other types of configuration data).

[0240] Fig. 29 illustrates an example in which provisioning information is provided to a label using a smartphone 2902 or other similar mobile device. The mobile device may write provisioning information to a secure storage of the shipping label in a variety of different ways. This may include using a Bluetooth communication link or NFC communication. The mobile device, in turn, may acquire provisioning information from a carrier server/tracking server. For example, a mobile device could receive a QR code that is scanned by the mobile device, decoded, and use to obtain the provisioning data.

[0241] In one implementation, a shipping label can be provisioned with information, such as iSIM data and information on supported bands for the 5G communication RF processor. However, it should be understood that other types of provisioning information could be included. It should also be noted that the shipping label may include a default NFC ID reading mode to identify the shipping label in the event Bluetooth and 5G communication modes are unavailable during a portion of the shipping of a package. [0242] In some implementations, label information is accessed from the shipping label and provided to a carrier or tracking server. This may, for example, include a device ID, such as a Bluetooth device ID, but more generally may include other types of information.

[0243] Fig. 30 is a flowchart of a high-level method of associating different types of tracking information (e.g., in a cloud-based server) to track a package using a shipping label having both Bluetooth and 5G capabilities. In block 3002, a shipping label is printed using a thermal barcode printer and the information barcode number and shipping information becomes available to a tracking entity. The shipping label may, for example, have a destination address, a shipping tracking ID, and other information printed in plain text and as a scannable bar code. As illustrated in block 3004, in some implementations, identifying information is stored in a secure storage of the shipping label that is readable using hand scanners using NFC or similar technologies. In block 3006, in one implementation, a Bluetooth ID may be associated with the shipping label. The Bluetooth ID may, for example, correspond to a Bluetooth device number. In block 3008, 5G identifying information may be associated with other information of the shipping label. This may include, for example, iSIM data. In block 3010, a location of a package is tracked. However, because different types of information may be associated with a shipping label, the tracking data can be based on a composite of different types of information, including tracking information in a Bluetooth mode, such as a shipping level generating a Bluetooth location ping at a warehouse having a Bluetooth gateway; a shipping label providing cell location ping in a 5G mode, and other types of optional information during shipping of a package, such as NFC scanning and/or barcode scanning. In block 3012, alerts and notifications may be generated based on the tracking information.

[0244] As illustrated in the flowchart of Fig. 31, while the Bluetooth RF processor and the 5G RF processor could be used in parallel, to save power the Bluetooth RF processor may be used when a Bluetooth gateway is available, and the 5G RF processor utilized when a Bluetooth gateway is not available. In block 3102 the presence of a Bluetooth gateway is monitored. For example, if a wireless tracking label is on a package in a warehouse having a Bluetooth gateway, the presence of the Bluetooth gateway will be detected while the package is in the warehouse. In block 3104, the Bluetooth RF processor is utilized to communicate tracking information (e.g., a Bluetooth identifier) when a Bluetooth gateway is available. The Bluetooth gateway, in turn, can communicate the tracking information to a tracking entity which may, for example, be a server on the cloud. When a Bluetooth gateway is available, there’ s no need to use the 5G RF communication processor, which will tend to consume much more power and current than a Bluetooth RF processor. However, as illustrated in block 3106, if the Bluetooth gateway is unavailable, the 5G RF communication processor may be used instead to communicate tracking information. This may be implemented as a loop in block 3108, as a continuous loop or quasi-continuous loop. As another option, if a package is identified to be in a warehouse, the Bluetooth RF processor could be intermittently activated to listen for the Bluetooth gateway (e.g., a fixed number of times per hour) instead of being continuously run.

[0245] In one implementation, the 5G/Bluetooth tracking label tape is stored in an un-activated hibernation “sleep” mode during storage so that the Bluetooth RF processor and the 5G communication RF processor do not consume power. An individual label may be activated during or after printing in thermal printer in a variety of different ways to route an activation signal to a GPIO input of either (or both) of the 5G communication RF processor and the Bluetooth RF processor. Alternatively, if a low power control processor is included, the activation signal could be routed to the GPIO input of the low power control processor.

[0246] In one implementation, cutting or tearing a wireless tracking label along a pre-selected cut/tear line activates a wireless label, bringing it from a hibernation state to an active beaconing state. For example, shearing off a label for use may change a conductive signal path that keeps one or both of the Bluetooth communication RF processor and the 5G communication RF processor in a hibernation state. Shearing a label may break a portion of a signal path, acting like a switch. It may also result in a change in a capacitance value.

[0247] As another example, a processor on the wireless tracking label may be activated when the label is peeled. For example, in one implementation, peeling the back off of a label may expose a photodiode, which in turn activates the label. As another option, peeling a label may result in a change in a capacitance value of a set of conductive planes of the wireless tracking label. The change in capacitance value, in turn, could be detected and used to trigger activation.

[0248] As another example, NFC could be used to activate a wireless tracking label. For example, an NFC coil and an NFC chip in the wireless tracking label may be used to generate a field detect signal in response to an NFC reader. The NFC reader may be from a commercially available thermal printer that includes an NFC reader. As the label passes through printhead of the printer, it is exposed to an NFC field (e.g., at 13.56 MHz), which in turn generates a field detect signal in the label, which is routed to the GPIO port of the one (or all) of the processors that need to be initially activated after printing of the label, such as the Bluetooth RF processor and/or the 5G communication RF processor. In some implementations, the Bluetooth RF processor is first activated and then subsequently wakes up the 5G communication RF processor. This could, for example, be implemented by the Bluetooth processor generating a GPTO signal that is then used to gate (e.g., using a FET circuit) the power to the 5G communication RF processor. This would permit the 5G communication RF processor to be kept in an off state to minimize power draw. Alternatively, the Bluetooth processor could toggle a GPIO on the 5G communication RF processor. If an additional low power processor is included, the process could be further modified to first activate the low power processor, then have the low power processor wake up the Bluetooth RF processor, then have the low power processor wake up the 5G RF processor.

[0249] As another example, a wireless tracking label could be activated using the NFC reader in a smartphone (or other mobile device having an NFC reader). For example, by tapping a label with a smartphone having an NFC reader.

[0250] In one implementation, the wireless tracking label utilizes a provisioning process after the label is printed. The provisioning process may, for example, store information in a secure memory required for the 5G communication RF processor and the Bluetooth RF professor. Additional information associating the label with a barcode/shipping label number may be optionally stored on the label or stored in a cloud-based server. The provisioning process may also store information for use by a 5G communication RF processor, such as information on a wireless carrier to use. Optional information on frequency bands to use may also be configured. Configuration data for the Bluetooth RF Processor may optionally include password data/ID data to access trusted Bluetooth gateways.

[0251] In one implementation, the provisioning data includes data to associate a 5G label with an iSIM identifier where an iSIM is an Integrated Subscriber Identity Module, having a dedicated space on the System of Chip (SoC), where it’s protected by a Tamper Resistant Element (TRE). An iSIM associates a device with a specific subscriber and identifies the device type to the cellular network, among other things. The iSIM stores information corresponding to an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), and operator profile. In one implementation, the iSIM is provisioned using a smartphone or other mobile device capable of scanning a QR code to download an iSIM to a smartphone/mobile device, then touching the smartphone/mobile device to the label to transfer a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) to a secure storage to ensure the connectivity and security of the network, the subscriber's account, and related services and transactions.

[0252] A benefit of including a 5G communication RF processor in the shipping label is that it permits tracking of packages in locations that do not have a trusted Bluetooth gateway. For example, while some warehouses may have Bluetooth gateways, some do not. Also, Bluetooth gateways may not be available in transit (e.g., during transit on shipping carriers such as track carriers).

[0253] Adding a 5G communication RF processor to a shipping label improves transparency and visibility of packages. In the field of logistics and supply chains, transparency and visibility are paramount to ensuring smooth running operations that depend upon timely deliveries, often just-in-time. New services have emerged for applications that pull together data from carrier or cargo forwarding APIs and the data processing of shipment-related documentation. These services do their best job at showing the whereabouts of shipments and display that information to both shippers and recipients alike. However, the data underpinning the APIs and other sources is almost always manually gathered at some point by physically scanning a barcode or moving shipments through specialized corridors with optical readers. These are inherently error prone and cumbersome. Loaded pallets often need to be broken down with the contents moved about in ways that enable a proper scan to take place. More often than not, the optical barcode label is inconveniently located, causing misses and extra time and effort. All this undermines the fundamental value in which visibility applications are intended to solve. Bad, unreliable, and difficult data to gather being fed into their systems via APIs translates into missing critical pieces of information supplied by these systems and undermines their value.

[0254] When errors are made in tracking shipments, or when a package is missing or misrouted, it’s referred to as an exception. These exceptions can cost companies 100s of millions of dollars a year, in lost revenue, missed schedules, and extra handling and overhead. When they occur, the carriers might even put teams together to search warehouses and depots or perform redundant audits and checks. Trust and reputation are also at stake with valuable goods being transported. One difficulty in these supply chains is the multitude of players that often involve different companies, from warehousing companies to independently operated trucking companies. Identifying accountability is challenging when tracking information is missed or is not reliable.

[0255] In warehouses, miscounted inventory is a problem that similarly can lead to missed orders, over purchasing, and spoilage. Most warehouses rely on best-practices, an attempt to accurately know what’s coming and going and then maintain inventory counts in warehouse management systems (WMS). However, in some of the most world class warehousing systems, there’s still significant, inherent error in the type of scanning that usually takes place upon receipt of shipment arrival. Aside from traditional barcodes which must be visually read, RFID is one method that attempts to get inventory counts without having visual line of sight. However, it does not perform well when shipments are heavily or densely packed. Arriving or departing shipments must also pass through specific chokepoints with expensive, installed RFID reading infrastructure. The cost-benefit ratio of these implementations is often poor and not worth the investment and added material movement burdens within warehousing space.

[0256] To help mitigate these warehousing count discrepancies, inventory audits are usually performed on a periodic basis. In some cases, as soon as an audit is completed, they start it again, over and over. Solutions employed today are usually manual audits and counts with armies of warehouse workers. Automated solutions can range from flying drones to robots driving around and attempting visual recognition of stock. But problems abound with these methods. Visible barcode labels are often not visible under shrink-wrapping, or pallets on shelving are turned with labels facing inwards and out of view. Stock may also be stored in irregular ways that cannot be recognizable beyond the exterior stacked cartons, making visual inspection a very poor approach. In all these cases, the results are estimates with varying degrees of errors. Those errors translate into operating inefficiencies, increased costs, and lost revenue.

[0257] The current state of the art for wide area (outside of indoor locations) tracking moving inventory as shipments, including cartons, packages, and pallets thereof, beyond optical barcodes involves clunky GPS devices with cellular connectivity. These are typically plastic rectangular black box devices with GPS and cellular connectivity electronics that ping a server with the GPS location. They are typically expensive devices that range in price from $50-$ 150 (or more) and are placed on or with a shipment to track its whereabouts. One of the biggest problems that prevents their widespread use is that they often need to be returned to the shipper in a reverse logistics program. Not only are these devices expensive, they’re also cumbersome for high volume shipments. Each device mush be individually provisioned, placed on or attached to a shipment, and then returned at reception with the receiver to the shipper.

[0258] A disposable GPS tracker would clearly be advantageous as it removes the reverse logistics overhead from the usage requirements, which is particularly cumbersome for volume deployments. But making a disposable device is challenging given both the cost and environmental regulations regarding disposal at scale. Most devices require lithium batteries that need to be specially processed as e-waste upon end-of-life, or end of journey in this case. These kinds of batteries also face restrictions for air flight. While there is movement toward non-lithium-based electrochemistry, non-electrochemical, discreet batteries available today are expensive and/or challenging to manufacture for thin applications. [0259] A solution for high volume, disposable, and light-touch tracking devices is a smart shipping label, capable of continuously updating its location, both indoor and outdoor. As prices fall for silicon chipsets for wireless 5G technologies, including LTE-M and NB-IoT, it is possible to include these cellular technologies in a thin wireless label. However, in an ultra-thin form factor, the battery needs to be fabricated directly on the same substrate as a wireless 5G circuit, sharing the same plane or layer for ease of manufacturing at low-cost and high volume. The examples described in this application include a shipping label with LPWAN connectivity, such as NB-IoT or LTE-M, along with shorter range wireless Bluetooth signaling capabilities. It enables transparency and visibility to package and inventory location without relying upon manual scanning or moving inventory through specific choke points. The described devices may be manufactured on reel-to-reel process as a continuous reel of labels fabricated on a thin film substrate, with the final product delivery as a subset reel of the ultra- thin, flexible devices. The embodiments of label media need only be printed and adhered to shipments no differently than printing ordinary paper labels.

[0260] The two wireless interfaces, LPWAN (NB-IoT) and Bluetooth can operate independently or in conjunction. In one implementation, the label sends NB-IoT pings with information about nearby cell tower identifications to a cloud-based server. For example, the pings in one implementation include either an IP-encoded message with JSON data, or at lower levels in the stack without IP including, but not limited to UDP and CoAp protocols. They can also include GPS coordinates with the addition of another chip to the substrate. The pings may also be a non-data, very small packets with an identifier in which the carrier picks up the signal and logs the location of the label device, based on proximity to cell towers or using trilateration algorithms. [0261] In another mode the LPWAN interface works in conjunction with the Bluetooth interface. NB-IoT messages with location data (referred to here as “location pings”) can be sent alongside Bluetooth pings in a dual mode operation. The Bluetooth pings are used to provide more accurate location data since the range of the beacon is typically 100m-300m, and the receiving device (the gateway) is either in fixed, known geographical position, or the gateway device is equipped with a GPS received. The application for a Bluetooth ping mode of operation may also be for inventory audits to count packages or cartons stored in a warehouse.

[0262] To save power, there may be a two-way communication formed in either the Bluetooth or NB-IoT connectivity to stop sending NB-IoT pings if a Bluetooth receiver is nearby. Since sending short range Bluetooth signals are considerably lower power, the effective lifespan of the device could be greatly lengthened in this manner. Sending NB-IoT pings is really only useful when not in range of a Bluetooth gateway device, for example, on trucks, or in depots or warehouse where no Bluetooth listening infrastructure is installed.

[0263] Alternative ways of doing this would be to also include an accelerometer so that a tracking device only sends messages when moved, but that would require additional cost, which is a heavy burden to a very low-cost disposable device.

[0264] In another mode, Bluetooth could be replaced with WiFi, or support a triple mode of operation.

[0265] There are a variety of end-used case examples. As illustrated in Fig. 32, in a multi-part shipment, in theory every shipping label could include both Bluetooth and 5G communication capabilities. However, to reduce the costs for shipping labels, in one implementation, one portion of a shipment gets a shipping label with 5G and Bluetooth capabilities, while other parts of the shipment get a shipping label with Bluetooth capabilities. All of the shipping labels are thus able to send a Bluetooth location ping while in a warehouse having a trusted Bluetooth gateway. However, the label with 5G and Bluetooth communications capability may be instructed to listen to nearby Bluetooth labels from the same shipment and either: 1) serve as a gateway for them; or 2) report on detecting Bluetooth labels from the same shipment.

[0266] As illustrated in the flowchart of Fig. 33, in block 3302 a 5G/Bluetooth shipping label receives ID information from Bluetooth shipping labels of the same shipment. As illustrated in block 3304, in a location not having a Bluetooth gateway, the 5G/Bluetooth label is used as a gateway to identify the location of the 5G labels. For example, a Bluetooth label could use the 5G/Bluetooth label to forward location pings. However, more generally, the 5G/Bluetooth label could summarize information regarding which Bluetooth labels it has communicated with at a particular location and share that information in a 5G location ping. In block 3306, a tracking entity uses the information to identify separated multi-part shipments.

[0267] As illustrated in Fig. 34, this technique of identifying split multi-part shipments is useful, for example, in situations in which a Bluetooth gateway is either not available in a warehouse, or the shipment becomes separate after storage, such as ending up on different trucks, as one of many possibilities.

[0268] In another mode, Airplane mode, it is desirable to not send any higher power signals, those typically regarded as having a power level greater than 20 dBm. Threshold power levels can be defined for an airplane mode, a normal mode, and (optionally) a higher power mode. In one implementation, the power level that is transmitted in Airplane mode is less than 20 dBm instead of typical cellular implementations with a maximum of 23 dBm in non-airplane mode. Turning down the 5G RF power to a low level (e.g., less than 20 dBm) permits an airplane-safe mode to be entered while retained a capability for the 5G RF processor to determine when the airplane mode can be safely exited and normal power operation resumed (e.g., 23 dBm or greater).

[0269] Airlines typically prohibit 5G devices unless they have a mode for putting themselves in a state that they do not transmit (which is analogous to the requirement of an airplane mode for common mobile phone). Example methods for implementing an Airplane mode for 5G devices are described. As illustrated in Fig. 35, a package loaded onto an airplane with a 5G label has available to it the location data of the 5G cellphone tower. It also has available to it the RS SI of the signal. An initial detection by the shipping label that it is in communication with a cell tower associated with an airport can be used, in some implementations, to trigger a switch to airplane mode. However, airports receive shipments intended for the airport (e.g., airplane parts to be delivered to airplane hangars), so other considerations may also be considered, such as whether the RSSI values are time changing in a manner indicative of an airplane taking off and moving away from an airport cell tower.

[0270] In one implementation, a whitelist/blacklist approach is used either as the sole condition or as one of the conditions for entering airplane mode. For example, referring to Fig. 36, in one implementation, in block 3602, the 5G communication RF processor listens for 5G cells. In block 3604 high power (e.g., 23 dBm or greater) power 5G signals are permitted only for cell tower on a whitelist that excludes cells from 5G cellphone towers associated with airports. Otherwise, the power is reduced to an airplane mode level (e.g., 20 dBm).

[0271] More generally, this may be considered to be a form of geofencing in which the 5G power level is turned down to an acceptable level (e.g., 20 dBm or less) when there is one or more factors indicative of the shipping label being on an airplane in flight.

[0272] As illustrated in Fig. 37 additional considerations regarding RSSI can also be considered. In one implementation, the shipping label maintains the state of the RSSI signal strength of cell towers it encounters. It does so by sampling the signal at regular intervals, (e.g., every 1 minute for example). If the RSSI value changes drastically within 1 minute of time, or the connected cell tower 1 min ago is not even seen at all, the shipping label is able to ascertain that it is moving at a very high velocity indicative of air flight. In such case, the device will automatically enter an airplane mode in which no high-power signals (e.g., over 23 dBm in one implementation) will be sent. In some cases, the device will have a backup mode in which it will continue to transmit, but at a lower power, at or below 20 dBm. As illustrated in block 3702, in one implementation, the shipping label may optionally initially identify whether it is communicating with a cell tower associated with an airport location. Tn block 3704, the shipping label samples the RSSI of cell towers it has encountered. In block 3706, it detects a rate of change of the RSSI. A rapidly changing RSSI caused by the shipping label traveling on an airplane may have attributes different than the changes to RSSI that would occur, for example, if the shipping label was on a truck or a train. In block 3708, high power signals (e.g., 23 dBm or greater) are prohibited if the change in RSSI value of a cell, or a transition between cells, is indicative of air travel. However, as indicated by block 3710, high power signals (e.g., 23 dBm or greater) may be permitted at a later time if the RSSI value is indicative of the shipping label not traveling by air.

[0273] Shipping data may be generated for individual packages or for larger number of packages. Fig. 38 is a flowchart illustrating a general method in accordance with an implementation. In block 3802, labels are activated during or after the printing of the label. As a wireless tracking label tape may be stored for a considerable time before use, activating individual labels at either the time they are printed or shortly afterwards prevents the thin film battery from running down prior to use. Provisioning of labels is performed in block 3804. Provisioning includes providing the labels with all the information needed for it to function as a shipping label for a particular package. Additionally, in some implementations, information is acquired from a label. After provisioning, a tracking entity (e.g., a cloud-based server) needs to be able to identify and associate different types of data into composite tracking information for a particular package, as well as information for multiple packages. The label also needs to access trusted Bluetooth Gateways and 5G carriers. In block 3806, a tracking entity receives and integrates information from location pings to Bluetooth gateways and 5G cells. In block 3808, a display of tracking/shipping data is generated, which may be for multiple packages or, alternatively, for individual packages.

[0274] Fig. 39 illustrates an example of a display providing an operation overview including a summary of alerts and issues, latest shipments, active routes, daily shipments, active workflows, and an on-time index. More generally, information on split shipments, exceptions, and inventory audits may be displayed. Thus, information can be displayed about multiple packages, although more generally information for individual packages could be drilled into to track and trace an individual package.

[0275] A wireless tracking label may be stored, in some implementations, as a reel. However, other storage configurations are possible. As illustrates in Figures 40 A and 40B, an accordion fold, also known as Z-fold or a concertina fold may be used. An accordion fold may, in some cases, have advantages for compatibility with some types of thermal printer designs. [0276] Referring to Fig. 41 A, in some implementations, a wireless tracking label may also be used to detect whether or not a package is opened. One option is to include a photodiode in an individual label 4102, and seal the label in a package, such as in a box. However, another possibility is to include a strain/tear detector in a label that extends over an edge of a package that detects when the label was either strained or tom when the package is opened. Information on when a package is opened and where it is opened may be used, for example, to identify potentially inappropriate opening of a package.

[0277] Referring to the flowchart of Fig. 4 IB, in block 4152, attributes indicative of the opening of a package are monitored by a label. This may include, for example, monitoring light levels for a label placed inside a box, monitoring a strain on a label indicative of a box being opened, monitoring an aspect of a label indicative of it being torn, etc. In block 4154, the opening of the box is detected. This may include detecting a time the box was opened and a location where the box was opened.

[0278] Referring to the flowchart of Fig. 42, it will be understood that a learning model may be used to determine carrier routes and generate information to predict where a package is based on the most recent tracking data. In block 4202, tracking data is monitored from labels. In block 4204, training data is generated for a learning to learn common routes of carriers. In block 4206, the learning model is trained. In block 4208, the trained learning model may be used to predict the route and current location of a package based on current tracking data. In some implementations, a learning model may also be used to generate alerts to clients.

Methods of Fabrication

[0279] As previously discussed, the shipping label itself may be fabricated on a thin film aluminized PET substrate. The microprocessor and related circuitry may be formed in a planar or coplanar manner on an interconnect layer, which in one implementation utilizes an aluminum coating over the PET substrate. In one implementation, power (VCC) and GND to the microprocessor and related circuitry is a direct connection to the current collectors for the anode and cathode of a printed battery formed directly on the interconnect layer.

[0280] While the 5G RF communication processor and the Bluetooth RF communication processor may be implemented as separate chips, more generally a single chip could include the 5G RF communication processor and the Bluetooth RF communication processor.

[0281] In order to achieve ultimate flexibility of the label itself and the ability to be reeled and placed inside standard thermal barcode printers, the anode and cathode comprising their respective current collectors may be fabricated on the same plane, referred to as co-planar. In one embodiment, a Zn-C ink is coated over the anode current collector and MnCh-C is coated over a cathode current collector. The overall fabrication exists side-by-side in an interdigitized pattern, without layering or stacking.

[0282] A gel or semi aqueous electrolyte is then coated over the surface of multiple cells to achieve series and parallel configuration of individual cells to reach voltages of around 3 and 4.5V to supply power to both cellular and Bluetooth wireless devices. In one implementation, the gel electrolyte is directly coated over the surface of the co-planar anode and cathode formed on the interconnect layer. The gel could include any number of materials, including PVA, PEO, Xanthan Gum, Gum Guar, etc. In one embodiment, the gel electrolyte is coated as a powder over a transfer adhesive laminated to a pouching or barrier material which forms the exterior material of the fabrication. The coated transfer adhesive and barrier material assembly is then laminated directly over the coplanar anode and cathode.

[0283] For shielding, if necessary, a metallic film, such as the underlying substrate made of AL 15// PET 38 // ALIO could be used to cover parts of the label in which might emit undesired harmonics.

[0284] A stiffener may be necessary around the component area. This would be placed via island placement. Alternatively, a potting epoxy applied as an overcoat could help stabilize a larger, more complex part onto the flexible substrate.

[0285] The embodiments include devices and manufacturing processes for a smart wireless label as part of a system to track items (c.g., shipment items) and item locations at long distances, outdoors and/or short distances within buildings or trucks. The device is a flexible label with a wireless circuit and battery fabricated on co-planar substrate. It’s made on a reel-to-reel process in which the anode and cathode of a battery form an inter-digitized pattern on the same substrate in which both the negative and positive current collectors are directly connected to the wireless microprocessor without traversing a stacked (planar) electrolyte layer or other means of conductive attachment.

[0286] The manufacturing process is of a powdered xanthan gum or gum guar applied to a transfer adhesive, laminated to a barrier material, then laminated to the co-planar formed anode and cathode to form a battery pouch, with a wetting agent to form a gel electrolyte that permeates in-between anode and cathode printed on the same plane. The result is a very thin laminated assembly with a battery-powered wireless circuit comprising either or both an LPWAN device such as NB-IoT or LTE-M along with Bluetooth or other near range wireless transmitter. The two wireless devices work in conjunction to emit pings for a system that determines location of the shipping label for both local and wide area geographies, hr some embodiments, a far-ranging wireless transmitter (e.g., those having cellular network capability) can be implemented in addition or in lieu of the wireless transmitter.

[0287] The foregoing description of the implementations of the present techniques and technologies has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present techniques and technologies to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the present techniques and technologies be limited not by this detailed description. The present techniques and technologies may be implemented in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Likewise, the particular naming and division of the modules, routines, features, attributes, methodologies, and other aspects are not mandatory or significant, and the mechanisms that implement the present techniques and technologies or its features may have different names, divisions and/or formats. Furthermore, the modules, routines, features, attributes, methodologies, and other aspects of the present technology can be implemented as software, hardware, firmware, or any combination of the three. Also, wherever a component, an example of which is a module, is implemented as software, the component can be implemented as a standalone program, as part of a larger program, as a plurality of separate programs, as a statically or dynamically linked library, as a kernel loadable module, as a device driver, and/or in every and any other way known now or in the future in computer programming. Additionally, the present techniques and technologies are in no way limited to implementation in any specific programming language, or for any specific operating system or environment. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present techniques and technologies is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting.