HUTCHINSON MATTHEW HENRY (US)
FEDESCO MARK FREDERICK (US)
TRAN BENJAMIN PHU (US)
US20180311375A1 | 2018-11-01 | |||
US20070060741A1 | 2007-03-15 | |||
US20110037977W | 2011-05-25 | |||
CN104208719A | 2014-12-17 | |||
US20130245139A1 | 2013-09-19 |
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We claim: 1. A method for reducing the concentration of protein aggregates in a cysteine-directed antibody drug conjugate (cys ADC), the method comprising the steps; a. performing a first purification of an antibody with cation exchange chromatography material using a first set of purification condition to obtain a purified antibody intermediate; b. conjugating the said purified antibody intermediate with a cytotoxic agent to form a crude preparation comprising of cys ADC and protein aggregates; and c. performing a second purification of said crude with cation exchange chromatography material in flow-through mode using said first set of purification condition to generate a purified cys ADC, wherein the said set of purification condition comprises load density, buffer species, pH and conductivity of the buffer systems. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising an additional step of washing the cation exchange chromatography material to recover purified cys ADC. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the yield of the purified cys ADC is above 98%w/w. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the concentration of protein aggregates in the purified cys ADC is reduced by at least 85% relative to the concentration of protein aggregates in the crude mixture of cys ADC and protein aggregates without a change to critical quality attributes (CQA) of the cys ADC. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the protein aggregates are selected from a group consisting of very high molecular weight species (vHMWS) and high molecular weight species (HMWS). 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the protein aggregates are vHMWS. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the vHMWS is an oligomer. 8. The method of claim 2 wherein the vHMWS in the purified cys ADC is reduced to less than 0.1%. 9. The method of claim 2 wherein the vHMWS in the cys ADC is reduced to less than 0.02%. 10. A method of purifying cysteine-directed antibody drug conjugate (cys ADC), the method comprising the steps; a. performing a first purification of an antibody with cation exchange chromatography material using a first set of purification condition to obtain a purified antibody intermediate; b. conjugating the said purified antibody intermediate with a cytotoxic agent to form a crude preparation of cys ADC; and c. performing a second purification of said crude preparation with cation exchange chromatography material in flow-through mode using said first set of purification condition to generate a purified cys ADC, wherein the said set of purification condition comprises load density, buffer species, pH and conductivity of the buffer systems. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising an additional step of washing the cation exchange chromatography material to recover purified cys ADC. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the yield of the purified cys ADC is above 98% w/w. 13. The method of claim 1 or claim 10 wherein the cys ADC is selected from a group consisting of site-specific conjugate via an engineered cysteine and interchain-cysteine conjugate that target native cysteines. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the cys ADC is site-specific conjugate via an engineered cysteine. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the cys ADC is interchain-cysteine conjugate that target native cysteines. 16. The method of claim 1 or claim 10 wherein the cation exchange material is a resin. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the resin is selected from a group consisting of POROS 50HS, POROS XS, and SPFF resins. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the resin is POROS XS. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the resin is SPFF. 20. The method of claim 1 or claim 10 wherein the load density in the second purification of the crude mixture of cys ADC and protein aggregates is from 100 g/Lr to 1000 g/Lr. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the load density in the second purification of the crude mixture of cys ADC and protein aggregates is 500 g/Lr. 22. The method of claim 1 or claim 10 wherein the first purification of the antibody using a first set of purification condition to obtain a purified antibody intermediate is performed in a bind-elute mode. 23. The method of claim 1 or claim 10 wherein the cytotoxic agent is selected from a group consisting of Auristatins, Maytansinoids, and DNA-damaging agents. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the DNA-damaging agent is a derivative selected from a group consisting of Calicheamicin, Anthracyclines, and Pyrrolobenzodiazepines. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the cytotoxic agent is a Pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivative. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the cytotoxic agent is Pyrrolobenzodiazepine monoamide. 27. The method of claim 23 wherein the cytotoxic agent is a derivative of Auristatin. 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the cytotoxic agent is MMAE (Monomethyl Auristatin E). 29. The method of claim 1 or claim 10 wherein the cytotoxic agent forms a linker drug complex. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the linker drug complex is vcMMAE (Monomethyl Auristatin E, cytotoxin with valine-citrulline (vc-) linker). |
(0079). Purification conditions is also a relative term and these conditions may vary for every purification method. Purification conditions may include load density, buffer species, pH and conductivity of the buffer systems. (0080). Materials & Methods a. Drug conjugates (0081). Conjugation is a multi-step process to modify the protein that may differ based on the conjugate design. Purification was explored with two types of conjugates: site-specific conjugates via an engineered cysteine and interchain-cysteine conjugates that target native cysteines. (0082). For site-specific conjugates, the purified intermediate is incubated with reductant overnight to fully reduce the native and engineered cysteines of the antibody and remove all cysteine or glutathione caps from the engineered cysteines. The reduced antibody is buffer exchanged to clear residual reductant as well as the cap species. The interchain disulfide bonds are reformed via a reoxidation step, leaving the engineered cysteines available for conjugation with the linker-drug. Excess linker- drug is added to ensure complete conjugation to all free thiols (J. Junutula, H. Raab, S. Clark, et al. Site-specific conjugation of a cytotoxic drug to an antibody improves the therapeutic index, Nat Biotechnol 26 (2008) 925–932). Depending on the linker- drug, conjugation is either quenched or halted by decreasing the pH of the reaction. Finally, the residual free drug is removed. (0083). For interchain-cysteine conjugates, the native cysteines of the antibody intermediate are partially reduced with a pre-defined amount of reductant prior to conjugation with the linker-drug ( M.M.C. Sun, K.S. Beam, C.G. Cerveny, K.J. Hamblett, R.S. Blackmore, M.Y. Torgov, F.G.M. Handley, N.C. Ihle, P.D. Senter, S.C. Alley, Reduction-Alkylation Strategies for the Modification of Specific Monoclonal Antibody Disulfides, Bioconjugate Chemistry 16 (2005) 1282-1290). Excess linker-drug is quenched and residual free drug is removed. b. Conjugate column purification (0084). Column chromatography experiments were performed using an AKTA Explorer 100 with various sizes of column packed with cation-exchange resin. The adjusted load was applied onto an equilibrated column at various load densities and the flow-through was collected. After the load phase, the column was washed with the equilibration buffer to increase cys ADC recovery. Pooling was terminated at the end of the wash phase or when the OD was < 0.5. The column was regenerated with 0.5 N NaCl, sanitized with 0.5 N NaOH and stored in 0.1 N NaOH. c. Antibody Intermediate Purification Development (0085). High-throughput screening (HTS) was performed for the antibody intermediate using known process (P. McDonald, B. Tran, C.R. Williams, M. Wong, T. Zhao, B.D. Kelley, P. Lester, The rapid identification of elution conditions for therapeutic antibodies from cation-exchange chromatography resins using high- throughput screening, J Chromatogr A.1433 (2016) 66-74). The HTS maps the binding behavior of antibodies as a function of pH and buffer concentration.( J.L. Coffman, J.F. Kramarczyk, B.D. Kelley, High‐throughput screening of chromatographic separations: I. Method development and column modeling. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 100 (2008) 605-618 ). HTS with 96-well filter plates using a Tecan Robotic liquid-handling system or multi-channel pipettes was used for batch- binding experiments to develop binding and elution conditions on cation-exchange chromatography resin. Packed-bed lab-scale columns were used to confirm and optimize the conditions. (0086). The antibody intermediate purification process implemented CEX for aggregate and host cell impurity removal and is operated in bind-elute mode at a load density ≤ 100 g/L r (H.F. Liu, B. McCooey, T. Duarte, D.E. Myers, T. Hudson, A. Amanullah, R. van Reis, B.D. Kelley, Exploration of overloaded cation exchange chromatography for monoclonal antibody purification, J Chromatogr A.1218 (2011) 6943-52). The product was loaded and the column was washed prior to eluting the monomer with elution buffer. The binding behavior of the antibody intermediate aggregate species was leveraged for ADC purification development. d. Analytical Methods (0087). The concentration of protein was quantified by UV-vis spectrophotometry (Agilent 8453). Protein concentration was determined by absorbance at 280 nm with absorbance at either 320 nm or 400 nm subtracted to correct for light scattering. The extinction coefficient, e, of the samples was used with the equation below where is the sample path length, and A 280 and A 320 are the measured absorbance values at 280 and 320 nm, respectively. (0088). Protein impurities were analyzed by SEC-HPLC using a TSKgel G3000SWxL column (7.8 x 300 mm, Tosoh Bioscience, Tokyo, Japan). The peaks were resolved with isocratic separation using a mobile phase of 15% IPA and 85% 0.2 M potassium phosphate, 0.25 M potassium chloride, pH 6.95. The flow rate was maintained at 0.5 mL/min at ambient temperature and the UV detection at 280 nm. An example chromatogram is shown in Fig.1, and is representative for both conjugate types. The two main aggregate species that were detected include the vHMWS and HMWS. The HMWS is a protein dimer while the vHMWS is an oligomer of antibody/ADC. (0089). The average DAR and drug load distribution were determined using an analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Samples were injected onto the Tosoh Bioscience Butyl-NPR column (4.6 mm × 3.5 cm, 2.5 μm) and eluted over a linear gradient with Solvent B at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with the absorbance monitored at 280 nm. Gradient and Solvent B for the individual conjugates is shown in Table 1. Table 1. HIC-HPLC method gradient and solvent B (0090). The purification processes for the ADCs were developed based on the development of their respective antibody intermediates. Each of the antibody intermediates underwent independent purification process development based on their properties (e.g., pI, binding characteristics, etc.), which resulted in slightly different purification processes and modes of operation (Table 2). Based on the different antibody purification steps, different approaches were used to develop the flow- through purification conditions for the conjugated molecules, as described herein. (0091). ADC-1: Since Antibody-1 utilized a gradient elution, a manual resin screening was performed with ADC-1 and compared to the HTS results for Antibody-1. Promising conditions including conditions with a Log Kp(antibody) between 0.75- 1.25 and pH/conductivity conditions that tightly bound the aggregate but not the monomer such that the monomer flows through the column were selected. The promising conditions were tested with packed-bed column experiments to determine the optimal flow-through conditions. (0092). ADC-2: HTS was not performed for the ADC, and instead the Antibody-2 development HTS results were leveraged. The antibody intermediate step elution conditions were developed so that monomer is eluted from the column while aggregates are retained. These conditions were applied to the conjugate such that the column load material would result in product flow-through while removing aggregate species. The robustness of the load conditions on the purification capabilities were assessed using packed-bed column experiments and evaluated the performance at manufacturing scale. (0093). ADC-3: The theory that antibody purification conditions can be applied to the ADC was tested with a third product. Similar to Antibody-2, HTS was not performed for ADC-3 and the step elution conditions from Antibody-3 were applied to the ADC to remove the aggregate species with flow-through. A single packed-bed column experiment was performed to confirm the purification capabilities for the conjugate. Table 2: Molecule details and CEX purification conditions.
(0094). Unless otherwise stated, 0.66 cm inner diameter (ID) x 1.0 cm bed height (BH) small-scale columns were used for the ADC purification runs. Also, the equilibration/wash buffer conditions were adjusted to match the load conditions. The focus of the ADC purification was vHMWS removal but HMWS removal was also monitored. Additionally, there was no desire to change the DAR or drug load distribution over the purification step. (0095). Example 1: ADC-1 Purification Method (0096). To determine flow-through conditions for ADC-1, a manual batch-binding screening was performed with the CEX resin using multichannel pipettes and 96-well plates. The conjugate screening results were comparable between the antibody and conjugate with similar binding behavior (Figure 4). Load conditions of 214 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5, corresponding to a Log K p value of approximately 1, were selected as the target conditions to allow the monomer to flow-through while the aggregate remains bound to the resin. (0097). The selected target purification condition was applied to ADC-1 such that the purification step could be run in flow-through mode. The ADC load was titrated to the target conductivity and pH and was loaded onto a column to a load density of 500 g/L r . The column was washed with 10 CVs of equilibration buffer to recover the ADC-1. The load and pool were analyzed by SEC-HPLC for aggregates and HIC- HPLC for impact to DAR (Table 3). Table 3. ADC-1 Purification Results (0098). The flow-through purification conditions were successful in reducing the vHMWS to 0.10% for ADC-1. A yield of 89% was achieved and there was no impact to average DAR or drug distribution. Although Antibody-1 did not use a step elution for purification, this study demonstrated that the antibody HTS could be leveraged for the ADC purification development and the manual batch-binding screening with the conjugate was unnecessary. Two additional products were evaluated to further test the theory that antibody HTS results can be leveraged to identify the flow-through conditions for ADC purification. (0099). Example 2: ADC-2 Purification Method i. High-throughput screening for Antibody-2 a. Development of the Antibody-2 CEX step elution was performed using HTS. These experiments generated Log K p contour plots that supported identification of promising step elution conditions which were predicted to elute the monomer while the aggregate impurities remained bound to the resin. Based on these data, a target elution buffer was selected for Antibody-2, and subsequent robustness studies confirmed the robustness of the step elution purification. ii. ADC-2 Purification Development b. The step elution conditions for Antibody-2 were leveraged during development of the ADC-2 CEX step to identify conditions so the aggregate would bind to the resin and be removed while the desired product (monomer) flows through. To achieve this, the column equilibration, load, and wash phases were adjusted to match the elution conditions (pH and conductivity) used for the Antibody-2 process. c. After demonstrating successful aggregate removal at the target conditions, the process robustness around the target was tested at a range of pH and conductivity conditions (Table 4). The “Low” conditions were selected that represent stronger binding conditions for the CEX column due to decreased pH and decreased conductivity. Conversely, “High” load conditions were identified that would decrease binding of product but also likely decrease the removal of aggregate. Multiple “High” load conditions were tested with varying pH and conductivity ranges to investigate the robustness of the operation around the worst-case conditions in terms of aggregate removal. The conjugate load was adjusted to the desired conductivity and pH using the appropriate buffer species. The equilibration and wash buffers were adjusted to match the various conditions of the load. The load density ranged from 220- 300 g/L r . Table 4. ADC-2 Purification results over the five load conditions tested d. The “Low” load conditions presented initial binding to resin and subsequent breakthrough, similar to overload mechanism of purification, with the HMWS also significantly reduced at this load condition (H.F. Liu, B. McCooey, T. Duarte, D.E. Myers, T. Hudson, A. Amanullah, R. van Reis, B.D. Kelley, Exploration of overloaded cation exchange chromatography for monoclonal antibody purification, J Chromatogr A.1218 (2011) 6943-52). The yield was improved at a higher mass load density. The “High++” load conditions identified a point of failure and did not remove vHMWS. However, a range of load conditions were demonstrated as robust around the target load conditions between the “Low” to “High+” conditions (±0.1 pH, ±0.7 mS/cm). The load and buffer specifications were set to ensure robust implementation into manufacturing. e. After an acceptable operating range was demonstrated, the load density was challenged up to 500 g/L r using a 0.66 cm ID by 20 cm BH column. The conjugated pool was adjusted to the target load pH and conductivity and loaded on to the column to 500 g/Lr. f. The yield from the high load density experiment was 96% and the vHMWS was reduced to 0.02% in the pool (Table 5). Additionally, there was no impact to average DAR with purification. The Antibody-2 CEX step elution conditions were effectively applied to the conjugate in flow-through mode at a load density of 500 g/Lr. Table 5. ADC-2 High Load Density Experiment Results (00100). The ADC-2 purification process was successfully scaled-up to manufacturing scale using a 14 cm ID by 15 cm BH column. Three runs at target conditions were performed, with the column loaded to approximately 260 g/L r per run. The drug substance results showed no detectable vHMWS and met all other product quality attributes (Table 6). Additionally, the chromatograms for the three runs were consistent and there was no increase in pressure during the load phase. Table 6. ADC-2 Manufacturing Scale Purification Results at Target Conditions a. Abbreviations: ND = not detected. a Results are for the final drug substance. In-process pool analysis was not performed for large scale runs. (00101). Example 3: ADC-3 Purification Development (00102). Similar to Antibody-2, the purification process for Antibody-3 employed a step elution CEX step to remove aggregates and impurities. Without performing any ADC purification development, the Antibody-3 step elution conditions were leveraged for the ADC-3 purification. The antibody step elution conditions were applied to the ADC such that the aggregate would bind to the resin and be removed while the desired product (monomer) flows through. (00103). In order to achieve product flow-through, the conjugated ADC-3 pH and conductivity were adjusted to the target Antibody-3 elution buffer conditions. The adjusted conjugate load was loaded onto the CEX column to a load density of 500 g/L r . The column was washed with 10 CVs of the equilibration buffer and fractions were collected every 50 g/Lr. Fractions were pooled and the results were compared to the load (Table 7). Table 7. ADC-3 Purification Results (00104). A small breakthrough of the vHMWS was observed starting at 300 g/Lr load density (Figure 5). To mitigate against vHMWS breakthrough, a lower load density or slightly stronger binding conditions were used. However, the final level of vHMWS in the purified pool was reduced to an acceptable level even when challenged to 500 g/L r load density. (00105). These results demonstrate that the antibody intermediate purification step can be leveraged for ADC purification. No ADC purification development was performed as the Antibody-3 step elution conditions were successfully implemented for the conjugate to be run in flow-through mode. The flow-through purification conditions were successful in reducing the vHMWS from 0.39% to 0.03% for ADC-3 with a yield of 98%. Additionally, there was no impact to the average DAR and drug distribution. Conclusions (00106). The antibody purification development data can be used to streamline development of a simple, flow-through purification step for their respective conjugates. The antibody step elution conditions (pH and conductivity) can be translated to the ADC to allow flow-through purification. In the absence of antibody step elution conditions, antibody HTS can be leveraged to identify ideal ADC flow- through conditions. The ADC purification steps: · significantly reduced the vHMWS · consistently achieved high yields · did not change to the average DAR or drug load distribution (00107). The disclosure set forth above may encompass multiple distinct inventions with independent utility. Numerous variations are possible and the specific embodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense. The following claims particularly point out certain combinations and sub combinations regarded as novel and nonobvious. Inventions embodied in other combinations and sub combinations of features, functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed in applications claiming priority from this or a related application. Such claims, whether directed to a different invention or to the same invention, and whether broader, narrower, equal, or different in scope to the original claims are regarded as included within the subject matter of the inventions taught herein.
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