DRESSINGS AND SYSTEMS

BACKGROUND

Field

[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to apparatuses, systems, and methods for the treatment of tissues via sensor-enabled monitoring in communication with various therapy regimes.

Description of the Related Art

[0002] Nearly all areas of medicine may benefit from improved information regarding the state of the tissue, organ, or system to be treated, particularly if such information is gathered in real-time during treatment. Many types of treatments are still routinely performed without the use of sensor data collection; instead, such treatments rely upon visual inspection by a caregiver or other limited means rather than quantitative sensor data. For example, in the case of wound treatment via dressings and/or negative pressure wound therapy, data collection is generally limited to visual inspection by a caregiver and often the underlying wounded tissue may be obscured by bandages or other visual impediments. Even intact, unwounded skin may have underlying damage that is not visible to the naked eye, such as a compromised vascular or deeper tissue damage that may lead to an ulcer. Similar to wound treatment, during orthopedic treatments requiring the immobilization of a limb with a cast or other encasement, only limited information is gathered on the underlying tissue. In instances of internal tissue repair, such as a bone plate, continued direct sensor-driven data collection is not performed. Further, braces and/or sleeves used to support musculoskeletal function do not monitor the functions of the underlying muscles or the movement of the limbs. Outside of direct treatments, common hospital room items such as beds and blankets could be improved by adding capability to monitor patient parameters. [0003] Therefore, there is a need for improved sensor monitoring, particularly through the use of sensor-enabled substrates which can be incorporated into existing treatment regimes.

SUMMARY

[0004] In some embodiments, a wound monitoring and/or therapy apparatus comprises a wound dressing configured to be positioned over a wound. The wound dressing comprises a wound contact layer, and the wound contact layer comprises: a wound facing side configured to face the wound when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound; and a non-wound facing side opposite the wound facing side. The wound contact layer further comprises a first plurality of flocked fibers positioned on one of the wound facing side and the non-wound side, and the first plurality of flocked fibers comprises soft material configured to transport wound fluid laterally along the flocked layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. In some cases, the first plurality of flocked fibers can include material configured to allow distribution of wound fluid laterally, vertically, or laterally and vertically along the flocked layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. In some cases, the first plurality of flocked fibers can include soft material configured to cushion the wound contact layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound.

[0005] The apparatus of the preceding paragraph can include one or more of the following features. The wound contact layer may comprise a second plurality of flocked fibers positioned on the other of the wound facing side or the non-wound facing side. The wound contact layer may comprise at least one perforation configured to allow fluid to pass through the wound contact layer. The first plurality of flocked fibers may be configured to transport fluid from a location remote to the at least one perforation toward the at least one perforation. The wound dressing may further comprise a secondary wound contact layer positioned above the wound contact layer and a fluid absorbing layer positioned above the secondary wound contact layer. The secondary wound contact layer comprises at least one perforation configured to allow fluid to pass through the wound contact layer into the fluid absorbing layer, and the at least one perforation in the secondary wound contact layer may be horizontally offset from the at least one perforation in the wound contact layer. The first plurality of flocked fibers may be arranged as a plurality of hairs or loops. The wound contact layer may be substantially stretchable. The wound contact layer may comprise a film layer and/or a porous layer. The wound contact layer may comprise polyurethane.

[0006] In some embodiments, a wound monitoring and/or therapy apparatus comprises a wound dressing configured to be positioned over a wound. The wound dressing comprises a wound contact layer supporting one or more electronic components and one or more electronic connections that connect at least some of the one or more electronic components. The wound contact layer comprises a first plurality of flocked fibers positioned on at least one of a wound facing side of the wound contact layer and a non-wound facing side opposite of the wound facing side of the wound contact layer.

[0007] The apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs can include one or more of the following features. The wound contact layer may comprise a second plurality of flocked fibers positioned on a non-wound facing side opposite the wound facing side. The wound contact layer may be substantially encapsulated in a conformal coating, and the first plurality of flocked fibers may be attached to or adhered by the conformal coating. At least one electronic component of the one or more electronic components may be positioned on the wound facing side of the wound contact layer, and none of the flocked fibers of the first plurality of flocked fibers may be positioned below the at least one electronic component. The wound contact layer may comprise at least one perforation configured to allow fluid to pass through the wound contact layer. The first plurality of flocked fibers may be configured to transport fluid from a location remote to the at least one perforation toward the at least one perforation. The wound dressing may further comprise a secondary wound contact layer positioned above the wound contact layer and a fluid absorbing layer positioned above the secondary wound contact layer. The secondary wound contact layer comprises at least one perforation configured to allow fluid to pass through the wound contact layer into the fluid absorbing layer and the at least one perforation in the secondary wound contact layer may be horizontally offset from the at least one perforation in the wound contact layer. The first plurality of flocked fibers may be arranged as a plurality of hairs or loops. The wound contact layer may be substantially stretchable. The first plurality of flocked fibers may comprise soft material configured to cushion the wound contact layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. The wound contact layer may comprise a film layer and/or a porous layer. The wound contact layer may comprise polyurethane.

[0008] In some embodiments, a method of using and/or operating the apparatus of one or more of the preceding paragraphs may be provided.

[0009] In some embodiments, a method of operating a wound monitoring and/or therapy apparatus comprising a wound dressing including a wound contact layer is provided. The method comprises, when the wound dressing is positioned over a wound with a wound facing side of the wound contact layer placed in contact with at least a portion of the wound, removing wound fluid through at least one perforation in the wound contact layer, wherein a first plurality of flocked fibers positioned on the wound facing side of the wound contact layer in contact with at least the portion of the wound transport fluid from a location remote to the at least one perforation toward the at least one perforation.

[0010] The method of any of preceding paragraphs can include one or more of the following features. The wound dressing may further comprise a secondary wound contact layer positioned above the wound contact layer, and the method may further comprise: removing wound fluid through at least one perforation in the secondary wound contact layer via a second plurality of flocked fibers positioned on a non-wound facing side of the wound contact layer opposite the wound facing side, the non-wound facing side facing the secondary wound contact layer. The at least one perforation in the secondary wound contact layer may be horizontally offset from the at least one perforation in the wound contact layer. The wound dressing may further comprise a fluid absorbing layer positioned above the secondary wound contact layer, and the method may further comprise storing in the absorbent layer the fluid removed through the at least one perforation in the secondary wound contact layer. The method may further comprise removing wound fluid using negative pressure. The method may further comprise obtaining measurements of the wound by a plurality of electronic components interconnected by a plurality of electronic connections.

[0011] In some embodiments, a wound monitoring and/or therapy apparatus comprises a wound dressing configured to be positioned over a wound. The wound dressing comprises: a wound contact layer comprising one or more electronic components and one or more electronic connections that connect at least some of the one or more electronic components. The wound dressing further comprises an acquisition distribution layer above the wound contact layer, the acquisition distribution layer configured to allow distribution of fluid.

[0012] The apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs can include one or more of the following features. The wound contact layer may comprise at least one perforation configured to allow fluid to pass through the wound contact layer. The acquisition distribution layer may be configured to transport fluid from a location remote to the at least one perforation toward the at least one perforation. The wound dressing may further comprise a secondary wound contact layer positioned above the wound contact layer and a fluid absorbing layer positioned above the secondary wound contact layer. The secondary wound contact layer comprises at least one perforation configured to allow fluid to pass through the wound contact layer into the fluid absorbing layer; and the at least one perforation in the secondary wound contact layer may be horizontally offset from the at least one perforation in the wound contact layer. The wound contact layer may be substantially stretchable. The acquisition distribution layer may be configured to cushion the wound contact layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. The acquisition distribution layer may be configured to laterally wick fluid. The acquisition distribution layer may comprise multiple internal layers. The acquisition distribution layer may be stretchable at least in one direction. The acquisition distribution layer may comprise one or more slits. The acquisition distribution layer may comprise multiple pieces of fabric. The wound contact layer may comprise a porous layer and/or a film layer. The wound contact layer may comprise polyurethane. [0013] In some embodiments, a wound monitoring and/or therapy apparatus comprises a wound dressing configured to be positioned over a wound. The wound dressing comprises a wound contact layer, the wound contact layer comprising a wound facing side configured to face the wound when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound and a non-wound facing side opposite the wound facing side. The wound contact layer further comprises one or more yarns, wherein a first portion of the yarns extends across a thickness of the wound contact layer and the first portion of the yarns is configured to transport wound fluid from the wound facing side to the non-wound facing side.

[0014] The apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs can include one or more of the following features. A second portion of the yarns may extend laterally along the wound facing side or the non-wound facing side of the wound contact layer, the second portion of the yarns configured to transport wound fluid laterally. The one or more yarns may be machine-embroidered to the wound contact layer. The one or more yarns may further comprise a looped portion arranged in a looped shape and extend away from the wound facing side and/or the non-wound facing side. The one or more yarns may comprise a tufted portion which extends from the wound facing side and/or the non-wound facing side and includes multiple loose ends of the yarns. The wound contact layer may comprise at least one perforation configured to allow fluid to pass through the wound contact layer. At least a portion of the one or more yarns may extend through the at least one perforation of the wound contact layer. The one or more yarns may be configured to wick fluid. The wound contact layer may be substantially stretchable. The wound contact layer may support one or more electronic components and one or more electronic connections that connect at least some of the electronic components.

[0015] In some embodiments, a wound monitoring and/or therapy apparatus comprises a wound dressing configured to be positioned over a wound. The wound dressing comprises a flexible wound contact layer supporting a plurality of electronic components and a plurality of electronic connections that connect at least some of the plurality of the electronic components. The wound contact layer comprises at least one perforation configured to permit flow of wound exudate. [0016] The apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs can include one or more of the following features. The at least one perforation may comprise a first perforation positioned substantially in a center of the wound contact layer and a second perforation positioned at least partially at a periphery of the wound contact layer. The at least one perforation may include substantially smooth sides and/or substantially smooth edges. The plurality of electronic connections may include substantially round corners. The at least one perforation may comprise a plurality of perforations formed along a thickness of the wound contact layer. The plurality of perforations may be substantially parallel to one another. The plurality of perforations may comprise first and second perforations, the first perforation formed along a first direction different from a second direction along which the second perforation is formed.

[0017] In some embodiments, a wound monitoring and/or therapy apparatus comprises a wound dressing configured to be positioned over a wound. The wound dressing includes a wound contact layer comprising a wound facing side configured to be placed in contact with at least a portion of the wound. The wound contact layer further comprises at least one perforation configured to allow wound fluid to pass through the wound contact layer. The wound dressing further includes a first plurality of flocked fibers positioned on the wound facing side of the wound contact layer, an acquisition distribution layer positioned above the wound contact layer, and/or at least a portion of one or more yarns extending vertically through the wound contact layer and through the at least one perforation. The first plurality of flocked fibers is configured to be in contact with at least the portion of the wound and further configured to transport fluid from a location remote to the at least one perforation toward the at least one perforation. The acquisition distribution layer is configured to allow distribution of fluid and further configured to transport fluid from a location remote to the at least one perforation toward the at least one perforation. The at least one portion of the one or more yarns is configured to transport wound fluid from the wound facing side to a non-wound facing side.

[0018] The apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs can include one or more of the following features. The first plurality of flocked fibers may comprise soft material configured to cushion the wound contact layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. The acquisition distribution layer may be configured to cushion the wound contact layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. The one or more yarns may be configured to cushion the wound contact layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. The wound dressing may comprise a compression dressing. The wound dressing may be configured to be fluidically connected to a source of negative pressure configured to move the wound fluid through the at least one perforation in the wound contact layer.

[0019] In some embodiments, a method of operating a wound monitoring and/or therapy apparatus comprising a wound dressing is provided. The method comprises, with a wound dressing configured to be positioned over a wound with a wound facing side of a wound contact layer of the wound dressing placed in contact with at least a portion of the wound, removing wound fluid through at least one perforation in the wound contact layer. The wound dressing further includes a first plurality of flocked fibers positioned on the wound facing side of the wound contact layer, an acquisition distribution layer positioned above the wound contact layer, and/or at least a portion of one or more yarns extending across a thickness of the wound contact layer and through the at least one perforation. The first plurality of flocked fibers is configured to be in contact with at least the portion of the wound and further configured to transport fluid from a location remote to the at least one perforation toward the at least one perforation. The acquisition distribution layer is configured to allow distribution of fluid and further configured to transport fluid from a location remote to the at least one perforation toward the at least one perforation. The at least one portion of the one or more yarns is configured to transport wound fluid from the wound facing side to a non-wound facing side.

[0020] The method of any of preceding paragraphs can include one or more of the following features. The first plurality of flocked fibers may comprise soft material configured to cushion the wound contact layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. The acquisition distribution layer may be configured to cushion the wound contact layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. The one or more yarns may be configured to cushion the wound contact layer when the wound dressing is positioned over the wound. The wound dressing may comprise a compression dressing. The wound dressing may be configured to be fluidically connected to a source of negative pressure configured to move the wound fluid through the at least one perforation in the wound contact layer.

[0021] Any of the features, components, or details of any of the arrangements or embodiments disclosed in this application, including without limitation any of the pump embodiments and any of the negative pressure wound therapy embodiments disclosed below, are interchangeably combinable with any other features, components, or details of any of the arrangements or embodiments disclosed herein to form new arrangements and embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described hereinafter, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0023] FIG. 1A illustrates a negative pressure wound treatment system according to some embodiments;

[0024] FIG. 1 B illustrates a wound dressing according to some embodiments;

[0025] FIG. 2 illustrates a sensor array illustrating the sensor placement incorporated into a wound dressing according to some embodiments;

[0026] FIG. 3A illustrates a flexible sensor array including a sensor array portion, a tail portion and a connector pad end portion according to some embodiments;

[0027] FIG. 3B illustrates flexible circuit boards with different sensor array geometries according to some embodiments;

[0028] FIG. 3C illustrates the sensor array portion 301 B of a sensor array shown in FIG. 3B;

[0029] FIG. 3D illustrates a flexible sensor array incorporated into a perforated wound contact layer according to some embodiments; [0030] FIG. 3E illustrates a control module according to some embodiments;

[0031] FIG. 4 illustrates a sensor enabled wound dressing according to some embodiments;

[0032] FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate a sensor enabled wound dressing with perforations according to some embodiments;

[0033] FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate a sensor enabled wound dressing with perforations according to some embodiments;

[0034] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate design of electrical connections and planes according to some embodiments;

[0035] FIG. 8 illustrates a sensor enabled wound dressing according to some embodiments;

[0036] FIG. 9 illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a sensor enabled wound dressing with perforations according to some embodiments; and

[0037] FIG. 10 illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of a sensor enabled wound dressing with perforations according to some embodiments.

[0038] FIG. 1 1 illustrates a flocked substrate according to some embodiments;

[0039] FIG. 12 illustrates a sensor enabled wound dressing with flocked fibers according to some embodiments;

[0040] FIG. 13 illustrates operation of a sensor enabled wound dressing with flocked fibers according to some embodiments;

[0041] FIG. 14 illustrates operation of a sensor enabled wound dressing with an acquisition distribution layer according to some embodiments;

[0042] FIG. 15 illustrates operation of a sensor enabled wound dressing with an acquisition distribution layer according to some embodiments; and

[0043] FIGS. 16-20 illustrate sensor enabled wound dressings with yarn according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044] Embodiments disclosed herein relate to apparatuses and methods of monitoring and treating biological tissue with sensor-enabled substrates. The embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to treatment or monitoring of a particular type of tissue or injury, instead the sensor-enabled technologies disclosed herein are broadly applicable to any type of therapy that may benefit from sensor- enabled substrates. Some implementations utilize sensors and data collection relied upon by health care providers to make both diagnostic and patient management decisions.

[0045] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to the use of sensors mounted on or embedded within substrates configured to be used in the treatment of both intact and damaged human or animal tissue. Such sensors may collect information about the surrounding tissue and transmit such information to a computing device or a caregiver to be utilized in further treatment. In certain embodiments, such sensors may be attached to the skin anywhere on the body, including areas for monitoring arthritis, temperature, or other areas that may be prone to problems and require monitoring. Sensors disclosed herein may also incorporate markers, such as radiopaque markers, to indicate the presence of the device, for example prior to performing an MRI or other technique.

[0046] The sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be used in combination with clothing. Non-limiting examples of clothing for use with embodiments of the sensors disclosed herein include shirts, pants, trousers, dresses, undergarments, outer-garments, gloves, shoes, hats, and other suitable garments. In certain embodiments, the sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be welded into or laminated into/onto the particular garments. The sensor embodiments may be printed directly onto the garment and/or embedded into the fabric. Breathable and printable materials such as microporous membranes may also be suitable.

[0047] Sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be incorporated into cushioning or bed padding, such as within a hospital bed, to monitor patient characteristics, such as any characteristic disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, a disposable film containing such sensors could be placed over the hospital bedding and removed/replaced as needed.

[0048] In some implementations, the sensor embodiments disclosed herein may incorporate energy harvesting, such that the sensor embodiments are self-sustaining. For example, energy may be harvested from thermal energy sources, kinetic energy sources, chemical gradients, or any suitable energy source.

[0049] The sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be utilized in rehabilitation devices and treatments, including sports medicine. For example, the sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be used in braces, sleeves, wraps, supports, and other suitable items. Similarly, the sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be incorporated into sporting equipment, such as helmets, sleeves, and/or pads. For example, such sensor embodiments may be incorporated into a protective helmet to monitor characteristics such as acceleration, which may be useful in concussion diagnosis.

[0050] The sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be used in coordination with surgical devices, for example, the NAVIO surgical system by Smith & Nephew Inc. In implementations, the sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be in communication with such surgical devices to guide placement of the surgical devices. In some implementations, the sensor embodiments disclosed herein may monitor blood flow to or away from the potential surgical site or ensure that there is no blood flow to a surgical site. Further surgical data may be collected to aid in the prevention of scarring and monitor areas away from the impacted area.

[0051] To further aid in surgical techniques, the sensors disclosed herein may be incorporated into a surgical drape to provide information regarding tissue under the drape that may not be immediately visible to the naked eye. For example, a sensor embedded flexible drape may have sensors positioned advantageously to provide improved area-focused data collection. In certain implementations, the sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be incorporated into the border or interior of a drape to create fencing to limit/ control the surgical theater.

[0052] Sensor embodiments as disclosed herein may also be utilized for pre-surgical assessment. For example, such sensor embodiments may be used to collect information about a potential surgical site, such as by monitoring skin and the underlying tissues for a possible incision site. For example, perfusion levels or other suitable characteristics may be monitored at the surface of the skin and deeper in the tissue to assess whether an individual patient may be at risk for surgical complications. Sensor embodiments such as those disclosed herein may be used to evaluate the presence of microbial infection and provide an indication for the use of antimicrobials. Further, sensor embodiments disclosed herein may collect further information in deeper tissue, such as identifying pressure ulcer damage and/or the fatty tissue levels.

[0053] The sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be utilized in cardiovascular monitoring. For example, such sensor embodiments may be incorporated into a flexible cardiovascular monitor that may be placed against the skin to monitor characteristics of the cardiovascular system and communicate such information to another device and/or a caregiver. For example, such a device may monitor pulse rate, oxygenation of the blood, and/or electrical activity of the heart. Similarly, the sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be utilized for neurophysiological applications, such as monitoring electrical activity of neurons.

[0054] The sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be incorporated into implantable devices, such as implantable orthopedic implants, including flexible implants. Such sensor embodiments may be configured to collect information regarding the implant site and transmit this information to an external source. In some embodiments, an internal source may also provide power for such an implant.

[0055] The sensor embodiments disclosed herein may also be utilized for monitoring biochemical activity on the surface of the skin or below the surface of the skin, such as lactose buildup in muscle or sweat production on the surface of the skin. In some embodiments, other characteristics may be monitored, such as glucose concentration, urine concentration, tissue pressure, skin temperature, skin surface conductivity, skin surface resistivity, skin hydration, skin maceration, and/or skin ripping.

[0056] Sensor embodiments as disclosed herein may be incorporated into Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) applications. For example, such sensor embodiments may be utilized to monitor recovery from ENT-related surgery, such as wound monitoring within the sinus passage.

[0057] As described in greater detail below, the sensor embodiments disclosed herein may encompass sensor printing technology with encapsulation, such as encapsulation with a polymer film. Such a film may be constructed using any polymer described herein, such as polyurethane. Encapsulation of the sensor embodiments may provide waterproofing of the electronics and protection from local tissue, local fluids, and other sources of potential damage.

[0058] In certain embodiments, the sensors disclosed herein may be incorporated into an organ protection layer such as disclosed below. Such a sensor- embedded organ protection layer may both protect the organ of interest and confirm that the organ protection layer is in position and providing protection. Further, a sensor-embedded organ protection layer may be utilized to monitor the underlying organ, such as by monitoring blood flow, oxygenation, and other suitable markers of organ health. In some embodiments, a sensor-enabled organ protection layer may be used to monitor a transplanted organ, such as by monitoring the fat and muscle content of the organ. Further, sensor-enabled organ protection layers may be used to monitor an organ during and after transplant, such as during rehabilitation of the organ.

[0059] The sensor embodiments disclosed herein may be incorporated into treatments for wounds (disclosed in greater detail below) or in a variety of other applications. Non-limiting examples of additional applications for the sensor embodiments disclosed herein include: monitoring and treatment of intact skin, cardiovascular applications such as monitoring blood flow, orthopedic applications such as monitoring limb movement and bone repair, neurophysiological applications such as monitoring electrical impulses, and any other tissue, organ, system, or condition that may benefit from improved sensor-enabled monitoring.

Wound Therapy

[0060] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to wound therapy for a human or animal body. Therefore, any reference to a wound herein can refer to a wound on a human or animal body, and any reference to a body herein can refer to a human or animal body. The disclosed technology embodiments may relate to preventing or minimizing damage to physiological tissue or living tissue, or to the treatment of damaged tissue (for example, a wound as described herein) wound with or without reduced pressure, including for example a source of negative pressure and wound dressing components and apparatuses. The apparatuses and components comprising the wound overlay and packing materials or internal layers, if any, are sometimes collectively referred to herein as dressings. In some embodiments, the wound dressing can be provided to be utilized without reduced pressure.

[0061] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to wound therapy for a human or animal body. Therefore, any reference to a wound herein can refer to a wound on a human or animal body, and any reference to a body herein can refer to a human or animal body. The disclosed technology embodiments may relate to preventing or minimizing damage to physiological tissue or living tissue, or to the treatment of damaged tissue (for example, a wound as described herein).

[0062] As used herein the expression "wound" may include an injury to living tissue may be caused by a cut, blow, or other impact, typically one in which the skin is cut or broken. A wound may be a chronic or acute injury. Acute wounds occur as a result of surgery or trauma. They move through the stages of healing within a predicted timeframe. Chronic wounds typically begin as acute wounds. The acute wound can become a chronic wound when it does not follow the healing stages resulting in a lengthened recovery. It is believed that the transition from acute to chronic wound can be due to a patient being immuno-compromised.

[0063] Chronic wounds may include for example: venous ulcers (such as those that occur in the legs), which account for the majority of chronic wounds and mostly affect the elderly, diabetic ulcers (for example, foot or ankle ulcers), peripheral arterial disease, pressure ulcers, or epidermolysis bullosa (EB).

[0064] Examples of other wounds include, but are not limited to, abdominal wounds or other large or incisional wounds, either as a result of surgery, trauma, sterniotomies, fasciotomies, or other conditions, dehisced wounds, acute wounds, chronic wounds, subacute and dehisced wounds, traumatic wounds, flaps and skin grafts, lacerations, abrasions, contusions, burns, diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, stoma, surgical wounds, trauma and venous ulcers or the like.

[0065] Wounds may also include a deep tissue injury. Deep tissue injury is a term proposed by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) to describe a unique form of pressure ulcers. These ulcers have been described by clinicians for many years with terms such as purple pressure ulcers, ulcers that are likely to deteriorate and bruises on bony prominences.

[0066] Wound may also include tissue at risk of becoming a wound as discussed herein. For example, tissue at risk may include tissue over a bony protuberance (at risk of deep tissue injury/insult) or pre-surgical tissue (for example, knee tissue) that may has the potential to be cut (for example, for joint replacement/surgical alteration/reconstruction).

[0067] Some embodiments relate to methods of treating a wound with the technology disclosed herein in conjunction with one or more of the following: advanced footwear, turning a patient, offloading (such as, offloading diabetic foot ulcers), treatment of infection, systemix, antimicrobial, antibiotics, surgery, removal of tissue, affecting blood flow, physiotherapy, exercise, bathing, nutrition, hydration, nerve stimulation, ultrasound, electrostimulation, oxygen therapy, microwave therapy, active agents ozone, antibiotics, antimicrobials, or the like.

[0068] Alternatively or additionally, a wound may be treated using topical negative pressure and/or traditional advanced wound care, which is not aided by the using of applied negative pressure (may also be referred to as non-negative pressure therapy).

[0069] Advanced wound care may include use of an absorbent dressing, an occlusive dressing, use of an antimicrobial and/or debriding agents in a wound dressing or adjunct, a pad (for example, a cushioning or compressive therapy, such as stockings or bandages), or the like.

[0070] In some embodiments, treatment of such wounds can be performed using traditional wound care, wherein a dressing can be applied to the wound to facilitate and promote healing of the wound. [0071] Some embodiments relate to methods of manufacturing a wound dressing comprising providing a wound dressing as disclosed herein.

[0072] The wound dressings that may be utilized in conjunction with the disclosed technology include any known dressing in the art. The technology is applicable to negative pressure therapy treatment as well as non-negative pressure therapy treatment.

[0073] In some embodiments, a wound dressing comprises one or more absorbent layer(s). The absorbent layer may be a foam or a superabsorbent.

[0074] In some embodiments, wound dressings may comprise a dressing layer including a polysaccharide or modified polysaccharide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyvinyl ether, a polyurethane, a polyacrylate, a polyacrylamide, collagen, or gelatin or mixtures thereof. Dressing layers comprising the polymers listed are known in the art as being useful for forming a wound dressing layer for either negative pressure therapy or non-negative pressure therapy.

[0075] In some embodiments, the polymer matrix may be a polysaccharide or modified polysaccharide.

[0076] In some embodiments, the polymer matrix may be a cellulose. Cellulose material may include hydrophilically modified cellulose such as methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CEC), ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, carboxyethyl sulphonate cellulose, cellulose alkyi sulphonate, or mixtures thereof.

[0077] In certain embodiments, cellulose material may be cellulose alkyi sulphonate. The alkyi moiety of the alkyi sulphonate substituent group may have an alkyi group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl. The alkyi moiety may be branched or unbranched, and hence suitable propyl sulphonate substituents may be 1 - or 2-methyl-ethylsulphonate. Butyl sulphonate substituents may be 2-ethyl-ethylsulphonate, 2,2-dimethyl-ethylsulphonate, or 1 ,2-dimethyl- ethylsulphonate. The alkyi sulphonate substituent group may be ethyl sulphonate. The cellulose alkyi sulphonate is described in W010061225, US2016/1 14074, US2006/0142560, or US 5,703,225, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0078] Cellulose alkyl sulfonates may have varying degrees of substitution, the chain length of the cellulose backbone structure, and the structure of the alkyl sulfonate substituent. Solubility and absorbency are largely dependent on the degree of substitution: as the degree of substitution is increased, the cellulose alkyl sulfonate becomes increasingly soluble. It follows that, as solubility increases, absorbency increases.

[0079] In some embodiments, a wound dressing also comprises a top or cover layer.

[0080] The thickness of the wound dressing disclosed herein may be between 1 to 20, or 2 to 10, or 3 to 7 mm.

[0081] In some embodiments, the disclosed technology may be used in conjunction with a non-negative pressure dressing. A non-negative pressure wound dressing suitable for providing protection at a wound site may comprise:

an absorbent layer for absorbing wound exudate and

an obscuring element for at least partially obscuring a view of wound exudate absorbed by the absorbent layer in use.

[0082] The obscuring element may be partially translucent.

[0083] The obscuring element may be a masking layer.

[0084] The non-negative pressure wound dressing may further comprise a region in or adjacent the obscuring element for allowing viewing of the absorbent layer. For example, the obscuring element layer may be provided over a central region of the absorbent layer and not over a border region of the absorbent layer. In some embodiments, the obscuring element is of hydrophilic material or is coated with a hydrophilic material.

[0085] The obscuring element may comprise a three-dimensional knitted spacer fabric. The spacer fabric is known in the art and may include a knitted spacer fabric layer.

[0086] The obscuring element may further comprise an indicator for indicating the need to change the dressing. [0087] In some embodiments, the obscuring element is provided as a layer at least partially over the absorbent layer, further from a wound site than the absorbent layer in use.

[0088] The non-negative pressure wound dressing may further comprise a plurality of openings in the obscuring element for allowing fluid to move therethrough. The obscuring element may comprise, or may be coated with, a material having size-exclusion properties for selectively permitting or preventing passage of molecules of a predetermined size or weight.

[0089] The obscuring element may be configured to at least partially mask light radiation having wavelength of 600 nm and less.

[0090] The obscuring element may be configured to reduce light absorption by 50% or more.

[0091] The obscuring element may be configured to yield a CIE L ^* value of 50 or more, and optionally 70 or more. In some embodiments, the obscuring element may be configured to yield a CIE L ^* value of 70 or more.

[0092] In some embodiments, the non-negative pressure wound dressing may further comprise at least one of a wound contact layer, a foam layer, an odor control element, a pressure-resistant layer and a cover layer.

[0093] In some embodiments, the cover layer is present, and the cover layer is a translucent film. Typically, the translucent film has a moisture vapour permeability of 500g/m2/24hours or more.

[0094] The translucent film may be a bacterial barrier.

[0095] In some embodiments, the non-negative pressure wound dressing as disclosed herein comprises the wound contact layer and the absorbent layer overlies the wound contact layer. The wound contact layer carries an adhesive portion for forming a substantially fluid tight seal over the wound site.

[0096] The non-negative pressure wound dressing as disclosed herein may comprise the obscuring element and the absorbent layer being provided as a single layer. [0097] In some embodiments, the non-negative pressure wound dressing disclosed herein comprises the foam layer, and the obscuring element is of a material comprising components that may be displaced or broken by movement of the obscuring element.

[0098] In some embodiments, the non-negative pressure wound dressing comprises an odor control element, and in another embodiment the dressing does not include an odor control element. When present, the odor control element may be dispersed within or adjacent the absorbent layer or the obscuring element. Alternatively, when present the odor control element may be provided as a layer sandwiched between the foam layer and the absorbent layer.

[0099] In some embodiments, the disclosed technology for a non-negative pressure wound dressing comprises a method of manufacturing a wound dressing, comprising: providing an absorbent layer for absorbing wound exudate; and providing an obscuring element for at least partially obscuring a view of wound exudate absorbed by the absorbent layer in use.

[0100] In some embodiments, the non-negative pressure wound dressing is may be suitable for providing protection at a wound site, comprising: an absorbent layer for absorbing wound exudate; and a shielding layer provided over the absorbent layer, and further from a wound-facing side of the wound dressing than the absorbent layer. The shielding layer may be provided directly over the absorbent layer. In some embodiments, the shielding layer comprises a three- dimensional spacer fabric layer.

[0101] The shielding layer increases the area over which a pressure applied to the dressing is transferred by 25% or more or the initial area of application. For example the shielding layer increases the area over which a pressure applied to the dressing is transferred by 50% or more, and optionally by 100% or more, and optionally by 200% or more.

[0102] The shielding layer may comprise 2 or more sub-layers, wherein a first sub-layer comprises through holes and a further sub-layer comprises through holes and the through holes of the first sub-layer are offset from the through holes of the further sub-layer. [0103] The non-negative pressure wound dressing as disclosed herein may further comprise a permeable cover layer for allowing the transmission of gas and vapour therethrough, the cover layer provided over the shielding layer, wherein through holes of the cover layer are offset from through holes of the shielding layer.

[0104] The non-negative pressure wound dressing may be suitable for treatment of pressure ulcers.

[0105] A more detailed description of the non-negative pressure dressing disclosed hereinabove is provided in WO2013007973, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0106] In some embodiments, the non-negative pressure wound dressing may be a multi-layered wound dressing comprising: a fibrous absorbent layer for absorbing exudate from a wound site; and a support layer configured to reduce shrinkage of at least a portion of the wound dressing.

[0107] In some embodiments, the multi-layered wound dressing disclosed herein, further comprises a liquid impermeable film layer, wherein the support layer is located between the absorbent layer and the film layer.

[0108] The support layer disclosed herein may comprise a net. The net may comprise a geometric structure having a plurality of substantially geometric apertures extending therethrough. The geometric structure may for example comprise a plurality of bosses substantially evenly spaced and joined by polymer strands to form the substantially geometric apertures between the polymer strands.

[0109] The net may be formed from high density polyethylene.

[0110] The apertures may have an area from 0.005 to 0.32 mm2.

[0111] The support layer may have a tensile strength from 0.05 to 0.06

Nm.

[0112] The support layer may have a thickness of from 50 to 150 μηη.

[0113] In some embodiments, the support layer is located directly adjacent the absorbent layer. Typically, the support layer is bonded to fibers in a top surface of the absorbent layer. The support layer may further comprise a bonding layer, wherein the support layer is heat laminated to the fibers in the absorbent layer via the bonding layer. The bonding layer may comprise a low melting point adhesive such as ethylene-vinyl acetate adhesive.

[0114] In some embodiments, the multi-layered wound dressing disclosed herein further comprises an adhesive layer attaching the film layer to the support layer.

[0115] In some embodiments, the multi-layered wound dressing disclosed herein further comprises a wound contact layer located adjacent the absorbent layer for positioning adjacent a wound. The multi-layered wound dressing may further comprise a fluid transport layer between the wound contact layer and the absorbent layer for transporting exudate away from a wound into the absorbent layer.

[0116] A more detailed description of the multi-layered wound dressing disclosed hereinabove is provided in GB patent application filed on 28 October 2016 with application number GB1618298.2, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0117] In some embodiments, the disclosed technology may be incorporated in a wound dressing comprising a vertically lapped material comprising: a first layer of an absorbing layer of material, and a second layer of material, wherein the first layer being constructed from at least one layer of non- woven textile fibers, the non-woven textile fibers being folded into a plurality of folds to form a pleated structure. In some embodiments, the wound dressing further comprises a second layer of material that is temporarily or permanently connected to the first layer of material.

[0118] Typically the vertically lapped material has been slitted.

[0119] In some embodiments, the first layer has a pleated structure having a depth determined by the depth of pleats or by the slitting width. The first layer of material may be a moldable, lightweight, fiber-based material, blend of material or composition layer.

[0120] The first layer of material may comprise one or more of manufactured fibers from synthetic, natural or inorganic polymers, natural fibers of a cellulosic, proteinaceous or mineral source. [0121] The wound dressing may comprise two or more layers of the absorbing layer of material vertically lapped material stacked one on top of the other, wherein the two or more layers have the same or different densities or composition.

[0122] The wound dressing may in some embodiments comprise only one layer of the absorbing layer of material vertically lapped material.

[0123] The absorbing layer of material is a blend of natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic fibers, and binder fibers, or bicomponent fibers typically PET with a low melt temperature PET coating to soften at specified temperatures and to act as a bonding agent in the overall blend.

[0124] In some embodiments, the absorbing layer of material may be a blend of 5 to 95 % thermoplastic polymer, and 5 to 95 wt % of a cellulose or derivative thereof.

[0125] In some embodiments, the wound dressing disclosed herein has a second layer comprises a foam or a dressing fixative.

[0126] The foam may be a polyurethane foam. The polyurethane foam may have an open or closed pore structure.

[0127] The dressing fixative may include bandages, tape, gauze, or backing layer.

[0128] In some embodiments, the wound dressing as disclosed herein comprises the absorbing layer of material connected directly to a second layer by lamination or by an adhesive, and the second layer is connected to a dressing fixative layer. The adhesive may be an acrylic adhesive, or a silicone adhesive.

[0129] In some embodiments, the wound dressing as disclosed herein further comprises layer of a superabsorbent fiber, or a viscose fiber or a polyester fiber.

[0130] In some embodiments, the wound dressing as disclosed herein further comprises a backing layer. The backing layer may be a transparent or opaque film. Typically the backing layer comprises a polyurethane film (typically a transparent polyurethane film). [0131] A more detailed description of the multi-layered wound dressing disclosed hereinabove is provided in GB patent applications filed on 12 December 2016 with application number GB1621057.7; and 22 June 2017 with application number GB1709987.0, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0132] In some embodiments, the non-negative pressure wound dressing may comprise an absorbent component for a wound dressing, the component comprising a wound contacting layer comprising gel forming fibers bound to a foam layer, wherein the foam layer is bound directly to the wound contact layer by an adhesive, polymer based melt layer, by flame lamination or by ultrasound.

[0133] The absorbent component may be in a sheet form.

[0134] The wound contacting layer may comprise a layer of woven or non- woven or knitted gel forming fibers.

[0135] The foam layer may be an open cell foam, or closed cell foam, typically an open cell foam. The foam layer is a hydrophilic foam.

[0136] The wound dressing may comprise the component that forms an island in direct contact with the wound surrounded by periphery of adhesive that adheres the dressing to the wound. The adhesive may be a silicone or acrylic adhesive, typically a silicone adhesive.

[0137] The wound dressing may be covered by a film layer on the surface of the dressing furthest from the wound.

[0138] A more detailed description of the wound dressing of this type hereinabove is provided in EP2498829, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0139] In some embodiments, the non-negative pressure wound dressing may comprise a multi layered wound dressing for use on wounds producing high levels of exudate, characterized in that the dressing comprising: a transmission layer having an MVTR of at least 300 gm2/24 hours, an absorbent core comprising gel forming fibers capable of absorbing and retaining exudate, a wound contacting layer comprising gel forming fibers which transmits exudate to the absorbent core and a keying layer positioned on the absorbent core, the absorbent core and wound contacting layer limiting the lateral spread of exudate in the dressing to the region of the wound.

[0140] The wound dressing may be capable of handling at least 6g (or 8g and 15g) of fluid per 10cm2 of dressing in 24 hours.

[0141] The wound dressing may comprise gel forming fibers that are chemically modified cellulosic fibers in the form of a fabric. The fibers may include carboxymethylated cellulose fibers, typically sodium carboxymethylcellulose fiber.

[0142] The wound dressing may comprise a wound contact layer with a lateral wicking rate from 5mm per minute to 40mm per minute. The wound contact layer may have a fiber density between 25gm2 and 55gm2, such as 35gm2.

[0143] The absorbent core may have an absorbency of exudate of at least 10g/g, and typically a rate of lateral wicking of less the 20mm per minute.

[0144] The absorbent core may have a blend in the range of up to 25% cellulosic fibers by weight and 75% to 100% gel forming fibers by weight.

[0145] Alternatively, the absorbent core may have a blend in the range of up to 50% cellulosic fibers by weight and 50% to 100% gel forming fibers by weight. For example the blend is in the range of 50% cellulosic fibers by weight and 50% gel forming fibers by weight.

[0146] The fiber density in the absorbent core may be between 150gm2 and 250gm2, or about 200 gm2.

[0147] The wound dressing when wet may have shrinkage that is less than 25 % or less than 15 % of its original size/dimension.

[0148] The wound dressing may comprise a transmission layer and the layer is a foam. The transmission layer may be a polyurethane foam laminated to a polyurethane film.

[0149] The wound dressing may comprise one or more layers selected from the group comprising a soluble medicated film layer; an odor-absorbing layer; a spreading layer and an additional adhesive layer.

[0150] The wound dressing may be 2mm and 4mm thick. [0151] The wound dressing may be characterized in that the keying layer bonds the absorbent core to a neighboring layer. In some embodiments, the keying layer may be positioned on either the wound facing side of the absorbent core or the non-wound facing side of the absorbent core. In some embodiments, the keying layer is positioned between the absorbent core and the wound contact layer. The keying layer is a polyamide web.

[0152] A more detailed description of the wound dressing of this type hereinabove is provided in EP1718257, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0153] In some embodiments, the non-negative pressure wound dressing may be a compression bandage. Compression bandages are known for use in the treatment of oedema and other venous and lymphatic disorders, e.g., of the lower limbs.

[0154] A compression bandage systems typically employ multiple layers including a padding layer between the skin and the compression layer or layers. The compression bandage may be useful for wounds such as handling venous leg ulcers.

[0155] The compression bandage in some embodiments may comprise a bandage system comprising an inner skin facing layer and an elastic outer layer, the inner layer comprising a first ply of foam and a second ply of an absorbent nonwoven web, the inner layer and outer layer being sufficiently elongated so as to be capable of being wound about a patient's limb. A compression bandage of this type is disclosed in WO99/58090, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0156] In some embodiments, the compression bandage system comprises: a) an inner skin facing, elongated, elastic bandage comprising: (i) an elongated, elastic substrate, and (ii) an elongated layer of foam, said foam layer being affixed to a face of said substrate and extending 33% or more across said face of substrate in transverse direction and 67% or more across said face of substrate in longitudinal direction; and b) an outer, elongated, self-adhering elastic bandage; said bandage having a compressive force when extended; wherein, in use, said foam layer of the inner bandage faces the skin and the outer bandage overlies the inner bandage. A compression bandage of this type is disclosed in WO2006/1 10527, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0157] In some embodiments other compression bandage systems such as those disclosed in US 6,759,566 and US 2002/0099318, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Negative Pressure Wound Dressing

[0158] In some embodiments, treatment of such wounds can be performed using negative pressure wound therapy, wherein a reduced or negative pressure can be applied to the wound to facilitate and promote healing of the wound. It will also be appreciated that the wound dressing and methods as disclosed herein may be applied to other parts of the body, and are not necessarily limited to treatment of wounds.

[0159] It will be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure are generally applicable to use in topical negative pressure ("TNP") therapy systems. Briefly, negative pressure wound therapy assists in the closure and healing of many forms of "hard to heal" wounds by reducing tissue oedema; encouraging blood flow and granular tissue formation; removing excess exudate and may reduce bacterial load (and thus infection risk). In addition, the therapy allows for less disturbance of a wound leading to more rapid healing. TNP therapy systems may also assist on the healing of surgically closed wounds by removing fluid and by helping to stabilize the tissue in the apposed position of closure. A further beneficial use of TNP therapy can be found in grafts and flaps where removal of excess fluid is important and close proximity of the graft to tissue is required in order to ensure tissue viability.

[0160] Negative pressure therapy can be used for the treatment of open or chronic wounds that are too large to spontaneously close or otherwise fail to heal by means of applying negative pressure to the site of the wound. Topical negative pressure (TNP) therapy or negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) involves placing a cover that is impermeable or semi-permeable to fluids over the wound, using various means to seal the cover to the tissue of the patient surrounding the wound, and connecting a source of negative pressure (such as a vacuum pump) to the cover in a manner so that negative pressure is created and maintained under the cover. It is believed that such negative pressures promote wound healing by facilitating the formation of granulation tissue at the wound site and assisting the body's normal inflammatory process while simultaneously removing excess fluid, which may contain adverse cytokines or bacteria.

[0161] Some of the dressings used in NPWT can include many different types of materials and layers, for example, gauze, pads, foam pads or multi-layer wound dressings. One example of a multi-layer wound dressing is the PICO dressing, available from Smith & Nephew, includes a wound contact layer and a superabsorbent layer beneath a backing layer to provide a canister-less system for treating a wound with NPWT. The wound dressing may be sealed to a suction port providing connection to a length of tubing, which may be used to pump fluid out of the dressing or to transmit negative pressure from a pump to the wound dressing. Additionally, RENASYS-F, RENASYS-G, RENASYS-AB, and RENASYS-F/AB, available from Smith & Nephew, are additional examples of NPWT wound dressings and systems. Another example of a multi-layer wound dressing is the ALLEVYN Life dressing, available from Smith & Nephew, which includes a moist wound environment dressing that is used to treat the wound without the use of negative pressure.

[0162] As is used herein, reduced or negative pressure levels, such as -X mmHg, represent pressure levels relative to normal ambient atmospheric pressure, which can correspond to 760 mmHg (or 1 atm, 29.93 inHg, 101.325 kPa, 14.696 psi, etc.). Accordingly, a negative pressure value of -X mmHg reflects absolute pressure that is X mmHg below 760 mmHg or, in other words, an absolute pressure of (760-X) mmHg. In addition, negative pressure that is "less" or "smaller" than X mmHg corresponds to pressure that is closer to atmospheric pressure (such as, -40 mmHg is less than -60 mmHg). Negative pressure that is "more" or "greater" than - X mmHg corresponds to pressure that is further from atmospheric pressure (such as, -80 mmHg is more than -60 mmHg). In some embodiments, local ambient atmospheric pressure is used as a reference point, and such local atmospheric pressure may not necessarily be, for example, 760 mmHg.

[0163] The negative pressure range for some embodiments of the present disclosure can be approximately -80 mmHg, or between about -20 mmHg and -200 mmHg. Note that these pressures are relative to normal ambient atmospheric pressure, which can be 760 mmHg. Thus, -200 mmHg would be about 560 mmHg in practical terms. In some embodiments, the pressure range can be between about -40 mmHg and -150 mmHg. Alternatively a pressure range of up to -75 mmHg, up to -80 mmHg or over -80 mmHg can be used. Also in other embodiments a pressure range of below -75 mmHg can be used. Alternatively, a pressure range of over approximately -100 mmHg, or even -150 mmHg, can be supplied by the negative pressure apparatus.

[0164] In some embodiments of wound closure devices described herein, increased wound contraction can lead to increased tissue expansion in the surrounding wound tissue. This effect may be increased by varying the force applied to the tissue, for example by varying the negative pressure applied to the wound over time, possibly in conjunction with increased tensile forces applied to the wound via embodiments of the wound closure devices. In some embodiments, negative pressure may be varied over time for example using a sinusoidal wave, square wave, or in synchronization with one or more patient physiological indices (such as, heartbeat). Examples of such applications where additional disclosure relating to the preceding may be found include U.S. Patent No. 8,235,955, titled "Wound treatment apparatus and method," issued on August 7, 2012; and U.S. Patent No. 7,753,894, titled "Wound cleansing apparatus with stress," issued July 13, 2010. The disclosures of both of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0165] Embodiments of the wound dressings, wound dressing components, wound treatment apparatuses and methods described herein may also be used in combination or in addition to those described in International Application No. PCT/IB2013/001469, filed May 22, 2013, published as WO 2013/175306 A2 on November 28, 2013, titled "APPARATUSES AND METHODS FOR NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY," U.S. Patent Application No. 14/418,908, filed January 30, 2015, published as US 2015/0190286 A1 on July 9, 2015, titled "WOUND DRESSING AND METHOD OF TREATMENT," the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Embodiments of the wound dressings, wound dressing components, wound treatment apparatuses and methods described herein may also be used in combination or in addition to those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/092,042, filed April 21 , 201 1 , published as US201 1/0282309, titled "WOUND DRESSING AND METHOD OF USE," and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/715,527, filed May 18, 2015, published as US2016/0339158 A1 on November 24, 2016, titled "FLUIDIC CONNECTOR FOR NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY," the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including further details relating to embodiments of wound dressings, the wound dressing components and principles, and the materials used for the wound dressings.

[0166] Additionally, some embodiments related to TNP wound treatment comprising a wound dressing in combination with a pump or associated electronics described herein may also be used in combination or in addition to those described in International Application PCT/EP2016/059329 filed April 26, 2016, published as WO 2016/174048 on November 3, 2016, entitled "REDUCED PRESSURE APPARATUS AND METHODS," the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy System

[0167] FIG. 1A illustrates an embodiment of a negative or reduced pressure wound treatment (or TNP) system 100 comprising a wound filler 130 placed inside a wound cavity 1 10, the wound cavity sealed by a wound cover 120. The wound filler 130 in combination with the wound cover 120 can be referred to as a wound dressing. The wound dressing may include one or more sensors as described herein. A single or multi lumen tube or conduit 140 is connected the wound cover 120 with a pump assembly 150 configured to supply reduced pressure. The wound cover 120 can be in fluidic communication with the wound cavity 1 10. In any of the system embodiments disclosed herein, as in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1A, the pump assembly can be a canisterless pump assembly (meaning that exudate is collected in the wound dressing or is transferred via tube 140 for collection to another location). However, any of the pump assembly embodiments disclosed herein can be configured to include or support a canister. Additionally, in any of the system embodiments disclosed herein, any of the pump assembly embodiments can be mounted to or supported by the dressing, or adjacent to the dressing.

[0168] The wound filler 130 can be any suitable type, such as hydrophilic or hydrophobic foam, gauze, inflatable bag, and so on. The wound filler 130 can be conformable to the wound cavity 1 10 such that it substantially fills the cavity. The wound cover 120 can provide a substantially fluid impermeable seal over the wound cavity 1 10. The wound cover 120 can have a top side and a bottom side, and the bottom side adhesively (or in any other suitable manner) seals with wound cavity 1 10. The conduit 140 or lumen or any other conduit or lumen disclosed herein can be formed from polyurethane, PVC, nylon, polyethylene, silicone, or any other suitable material.

[0169] Some embodiments of the wound cover 120 can have a port (not shown) configured to receive an end of the conduit 140. For example, the port can be Renays Soft Port available from Smith & Nephew. In other embodiments, the conduit 140 can otherwise pass through or under the wound cover 120 to supply reduced pressure to the wound cavity 1 10 so as to maintain a desired level of reduced pressure in the wound cavity. The conduit 140 can be any suitable article configured to provide at least a substantially sealed fluid flow pathway between the pump assembly 150 and the wound cover 120, so as to supply the reduced pressure provided by the pump assembly 150 to wound cavity 1 10.

[0170] The wound cover 120 and the wound filler 130 can be provided as a single article or an integrated single unit. In some embodiments, no wound filler is provided and the wound cover by itself may be considered the wound dressing. The wound dressing may then be connected, via the conduit 140, to a source of negative pressure, such as the pump assembly 150. The pump assembly 150 can be miniaturized and portable, although larger conventional pumps such can also be used.

[0171] The wound cover 120 can be located over a wound site to be treated. The wound cover 120 can form a substantially sealed cavity or enclosure over the wound site. In some embodiments, the wound cover 120 can be configured to have a film having a high water vapour permeability to enable the evaporation of surplus fluid, and can have a superabsorbing material contained therein to safely absorb wound exudate. It will be appreciated that throughout this specification reference is made to a wound. In this sense it is to be understood that the term wound is to be broadly construed and encompasses open and closed wounds in which skin is torn, cut or punctured or where trauma causes a contusion, or any other surficial or other conditions or imperfections on the skin of a patient or otherwise that benefit from reduced pressure treatment. A wound is thus broadly defined as any damaged region of tissue where fluid may or may not be produced. Examples of such wounds include, but are not limited to, acute wounds, chronic wounds, surgical incisions and other incisions, subacute and dehisced wounds, traumatic wounds, flaps and skin grafts, lacerations, abrasions, contusions, burns, diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, stoma, surgical wounds, trauma and venous ulcers or the like. The components of the TNP system described herein can be particularly suited for incisional wounds that exude a small amount of wound exudate.

[0172] Some embodiments of the system are designed to operate without the use of an exudate canister. Some embodiments can be configured to support an exudate canister. In some embodiments, configuring the pump assembly 150 and tubing 140 so that the tubing 140 can be quickly and easily removed from the pump assembly 150 can facilitate or improve the process of dressing or pump changes, if necessary. Any of the pump embodiments disclosed herein can be configured to have any suitable connection between the tubing and the pump.

[0173] The pump assembly 150 can be configured to deliver negative pressure of approximately -80 mmHg, or between about -20 mmHg and 200 mmHg in some implementations. Note that these pressures are relative to normal ambient atmospheric pressure thus, -200 mmHg would be about 560 mmHg in practical terms. The pressure range can be between about -40 mmHg and -150 mmHg. Alternatively a pressure range of up to -75 mmHg, up to -80 mmHg or over -80 mmHg can be used. Also a pressure range of below -75 mmHg can be used. Alternatively a pressure range of over approximately -100 mmHg, or even 150 mmHg, can be supplied by the pump assembly 150.

[0174] In operation, the wound filler 130 is inserted into the wound cavity 1 10 and wound cover 120 is placed so as to seal the wound cavity 1 10. The pump assembly 150 provides a source of a negative pressure to the wound cover 120, which is transmitted to the wound cavity 1 10 via the wound filler 130. Fluid (such as, wound exudate) is drawn through the conduit 140, and can be stored in a canister. In some embodiments, fluid is absorbed by the wound filler 130 or one or more absorbent layers (not shown).

[0175] Wound dressings that may be utilized with the pump assembly and other embodiments of the present application include Renasys-F, Renasys-G, Renasys AB, and Pico Dressings available from Smith & Nephew. Further description of such wound dressings and other components of a negative pressure wound therapy system that may be used with the pump assembly and other embodiments of the present application are found in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 201 1/0213287, 201 1/0282309, 2012/01 16334, 2012/0136325, and 2013/01 10058, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In other embodiments, other suitable wound dressings can be utilized.

Wound Dressing Overview

[0176] FIG. 1 B illustrates a cross-section through a wound dressing 155 according to some embodiments. FIG. 1 B also illustrates a fluidic connector 160 according to some embodiments. The wound dressing 155 can be similar to the wound dressing described in International Patent Publication WO2013175306 A2, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the wound dressing 155 can be any wound dressing embodiment disclosed herein or any combination of features of any number of wound dressing embodiments disclosed herein, can be located over a wound site to be treated. The wound dressing 155 may be placed as to form a sealed cavity over the wound, such as the wound cavity 1 10. In some embodiments, the wound dressing 155 includes a top or cover layer, or backing layer 220 attached to an optional wound contact layer 222, both of which are described in greater detail below. These two layers 220, 222 can be joined or sealed together so as to define an interior space or chamber. This interior space or chamber may comprise additional structures that may be adapted to distribute or transmit negative pressure, store wound exudate and other fluids removed from the wound, and other functions which will be explained in greater detail below. Examples of such structures, described below, include a transmission layer 226 and an absorbent layer 221.

[0177] As used herein the upper layer, top layer, or layer above refers to a layer furthest from the surface of the skin or wound while the dressing is in use and positioned over the wound. Accordingly, the lower surface, lower layer, bottom layer, or layer below refers to the layer that is closest to the surface of the skin or wound while the dressing is in use and positioned over the wound.

[0178] The wound contact layer 222 can be a polyurethane layer or polyethylene layer or other flexible layer which is perforated, for example via a hot pin process, laser ablation process, ultrasound process or in some other way or otherwise made permeable to liquid and gas. The wound contact layer 222 has a lower surface 224 (for example, facing the wound) and an upper surface 223 (for example, facing away from the wound). The perforations 225 can comprise through holes in the wound contact layer 222 which enable fluid to flow through the layer 222. The wound contact layer 222 helps prevent tissue ingrowth into the other material of the wound dressing. In some embodiments, the perforations are small enough to meet this requirement while still allowing fluid to flow therethrough. For example, perforations formed as slits or holes having a size ranging from 0.025 mm to 1.2 mm are considered small enough to help prevent tissue ingrowth into the wound dressing while allowing wound exudate to flow into the dressing. In some configurations, the wound contact layer 222 may help maintain the integrity of the entire dressing 155 while also creating an air tight seal around the absorbent pad in order to maintain negative pressure at the wound. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer is configured to allow unidirectional or substantially one-way or unidirectional flow of fluid through the wound contact layer when negative pressure is applied to the wound. For example, the wound contact layer can permit fluid to flow away from the wound through the wound contact layer, but not allow fluid to flow back toward the wound. In certain case, the perforations in the wound contact layer are configured to permit such one-way or unidirectional flow of fluid through the wound contact layer.

[0179] Some embodiments of the wound contact layer 222 may also act as a carrier for an optional lower and upper adhesive layer (not shown). For example, a lower pressure sensitive adhesive may be provided on the lower surface 224 of the wound dressing 155 whilst an upper pressure sensitive adhesive layer may be provided on the upper surface 223 of the wound contact layer. The pressure sensitive adhesive, which may be a silicone, hot melt, hydrocolloid or acrylic based adhesive or other such adhesives, may be formed on both sides or optionally on a selected one or none of the sides of the wound contact layer. When a lower pressure sensitive adhesive layer is utilized may be helpful to adhere the wound dressing 155 to the skin around a wound site. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer may comprise perforated polyurethane film. The lower surface of the film may be provided with a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive and the upper surface may be provided with an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive, which may help the dressing maintain its integrity. In some embodiments, a polyurethane film layer may be provided with an adhesive layer on both its upper surface and lower surface, and all three layers may be perforated together.

[0180] A layer 226 of porous material can be located above the wound contact layer 222. This porous layer, or transmission layer, 226 allows transmission of fluid including liquid and gas away from a wound site into upper layers of the wound dressing. In particular, the transmission layer 226 can ensure that an open air channel can be maintained to communicate negative pressure over the wound area even when the absorbent layer has absorbed substantial amounts of exudates. The layer 226 can remain open under the typical pressures that will be applied during negative pressure wound therapy as described above, so that the whole wound site sees an equalized negative pressure. The layer 226 may be formed of a material having a three dimensional structure. For example, a knitted or woven spacer fabric (for example Baltex 7970 weft knitted polyester) or a non-woven fabric could be used.

[0181] In some embodiments, the transmission layer 226 comprises a 3D polyester spacer fabric layer including a top layer (that is to say, a layer distal from the wound-bed in use) which is a 84/144 textured polyester, and a bottom layer (that is to say, a layer which lies proximate to the wound bed in use) which is a 10 denier flat polyester and a third layer formed sandwiched between these two layers which is a region defined by a knitted polyester viscose, cellulose or the like monofilament fiber. Other materials and other linear mass densities of fiber could of course be used.

[0182] Whilst reference is made throughout this disclosure to a monofilament fiber it will be appreciated that a multistrand alternative could of course be utilized. The top spacer fabric thus has more filaments in a yarn used to form it than the number of filaments making up the yarn used to form the bottom spacer fabric layer.

[0183] This differential between filament counts in the spaced apart layers helps control moisture flow across the transmission layer. Particularly, by having a filament count greater in the top layer, that is to say, the top layer is made from a yarn having more filaments than the yarn used in the bottom layer, liquid tends to be wicked along the top layer more than the bottom layer. In use, this differential tends to draw liquid away from the wound bed and into a central region of the dressing where the absorbent layer 221 helps lock the liquid away or itself wicks the liquid onwards towards the cover layer where it can be transpired.

[0184] In some embodiments, to improve the liquid flow across the transmission layer 226 (that is to say perpendicular to the channel region formed between the top and bottom spacer layers, the 3D fabric may be treated with a dry cleaning agent (such as, but not limited to, Perchloro Ethylene) to help remove any manufacturing products such as mineral oils, fats or waxes used previously which might interfere with the hydrophilic capabilities of the transmission layer. An additional manufacturing step can subsequently be carried in which the 3D spacer fabric is washed in a hydrophilic agent (such as, but not limited to, Feran Ice 30g/l available from the Rudolph Group). This process step helps ensure that the surface tension on the materials is so low that liquid such as water can enter the fabric as soon as it contacts the 3D knit fabric. This also aids in controlling the flow of the liquid insult component of any exudates.

[0185] A layer 221 of absorbent material can be provided above the transmission layer 226. The absorbent material, which comprise a foam or non- woven natural or synthetic material, and which may optionally comprise a super- absorbent material, forms a reservoir for fluid, particularly liquid, removed from the wound site. In some embodiments, the layer 221 may also aid in drawing fluids towards the backing layer 220.

[0186] The material of the absorbent layer 221 may also prevent liquid collected in the wound dressing 155 from flowing freely within the dressing, and can act so as to contain any liquid collected within the dressing. The absorbent layer 221 also helps distribute fluid throughout the layer via a wicking action so that fluid is drawn from the wound site and stored throughout the absorbent layer. This helps prevent agglomeration in areas of the absorbent layer. The capacity of the absorbent material must be sufficient to manage the exudates flow rate of a wound when negative pressure is applied. Since in use the absorbent layer experiences negative pressures the material of the absorbent layer is chosen to absorb liquid under such circumstances. A number of materials exist that are able to absorb liquid when under negative pressure, for example superabsorber material. The absorbent layer 221 may typically be manufactured from ALLEVYN™ foam, Freudenberg 1 14-224-4 or Chem-Posite™1 1 C-450. In some embodiments, the absorbent layer 221 may comprise a composite comprising superabsorbent powder, fibrous material such as cellulose, and bonding fibers. In some embodiments, the composite is an airlaid, thermally-bonded composite.

[0187] In some embodiments, the absorbent layer 221 is a layer of non- woven cellulose fibers having super-absorbent material in the form of dry particles dispersed throughout. Use of the cellulose fibers introduces fast wicking elements which help quickly and evenly distribute liquid taken up by the dressing. The juxtaposition of multiple strand-like fibers leads to strong capillary action in the fibrous pad which helps distribute liquid. In this way, the super-absorbent material is efficiently supplied with liquid. The wicking action also assists in bringing liquid into contact with the upper cover layer to aid increase transpiration rates of the dressing.

[0188] An aperture, hole, or orifice 227 can be provided in the backing layer 220 to allow a negative pressure to be applied to the dressing 155. In some embodiments, the fluidic connector 160 is attached or sealed to the top of the backing layer 220 over the orifice 227 made into the dressing 155, and communicates negative pressure through the orifice 227. A length of tubing may be coupled at a first end to the fluidic connector 160 and at a second end to a pump unit (not shown) to allow fluids to be pumped out of the dressing. Where the fluidic connector is adhered to the top layer of the wound dressing, a length of tubing may be coupled at a first end of the fluidic connector such that the tubing, or conduit, extends away from the fluidic connector parallel or substantially to the top surface of the dressing. The fluidic connector 160 may be adhered and sealed to the backing layer 220 using an adhesive such as an acrylic, cyanoacrylate, epoxy, UV curable or hot melt adhesive. The fluidic connector 160 may be formed from a soft polymer, for example a polyethylene, a polyvinyl chloride, a silicone or polyurethane having a hardness of 30 to 90 on the Shore A scale. In some embodiments, the fluidic connector 160 may be made from a soft or conformable material.

[0189] In some embodiments, the absorbent layer 221 includes at least one through hole 228 located so as to underlie the fluidic connector 160. The through hole 228 may in some embodiments be the same size as the opening 227 in the backing layer, or may be bigger or smaller. As illustrated in FIG. 1 B a single through hole can be used to produce an opening underlying the fluidic connector 160. It will be appreciated that multiple openings could alternatively be utilized. Additionally should more than one port be utilized according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure one or multiple openings may be made in the absorbent layer and the obscuring layer in registration with each respective fluidic connector. Although not essential to certain embodiments of the present disclosure the use of through holes in the super-absorbent layer may provide a fluid flow pathway which remains unblocked in particular when the absorbent layer is near saturation.

[0190] The aperture or through-hole 228 can be provided in the absorbent layer 221 beneath the orifice 227 such that the orifice is connected directly to the transmission layer 226 as illustrated in FIG. 1 B. This allows the negative pressure applied to the fluidic connector 160 to be communicated to the transmission layer 226 without passing through the absorbent layer 221. This ensures that the negative pressure applied to the wound site is not inhibited by the absorbent layer as it absorbs wound exudates. In other embodiments, no aperture may be provided in the absorbent layer 221 , or alternatively a plurality of apertures underlying the orifice 227 may be provided. In further alternative embodiments, additional layers such as another transmission layer or an obscuring layer such as described in International Patent Publication WO2014020440, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference, may be provided over the absorbent layer 221 and beneath the backing layer 220.

[0191] The backing layer 220 is can be gas impermeable, but moisture vapor permeable, and can extend across the width of the wound dressing 155. The backing layer 220, which may for example be a polyurethane film (for example, Elastollan SP9109) having a pressure sensitive adhesive on one side, is impermeable to gas and this layer thus operates to cover the wound and to seal a wound cavity over which the wound dressing is placed. In this way an effective chamber is made between the backing layer 220 and a wound site where a negative pressure can be established. The backing layer 220 can be sealed to the wound contact layer 222 in a border region around the circumference of the dressing, ensuring that no air is drawn in through the border area, for example via adhesive or welding techniques. The backing layer 220 protects the wound from external bacterial contamination (bacterial barrier) and allows liquid from wound exudates to be transferred through the layer and evaporated from the film outer surface. The backing layer 220 can include two layers; a polyurethane film and an adhesive pattern spread onto the film. The polyurethane film can be moisture vapor permeable and may be manufactured from a material that has an increased water transmission rate when wet. In some embodiments the moisture vapor permeability of the backing layer increases when the backing layer becomes wet. The moisture vapor permeability of the wet backing layer may be up to about ten times more than the moisture vapor permeability of the dry backing layer.

[0192] The absorbent layer 221 may be of a greater area than the transmission layer 226, such that the absorbent layer overlaps the edges of the transmission layer 226, thereby ensuring that the transmission layer does not contact the backing layer 220. This provides an outer channel of the absorbent layer 221 that is in direct contact with the wound contact layer 222, which aids more rapid absorption of exudates to the absorbent layer. Furthermore, this outer channel ensures that no liquid is able to pool around the circumference of the wound cavity, which may otherwise seep through the seal around the perimeter of the dressing leading to the formation of leaks. As illustrated in FIG. 1 B, the absorbent layer 221 may define a smaller perimeter than that of the backing layer 220, such that a boundary or border region is defined between the edge of the absorbent layer 221 and the edge of the backing layer 220.

[0193] As shown in FIG. 1 B, one embodiment of the wound dressing 155 comprises an aperture 228 in the absorbent layer 221 situated underneath the fluidic connector 160. In use, for example when negative pressure is applied to the dressing 155, a wound facing portion of the fluidic connector may thus come into contact with the transmission layer 226, which can thus aid in transmitting negative pressure to the wound site even when the absorbent layer 221 is filled with wound fluids. Some embodiments may have the backing layer 220 be at least partly adhered to the transmission layer 226. In some embodiments, the aperture 228 is at least 1 -2 mm larger than the diameter of the wound facing portion of the fluidic connector 1 1 , or the orifice 227.

[0194] For example, in embodiments with a single fluidic connector 160 and through hole, it may be preferable for the fluidic connector 160 and through hole to be located in an off-center position. Such a location may permit the dressing 155 to be positioned onto a patient such that the fluidic connector 160 is raised in relation to the remainder of the dressing 155. So positioned, the fluidic connector 160 and the filter 214 may be less likely to come into contact with wound fluids that could prematurely occlude the filter 214 so as to impair the transmission of negative pressure to the wound site.

[0195] Turning now to the fluidic connector 160, some embodiments include a sealing surface 216, a bridge 21 1 with a proximal end (closer to the negative pressure source) and a distal end 140, and a filter 214. The sealing surface 216 can form the applicator that is sealed to the top surface of the wound dressing. In some embodiments a bottom layer of the fluidic connector 160 may comprise the sealing surface 216. The fluidic connector 160 may further comprise an upper surface vertically spaced from the sealing surface 216, which in some embodiments is defined by a separate upper layer of the fluidic connector. In other embodiments the upper surface and the lower surface may be formed from the same piece of material. In some embodiments the sealing surface 216 may comprise at least one aperture 229 therein to communicate with the wound dressing. In some embodiments the filter 214 may be positioned across the opening 229 in the sealing surface, and may span the entire opening 229. The sealing surface 216 may be configured for sealing the fluidic connector to the cover layer of the wound dressing, and may comprise an adhesive or weld. In some embodiments, the sealing surface 216 may be placed over an orifice in the cover layer with optional spacer elements 215 configured to create a gap between the filter 214 and the transmission layer 226. In other embodiments, the sealing surface 216 may be positioned over an orifice in the cover layer and an aperture in the absorbent layer 220, permitting the fluidic connector 160 to provide air flow through the transmission layer 226. In some embodiments, the bridge 21 1 may comprise a first fluid passage 212 in communication with a source of negative pressure, the first fluid passage 212 comprising a porous material, such as a 3D knitted material, which may be the same or different than the porous layer 226 described previously. The bridge 21 1 can be encapsulated by at least one flexible film layer 208, 210 having a proximal and distal end and configured to surround the first fluid passage 212, the distal end of the flexible film being connected the sealing surface 216. The filter 214 is configured to substantially prevent wound exudate from entering the bridge, and spacer elements 215 are configured to prevent the fluidic connector from contacting the transmission layer 226. These elements will be described in greater detail below.

[0196] Some embodiments may further comprise an optional second fluid passage positioned above the first fluid passage 212. For example, some embodiments may provide for an air leak may be disposed at the proximal end of the top layer that is configured to provide an air path into the first fluid passage 212 and dressing 155 similar to the suction adapter as described in U.S. Patent No 8,801 ,685, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0197] In some embodiment, the fluid passage 212 is constructed from a compliant material that is flexible and that also permits fluid to pass through it if the spacer is kinked or folded over. Suitable materials for the fluid passage 212 include without limitation foams, including open-cell foams such as polyethylene or polyurethane foam, meshes, 3D knitted fabrics, non-woven materials, and fluid channels. In some embodiments, the fluid passage 212 may be constructed from materials similar to those described above in relation to the transmission layer 226. Advantageously, such materials used in the fluid passage 212 not only permit greater patient comfort, but may also provide greater kink resistance, such that the fluid passage 212 is still able to transfer fluid from the wound toward the source of negative pressure while being kinked or bent.

[0198] In some embodiments, the fluid passage 212 may be comprised of a wicking fabric, for example a knitted or woven spacer fabric (such as a knitted polyester 3D fabric, Baltex 7970®, or Gehring 879®) or a nonwoven fabric. These materials selected can be suited to channeling wound exudate away from the wound and for transmitting negative pressure or vented air to the wound site, and may also confer a degree of kinking or occlusion resistance to the fluid passage 212. In some embodiments, the wicking fabric may have a three-dimensional structure, which in some cases may aid in wicking fluid or transmitting negative pressure. In certain embodiments, including wicking fabrics, these materials remain open and capable of communicating negative pressure to a wound area under the typical pressures used in negative pressure therapy, for example between -40 to -150 mmHg. In some embodiments, the wicking fabric may comprise several layers of material stacked or layered over each other, which may in some cases be useful in preventing the fluid passage 212 from collapsing under the application of negative pressure. In other embodiments, the wicking fabric used in the fluid passage 212 may be between 1.5 mm and 6 mm; more preferably, the wicking fabric may be between 3 mm and 6 mm thick, and may be comprised of either one or several individual layers of wicking fabric. In other embodiments, the fluid passage 212 may be between 1.2-3 mm thick, and preferably thicker than 1 .5 mm. Some embodiments, for example a suction adapter used with a dressing which retains liquid such as wound exudate, may employ hydrophobic layers in the fluid passage 212, and only gases may travel through the fluid passage 212. Additionally, and as described previously, the materials used in the system can be conformable and soft, which may help to avoid pressure ulcers and other complications which may result from a wound treatment system being pressed against the skin of a patient.

[0199] In some embodiments, the filter element 214 is impermeable to liquids, but permeable to gases, and is provided to act as a liquid barrier and to ensure that no liquids are able to escape from the wound dressing 155. The filter element 214 may also function as a bacterial barrier. Typically the pore size is 0.2μηη. Suitable materials for the filter material of the filter element 214 include 0.2 micron Gore™ expanded PTFE from the MMT range, PALL Versapore™ 200R, and Donaldson™ TX6628. Larger pore sizes can also be used but these may require a secondary filter layer to ensure full bioburden containment. As wound fluid contains lipids it is preferable, though not essential, to use an oleophobic filter membrane for example 1.0 micron MMT-332 prior to 0.2 micron MMT-323. This prevents the lipids from blocking the hydrophobic filter. The filter element can be attached or sealed to the port or the cover film over the orifice. For example, the filter element 214 may be molded into the fluidic connector 160, or may be adhered to one or both of the top of the cover layer and bottom of the suction adapter 160 using an adhesive such as, but not limited to, a UV cured adhesive. [0200] It will be understood that other types of material could be used for the filter element 214. More generally a microporous membrane can be used which is a thin, flat sheet of polymeric material, this contains billions of microscopic pores. Depending upon the membrane chosen these pores can range in size from 0.01 to more than 10 micrometers. Microporous membranes are available in both hydrophilic (water filtering) and hydrophobic (water repellent) forms. In some embodiments, filter element 214 comprises a support layer and an acrylic copolymer membrane formed on the support layer. In some embodiments, the wound dressing 155 according to certain embodiments uses microporous hydrophobic membranes (MHMs). Numerous polymers may be employed to form MHMs. For example, the MHMs may be formed from one or more of PTFE, polypropylene, PVDF and acrylic copolymer. All of these optional polymers can be treated in order to obtain specific surface characteristics that can be both hydrophobic and oleophobic. As such these will repel liquids with low surface tensions such as multivitamin infusions, lipids, surfactants, oils and organic solvents.

[0201] MHMs block liquids whilst allowing air to flow through the membranes. They are also highly efficient air filters eliminating potentially infectious aerosols and particles. A single piece of MHM is well known as an option to replace mechanical valves or vents. Incorporation of MHMs can thus reduce product assembly costs improving profits and costs/benefit ratio to a patient.

[0202] The filter element 214 may also include an odor absorbent material, for example activated charcoal, carbon fiber cloth or Vitec Carbotec-RT Q2003073 foam, or the like. For example, an odor absorbent material may form a layer of the filter element 214 or may be sandwiched between microporous hydrophobic membranes within the filter element. The filter element 214 thus enables gas to be exhausted through the orifice. Liquid, particulates and pathogens however are contained in the dressing.

[0203] The wound dressing 155 may comprise spacer elements 215 in conjunction with the fluidic connector 160 and the filter 214. With the addition of such spacer elements 215 the fluidic connector 160 and filter 214 may be supported out of direct contact with the absorbent layer 220 or the transmission layer 226. The absorbent layer 220 may also act as an additional spacer element to keep the filter 214 from contacting the transmission layer 226. Accordingly, with such a configuration contact of the filter 214 with the transmission layer 226 and wound fluids during use may thus be minimized.

[0204] Similar to the embodiments of wound dressings described above, some wound dressings comprise a perforated wound contact layer with silicone adhesive on the skin-contact face and acrylic adhesive on the reverse. Above this bordered layer sits a transmission layer or a 3D spacer fabric pad. Above the transmission layer, sits an absorbent layer. The absorbent layer can include a superabsorbent non-woven (NW) pad. The absorbent layer can over-border the transmission layer by approximately 5mm at the perimeter. The absorbent layer can have an aperture or through-hole toward one end. The aperture can be about 10 mm in diameter. Over the transmission layer and absorbent layer lies a backing layer. The backing layer can be a high moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) film, pattern coated with acrylic adhesive. The high MVTR film and wound contact layer encapsulate the transmission layer and absorbent layer, creating a perimeter border of approximately 20 mm. The backing layer can have a 10 mm aperture that overlies the aperture in the absorbent layer. Above the hole can be bonded a fluidic connector that comprises a liquid-impermeable, gas-permeable semi-permeable membrane (SPM) or filter that overlies the aforementioned apertures.

Wound Dressing with Sensors

[0205] As described herein, a wound dressing that incorporates a number of sensors can be utilized in order to monitor characteristics of a wound as it heals. Collecting data from the wounds that heal well, and from those that do not, can provide useful insights towards identifying measurands to indicate whether a wound is on a healing trajectory. Wound dressing 22 can include one or more of the following features.

[0206] In some implementations, a number of sensor technologies can be used in wound dressings or one or more components forming part of an overall wound dressing apparatus. For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3D, which depict wound dressings 250 and 320 with sensor arrays according to some embodiments, one or more sensors can be incorporated onto or into a wound contact layer, which may be a perforated wound contact layer as shown in FIG. 3D. The wound contact layer in FIGS. 2 and 3D is illustrated as having a square shape, but it will be appreciated that the wound contact layer may have other shapes such as rectangular, circular, oval, etc. In some embodiments, the sensor integrated wound contact layer can be provided as an individual material layer that is placed over the wound area and then covered by a wound dressing apparatus or components of a wound dressing apparatus, such as gauze, foam or other wound packing material, a superabsorbent layer, a drape, a fully integrated dressing like the Pico or Allevyn Life dressing, etc. In other embodiments, the sensor integrated wound contact layer may be part of a single unit dressing such as described herein.

[0207] The sensor-integrated wound contact layer can be placed in contact with the wound and will allow fluid to pass through the contact layer while causing little to no damage to the tissue in the wound. The sensor-integrated wound contact layer can be made of a flexible material such as silicone and can incorporate antimicrobials or other therapeutic agents known in the art. In some embodiments, the sensor-integrated wound contact layer can incorporate adhesives that adhere to wet or dry tissue. In some embodiments, the sensors or sensor array can be incorporated into or encapsulated within other components of the wound dressing such as the absorbent layer or spacer layer described above.

[0208] As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3D, five sensors can be used, including, for instance, sensors for temperature (such as, 25 thermistor sensors, in a 5 x 5 array, ~20mm pitch), oxygen saturation or Sp02 (such as, 4 or 5 Sp02 sensors, in a single line from the center of the wound contact layer to the edge thereof, 10mm pitch), tissue color (such as, 10 optical sensors, in 2 x 5 array, ~20mm pitch; not all 5 sensors in each row of the array need be aligned), pH (such as, by measuring colour of a pH sensitive pad, optionally using the same optical sensors as for tissue colour), and conductivity (such as, 9 conductivity contacts, in a 3 x 3 array, ~40mm pitch). As shown in FIG. 3A, the Sp02 sensors can be arranged in a single line from the center of or near the center of the wound contact layer to the edge of the wound contact layer. The line of Sp02 sensors can allow the sensor to take measurements in the middle of the wound, at the edge or the wound, or on intact skin to measure changes between the various regions. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer or sensor array can be larger than the size of the wound to cover the entire surface area of the wound as well as the surrounding intact skin. The larger size of the wound contact layer and/or sensor array and the multiple sensors can provide more information about the wound area than if the sensor was only placed in the center of the wound or in only one area at a time.

[0209] The sensors can be incorporated onto flexible circuit boards formed of flexible polymers including polyamide, polyimide (PI), polyester, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyetherimide (PEI), along with various fluropolymers (FEP) and copolymers, or any material known in the art. The sensor array can be incorporated into a two-layer flexible circuit. In some embodiments, the circuit board can be a multi-layer flexible circuit board. In some embodiments, these flexible circuits can be incorporated into any layer of the wound dressing. In some embodiments, a flexible circuit can be incorporated into a wound contact layer. For example, the flexible circuit can be incorporated into a wound contact layer similar to the wound contact layer described with reference to FIG. 1 B. The wound contact layer can have cutouts or slits that allow for one or more sensors to protrude out of the lower surface of the wound contact layer and contact the wound area directly.

[0210] In some embodiments, the sensor-integrated wound contact layer can include a first and second wound contact layer with the flexible circuit board sandwiched between the two layers of wound contact layer material. The first wound contact layer has a lower surface intended to be in contact with the wound and an upper surface intended to be in contact with flexible circuit board. The second wound contact layer has a lower surface intended to be in contact with the flexible circuit board and an upper surface intended to be in contact with a wound dressings or one or more components forming part of an overall wound dressing apparatus. The upper surface of the first wound contact layer and the lower surface of the second wound contact layer can be adhered together with the flexible circuit board sandwiched between the two layers.

[0211] In some embodiments, the one or more sensors of the flexible circuit board can be fully encapsulated or covered by the wound contact layers to prevent contact with moisture or fluid in the wound. In some embodiments, the first wound contact layer can have cutouts or slits that allow for one or more sensors to protrude out of the lower surface and contact the wound area directly. For example, the one or more Sp02 sensors as shown in FIG. 3D are shown protruding out the bottom surface of the wound contact layer. In some embodiments, the Sp02 sensors can be mounted directly on a lower surface of the first wound contact layer. Some or all of the sensors and electrical or electronic components may be potted or encapsulated (for example, rendered waterproof or liquid-proof) with a polymer, for example, silicone or epoxy based polymers. The encapsulation with a polymer can prevent ingress of fluid and leaching of chemicals from the components. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer material can seal the components from water ingress and leaching of chemicals.

[0212] In some embodiments, gathering and processing information related to the wound can utilize three components, including a sensor array, a control or processing module, and software. These components are described in more detail herein.

[0213] FIG. 3A illustrates a flexible sensor array circuit board 300 that includes a sensor array portion 301 , a tail portion 302, and a connector pad end portion 303 according to some embodiments. The sensor array portion 301 can include the sensors and associated circuitry. The sensor array circuit board 300 can include a long tail portion 302 extending from the sensor array portion 301. The connector pad end portion 303 can be enabled to connect to a control module or other processing unit to receive the data from the sensor array circuit. The long tail portion 302 can allow the control module to be placed distant from the wound, such as for example in a more convenient location away from the wound.

[0214] FIG. 3B illustrates embodiments of the flexible circuit boards with four different sensor array geometries 301 A, 301 B, 301 C, and 301 D according to some embodiments. The illustrated embodiments include tail portions 302A, 302B. 302C, and 302D. In some embodiments, flexible circuit boards include a short portion or no tail portion. In some embodiments, four different sensor array geometries shown can be implemented in flexible circuits. While FIG. 3B show four different sensor array formats and configurations, the design 301 B and 302B also includes the connector pads end portion 303 configured to provide electrical or electronic connection between the sponsor array 301 B and a control module. One or more of the designs in 301 A, 301 C, or 301 D can also include a connector pads end portion, such as the portion 303, to allow flexible circuit boards 301A, 301 C, or 301 D to communicate with a control module or other processing unit. In some embodiments, the sensor array communicates with the control module wirelessly and the tail portion may be omitted.

[0215] FIG. 3C shows the sensor array portion 301 B of the sensor array design of FIG. 3B in more detail. In any one or more of the embodiments of FIGS. 2 or 3A-3D, the sensor array portion can include a plurality of portions that extend either around a perimeter of a wound dressing component such as a wound contact layer, or inward from an outer edge of the wound dressing component. For example, the illustrated embodiments include a plurality of linearly extending portions that may be parallel to edges of a wound dressing component, and in some embodiments, follow the entire perimeter of the wound dressing component. In some embodiments, the sensor array portion may comprise a first plurality of parallel linearly extending portions that are perpendicular to a second plurality of parallel linearly extending portions. These linearly extending portions may also have different lengths and may extend inward to different locations within an interior of a wound dressing component. The sensor array portion preferably does not cover the entire wound dressing component, so that gaps are formed between portions of the sensor array. As shown in FIG. 2, this allows some, and possibly a majority of the wound dressing component to be uncovered by the sensor array. For example, for a perforated wound contact layer as shown in FIG. 2 and 3D, the sensor array portion 301 may not block a majority of the perforations in the wound contact layer. In some embodiments, the sensor array may also be perforated or shaped to match the perforations in the wound contact layer to minimize the blocking of perforations to fluid flow.

[0216] FIG. 3D illustrates a flexible sensor array incorporated into a perforated wound contact layer 320 according to some embodiments. As is illustrated, the sensor array can be sandwiched between two films or wound contact layers. The wound contact layers can have perforations formed as slits or holes as described herein that are small enough to help prevent tissue ingrowth into the wound dressing while allowing wound exudate to flow into the dressing. In some embodiments, the wound contact layers can have one or more slits that increase flexibility of the wound contact layer with integrated sensor array. In some embodiments, one of the wound contact layers can have extra cut outs to accommodate the sensors so that they can contact the skin directly.

[0217] Connectivity for the sensor array can vary depending on the various sensors and sensor array designs utilized. In some embodiments, for example as shown in FIG. 3B, a total of 79 connections can be used to connect the components of the sensor array. The sensor arrays can be terminated in two parallel 40-way 0.5mm pitch Flat Flexible Cable (FFC) contact surfaces, with terminals on the top surface, designed to be connected to an FFC connector such as Molex 54104-4031.

[0218] In some embodiments, one or more of thermistors, conductivity sensors, Sp02 sensors, or color sensors can be used on the sensor array to provide information relating to conditions of the wound. The sensor array and individual sensors can assist a clinician in monitoring the healing of the wound. The one or more sensors can operate individually or in coordination with each other to provide data relating to the wound and wound healing characteristics.

[0219] Temperature sensors can use thermocouples or thermistors to measure temperature. The thermistors can be used to measure or track the temperature of the underlying wound or the thermal environment within the wound dressing. The thermometry sensors can be calibrated and the data obtained from the sensors can be processed to provide information about the wound environment. In some embodiments, an ambient sensor measuring ambient air temperature can also be used to assist in eliminating problems associated with environment temperature shifts.

[0220] Optical sensors can be used to measure wound appearance using an RGB sensor with an illumination source. In some embodiments, both the RGB sensor and the illumination source would be pressed up against the skin, such that light would penetrate into the tissue and take on the spectral features of the tissue itself.

[0221] Light propagation in tissue can be dominated by two major phenomena, scattering and attenuation. For attenuation, as light passes through tissue, its intensity may be lost due to absorption by various components of the tissue. Blue light tends to be attenuated heavily, whilst light at the red end of the spectrum tends to be attenuated least.

[0222] Scattering processes can be more complex, and can have various "regimes" which must be considered. The first aspect of scattering is based on the size of the scattering centre compared with the wavelength of incident light. If the scattering center is much smaller than the wavelength of light, then Rayleigh scattering can be assumed. If the scattering center is on the order of the wavelength of light, then a more detailed Mie scattering formulation must be considered. Another factor involved in scattering light is the distance between input and output of the scattering media. If the mean free path of the light (the distance between scattering events) is much larger than the distance travelled, then ballistic photon transport is assumed. In the case of tissue, scatting events are approximately 100 microns apart - so a 1 mm path distance would effectively randomise the photon direction and the system would enter a diffusive regime.

[0223] Ultra bright light emitting diodes (LEDs), an RGB sensor, and polyester optical filters can be used as components of the optical sensors to measure through tissue color differentiation. For example, because surface color can be measured from reflected light, a color can be measured from light which has passed through the tissue first for a given geometry. This can include color sensing from diffuse scattered light, from an LED in contact with the skin. In some embodiments, an LED can be used with an RGB sensor nearby to detect the light which has diffused through the tissue. The optical sensors can image with diffuse internal light or surface reflected light.

[0224] Additionally, the optical sensors can be used to measure autofluorescence. Autoflourescense is used because the tissue is absorbing light at one wavelength, and emitting at another. Additionally, dead tissue may not auto- fluoresce and so this could be a very strong indication as to if the tissue is healthy or not. Due to blue light (or even UV light) having such a short penetration depth, it may be very useful for example to have a UV light with a red sensitive photodiode nearby (or some other wavelength shifted band) to act as a binary test for healthy tissue, which would auto-fluoresce at a very particular wavelength.

[0225] Conductivity sensors can be used to determine the difference between living and dead tissue or to show a change in impedance due to a wound being opened up in morbid tissue. Conductivity sensors can include Ag/AgCI electrodes and an impedance analyser. The conductivity sensors can be used to measure the change of impedance of a region of wound growth by measuring the impedance of the surrounding tissue/area. In some embodiments, the sensor array can utilize conductivity sensors to measure the change in conductivity on perimeter electrodes due to a wound size or wound shape change. In some embodiments, the conductivity sensors can be used in the wound bed or on the perimeter of the wound.

[0226] In some embodiments, pH changing pads can be used as a pH sensor. A spectrometer and a broadband white light source can be used to measure the spectral response of the pH dye. The illumination and imaging can be provided on the surface of the wound dressing that is in contact with the wound and at the same side as the fluid application, the bottom surface. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the illumination and imaging source can be provided on the surface of the wound dressing opposite the bottom surface and away from fluid application or the top surface of the dressing.

[0227] In some embodiments, pulse oximetry Sp02 sensors can be used. To measure how oxygenated the blood is and the pulsatile blood flow can be observed. Pulse oximetry measurements work by taking a time resolved measurement of light absorption / transmission in tissue at two different optical wavelengths. When hemoglobin becomes oxygenated, its absorption spectrum changes with regards to non-oxygenated blood. By taking a measurement at two different wavelengths, one gains a ratio metric measure of how oxygenated the blood is.

[0228] The components in the sensor array can be connected through multiple connections. In some embodiments, the thermistors can be arranged in groups of five. Each thermistor is nominally 10kQ, and each group of five has a common ground. There are five groups of thermistors, giving a total of 30 connections. In some embodiments, there can be nine conductivity terminals. Each conductivity terminal requires one connection, giving a total of 9 connections. In some embodiments, there can be five Sp02 sensors. Each Sp02 sensor requires three connections, plus power and ground (these are covered separately), giving a total of 15 connections. In some embodiments, there can be 10 color sensors. Each color sensor comprises an RGB LED and an RGB photodiode. Each color sensor requires six connections, however five of these are common to every sensor, giving a total of 15 connections. Power and ground are considered separately. In some embodiments, there can be 5 pH sensors. The pH sensors can be a color- change discs, and can be sensed using the color sensors described above. Therefore, the pH sensors require no additional connections. There can be three power rails, and seven ground return signals, giving a total of 10 common connections. In some embodiments, the sensor array can include 25 thermistor (Murata NCP15WB473E03RC), 9 conductivity terminal, 5 Sp02 (ADPD144RI), 10 RGB LED (such as KPTF-1616RGBC-13), 10 RGB Color Sensor, 10 FET, a printed circuit board (PCB), and an assembly.

[0229] As described herein, a control module can be used to interface with the sensor array. In some embodiments, the control module can contain a power source, such as batteries, and electronics to drive the sensors. The control module can also log data at appropriate intervals and allow data transfer to an external computing device, such as a personal computer (PC). The control module can be customized to have various features depending on the sensors used in the sensor array and the data collected by the sensors. In some embodiments, the control module can be comfortable enough and small enough to be worn continuously for several weeks. In some embodiments, the control module can be positioned near the wound dressing or on the wound dressing. In some embodiments, the control module can be positioned in a remote location from the wound dressing and accompanying sensor array. The control module can communicate with the sensor array and wound dressing through electrical wires or through wireless communication whether positioned on the dressing, near the dressing, or remote from the wound dressing. In some embodiments, the control module can be adapted to be utilized with different sensor arrays and can enable easy replacement of the sensor array.

[0230] In some embodiments, the control module can include various requirements and combination of features including but not limited to the features listed in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1. OPTIONAL FEATURES FOR CONTROL MODULE

7 day operation from a single set of batteries

28 day local, non-volatile, storage capacity

Easy to charge, or to replace battery

Wireless link to PC / tablet (such as Bluetooth)

Wired link to PC (optional, micro-USB)

Drive electronics for thermistors

Drive electronics for conductivity sensors

Drive electronics for optical sensors

Drive electronics for SpO2 sensors

Power management

Real Time Clock (RTC) to allow accurate data logging, and correlation with other measurands

Ability to change sample rates and intervals (useful for SpO2) for each sensor Indication of status via LED, such as (Green : Awake; Flashing green :

Charging; Blue : Wireless link established; Flashing blue : Wireless data transfer; Yellow : Wired link established; Flashing yellow : Wired data

transfer; Red : Battery low; Flashing red : Battery very low

[0231] FIG. 3E illustrates a block diagram 330 of a control module according to some embodiments. The block diagram of the control module includes a conductivity driver box 391 displaying features of the conductivity driver. Box 392 shows the features of the thermistor interface and box 393 shows the features of the optical interface. The control module can include a controller or microprocessor with features similar to those shown in box 394. Real time clock (RTC), Status LEDs, USB connector, Serial Flash, and Debug Connector can be included as features of the control module as shown in FIG. 3E.

[0232] In some embodiments, the microprocessor can have one or more of the following features: 2.4GHz or another suitable frequency radio 395 (either integrated, or external) with a suitable antenna or antennas; Supplied Bluetooth software stack; SPI interface; USB (or UART for external USB driver); I2C; 3 channel PWM; 32 GPIO; or 6-channel ADC. In some embodiments, the device can require at least 48 I/O pins or possibly more due to banking limitations. Bluetooth stack typically requires ~20kB on-board Flash, so a minimum of 32kB can be required. In some embodiment, 64kB can be required if complex data processing is considered. The processor core can be ARM Cortex M4 or a similar processor core. In some embodiments, the parts can include ST's STM32L433LC or STM32F302R8, which would require an external radio, or NXP's Kinetis KW range including integrated radio.

[0233] In some embodiment, the control module can include a memory component where the amount of local storage depends on the sample rate and resolution of the sensors. For example, an estimated data requirement of 256Mb (32MB) can be met by using a serial Flash device from a number of manufacturers (Micron, Spansion).

[0234] The control module can utilize one or more analogue switches. In some embodiments, analogue switches with good on resistance and reasonable bandwidth can be used. For example, Analog Devices' ADG72 or NXP's NX3L4051 HR can be used. Based on the initial system architecture, 8 of these will be required.

[0235] The control module can incorporate a power source, such as a battery. For example a 300mWh/day battery can be used. For 7 days this is 2100mWh. This could be provided by: a 10 days, non-rechargeable, ER14250 (14.5mm diameter x 25mm) LJSOCI2 cell; or a 7 days, rechargeable, Li 14500 (14.5mm diameter x 500mm) Li-Ion.

[0236] The control module can incorporate a real time clock (RTC). The RTC can be chosen from any RTC devices with crystal. The control module can also include miscellaneous resistors, capacitors, connectors, charge controllers, and other power supplies.

[0237] The PCB of the control module can be a 4-layer board, approximately 50mm x 20mm, or 25mm x 40mm. The type of PCB used can be largely driven by connection requirements to sensor array.

[0238] The enclosure of the control module can be a two part moulding, with clip features to allow easy access for changing sensor arrays or batteries.

[0239] The data collected through the sensor array can be passed through the control module and processed by host software. The software may be executed on a computing or processing device. The processing device can be a PC, tablet, smartphone, or other computer capable of running host software. The processing device executing the software can be in communication with the control module through electrical wires or through wireless communication. In some embodiments, the software may be configured to provide access to the data held on the control module, but not to perform big-data analysis. The host software can include an interface to the control module via Bluetooth or USB. In some embodiments, the host software can read the status of control module, download logged data from control module, upload sample rate control to control module, convert data from control module into format suitable for processing by big-data analysis engine, or upload data to cloud for processing by analysis engine. [0240] The software may be developed for PC (Windows / Linux), tablet or smartphone (Android / iOS), or for multiple platforms.

[0241] Additional embodiments of wound dressing with sensors and other related systems are disclosed in International Application No. PCT/IB2017/000693, filed on May 12, 2017, titled SENSOR ENABLED WOUND MONITORING AND THERAPY APPARATUS, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0242] In some embodiments, a source of negative pressure (such as a pump) and some or all other components of the topical negative pressure system, such as power source(s), sensor(s), connector(s), user interface component(s) (such as button(s), switch(es), speaker(s), screen(s), etc.) and the like, can be integral with the wound dressing. In some embodiments, the components can be integrated below, within, on top of, or adjacent to the backing layer. In some embodiments, the wound dressing can include a second cover layer or a second filter layer for positioning over the layers of the wound dressing and any of the integrated components. The second cover layer can be the upper most layer of the dressing or can be a separate envelope that enclosed the integrated components of the topical negative pressure system.

[0243] As used herein the upper layer, top layer, or layer above refers to a layer furthest from the surface of the skin or wound while the dressing is in use and positioned over the wound. Accordingly, the lower surface, lower layer, bottom layer, or layer below refers to the layer that is closest to the surface of the skin or wound while the dressing is in use and positioned over the wound.

Sensor Enabled Wound Dressing

[0244] FIG. 4 illustrates sensor enabled wound dressing 22 according to some embodiments. As described herein, the wound dressing 22 can include a substantially flexible wound contact layer. As is illustrated, one or more sensors 26 connected by one or more connections, tracks, or traces 27 are positioned or embedded in the wound dressing 22. For example, the one or more sensors and electrical connections can be positioned on the wound contact layer. Also illustrated is a connector 28 for connecting to wound dressing 22 to a control module. As described herein, in some embodiments, one or more sensors 26 of the wound dressing 22 can measure one or more of impedance, temperature, light, or the like. The one or more sensors 26 can collect information relating to one or more of the wound or periwound.

[0245] In some embodiments, the dressing can include one or more antennas for wireless communication. For example, one or more antennas can be printed as one or more connections or traces on the wound contact layer. The one or more antennas can be used to communicate measurement data collected by the one or more sensors without the control module. The one or more antennas can additionally be used to receive power wirelessly from a power source. In certain cases, the one or more antenna traces can be positioned on a substantially non- stretchable material (as described herein) such that the resonant frequencies of the one or more antennas remain fixed when the wound dressing 22 becomes stretched due in use on a patient. Fixing the one or more resonant frequencies can be advantageous for certain communication protocols, such as RFID.

Exudate Management with Perforations

[0246] In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to include one or more openings or perforations in the wound contact layer of any of the wound dressings or sensor arrays disclosed herein to allow wound exudate to be removed. Managing wound exudate to limit or prevent pooling of exudate in the wound can facilitate more effective healing of the wound. In some cases, exudate management can be utilized when any of the wound dressings or sensor arrays described herein are used in conjunction with negative pressure wound therapy. Any of the one or more perforations techniques disclosed herein can include perforating the wound contact layer which can be coated as described herein.

[0247] In certain implementations, as is illustrated in FIG. 5A, one or more perforations 30 can be made in a wound contact layer of the dressing 522a to allow exudate to be removed. For example, four perforations 30 can be made around the perimeter of the wound contact layer. The one or more perforations 30 can be made around the traces 27 connecting the sensors 26. Although illustrated as triangular shapes, the one or more perforations 30 can be formed as any suitable shape or pattern, as described herein. For example, the one or more perforations 30 can be shaped as rectangles, squares, circles, ovals, or the like.

[0248] In some cases, the distance 40 between the center of the trace(s) 42 and the edge of the closest perforation 30 may be too large to limit or prevent pooling of exudate under the trace(s). In some embodiments, as is illustrated in FIG. 5B, a center perforation 32 is added to the wound contact layer of the dressing 522B solve this problem. Exudate can be removed through the center perforation 32, which can limit or prevent exudate pooling.

[0249] As is illustrated, the center perforation 32 can be formed as an annulus. In certain implementations, the center perforation 32 can be formed as any suitable shape, as described herein.

[0250] In some cases, as is illustrated in FIG. 6A, when a wound dressing, such as the dressing 622A, is positioned over a wound of the patient, the dressing may experience pulling force 50 along the connector 28. This may result in movement of at least some components of the dressing, such as the sensors in regions 54 or one or more perforations 630A. Such movement may cause pain or discomfort for the patient.

[0251] In some embodiments, the one or more perforations can have smoothed sides 632 as illustrated in FIG. 6A. Other sides of the one or more perforations 630A can be smoothed. Shaping the one or more perforations 630A to not include sharp sides, such as 90 degree or 45 degree sides, can reduce pain or discomfort and result in a more comfortable experience for the patient.

[0252] FIG. 6B illustrates a wound dressing 622B with one or more perforations 630B having smooth sides around their entire or substantially entire perimeter. The connector 628B has smooth (for example, tapered) sides to increase patient comfort. In addition, having tapered sides increases the surface area of the connector 628B, which can provide additional advantages as described herein. [0253] FIG. 6C illustrates a wound dressing 622C with one or more perforations arranged as multiple, smooth arms. Such arrangement can improve management of wound exudate.

[0254] FIG. 6D illustrates a wound dressing 622D in which one or more perforations 630D includes edges that are smoothed by cuts 640, which can additionally or alternatively improve management of exudate or facilitate patient comfort. Other boundaries of the dressing 622D can have edges that are smoothed. For example, the outer edge of the dressing can be smoothed as is illustrated in FIG. 6D. In some embodiments, instead of or in addition to the cuts 640, edges can have wavy contours, include fibers, or the like in order to improve patient comfort. Any of the wound dressings or wound contact layers disclosed herein can include smoothed edges.

[0255] In some implementations, when one or more perforations are formed in the wound contact layer of a wound dressing, one or more traces (such as, for example, traces 27 in FIG. 4) may need to be routed or positioned around the perforations. To improve performance, it may be advantageous to design the traces to include smooth or substantially smooth corners instead of sharp corners (such as, 45 degree or 90 degree corners).

[0256] As is illustrated in FIG. 7A, trace 727A is designed or routed to have substantially smooth corners 90, 92, 94, and 96. Similarly, as is illustrated in FIG. 7B, trace 727B includes substantially smooth corners 98 and 99. Rounded corners can improve noise immunity, reduce parasitic capacitance, reduce crosstalk, or reduce effect on the trace impedance when the wound contact layer is stretched in use.

[0257] As is illustrated, in some embodiments, the corners do not need to be perfectly round. It may be adequate to use separate sections of the trace to substantially round the corners as is illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B. In some implementations, it may be advantageous to have the radius of the corners be at least three times the trace width.

[0258] In some embodiments, one or more planes (such as power, ground, etc.) can be designed to include round corners. As is illustrated in FIG. 7C, the plane 700C includes rounds corners 102 and 103. As explained herein, this can facilitate with improving performance.

[0259] In some implementations, performance can be additionally or alternatively improved by separating a trace from one or more adjacent traces by a suitable distance. For example, the separation can be at least 1.8 mm, 3.5 mm, or another smaller or larger distance. Separation of traces can reduce or eliminate parasitic capacitance, among other things. In certain cases, introducing vertical spacing between a trace and one or more adjacent traces can additionally or alternatively improve performance. For instance, vertical spacing can be at least 1 mm, 2 mm, or another smaller or larger distance. Horizontal or vertical spacing can additionally or alternatively be used between electrical components, such as sensors. One or more of horizontal or vertical spacing can be utilized in the connector of a wound dressing, such as the connector 28 illustrated in FIG. 4, where the density of traces is substantially high. In some embodiments, surface area of the connector can be increased, for example, by utilizing tapering, as is illustrated in FIG. 6B. In certain implementations, using horizontal or vertical spacing can result in compliance with one or more standards, such as IEC 60601 -1 standard for medical equipment.

[0260] In some embodiments, other configuration of the wound contact layer of a wound dressing can be used. FIG. 8 illustrates a sensor enabled wound dressing 822 positioned over a wound 810 according to some embodiments. The dressing 822 is Y-shaped and includes a plurality of sensors 26 connected by one or more traces 27 as described herein. The sensors 26 can collect information relating to the wound and periwound.

[0261] Because of its Y-shape, the dressing 822 permits for efficient removal of wound exudate and reduction or prevention of pooling. In some cases, to further improve exudate management, one or more perforations 830 can be made to permit flow of exudate.

[0262] Openings or perforations in the wound contact layer of any of the wound dressings or sensor arrays disclosed herein can be positioned and arranged in any suitable way. In some embodiments, openings or perforations may be placed between tracks, such as tracks 27 described in relation to FIG. 4, which connects electronic components. In some embodiments, openings or perforations may be disposed alongside tracks, thereby running parallel to tracks. Openings or perforations in the wound contact layer of any of the wound dressings or sensor arrays disclosed herein can be holes through the wound contact layer in one or more shapes. For example, at least some of perforations may be circular, clover- shaped, star-shaped, diamond-shaped and/or oval shaped. In some embodiments, the perforations may be one or more large areas. In some embodiments, the perforations may be slits through the wound contact layer. In some embodiments, each of one or more perforations may have cross-sections with various shapes or sizes along the thickness of the wound contact layer. For example, one or more perforations may be tapered toward one side of the wound contact layer, such that each of them may have smaller opening at one side than at the other side of the wound contact layer.

[0263] FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a wound contact layer 900 having perforations 912 according to some embodiments. As illustrated in Figure 9, at least some of perforations 912 may be formed parallel or substantially parallel with one another through the wound contact layer 900. In some embodiments, as illustrated in Figure 9, at least some of the perforations 912 may be formed in a direction along the thickness of the wound contact layer 900.

[0264] In some embodiments, at least one perforation can be formed through the thickness of the wound contact layer in a different direction with others. FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a wound contact layer 1000 having openings or perforations 1012 according to some embodiments. As illustrated in Figure 10, perforations 1012 may be formed in a plurality of directions through the wound contact layer 1000. In some cases, the wound contact layer 1000 can constitute a microporous membrane, which may have micro-fractures or randomly distributed interconnected pores. The perforations 1012 may be formed by, for example, punching the wound contact layer 1000 with one or more needle(s) in multiple directions. [0265] In some embodiments, perforations may be larger than the perforations 1012 or 912. For example, perforations may have a size of larger than 3 mm, 5mm, 10mm or larger. In some embodiments, perforations may have a size of larger than 3.2 mm. In some embodiments, perforations may have a size up to 95% of a length along the longest axis of a wound contact layer. Such larger openings or perforations may be formed by cutting out a bulk portion of the wound contact layer. Such larger openings or perforations may be filled with hydrophilic material or particles, for example, silicon dioxide, chitin, chitosan, cellulose and/or collagen. This can result in the perforations facilitating fluid transport.

[0266] Perforations in the wound contact layer of any of the wound dressing or sensor arrays disclosed herein may be formed by any suitable methods. For example, perforations may be formed by disc-punching, needle punching, laser cut, ultrasonic punching, plasma blasting, water jet, hot pin, compressed air blast, or combination thereof. Perforations in the wound contact layer of any of the wound dressing or sensor arrays disclosed herein may be coated with hydrophilic material around the edge, such that fluid transport through the perforations are facilitated by capillary action. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic material may be ionic or non-ionic surfactants, such as Tween 80 or Polyethylene Glycol. In some embodiments, at least portion of perforations may be plasma-treated to alter surface energy and/or increase hydrophobicity. In some embodiments, the perforations may be coated or otherwise treated with hydrophobic material around the edge along one side and with hydrophilic material around the edge along the other side, such that hydrophilicity gradient is formed at the perforations along the thickness of the wound contact layer. Such hydrophilicity gradient may facilitate fluid transport through the perforations.

Fluid Management with Flocked Dressings

[0267] As described herein, for example in relation to FIGS. 3A and 4, a wound contact layer supporting a plurality of electronic components and electronic connections can be flexible, elastic, or stretchable or substantially flexible, elastic, or stretchable in order to conform to a wound. In some implementations, while it may be desirable for the wound contact layer to be stretchable or substantially stretchable, at least some of the electronic components or connections may still be rigid. In such instances, undesirable or excessive localized strain or stress may be exerted on the one or more electronic components, such as on the supporting area or mountings of an electronic component, when the wound is dressed with the wound dressing and the wound contact layer is positioned in or over the wound. For example, such stress can be due to patient movement, changes in the shape or size of the wound (such as, due to its healing), or the like. Such stress may cause movement, dislodgment, or malfunction of the one or more electronic components (for example, creation of an open circuit from a pin or another connector becoming disconnected). Additionally or alternatively, movement of the electronic components across the wound surface can cause discomfort or pain to a patient.

[0268] In some embodiments, a wound dressing can include one or more materials, structures, or the like to alleviate at least some of these problems. In some implementations, the wound contact layer can be integrated within a pocket constructed from textile or other soft materials or be at least partially covered by textile or other soft materials. In some cases, it may be challenging to provide such pocket or textile layer which tightly conforms to wound contact layers having various sizes and shapes. In some situations, such pocket or textile layer may form undesired folds which may cause discomfort or pain to a patient.

[0269] In some embodiments, a wound contact layer supporting one or more electronic components and one or more electronic connections can be flocked with fibers on its surface(s). Flocking of surface(s) of the wound contact layer can prevent formation of localized stress when the dressing is placed on a patient and can provide a softer and more tactile surface. As described herein, the fibers of the flocked surface of the wound contact layer can facilitate transport or flow of fluid, such as wound exudate. Applying flock fibers directly on the surface of the wound contact layer may allow better fit to the wound contact layer as well as manufacturability, as compared to applying a textile pocket or layer to the wound contact layer. Flocked wound contact layer may have an appearance that closely mimics fabric material, which is a more traditional material used by wound dressings.

[0270] In some implementations, flocking includes depositing short cut fibers perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a surface of a substrate, such as a wound contact layer. FIG. 1 1 illustrates a cross-section through a flocked substrate 1 100 according to some embodiments. As illustrated, the flocked substrate 1 100 may include a plurality of flocking or flock fibers 1 130 deposited on a substrate surface 1 1 10. The substrate surface 1 1 10 may have an adhesive coating 1 120 such that the plurality of flock fibers 1 130 can attached to the surface of the substrate 1 1 10.

[0271] As illustrated, each of the plurality of flock fibers 1 130 extends from the substrate surface 1 1 10 and flock fibers 1 130 may be deposited to the surface of the substrate 1 1 10 such that the fibers are substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 1 1 10. The plurality of flock fibers 1 130 may have any suitable length, for example, 1 mm, 3mm, 5mm, 10mm or less or more. In some embodiments, each of the flock fibers may have uniform length. In certain embodiments, some of the plurality of flock fibers may have different lengths. In some embodiments, flock fibers may have straight shape, but the shape of flock fibers is not so limited and may be any shape suitable for the use. In some embodiments, for instance, the flock fibers may have spiral or looped shape. The plurality of flock fibers 1 130 may be constructed from flexible materials, such that the each of the plurality of flock fibers can be reversibly bent. Length or flexibility of flock fibers can provide softness to touch and visual appearance of fabric. Length or flexibility of flock fibers can be varied to obtain desired texture of the flocked surface. In some embodiments, each of the flock fibers may be constructed from a same material. In some embodiments, some fibers may be constructed from different material.

[0272] In certain implementations, the surface of the substrate 1 1 10 can be coated with the adhesive 1 120 and the plurality of flock fibers 1 130 is attached using the adhesive 1 120. In some cases, the plurality of flock fibers 1 130 can be sourced from a hopper by gravity or lifted by an air stream, oriented by electrostatically charging fibers 1 130, and then fired onto the surface of the substrate 1 1 10 with or without the adhesive coating. Firing the flock fibers can be performed using, for example, a flocking gun. In some cases, the adhesive 1 120 can be charged opposite to the charge of the fibers such that charged flock fibers are attracted to the adhesive. Flock fibers 1 130 can be charged by channeling through an electrostatic field, while a static charge on the substrate 1 1 10 or the adhesive 1 120 can be generated by running through static-generating rollers. In some embodiments, flock fibers 1 130 can be applied to the substrate 1 1 10 using a non-electrostatic method. In some cases, flock fibers 1 130 can be applied to the substrate 1 1 10 using conformal coating, such as coatings 1240 and 1260 as described herein.

[0273] FIG. 12 illustrates a wound contact layer or flocked sensor sheet 1200 according to some embodiments. As illustrated, the flocked sensor sheet 1200 may be placed over the wound as a wound contact layer and may have a wound-facing side, and a non-wound facing or a dressing-facing side, which is opposite the wound-facing side. The sensor sheet 1200 may be similar to any of the wound contact layers described herein, such as in relation to FIGS. 2, 3D, or 4. The sensor sheet 1200 can be flexible, elastic, or stretchable or substantially flexible, elastic, or stretchable.

[0274] As it is shown, the flocked sensor sheet 1200 can include a sensor sheet substrate 1210. The substrate 1210 can be configured to support a plurality of electronic components, including the illustrated electronic component 1230, and a plurality of electronic connections 1220 connecting the plurality of electronic components 1230. The substrate 1210 can be a stretchable or substantially stretchable wound contact layer as described herein. For example, the substrate 1210 can be made from a stretchable or substantially stretchable material, such as one or more of polyurethane, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), silicone, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamide, polyester, polyethelene tetraphthalate (PET), polybutalene tetreaphthalate (PBT), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyetherimide (PEI), along with various fluropolymers (FEP) and copolymers, or another suitable material. [0275] The plurality of electronic components, including the electronic component 1230, can be any electronic component described herein, such as a sensor (such as a temperature sensor, optical sensor, etc.), light source (such as an LED), controller or processor (such as a communication processor), or the like. Electronic connections 1220 can be tracks printed on the substrate 1210, such as using conductive copper, conductive ink (such as silver ink, graphite ink, etc.), or the like. As is used herein, printing material on a substrate can include one or more of laminating, adhering, or any other suitable technique. In some cases, at least some of the electronic connections 1220 can be flexible or stretchable or substantially flexible or stretchable. As is illustrated, at least some electronic components or connections can be positioned on the wound-facing side of the sensor sheet 1200. In some implementations, at least some electronic components or connections can be positioned on the non-wound facing side of the sensor sheet 1200.

[0276] In some embodiments, such as illustrated in FIG. 12, the flocked sensor sheet 1200 may include a coating 1240. Coating 1240 can be conformal coating configured to encapsulate or coat one or more of the substrate 1210 or components supported by the substrate, such as the electronic connections 1220 or the electronic components 1230. As illustrated in FIG. 12, one of the sides of a substrate 1210 of the wound dressing can include a plurality of electronic components 1230 protruding from the surface. Coating 1240 can be applied to the side of the substrate 1210 supporting electronic components 1230. In some embodiments, coating 1240 can be applied to the wound-facing side of the substrate 1210. As described herein, coating 1240 can be biocompatible. Coating 1240 can be hydrophobic. Coating 1240 can be substantially stretchable or extensible.

[0277] Additionally or alternatively, coating 1260 can be applied to the opposite side of the substrate, such as the non-wound facing side. Coating 1260 can be conformal. Coating 1260 can be biocompatible. Coating 1260 can be hydrophobic. Coating 1260 can be substantially stretchable or extensible. Coatings 1240 and 1260 can be the same or different. The substrate 1210 can be encapsulated or sandwiched in the coating as shown in FIG. 12. One or more of coatings 1240 or 1260 can include one or more suitable polymers, adhesives, such as 1072-M adhesive (for example Dymax 1072-M), 1 165-M adhesive (such as, NovaChem Optimax 8002-LV, Dymax 1 165-M, or the like), 10901 -M adhesive (for instance, Dymax 1901 -M or 9001 -E Dymax), parylene (such as, Parylene C), silicones, epoxies, urethanes, acrylated urethanes, acrylated urethane alternatives (such as, Henkel Loctite 3381 ), or other suitable biocompatible and substantially stretchable materials. One or more of coatings 1240 or 1260 can be thin, such as about 100 microns thick, less than about 100 microns thick, or more than about 100 microns thick. One or more of coatings 1240 or 1260 can be applied and cured using one or more of UV, light, or thermal curing.

[0278] In some embodiments, electronic components supported by the substrate 1210 can be coated with non-stretchable or substantially non-stretchable coating (not shown), particularly if the substrate 1210 is stretchable or substantially stretchable. Such coating can provide stress relief for the electronic components (which may include electronic modules or electronic connections). Coating can be applied on and around the electronic components. Coating can be one or more of biocompatible or hydrophobic. Any non-stretchable or substantially non-stretchable coating described herein can be formed from acrylated or modified urethane material (such as, Henkel Loctite 321 1 ). For example, coating can be one or more of Dymax 1901 -M, Dymax 9001 -E, Dymax 20351 , Dymax 20558, Henkel Loctite 321 1 , or another suitable material.

[0279] Additional details regarding one or more of the sensor sheet 1200, non-stretchable or substantially non-stretchable coating, or conformal coating are described in one or more of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2018/059333, filed on 1 1 April 2018, or International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2018/069883, filed on 23 July 2018, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0280] In some embodiments, electronic components or electronic connections can be coated with coating, such as the coating 1240. Coating can be applied on and around the electronic components. In some embodiments, some or all of the electronic components may be potted or encapsulated (for example, rendered waterproof or liquid-proof) with a polymer, for example, silicone or epoxy based polymer. The encapsulation with a polymer can prevent ingress of fluid and leaching of chemicals from the components.

[0281] Also illustrated are one or more slits, holes, or perforations 1280 formed in the substrate 1210 according to some embodiments, to allow fluid to pass through the sensor sheet 1200. This can be particularly advantageous when negative pressure is applied to a wound dressed with the sensor sheet. The substrate 1210 can be perforated using one or more of a cold pin perforation, hot pin perforation, laser ablation perforation, ultrasonic or ultrasound perforation, or the like to make the wound contact layer permeable to liquid and gas. In some implementations, one or more utilized perforation processes can generate a flat or substantially substrate around the hole rather than an uneven surface (such as donut-shaped surface). Having a flat or substantially flat substrate can assist in generating a homogenous layer when conformal coating is applied (such as, via spray, brush, or the like as described herein). Further, using a perforation process that leaves the surface of the substrate uneven or substantially uneven can introduce a greater risk of dislodging one or more components, such as the electronic connections 1220 or the electronic components 1230 when perforations are made around the components. Perforations 1280 may be made after coatings 1240 or 1260 or any other components of the wound dressings are added to prevent perforations 1280 be blocked by components added after perforations are made.

[0282] In certain implementations, perforations are made or patterned around one or more components placed on the substrate 1210, such as the electronic connections 1220 or the electronic components 1230. In some cases, component indexing can be used to automatically locate position of the one or more components on the sensor sheet 1210 so that the one or more components are not damaged by perforations. In some embodiments, the substrate can be perforated before one or more components illustrated in FIG. 12 are placed on the substrate. [0283] As illustrated, a plurality of flock fibers 1250 can be applied to the wound facing side of the sensor sheet 1200 to flock the wound-facing side of the sensor sheet 1200 as described herein. In some cases, it may be desirable to keep the electronic components or connections isolated from fluid, except where it is designed to measure the wound fluid. While the one or more perforations 1280 can assist with removing fluid, the perforations may not be positioned exactly where the fluid is pooling. The plurality of flock fibers 1250, which can be hydrophilic, can transport fluid, for example by capillary wicking, laterally (or in another direction or directions) from a location remote to the at least one perforation 1280 toward the at least one perforation 1280. The plurality of flock fibers 1250 can distribute or transport fluid laterally, vertically, or laterally and vertically. As used herein vertically can be substantially along a plane perpendicular to the plane of the wound. As is shown in FIG. 12, the plurality of flock fibers 1250 can be applied to the side of the substrate 1210 supporting electronic components or connections. In some embodiments, the plurality of flock fibers 1250 can be applied to the wound- facing side of the substrate 1210. In some embodiments, a plurality of flock fibers 1270 can additionally or alternatively be applied to the opposite non-wound or dressing side. As described herein, flock fibers 1250 and 1270 can be the same or different. The substrate 1210 can be encapsulated or sandwiched between the plurality of flock fibers 1250 and 1270 as shown in FIG. 12.

[0284] As illustrated, the plurality of flock fibers 1250 or 1270 can be applied onto coating 1240 or coating 1260, respectively. Any suitable adhesive can be used to attach flock fibers onto coating. The adhesive may be biocompatible. The adhesive may be substantially flexible. The adhesive may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic. For example, hydrophobic adhesive can be used to maintain adhesion of the fibers when fluid is present. In some embodiments, PVA glue can be used as a flock adhesive. In some embodiments, conformal coating such as coating 1240 may be utilized as a flock adhesive. For example, flock fibers may be deposited on to the sensor sheet 1200 before coating 1240 cures, or another layer of coating may be applied onto the coating 1240 to attach flock fibers. In some embodiments, an apparatus for flocking (such as, a flocking gun) may be co-located or used with an apparatus for coating (such as, a coating robot or in-line printer) so that flock fibers can be applied immediately after the coating is laid upon the surface of the sensor sheet 1200. This can help to prevent any crusting or hardening of the adhesive, which may make it difficult to embed the fibers. The base of apparatus for coating can be also used for flocking, for example to charge the sensor sheet 1200 to bias the sheet for flocking. In some embodiments, the plurality of flock fibers 1250 or 1270 can be applied directly to the substrate 1210 where no coating has been applied to the substrate 1210.

[0285] Flock fibers can be applied to the substrate 1210 using any suitable flocking machine. Such flocking machines can be hand-held. For example, a flocking gun can be used. In some embodiments, the flock fibers can be oriented by electrostatically charging before being deposited to the adhesive. In some embodiments, the flock fibers can be oriented or applied by non-electrostatic method, such as a vibration plate hopper, to prevent negative impact of electrostatics on electronic components.

[0286] As illustrated, the plurality of flock fibers 1250 or 1270 may be applied around, not on or under electronic components or electronic connections, so that the flock fibers allow some lateral movement of the sensor sheet 1200 without shearing the skin or wound. The plurality of flock fibers can also substantially flatten (or make even) the surface of the wound contact layer, which is uneven due to protruding electronic components. The plurality of flock fibers can act as a cushioning. For example, in some embodiments where at least one electronic component is positioned on the wound-facing side of the substrate 1210, the plurality of flock fibers 1250 may not be positioned below (or above) the electronic component. Further, if the at least one electronic components is an optical component, flock fibers would not block or cover the at least one electronic component. Adhering flock fibers on electronic components 1230 may be prevented by masking of electronic components 1230 when attaching flock fibers, or by restraining the application of a flock adhesive on electronic components 1230. In some cases, flock fibers may be positioned below (or above) one or more electronic components. [0287] The plurality of flock fibers, such as flock fibers 1250 or 1270, can be constructed from one or more suitable polymers, such as polyamide, polyesters, polyolefin, cellulose, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, flock fibers can include non-woven material may be used to prevent tissue ingrowth. In some embodiments, flock fibers may be nylon fibers. In some embodiments, some of the plurality of flock fibers may be constructed from different material from other flock fibers. In some embodiments, every flock fibers may be constructed from the same material. As described herein, flock fibers can be biocompatible. Flock fibers can be hydrophilic such that, for example, flock fibers can wick fluid. In some cases, flock fibers can be hydrophobic. Flock fibers can be substantially flexible. Flock fibers may have any suitable length and shape. In some embodiments, flock fibers may have length similar to or slightly longer than the height of the protruded electronic components to prevent the electronic components from exerting pressure on or shear the skin or wound. In some embodiments, each of flock fibers can have length from 1 mm or less to 6mm or more. In some embodiments, flock fibers can have an average length of 3mm. Flock fibers can be thin, and in some embodiments, flock fibers may have a linear density from 1 dtex or less to 20 dtex or more. In some embodiments, flock fibers may have a linear density from 8 dtex or less to 30 dtex or more. Flock fibers may have round or trilobal cross sections. As illustrated, flock fibers can be straight or hair-like. In some embodiments, flock fibers can be curved, looped, spiral, or may have any suitable shape. In some embodiments, some of the plurality of flock fibers may have different length, material, thickness, shape, or flexibility than the other flock fibers.

[0288] FIG. 13 illustrates a wound dressing system 1300 in operation according to some embodiments. As illustrated, the wound dressing system 1300 includes a flocked sensor sheet 1340, which can be constructed similarly to the flocked sensor sheet 1200 described in relation to FIG. 12. The references numerals used to designate the various components of the sensor sheet 1340 are identical to those used for identifying the corresponding components of the sensor sheet 1200. For example, the sensor sheet 1340 can include the sensor sheet substrate 1210 supporting electronic components, conformable coating 1240 and 1260, and the plurality of flock fibers 1250 and 1270.

[0289] As illustrated, the flocked sensor sheet 1340 can be placed on a tissue 1302, such as in or over a wound 1304. In some embodiments, the sensor sheet 1340 can be applied directly over skin. As illustrated, a wound dressing 1320 can be applied above the sensor sheet 1340. In some embodiments, the wound dressing 1320 can be attached to the sensor sheet 1340 with adhesives. In further embodiments, the adhesive can be gentle and/or easily removable, such that the conformal coating 1260 of the sensor sheet 1340 facing the dressing 1320 is not removed or damaged when the dressing 1320 is removed.

[0290] The wound dressing 1320 can be similar to any wound dressings, including multi-layer dressings, described in this section or elsewhere in the specification, and can be a wound dressing for either negative pressure or non- negative pressure. In some embodiments, the wound dressing 1320 can be a PICO wound dressing manufactured by Smith & Nephew. The wound dressing 1320 can include a transport layer 1322, an absorbent layer 1324, a moisture vapour permeable cover layer 1326, and a wound contact layer 1328. The wound contact layer 1328 can be configured to be positioned adjacent the wound. The absorbent layer 1324 can be positioned above the wound contact layer 1328 to absorb fluid, such as wound exudate, removed from the wound 1304, and the transport layer 1322 can be positioned between the wound contact layer 1328 and the absorbent layer 1324 for transporting exudate away from the wound 1304 into the absorbent layer 1324. The transport layer 1322 or the wound contact layer 1328 can include one or more perforations to allow fluid to flow toward the absorbent layer 1324. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer 1328 and the transport layer 1322 can be optional, and the sensor sheet 1340 may function as one or more of a wound contact layer or a transport layer.

[0291] As described elsewhere in the specification, fluid under the sensor sheet at locations adjacent electronic components or other locations can become occluded and can accumulate. However, as illustrated by a wound exudate flow 1352, the plurality of flock fibers 1250 of the sensor sheet 1340 can facilitate flow of wound exudate under the sensor sheet 1340 toward open perforations and thus removal of wound exudate through the perforations. Perforations of the sensor sheet 1340 and perforations of the one or more of the transport layer 1322 or the wound contact layer 1328 may not be aligned and, instead, can be horizontally offset. As used herein, horizontally can be substantially along the plane of the wound. In such cases, the fluid may not be transported toward the absorbent layer 1324 efficiently. However, as illustrated by the fluid flow 1352 and 1354, the plurality of flock fibers 1270 on the non-wound or dressing side of the sensor sheet 1340 can facilitate flow of the fluid, such that the fluid which has exited perforations of the sensor sheet 1340 can be efficiently transported to perforations of the one or more of the wound contact layer 1328 or the transport layer 1322 toward the absorbent layer 1324 and be stored in the absorbent layer 1324.

[0292] In some embodiments, flock fibers 1250 or 1270 can be long enough such that the fibers 1250 or 1270 suspend the sensor sheet 1340 from the wound 1304 or the dressing 1320. This can minimize the sheer effect of the stiffness of the dressing and shear on tissues at or near the wound 1304. In some embodiments, alternatively or additionally, the sensor sheet 1340 may have separate transport layers above or beneath the sensor sheet 1340, such that separate transport layers facilitate flow of fluid instead of or in addition to flock fibers.

Fluid Management with Acquisition Distribution Layer

[0293] A wound dressing system similar to the wound dressing system 1300 may have one or more structures or mechanisms to facilitate flow of the fluid near or through a sensor sheet, in addition to or instead of flock fibers. For example, a wound dressing system may include one or more acquisition distribution layers which can facilitate flow of the fluid.

[0294] FIG. 14 illustrates a wound dressing system 1400 in operation according to some embodiments. As illustrated, the wound dressing system 1400 includes a sensor sheet 1440, which can be similar to the sensor sheet 1200, 1340 or any sensor sheets described elsewhere in the specification, except for the differences as described herein. The references numerals used to designate the various components of the wound dressing system 1400 are identical to those used for identifying the corresponding components of the wound dressing system 1300. For example, the sensor sheet 1440 can include the sensor sheet substrate 1210 supporting electronic components, conformable coating 1240 and 1260, and the wound dressing 1320 can include a transport layer 1322, an absorbent layer 1324, a moisture vapour permeable cover layer 1326, and a wound contact layer 1328. The sensor sheet 1440 may further include a plurality of flock fibers (not shown) on the wound-facing side and/or the non-wound or dressing side. As illustrated in FIG. 14, the wound dressing system 1400 may include an acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470, which will be further described herein.

[0295] As described elsewhere in the specification, perforations of the sensor sheet 1440 and perforations of the one or more of the transport layer 1322 or the wound contact layer 1328 may not be aligned and, instead, can be horizontally offset. In such cases, the fluid may not be transported toward the absorbent layer 1324 efficiently. However, as illustrated by the fluid flow 1352 and 1354, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 placed between the sensor sheet 1440 and the wound dressing 1320 can facilitate flow of the fluid. For example, the acquisition distribution layer 1470 can transport fluid from a location near at least one perforation of the sensor sheet toward a location remote to the at least one perforation, or vice versa. The acquisition distribution layer 1470 can distribute or transport fluid laterally, vertically, or laterally and vertically. In some embodiments, the fluid which has exited perforations of the sensor sheet 1440 can be efficiently transported to perforations of the one or more of the wound contact layer 1328 or the transport layer 1322 toward the absorbent layer 1324 and be stored in the absorbent layer 1324.

[0296] In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be constructed so as to advantageously transport fluid, such as wound exudate, as it is absorbed upward through the layers of the dressing 1320. For example, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be constructed so as to laterally and/or horizontally wick fluid, and such lateral wicking of fluid may allow maximum distribution and transportation of the fluid toward the absorbent layer 1324, enabling the absorbent layer 1324 to reach its full holding capacity.

[0297] The acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be constructed from any porous and/or fabric material suitable for transporting fluid. In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be constructed from a knitted, braided, woven and/or nonwoven fabric or a foam. In some cases, the foam can be polyurethane hydrophilic or hydrophobic foam. For example, the foam can be ALLEVYN foam and/or RENASYS-F foam manufactured by Smith & Nephew. The foam can be an open-cell foam configured to transmit fluid laterally. In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be constructed from any fibrous or fabric material suitable for wicking of fluid. Some embodiments of the ADL 1470 may comprise viscose, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, cellulose (for example polysaccharide or repeated disaccharide), or a combination of some or all of these, and the material may be needle-punched. Some embodiments of the ADL 1470 may comprise polyethylene in the range of 40- 150 grams per square meter (gsm). Some embodiments of the ADL may comprise a heavy fibrous melt material. Some embodiments of the ADL may be relatively porous to allow for the passage of fluids, including gas, therethrough. One example of an ADL 1470 may comprise a lightweight, felt-like, viscose material, which may be 80 gsm (or approximately 80 gsm). Some embodiments of the ADL 1470 (including any embodiments of the ADL previously described) may comprise cellulose in the range of 40-160 gsm (or about 40 to about 160 gsm), for example 80 (or about 80) gsm. The ADL may be constructed from one or more of gauze, Durafiber, Durafiber Ag, Aquacel, or Aquacel Ag. The ADL may be constructed from a material which resists compression under the levels of negative pressure commonly applied during negative pressure therapy. The ADL 1470 can provide cushioning as described herein.

[0298] The acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be constructed so as to advantageously vertically wick fluid, such as wound exudate. Facilitating rapid movement of wound exudate from the sensor sheet 1440 to the dressing 1320 is desirable. Additionally judicious choice of material can reduce re-wetting of liquid from the absorbent layers down into lower layers, this phenomenon is known as "back wetting" or "re-wetting". Suitable materials that show an enhancement of this effect include Slimcore TL4 (150 gsm) from Libeltex BVBA or equivalent.

[0299] Some embodiments of the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may include several internal layers. For example, one material suitable for use as an ADL includes a lower wicking or acquisition layer comprising substantially vertically extending fibers for vertical wicking of fluid and further includes an upper distribution layer comprising substantially horizontally/laterally extending fibers for horizontal/lateral wicking of fluid. Some ADL materials can include three or more layers, for example a lower wicking layer and two upper distribution layers. Other configurations can have one or more distribution layers positioned between upper and lower acquisition layers. In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be perforated, such that the ADL is stretchable.

[0300] In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be constructed from a non-woven material, such as micro crepe fabric. Such ADL may be stretchable in one direction and can be further slit in one or more directions such that the ADL can be additionally stretchable in another direction(s). In some embodiments, a crepe bandage may be used as the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470. In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be constructed from a knitted material, such that the ADL may be stretchable with or without slits or perforations. In some embodiments, the ADL 1470 may be constructed from a porous material, such as a foam.

[0301] In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may be constructed from multiple pieces of fabric. For example, the ADL 1470 may be constructed from multiple discontinuous strips of fabric. The strips may be arranged in a tile pattern and/or overlap with one another. In some embodiments, the strips may be placed side-by-side along their edges and attached to one another. In some embodiments, the strips are arranged in multiple directions, such that the ADL 1470 can be stretched in one or more directions. The multiple pieces or strips of fabric may be attached to one another, for example, by an adhesive, heat welding, or sewing. In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may include multiple cuts, slits and/or perforations made in one or more directions, and such cuts, slits or perforations may facilitate fluid flow through the ADL 1470 and/or improve the flexibility or conformability of the ADL 1470, for example by aiding being stretched in one or more directions.

[0302] Similar to the wound dressing system 1300, in some embodiments, the wound contact layer 1328 and the transport layer 1322 can be optional, and a sensor sheet 1440 may function as one or more of a wound contact layer or a transport layer. In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 15, a wound dressing system 900 includes the sensor sheet 1440, which can be placed on the tissue 1302, such as in or over the wound 1304, and the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 can be applied above the sensor sheet 1340. As illustrated, the transport layer 1322, the absorbent layer 1324, and the moisture vapour permeable cover layer 1326 can be placed over the acquisition distribution layer 1470. The absorbent layer 1324 can be positioned above the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 to absorb fluid, such as wound exudate, removed from the wound 1304, and the transport layer 1322 can be positioned between the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 and the absorbent layer 1324 for transporting exudate away from the wound 1304 into the absorbent layer 1324.

[0303] The lateral wicking of fluid by the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 may allow maximum distribution of the fluid through the absorbent layer 1324, enabling the absorbent layer 1324 to reach its full holding capacity. In some embodiments, the perforations of the sensor sheet 1440 may have a certain size, for example, a diameter of 0.4mm to 1.8mm, such that adhesion or ingrowth of wound tissue into layers such as the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 or the transport layer 1322. In some embodiments, the transport layer 1322 can include one or more perforations to allow fluid to flow toward the absorbent layer 1324. In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 can be optional, and the transport layer 1322 or the absorbent layer 1324 can be placed on the non- wound or dressing side of the sensor sheet 1440.

[0304] In some embodiments, the sensor sheet 1440, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470, and at least some layers of the wound dressing 1320 may be attached to one another, for example, by adhesive or welding. As discussed elsewhere in the specification, the adhesive used to attach the sensor sheet 1440 with the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 and/or layers of the wound dressing 1320 may be gentle and/or easy to remove, such that the conformal coating 1260 of the sensor sheet 1440 is not damaged or removed when the sensor sheet 1440 is separated from the ADL 1470 or the layers of the wound dressing 1320 or excess force is exerted onto the assembly of the sensor sheet 1440, the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 1470 and the wound dressing 1320. In some embodiments, in the wound dressing system 900, the acquisition distribution layer 1470, the sensor sheet 1440, the transport layer 1322, the absorbent layer 1324, and the cover layer 1326 may be assembled to form a single wound dressing.

Fluid Management with Yarns

[0305] As described herein, a wound dressing with a sensor sheet can include one or more materials, structures, or the like to provide cushioning and/or assist fluid transport. In some implementations, one or more yarns may be provided on/through the sensor sheet, and the one or more yarns may facilitate transportation of the fluid, such as wound fluid, for example, via capillary action and/or pressure gradient formed by an optional negative pressure source. Yarns may further provide cushioning to the sensor sheet as described in further detail below.

[0306] In some embodiments, one or more yarns can be embroidered (for example, machine embroidered) on or through the sensor sheet. FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-section through an embroidered sensor sheet 1600. The sensor sheet 1600 is similar to the flocked sensor sheet 1200 described in relation to FIG. 12 or any other wound contact layers, sensor sheets described herein. The references numerals used to designate the various components of the sensor sheet 1600 are identical to those used for identifying the corresponding components of the sensor sheet 1200. For example, the sensor sheet 1600 may be placed over the wound as a wound contact layer and may have a wound-facing side, and a non-wound facing or a dressing-facing side, which is opposite the wound-facing side. The sensor sheet 1600 can include the sensor sheet substrate 1210 which can support a plurality of electronic components, including the electronic component 1230, and the plurality of electronic connections 1220 connecting the plurality of electronic components 1230. The sensor sheet 1600 can also include coatings 1240 and/or 1260. Also illustrated are one or more slits, holes, or perforations 1280 can be formed in the substrate 1210 according to some embodiments, to allow fluid to pass through the sensor sheet 1600. Each of the sensor sheet substrate 1210, the electronic connections 1220, the electronic component 1230, coatings 1240 and 1260, and one or more slits, holes, or perforations 1280 are described in further detail in relation to FIG. 12.

[0307] As illustrated, one or more yarns 1650 can be applied to the sensor sheet 1600. In some cases, it may be desirable to keep the electronic components or connections isolated from fluid, while in other cases, it may be desirable to draw the wound fluid toward to sensors designed to measure the wound fluid. While the one or more perforations 1280 can assist with removing fluid, the perforations may not be positioned exactly where the fluid is pooling. Further, the sensors designed to measure the wound fluid may not be positioned exactly where the wound fluid is pooling.

[0308] As illustrated in FIG. 16, at least a portion of the one or more yarns 1650 embroidered on the sensor sheet 1600 may extend substantially parallel to the plane defined by the width and the length of the sensor sheet 1600. On the other hand, at least a portion of the yarns 1650 may extend through the sensor sheet 1600, extending parallel to the thickness of the sensor sheet 1600. The laterally extending portion of the one or more yarns 1650, which can be hydrophilic, can transport fluid, for example, by capillary wicking, laterally (or in another direction or directions) from a location remote to the at least one perforation 1280 toward the at least one perforation 1280, and/or a location remote to the sensor designed to measure the wound fluid toward the sensor. Further, the one or more yarns 1650 may be arranged or patterned to transport wound fluid to one or more sensors to detect or measure wound fluid. The one or more yarns 1650 can distribute or transport fluid laterally, vertically, or laterally and vertically. Additionally or alternatively, the vertically extending portion of the one or more yarns 1650, which can be hydrophilic, can transport fluid, for example by capillary wicking, vertically through the sensor sheet 1600, assisting fluid transport through the perforations 1280. In some embodiments, the perforations 1280 may not be needed, and wound fluid may be transported across the sensor sheet 1600 through the yarns 1650 instead.

[0309] In some embodiments, one or more yarns can be introduced on the wound contact layer or sensor sheet through perforations or apertures formed on the wound contact layer or sensor sheet. In some embodiments, one or more yarns can be introduced through one or more of preformed perforations configured to allow fluid to pass through the sensor sheet, such as the perforations 1280. In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 17, a sensor sheet 1700 may be perforated to form one or more perforations or apertures 1780 to incorporate one or more yarns 1750 to the sensor sheet 1700. Such perforation or apertures 1780 may be formed by any suitable methods, such as disc-punching, needle punching, laser cutting, ultrasonic punching, plasma blasting, water jet, hot pin, compressed air blast, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer or sensor sheet can be drilled to form the perforations or apertures. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer or sensor sheet can be perforated as the one or more yarns are embroidered/introduced, for example by a needle coupled with the one or more yarns.

[0310] The one or more yarns may be constructed from material(s) which can transport wound fluid. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns are constructed from a hydrophilic material. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns may be constructed from Viscose, polypropylene, polyethylene or polyamide. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns may be treated with a surfactant to make the one or more yarns hydrophilic. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns are constructed from 4DG fibers. The one or more yarns may be constructed from a single-filament or multi-filaments. The one or more yarns may be core-spun and/or ring-spun. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns may be constructed from elastic materials, such that the one or more yarns are stretchable. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns may be spin-finished. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns may be constructed to provide some feedback for wound conditions on contact with the fluid, for example, pH.

[0311] FIGS. 18-20 illustrate embodiments of a sensor sheet with one or more yarns. FIGS. 18-20 illustrate sensor sheets 1800, 1900 and 2000, respectively, each of which may be similar to the sensor sheet 1200 or other circuit boards or sensor sheets described herein. The references numerals used to designate the various components of the sensor sheets 1800, 1900 and 2000 are identical to those used for identifying the corresponding components of the wound dressing system 1200. For example, each sensor sheets 1800, 1900 and 2000 may include the sensor sheet substrate 1210, the electronic component 1230, the plurality of electronic connections 1220, coatings 1240 and 1260, and/or one or more slits, holes, or perforations 1280 described herein.

[0312] The sensor sheet 18000 of FIG. 18 can include one or more yarns 1850. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns 1850 can include attachment portions 1852 and one or more looped portions 1854 each extending between attachment portions 1852. The one or more yarns 1850 can be attached to a side of the sensor sheet 1800 at attachment portions 1852, while the looped portions 1854 at least partially extends away from the sensor sheet 1800. The looped portions 1854 can substantially flatten (or make even) the surface of the sensor sheet, which may be uneven due to protruding electronic components. The looped portions 1854 of the one or more yarns 1850 can act as a cushioning. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns 1850, which can be hydrophilic, can transport fluid, for example by capillary wicking, laterally along each of the one or more yarns 1850.

[0313] The one or more yarns 1850 can be attached on the wound side and/or the opposite non-wound side. The attachment portions 1852 of the one or more yarns may be attached on conformal coatings, such as coatings 1240 and 1260. Any suitable adhesive can be used to attach the one or more yarns 1850 onto the coating. The adhesive may be biocompatible. The adhesive may be substantially flexible. The adhesive may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic. For example, hydrophobic adhesive can be used to maintain adhesion of the fibers when fluid is present. In some embodiments, PVA glue can be used as an adhesive. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns 1850 can be heat-weld at the attachment portions 1852 to coatings or other components of the sensor sheet 1800.

[0314] FIG. 19 illustrates the sensor sheet 1900 including one or more yarns 1950. Similar to the yarns 1650 and 1750, the one or more yarns 1950 may extend across the thickness of the sensor sheet 1900. For example, the one or more yarns 1950 can be embroidered or introduced through pre-formed perforations of the sensor sheet 1900. In some embodiments, perforations may be formed, for example with needle, as the one or more yarns are being embroidered through the sensor sheet 1900. Further, the one or more yarns 1950 can have looped portions 1954 extending from a side of the sensor sheet 1900. The looped portions 1954 of the yarns 1950 can act as a cushioning. The yarns 1950 may have looped portions 1954 on both sides of the sensor sheet 1900 as illustrated in FIG. 19. In some embodiments, the yarns 1950 may have looped portions 1954 on the wound-facing side or the opposite non-wound facing side. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns 1950, which can be hydrophilic, can transport fluid, for example by capillary wicking, laterally along each of the one or more yarns 1950.

[0315] FIG. 20 illustrates the sensor sheet 2000 including plurality of yarns 2050. Similar to the yarns 1650 and 1750, the one or more yarns 2050 may extend across the thickness of the sensor sheet 2000. For example, the one or more yarns 1950 can be embroidered or introduced through pre-formed perforations of the sensor sheet 1900. Further, the one or more yarns 2050 can have plurality of loose ends at one or more sides of the sensor sheet 2000. For example, the one or more yarns 2050 can have plurality of loose ends at the non-wound side of the sensor sheet 1900, thereby facilitating more delocalized distribution of the wound fluid transported through the one or more yarns 2050 from the wound. In some embodiments, the one or more yarns 2050 may have the plurality of loose ends at the wound side of the sensor sheet 2000.

[0316] Providing cushioning with one or more plurality of flock fibers, yarns, or ADL as described herein can be advantageous with a compression dressing. Such dressing can be used with or without negative pressure wound therapy, and may withstand about 40mmHg for compression, and/or up to 200mmHg for compression.

Other Variations

[0317] In some embodiments, one or more electronic components can be positioned on the side of a wound contact layer opposite the side that faces the wound. Systems and methods described herein are equally applicable to such wound contact layers. Any wound dressing embodiment described herein can include features of any of the other described wound dressing embodiments. Similarly, any controller described herein can include features of any of the other described wound dressing embodiments. Further, any device, component, or module described in a certain embodiment can include features of any of the other described embodiments of the device, component, or module.

[0318] Any value of a threshold, limit, duration, etc. provided herein is not intended to be absolute and, thereby, can be approximate. In addition, any threshold, limit, duration, etc. provided herein can be fixed or varied either automatically or by a user. Furthermore, as is used herein relative terminology such as exceeds, greater than, less than, etc. in relation to a reference value is intended to also encompass being equal to the reference value. For example, exceeding a reference value that is positive can encompass being equal to or greater than the reference value. In addition, as is used herein relative terminology such as exceeds, greater than, less than, etc. in relation to a reference value is intended to also encompass an inverse of the disclosed relationship, such as below, less than, greater than, etc. in relations to the reference value. Moreover, although blocks of the various processes may be described in terms of determining whether a value meets or does not meet a particular threshold, the blocks can be similarly understood, for example, in terms of a value (i) being below or above a threshold or (ii) satisfying or not satisfying a threshold.

[0319] Features, materials, characteristics, or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment, or example are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features or steps are mutually exclusive. The protection is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The protection extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

[0320] While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in some embodiments, the actual steps taken in the processes illustrated or disclosed may differ from those shown in the figures. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the steps described above may be removed, others may be added. For example, the actual steps or order of steps taken in the disclosed processes may differ from those shown in the figure. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the steps described above may be removed, others may be added. For instance, the various components illustrated in the figures may be implemented as software or firmware on a processor, controller, ASIC, FPGA, or dedicated hardware. Hardware components, such as controllers, processors, ASICs, FPGAs, and the like, can include logic circuitry. Furthermore, the features and attributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combined in different ways to form additional embodiments, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0321] Although the present disclosure includes certain embodiments, examples and applications, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments or uses and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof, including embodiments which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by the specific disclosures of preferred embodiments herein, and may be defined by claims as presented herein or as presented in the future.

[0322] Conditional language, such as "can," "could," "might," or "may," unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements, or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The terms "comprising," "including," "having," and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term "or" is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term "or" means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. Further, the term "each," as used herein, in addition to having its ordinary meaning, can mean any subset of a set of elements to which the term "each" is applied.

[0323] Conjunctive language such as the phrase "at least one of X, Y, and Z," unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require the presence of at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z.

[0324] Language of degree used herein, such as the terms "approximately," "about," "generally," and "substantially" as used herein represent a value, amount, or characteristic close to the stated value, amount, or characteristic that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms "approximately", "about", "generally," and "substantially" may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1 % of, within less than 0.1 % of, and within less than 0.01 % of the stated amount. As another example, in certain embodiments, the terms "generally parallel" and "substantially parallel" refer to a value, amount, or characteristic that departs from exactly parallel by less than or equal to 15 degrees, 10 degrees, 5 degrees, 3 degrees, 1 degree, or 0.1 degree.

[0325] The scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by the specific disclosures of preferred embodiments in this section or elsewhere in this specification, and may be defined by claims as presented in this section or elsewhere in this specification or as presented in the future. The language of the claims is to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to the examples described in the present specification or during the prosecution of the application, which examples are to be construed as nonexclusive.