CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This Application is related to commonly assigned POT

Applications PCT/US2016/028642, filed April 21 , 2016, entitled“LIQUID LEVEL SENSING”, PCT/US2016/028637, filed April 21 , 2016, entitled“FLUID LEVEL SENSING WITH PROTECTIVE MEMBER”, PCT/US2016/028624, filed April 21 , 2016 entitled“FLUID LEVEL SENSOR”, PCT/US2016/044242, filed July 27, 2016, entitled“VERTICAL INTERFACE FOR FLUID SUPPLY CARTRIDGE HAVING DIGITAL FLUID LEVEL SENSOR”,

PCT/US2015/057728, filed October 28, 2015, entitled“Relative Pressure Sensor”, and POT International Publication WO2017/074342A1 , filed October 28, 2015, entitled“LIQUID LEVEL INDICATING” all of which are hereby incorporated by reference within.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Accurate fluid level sensing has generally been complex and expensive. Accurate fluid levels can prevent fluid waste and premature replacement of fluid tanks and fluid-based devices, such as inkjet printheads. Further, accurate fluid levels prevent low-quality fluid-based products that may result from inadequate supply levels, thereby also reducing waste of finished products. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] The disclosure is better understood with reference to the following drawings. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. Rather, the emphasis has instead been placed upon clearly illustrating the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, like reference numerals designate corresponding similar parts, but perhaps not identical, through the several views. For brevity, some reference numbers described in earlier drawings may not be repeated in later drawings.

[0004] Fig. 1 A is a block diagram of an example fluid-based system;

[0005] Fig. 1 B is an alternative block diagram of the example fluid - based system of Fig. 1A;

[0006] Fig. 2A is an illustration of an example sidewall with an attached example fluid property sensor;

[0007] Fig. 2B is an illustration of a fluid container with the example sidewall and example fluid property sensor of Fig. 2A;

[0008] Fig. 3 is an illustration of another shape of an example fluid container;

[0009] Fig. 4 is an illustration of another shape of a fluid actuation assembly;

[0010] Figs. 5A - 5D are illustrations of different example

implementations of elongated circuits (ECs) including a fluid property sensor;

[0011] Fig. 6 is another example of an elongated circuit (EC) accommodating bond pads;

[0012] Fig. 7 is an example of the openings in a protective layer to expose sensors on the EC dies;

[0013] Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of an example circuit to allow point sensors to be individually strobed for impulse measurements or collectively read together for a parallel measurement;

[0014] Fig. 9A is an example of a temperature impedance based fluid level sensor;

[0015] Fig. 9B is an example of an electrical impedance based fluid level sensor; [0016] Fig. 9C is another example of a temperature impedance based fluid level sensor;

[0017] Fig. 10 is an example cross-section of an EC of possible point sensors;

[0018] Fig. 1 1 is an example cross-section of a piezo-resistive metal temperature sensor that is surrounded by a poly-silicon heater resistor;

[0019] Fig. 12 is an example pressure sensor that is implemented along the length of the EC die;

[0020] Figs. 13A-13H are an example method of making a packaged fluid property sensor;

[0021] Figs. 14A-14D are another example method of making a packaged fluid property sensor;

[0022] Figs. 15A - 15D are illustrations of another example process of making a packaged fluid property sensor;

[0023] Fig. 16 is a flowchart of an example fluid sensing routine in Fig.

1 ; and

[0024] Fig. 17 is an example fluid cartridge with a fluid property sensor having a fluid level sensor and a pressure sensor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] This disclosure relates to a new type of fluid property sensor.

The fluid property to be sensed by such sensor may include at least one of pressure and fluid level, but also other properties may be sensed in addition to, or instead of said pressure or fluid level. Certain examples of such sensor incorporate at least one integrated circuit (1C) with one or multiple sensors, for example mounted on a substrate and/or packaged to protect any bond wires and circuitry. Other examples of such sensor incorporate a narrow elongated (aka‘sliver’) circuit (EC) with multiple sensors mounted on a substrate and packaged to protect any bond wires and EC circuitry, for example better than chip-on-board techniques. The 1C may be a semiconductor integrated circuit , a hybrid circuit, or other fabricated circuit having multiple electrical and electronic components fabricated into an integrated package. The fluid property sensor can provide substantially increased resolution and accuracy by placing a high density of exposed sets of multiple point and pressure sensors along the length of the elongated circuit. Multiple ICs may be arranged in a daisy chain fashion (staggering being one example) to create a long fluid property sensor covering the depth of fluid in a container. The multiple ICs may share a common interface bus and may include test circuitry, security, bias, amplification, and latching circuitry.

[0026] The sets of multiple sensors may be distributed non-linearly to allow for increasing resolution when a fluid cartridge has a low amount of fluid. Further, the sets of multiple sensors may be configured to be read in parallel to increase surface contact with the fluid for some applications or strobed individually in other applications. Not only levels of the fluid may be sensed, but complex impedance measurements may be taken. Additional sensors can be configured or added for property sense of the fluid (e.g., ink type, pH), temperature sense of the fluid, strain sensing of the sensing portion, pressure sensing within a fluid reservoir, or verification of fluid container servicing. The multiple ICs may be of the same type or different types depending on desired properties of the fluid property sensor. One of the multiple ICs may contain the container driver circuit with memory (aka acumen chip), or the container driver circuit may be on a separate 1C. The length : width aspect ratio of the driver circuit may be 10 : 1 or less, for example 5 : 1 or less, for example coupled to the common interface bus as a non-elongated circuit. Several different examples and descriptions of various techniques to make and use the claimed subject matter follow below.

[0027] In this disclosure, the driver circuit may include decoding logic or decoding functions as part of integrated circuitry. The decoding logic may comprise an enable circuit such as a power, ground, clock and/or data line that enables at least one sensor in response to an enable instruction received by other logic in an IC. The decoding logic may facilitate addressing each sensor, or each point sensor of a sensor array, based on signals received from the printer through the external interface and/or common interface bus. The decoding logic may include a re-writable memory array such as a shift register array connected to the interface bus and/or external interface. The decoding logic may include multiplex circuitry to drive respective sensors and/or sensor points based on values written to the re-writable memory array. The driver circuit may include circuitry to convert input and/or output signals between the external interface and at least one connected sensor. The driver circuit may include circuitry to convert signals between analogue and digital and/or digital and analogue; and/or from analogue to analogue and/or from digital to digital. The driver circuit may include offset functions to offset input and/or output signals between the at least one sensor and the external interface. The driver circuit may include amplifier functions to amplify input and/or output signals between at least one sensor and the external interface. The driver circuit may include other calibration functions, other than an offset and/or amplifier function. Input and output signals may include analogue signals and/or digital values. The driver circuit may be adapted to drive a plurality of sensors having different sense functions, and/or individual point sensors of each sensor of the plurality of sensors. In certain examples, the driver circuit may include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

[0028] Fig. 1A is a block diagram of an example fluid-based system 10, such as an inkjet printer. System 10 may include a carriage 12 with a fluid actuation assembly (FAA) 20 having a printhead 30. The FAA 20 may include or be connected to one or more fluid containers 40. In this example, there are four fluid containers 40 with Cyan (C), Yellow (Y), Magenta (M), and Black (K) ink. Other colors and other print liquids may be used, including any 2D or 3D print agent. The ink may be dye or pigment based or combinations thereof. The FAA 20 may be located on a stationary carriage 12 such as with a page wide array system 10, or it may be located on a movable carriage 12, and the printhead 30 scanned in one or more directions across a media 14. The fluid containers 40 may be near each other such that during a hyper-inflation event initiated by a pump 19 in a service station 18, they may expand and contact neighboring fluid containers 40.

[0029] The media 14 is moved using a print media transport 16, typically from a media tray to an output tray. The print media transport 16 is controlled by a controller 100 to synchronize the movement of the media 14 with any movement and/or actuation of printhead 30 to place fluid on the media 14 accurately. The controller 100 may have one or more processors having one or more cores. The controller 100 is coupled to a tangible and non-transitory computer-readable medium (CRM) 120 that stores instructions readable by and executed by the controller 100. The CRM 120 may include several different routines to operate and control the system 10. One such routine may be a fluid sensing routine 102 (see Fig. 16) used to monitor and measure fluid levels and/or fluid characteristics in one of the FAA 20 and fluid containers 40. Another such routine may be a stress measurement routine used to monitor one or more stresses within a fluid container 40 such as during hyper-inflation events, interactions between fluid containers 40, or operation of the pump 19 during servicing operations.

[0030] A computer-readable medium 120 allows for storage of one or more sets of data structures and instructions (e.g., software, firmware, logic) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the static memory, the main memory, and/or within a processor of controller 100 during execution by the system 10. The main memory, driver circuit 204 memory, and the processor memory also constitute computer-readable medium 120. The term“computer-readable medium” 120 may include single medium or multiple media (centralized or distributed) that store the one or more instructions or data structures. The computer-readable medium 120 may be implemented to include, but not limited to, solid-state, optical, and magnetic media whether volatile or non-volatile. Such examples include, semiconductor memory devices (e.g. Erasable Programmable Read- Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices), magnetic discs such as internal hard drives and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and CD- ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) and DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) disks.

[0031] The system 10 may include the service station 18 used to perform maintenance on the printhead 30 and air pressure regulation, such as to perform a hyper-inflation event to transfer fluid from a fluid container 40 to the FAA 20 and to maintain a back-pressure during normal operation within each of the fluid cartridges 40 and FAA 20. Such maintenance may include cleaning, priming, setting back pressure levels, and reading fluid levels. The service station 18 may include a pump 19 to provide air pressure to move fluid from the fluid containers 40 to the printhead 30 and to set a backpressure within the FAA 20 to prevent inadvertent leaking of fluid from the printhead 30.

[0032] Fig. 1 B is an alternative block diagram of system 10 illustrating the operation of a fluid container 40 and FAA 20. The fluid container 40 includes a fluid reservoir 44 with a fluid level 43 that is coupled to a fluid chamber 22 via a container fluid interface 45 with a fluid tube to a FAA fluid interface 25. The fluid chamber 22 is further fluidically coupled to a printhead 30. To move fluid from the fluid container 40 to the FAA 20 having a separate fluid level 43, a pressure regulator bag 42 may be inflated within the fluid reservoir 44 via an air interface 47 that is coupled to pump 19. The container 40 could comprise other types of pressure regulator, other than a bag, that are connected to the air interface 47, such as, for example, any

collapsible/expandable air chamber having at least one elastic, flexible wall. [0033] The fluid interface 45 may, in use, supply fluid from the reservoir 44 to the FAA 20 along an approximately horizontal axis. In a use orientation, whereby fluid flows approximately horizontally and a height of the reservoir 44 extends approximately vertically, the fluid interface 45 is disposed closer to a gravitational bottom of the reservoir 44 than to a middle of a height of the inner volume, to facilitate emptying the reservoir 44 also in a nearly depleted condition. In said orientation, the air interface 47 may be disposed above the fluid interface 45, for example near or above a middle of the height of the reservoir 44.

[0034] To monitor and measure fluid level 43 in either the fluid container 40 or the FAA 20 or both, a fluid property sensor 46 may be located within the fluid reservoir 44. The controller 100 may be electrically coupled to an electrical interface 48 on the fluid property sensor 46, which may be an external electrical interface. The fluid property sensor 46 may be oriented substantially perpendicular to the fluid level 43 or it may be angled relative to the fluid level 43. In different examples, the sensor 46 may extend from near a gravitational bottom of the fluid reservoir 44 to (i) below a middle of a height of the fluid reservoir 44, (ii) near a middle of a height of the reservoir 44, or (iii) along a full height of the reservoir 44. The electrical interface 48 of the container 40 may be positioned near the full fluid level 43 as shown for fluid container 40, for example above the air interface 47 and/or near a top of the container 40. The fluid property sensor 46 may have one or an array of fluid level sensors distributed substantially uniform as diagrammatically shown for fluid container 40. In another example a similar fluid property sensor 46 is used for a fluid chamber 22 of the FAA 20 where the level sensors may be provided non-uniform and with a higher density closer to the gravitational bottom as shown for fluid chamber 22. In addition to fluid level sensors, a fluid property sensor 46 may include additional sensors such as stress sensors, temperature sensors, crack sensors, to just name a few. An example fluid chamber 22 with fluid property sensor 46 may similarly include an electrical interface 48. [0035] Fig. 2A is an illustration of an example sidewall 41 of an example fluid container 40 shown in Fig. 2B to demonstrate placement of fluid property 46. For example, the or each side wall 41 of the container 40 may be relatively rigid to house free ink and not collapse as the fluid is withdrawn in normal use, except for a relatively small amount flexing due to pressurization events as will be explained later. Fluid property sensor 46 has an IC, in this example an elongated circuit (EC) 49, with multiple sensors encased within a packaged encasement 50, such as with overmolding with, or adhesion to, a compound and/or to a metal or directly to the wall 41. While throughout this disclosure, examples of elongate circuits are described, it will be clear that other types of integrated circuits of different form factors, like other length : width ratios, may also serve the same purpose.

[0036] The packaged encasement 50 may have openings to heat stake or otherwise attach the fluid property sensor 46 to the sidewall 41. The attachment of fluid property sensor 46 to sidewall 41 in one example is sufficient to allow the fluid property sensor 46 to conform to flexing of sidewall 41. As shown in Fig. 2A, the sidewall 41 to which the fluid property sensor 46 is attached also forms an exterior wall of the fluid container 40. An opposite shell portion includes an opposite side wall 41 , which shell has air interface 47, electrical interface 48, and container fluid interface 45 (Fig. 2B). As illustrated, the fluid container 40 in Fig. 2B may be angled slightly by an angle Q, such as about 3 to about 30 degrees, to allow fluid within the fluid container 40 to flow to the container fluid interface 45 and the bottom of fluid property sensor 46 to minimize wasted fluid when fluid container 40 is near empty. In this disclosure, having an angle of approximately 0 to 30 degrees with respect to a horizontal may be considered substantially horizontal, to distinguish from, for example, container that are installed approximately vertically (e.g., see Figs. 3 and 4). The subtle angling of the fluid container 40 may also facilitate the fluid property sensor 46 to remain in contact with the fluid to provide accurate fluid levels.

[0037] The packaged encasement 50 allows for improved silicon die separation ratio, eliminate silicon slotting costs, eliminate fan-out chiclets, forming a fluid contact slot for multiple slivers simultaneously, and avoid many process integration problems. An overmolding or adhesive technology can be used to fully or partially encapsulate the fluid property sensor 46 to protect an electrical circuit assembly (ECA) 159 and bond wire interconnects, while only exposing the multiple level sensors to the fluid within a container. In some examples, the fluid may be harsh, such as with low and high pH or reactive components. By having the integrated packaging, the ECA 159, bond wires, any driver circuits 204, memory, ASIC, or other ICs, and EC’s 49 may all embedded in the packaged material (except for the sensor area) thereby increasing reliability. The ECA 159 includes thin strips of a conducting material, such as copper or aluminum, which have been etched from a layer, placed, laser direct sintered, or fixed to a flat insulating sheet, such as an epoxy, plastic, ceramic, or Mylar substrate, and to which integrated circuits and other components are attached. In some examples, the traces may be buried within the substrate of the ECA 159. Bond wires may be encased in epoxy or glue as just a couple of examples.

[0038] Fig. 3 is an illustration 60 of another shape of an example fluid container 40 in which a fluid property sensor 46 is not attached to a sidewall of the fluid container 40 but rather is suspended within the fluid. EC 49 is surrounded by packaged encasement 50 except for an opening for a sensor portion having an array of sensors. The full fluid level 43 extends from the top of the EC 49 to a gravitational bottom of the fluid container 40 where there is the electrical interface 48 and a container fluid interface 45. In this example, the fluid container 40 has a non-uniform cross-section as the container walls taper to the fluid interface 45. The fluid property sensor 46 may have a non linear or non-uniform distribution of point sensors to adapt the fluid level readings to the changing cross-sectional shape of the fluid container. That is, the fluid property sensor 46 may have a less dense set of point sensors near the full fluid level 43 and a denser set of point sensors where the fluid container 40 tapers to the fluid interface 45. The point sensors may be fluid level sensors or pressure sensors. Different point sensor types may be provided such as fluid level and pressure sensors. [0039] Fig. 4 is an illustration 70 of a FAA 20 having a fluid chamber 22 and a printhead 30. In one example, a top portion 72 of the FAA 20 has an FFA fluid interface 25 that may be coupled to the container fluid interface 45 of Fig. 3 to deliver fluid to the fluid chamber 22. In other examples the illustration 70 may represent an exchangeable fluid container with printhead.

A fluid property sensor 46 extends from a proximal end at a gravitational bottom of the FAA 20 into the fluid up to a distal end at a full fluid level 43. As with the fluid container 40 of Fig. 3, the electrical interface is located near the gravitational bottom, and near one or more printhead dies 30. In one example, as fluid is withdrawn based on use, the FAA fluid interface 45 may be used to refill the fluid chamber 22, to adjust backpressure, and prevent the printhead dies 30 from being damaged due to no fluid. In one example it may be desirable to increase the density of the point sensors near the gravitational bottom of the FAA 20 to detect when the printhead dies 30 may be starved of fluid, particularly during long print jobs.

[0040] Accordingly, a fluid container 40 or FAA 20 (collectively referred to as fluid container 40) may include a package containing a fluid chamber 22 or fluid reservoir 44 for containing a fluid. A fluid property sensor 46 may include a sensing portion extending into the fluid chamber 22 or fluid reservoir 44 and may include multiple integrated circuits (ICs) that share a common interface bus 83. At least one 1C, in this example an elongated circuit (EC)

49, may have multiple exposed sets of multiple sensors distributed along a length of the EC 49. An interface portion may be exposed outside the package and include an electrical interface 48 electrically coupled to a proximal end of the sensing portion. The multiple ICs and the electrical interface 48 are packaged together to form the fluid property sensor 46. The sets of multiple exposed sets of multiple sensors may be distributed non- linearly or non-uniformly along the length of the EC 49 and have a layout with an increasing density along a portion of the EC 49 near a gravitational bottom of the fluid container 40 or FAA 20 when in use. The density of point sensors may be between 20 and 100 per inch (1 inch being about 2,54 cm) and in some instances at least 50 per inch. In other examples, the density of point sensors may more than 40 sensors per centimeter in a higher density region and less than 10 sensors per centimeter in lower density regions. The sensing portion may include at least one additional sensor to allow for one of a property sense of the fluid, a temperature sense of the fluid, strain sensing of the sensing portion, and pressure sensing within the chamber. The EC 49 may have a thickness between about 10 urn and about 200 urn, a width between 80 urn and 600 urn wide, and a length between about 0.5 inch to about 3 inch, for example, any length above approximately 1 cm. The aspect ratio of length : width of an EC 49 die may be at least 20 : 1 or 50 : 1 , meaning at least 20 or at least 50 times longer than wide, respectively. In some examples, the length : width ratio may exceed 100 or over two orders of magnitude in length than width. In contrast, the driver circuit 204 may be an IC with a length : width aspect ratio less than 10 : 1 . Accordingly, the fluid property sensor may include an EC 49 with an aspect ratio that is five or even ten times greater than the aspect ratio of the driver circuit 204. In one example the sensors and the driver circuit are provided on the same IC or EC whereby the sensors (and/or sensor point arrays) may stretch along a longer portion of the length of the IC or EC than the driver circuit.

[0041] Figs. 5A - 5D are illustrations of different example

implementations of the fluid property sensor 46. For ease of discussion, top and bottom directional descriptors are used to help identify components. The top and bottom references are in relation to how the fluid property sensors 46 are to be used in a fluid container with respect to gravity. The terms top and bottom are not meant to be limiting. Also, the terms proximal, distal, and mesial are used to also describe components with respect to their position to the electrical interface 48 and thus are independent of gravitational influences.

[0042] Fig. 5A is an example of a fluid property sensor 46 having a single EC 49 that is electrically coupled to electrical interface 48 proximal to a top (relative to gravity) of fluid property sensor 46 with a set of bond wires and encapsulated with an epoxy or glue coating 81 to protect the bond wires 82 when the packaging of encasement 50 takes place. In this example, the electrical interface 48 shown has five contacts (VCC, GND, Data, Clock, and Sense signals) that form a common interface bus 83 but may have more or less depending on the application., In other examples, an external interface includes at least three (e.g., GND, Data, Clock or VCC, GND, Data or VCC, GND, Sense) or at least four (e.g., VCC, GND, Data, Clock) bond pads. The Sense signal may be used to provide digital or analog signals and may also be used for test, security, or other purposes. The Data and Clock signals are typically digital signals where the data line is a bidirectional line, and the Clock signal is typically an input into an EC 49 or other ICs, such as a driver circuit 204.

[0043] The packaged encasement 50 in this example includes a first packaged section 51 and a second packaged section 52 on opposite ends of the ECA 159 of the fluid property sensor 46. The first packaged section 51 protects the encapsulated wire bonds 82. The second packaged section 52 of packaged encasement 50 provides for support from twisting and support for mounting. The two separated packaged sections 51 , 52 of packaged encasement 50 allow for improved thermal expansion differences between the EC 49, the ECA 159, and the packaged encasement 50. As shown, fluid level and/or pressure point sensors 80 may be distributed along at least a portion of the length of the EC 49.

[0044] Fig. 5B is an example of a fluid property sensor 46 having two different types of EC 49 that are staggered and daisy-chained on ECA 159 to form a longer fluid property sensor 46. The top EC 49 is electrically coupled to the electrical interface 48 proximal to the top of the fluid property sensor 46. The top EC 49 in this example has multiple sensors, such as fluid level point sensors 80, pressure (point) sensors 84 and temperature sensor 86. The bottom distal end of the top EC 49 has a set of bond pads that are coupled within the top EC 49 to the common interface bus 83 on the top distal end of the top EC 49 and thus allow pass-through of the common interface bus 83. The bottom bond pads of the top EC 49 are coupled with bond wires 82 to a top set of bond pads on the bottom EC 49 to provide the common interface bus 83 to the bottom EC 49. The bottom EC 49 in this example includes a uniform set of point sensors 80. They are distributed at a higher density than the point sensors 80 of the top EC 49 to allow for better resolution near the gravitational bottom of a fluid container.

[0045] In this example, the packaged encasement 50 spans the entire length of the fluid property sensor 46 less the external electrical interface 48 and includes a first opening 53 on the top or proximal EC 49 and a second opening 54 on the bottom or distal EC 49.

[0046] Fig. 5C is an example where the electrical interface 48 is proximate to the gravitational bottom of the fluid property sensor. The top distal end of the fluid property sensor 46 has a top EC 49 like the top EC 49 of Fig. 5B but in this example without the top distal set of bond pads. A bottom set of bond pads allow for bond wires 82 to couple the top set of bond pads of the common interface bus 83 on the bottom EC 49. The bottom end of bottom EC 49 includes a second set of bond pads to couple the common interface bus 83 to the electrical interface 48. The bond pads and bond wires 82 may be encapsulated with an epoxy or glue to prevent damage to the bond wires during a latter packaging of the fluid property sensor 46. Like Fig. 5B, the bottom EC 49 has a denser set of point sensors 80 than the top EC 49. The top EC 49 may have additional sensors such as pressure sensors 84 and temperature sensor 86.

[0047] Like the example in Fig. 5B, in this example, the packaged encasement 50 spans the entire length of the fluid property sensor 46 less the external electrical interface 48 and includes a first opening 53 on the top or distal EC 49 and a second opening 54 on the bottom or proximal EC 49.

[0048] Fig. 5D is an example where there are at least three ECs 49, which may be of the same or different configurations. In this example, the top EC 49 is bonded to the electrical interface 48 and is configured similarly to the top EC 49 of Fig. 5B. A middle or mesial EC 49 is electrically coupled to both the top EC 49 and a bottom EC 49. The middle EC 49 can be just a very low- cost EC 49 with pass-through of the common interface bus 83, or it may include the pass-through along with a minimal set of point sensors 80. In other examples, it may be of the same configuration as the top EC 49. The bottom EC 49 may be an EC with a non-uniform distribution of point sensors 80 with a higher density on the bottom distal end for increased resolution during low-on-ink (LOI) or other low fluid levels. In some examples, the middle EC 49 and the bottom EC 49 may contain a set of pressure sensors 84 to allow for measuring the stress not only within an EC 49 but along the entire length of the fluid property sensor 46, such as when it is attached to a wall of a fluid container 40 or FAA 20. Accordingly, the sets of multiple point sensors 80 may be distributed non-linearly along the length of an EC 49 or the fluid property sensor 46 and have a layout with an increasing density along a portion of the EC 49 or the fluid property sensor 46 near a gravitational bottom of the fluid container 40 or FAA 20 when in use.

[0049] The packaged encasement 50 includes a first opening 53 on the top or proximal EC 49, a second opening 54 on the bottom or distal EC 49, and an additional third opening 55 in the middle or mesial EC 49.

[0050] Accordingly, a fluid property sensor 46 may include an elongated circuit (EC) 49 having multiple exposed sets of multiple point sensors 80 distributed along a length of the EC 49. An external electrical interface 48 may be coupled to a proximal end of the EC 49, wherein the EC 49 and the external electrical interface 48 are packaged together to form the fluid property sensor 46. Multiple ECs 49 may be daisy-chained end to end along a direction of the length of the fluid property sensor 46 and share a common interface bus 83. In some examples, a second elongated circuit 49 (second EC) may be further packaged together and extending in the direction of the length of the fluid property sensor 46 from a distal end of the EC 49 and electrically coupled from the distal end of the EC 49 to a proximal end of the second EC 49. In other examples, the multiple ECs 49 may include a mesial EC 49 between the proximal EC 49 and the distal EC 49, the mesial EC 49 having a minimal set of point sensors 80 and a pass-through of the common interface bus 83. The multiple ECs 49 may include a proximal EC 49 with a set of various types of sensors and a distal EC 49 with a high density of sets of point sensors 80 of at least 50 per inch. In some examples, the sets of multiple point sensors 80 are distributed non-linearly along the length of the EC 49, and in other examples, the sets of multiple point sensors 80 are distributed non-linearly along the length of the fluid property sensor 46.

[0051] Fig. 6 is an example of a slightly wider EC 49 to accommodate four or five bond pads for the common interface bus 83 in a single horizontal (vs. vertical in previous examples) direction. This arrangement of the layout of the bond pads allows for more silicon area to allow for integration of more digital and analog circuitry within the EC 49 as well as providing more structural support during flexing to prevent the die from cracking. Also, the ECs 49 may be aligned in a straight column rather than staggered. The multiple ECs 49 may include a proximal EC 49 with a set of various types of sensors and a distal EC 49 with a high density of sets of multiple point sensors 80 of at least 40 point sensors per centimeter.

[0052] Fig. 7 is an example of the openings in a protective layer such as an oxide, nitride, or another passivation layer (such as TEOS layers 158, Figs. 10 and 1 1 ) to expose electrical impedance sensors (Fig. 9B) on the EC 49 dies. Depending on the type of sensor, it may be better to have a single opening 88. In other examples, to provide additional protection of the EC dies from harsh fluids, it may be better to have the sensors have a limited or per sensor single opening 89.

[0053] Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram 90 of an example circuit of how to allow point sensors 80 to be individually strobed for impulse measurements or collectively read together for a parallel measurement. For some analysis of the fluid, a single fluid level point sensor 80 may be used, such as to detect the presence of the fluid at the level of the point sensor 80. In other analysis, an increased surface area may be required to get a good characterization of the fluid, such as determining chemical composition. Further, as the fluid level may be changing, it may be desirable to not gang together point sensors 80 that are in contact with air rather than the fluid. Parallel register 93, which can be a latch, flip-flop, or another memory cell, receives a data signal which is entered into the parallel register 93 with a clock signal. The clock signal and data signal are derived from the common bus interface as is the Sense signal which may be analog or digital depending on the implementation. The Q output of the parallel register 93 is coupled to a set of OR gates 92. If set high, parallel register 93 enables switches 91 from each of the point sensors 80 to close and couple the point sensors 80 to the Sense signal for a parallel measurement. The parallel register 93 Q output is also coupled to the D input of impulse registers 94 which have their Q outputs coupled to the next impulse register 94 to allow for a firing signal to be shifted down the chain of impulse registers 94 for each clock cycle to allow each fluid level point sensor 80 to be coupled individually to the sense line to allow for impulse

measurements via internal strobe firing. Accordingly, multiple point sensors 80 may be configured to allow for at least one of parallel measurement and internal strobe firing for impulse measurements. A single Data signal can be clocked first into parallel register 93 to provide a parallel measurement and then on successive Clock signals transferred down the impulse registers 94 to provide for internal strobe firing for impulse measurements from each fluid property sensor. Point sensors 80 may be of several different types of point sensors 80, such as fluid chemical property sensors, temperature impedance sensors, electrical impedance sensors, and the like. Depending on the data entered and clocked into the parallel register 93 and impulse registers 93, each of the various sensors may be individually read and measured or combined with other similar sensors for a parallel measurement.

[0054] Fig. 9A is an example of a temperature impedance based fluid level sensor 80. In this example, a heater 150, formed of a resistive or semiconductor element is powered and controlled by a V+ voltage using a NFET 156. In other examples, a PFET coupled between the V+ and the heater 150 may be used to power and control the heater. A thermally sensitive piezo-resistive element 152 is used to detect the heat transmitted by the heater 150. If there is fluid in contact with the fluid level sensor 80 then heat from the heater 150 will be dissipated into the fluid at a faster rate than when the fluid level sensor 80 is in contact with air inside a fluid container. Accordingly, the amount of heat absorbed by the piezo-resistive element 152 will be different for fluid versus air interaction at fluid level sensor 80. Read circuitry 154 may include amplifiers analog/digital converters, offset compensation, etc. and may be used to amplify and convert the change in the resistance of piezo-resistor 152 to a more usable signal. Also, the time in which the heat from heater 150 dissipates into the fluid and detected by piezo resistor 152 will vary depending on the composition of the fluid. For instance, a fluid with dye will typically have less mass than a fluid with particulates such as pigments. Different solvents within the fluid will have varying degrees of heat absorption. Some fluids may separate over time, and boundary layers may be created. Also, particulate fluids such as pigment-based ink may have different densities at different gravitational heights due to settling. Therefore, by examining the output of the read circuity 154 over time from the initiation of the heater 150 and performing a Fourier or other time to frequency

transformation, different types of ink may be characterized by their FFT (or another transform) signature. In one example, the point sensors 80 may each have their heaters 150 pulsed in parallel, and the thermally sensitive piezo- resistive elements read individually to allow for a quick search of the fluid level 43. Those point sensors 80 in contact with air will have a higher temperature than those in contact with the fluid.

[0055] Fig. 9B is an example of an electrical impedance based fluid level sensor 80 that may be used separately or in combination with the example in Fig. 9A. In this example, a voltage or current (either AC, DC, or both) stimulation signal166 is applied to a set of twin metal pads 160 of fluid level sensor 80, and the response to the stimulation signal is read by reading circuity 154. Based on the ionic chemistry (pH, resistance, etc.) of the fluid makeup in a fluid container 40, the fluid will generally have a capacitance C- Fluid and resistance (R-Fluid) thereby causing a change between the stimulation signal and the measured response from the read circuity 154. Some fluid characteristics such as pH may be determined by the conductance of the fluid, but different fluid compositions may have different conductance at the same pH level. Therefore, it may be advantageous also to apply a varying AC signal and determine the appropriate response at each frequency and perform an FFT or another time-frequency conversion to retrieve a frequency signature that can be used to look up the particularly known fluids that have been characterized. Based on the type of fluid identified, the pH reading may be adjusted to compensate or calibrate for other ionic chemicals. Further, a temperature sensor 86 can be used to provide temperature compensation for the pH reading.

[0056] Fig. 9C is another example of a temperature impedance based fluid level sensor. In this example, the piezo-resistive element 152 of Fig. 9A is replaced with a diode 166 that is biased with a voltage bias source (Vbias). The forward voltage across the diode 166 will change based on the temperature sensed due to changes in doped ion conductivity.

Characterization of the fluid level may be done by checking the voltage across the diode 166 after a set time from heater activation. When fluid is in contact with the fluid level sensor 80, there will be a lower temperature change than when the air is in contact with the fluid level sensor 80.

[0057] Fig. 10 is an example cross-section of an EC 49 including point sensors 80. In this example, an electrical circuit assembly (ECA) 159 supports a silicon-based elongated circuit (EC 49) having the fluid level sensor 80. The silicon base layer 151 may be CMOS, PMOS, NMOS, or other types of know semiconductor surfaces. This silicon base layer 151 may include transistors, diodes, and other semiconductor components. In some examples, a temperature sensing diode 166 may be incorporated into the silicon base layer 151 . To improve thermal sensitivity, the silicon base layer 151 may be planarized and thinned to allow for less silicon mass to absorb thermal energy from a heater resistor 150, for example formed in a polysilicon or metal layer separated from the thermal diode 166, for example by a field oxide (FOX) layer 155 and a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) oxide layer 156. To isolate the heater resistor 150 from surrounding components, it may be surrounded by an additional TEOS layer 157. To protect the heater resistor 150 from the harsh chemicals of a fluid in a container, there may be one or more additional TEOS layers 158 between the heater resistor 150 and the fluid or air of the fluid container.

[0058] In some situations, it is preferable to have a thicker silicon base layer 151 to provide more structural strength, such as the example in Fig. 5A, where there are two separated packaged portions and the EC 49, is suspended between them. To improve the amount of temperature difference detected between air and fluid and to prevent having to thin the silicon base layer 151 and thus provide additional strength for the EC 49 die, a piezo- resistive metal temperature sensor 152 may be formed in a metal layer close to the fluidic interface. The metal layer may be doped with various impurities, such as boron, to provide the desired piezo-resistive effect. In this example, there is no temperature sensing diode 166 in the silicon and the poly heater resistor 150 is used to heat the piezo-resistive metal temperature sensor 152. Since the heater resistor 150 is close to the metal temperature sensor 152, it will heat up quickly. If there is fluid adjacent to the metal temperature sensor 152, it will cool after heat is removed at a much faster rate than if air is adjacent to it. The rate of change of temperature may be used to determine whether fluid is present or not. In other examples, sampling the resistance of the metal temperature sensor 152 at a fixed time after power to the heater resistor 150 has been terminated, a comparison to a predetermined threshold can be used to determine if the fluid is present or not.

[0059] In one example, the silicon base layer 151 may be about 100 urn (micrometers) thick and the temperature diode 166, if present, about 1 urn in depth. A thinner silicon base layer 151 such as to about 20 urn allows for a higher differential temperature change between air and fluid interfaces. For example, a 20 urn silicon base layer 151 may have more than 14 deg. C change in the temperature differential between air and fluid, while a 100 urn silicon base layer 151 may have about a 6 deg. C temperature differential. A thinner die may also cause the maximum temperature at the fluid/air interface to increase as the die becomes thinner due to less mass of the die to absorb the thermal energy. The FOX layer 155 may be about 1 urn in depth, the first TEOS layer 156 about 2 urn in depth, and second TEOS layer with the polysilicon about 2 urn in depth as well. If no metal temperature sensor 152 is used, the additional TEOS layers 158 may be about 2 urn. If the metal temperature sensor 152 is used, it may be positioned about 1 um from the polysilicon heater resistor 150 and be about 1 um in thickness and topped with an additional TEOS layer of about 1 um in thickness.

[0060] Depending on the various compositions of the fluids used in a system with multiple fluid containers, it may be desirable to have the maximum temperature at the fluid/air interface remain substantially constant relative to the amount of energy applied to the heater resistor 150 as well as keeping the differential temperature for the fluid/air interface also substantially constant. This may allow for more consistent readings and less calibration.

[0061] Fig. 1 1 is another example of a point sensor 80 in the form of a piezo-resistive metal temperature sensor 152 that is surrounded by a poly silicon heater resistor 150. In this example of a ring heater, the heat from the poly-silicon heater resistor 150 is more easily transferred to the fluid and only indirectly heats the metal temperature sensor 152. In this configuration, the temperature differential between a fluid and an air interface can be held relatively constant at about 8 deg. C in one example. While the max temperature at the fluid/air interface may be slightly higher than the example in Fig. 10, the increased thermal conductivity from the heater resistor to the fluid allows the fluid to keep the max temperature stable over a range of energy applied to the heater resistor 150. This example has similar dimensions as that described for Fig. 10. In another example, the

temperature sensor 152 may form a ring around resistor 150, which may be a square or other shape.

[0062] Fig. 12 is an example EC 49 pressure sensor 84 including a set 99 of stress sensors that is implemented along the length of the EC 49 die, for example at least five, at least ten, at least twenty, at least forty, at least eighty, at least hundred or at least hundred twenty stress sensors, for example approximately hundred twenty six stress sensors. In one example, a doped diffusion within the silicon base layer 151 extends along the length of the die and has various taps at different resistive elements 98 to allow for having the stresses at various locations along the length to be measured. In one example impurities like boron are diffused into the silicon base layer 151 to generate a piezo-resistive response thin film based stain gauge. In another example, each stress sensor may be a semiconductor bonded strain gauge where a piezo-resistive element is bonded to the silicon. Thus, the fluid property sensor 46 may include a set 99 of stress sensors formed along a length of the EC 49 die as one of a doped diffusion within the EC 49 and a piezoresistive element bonded to the EC 49 die. In the example shown in Fig. 12, the resistive elements 98 are measured using differential amplifiers 96. However, in other examples, the resistive elements may be measured using single-ended measurements. Also, rather than just a single resistor element 98 used at a location, multiple resistor elements 98 may be used such as in a full Wheatstone bridge or a partial bridge configuration. To minimize power consumption, the stress sensor 99 may be power controlled by a NFET 97 or a PFET from V+ in other examples. The output of each location on the stress sensor 99 may be individually selected using switches 91 , such as

transmission gates, to the Sense signal of the common interface bus 83. The switches 91 may be controlled by cascading a select signal using a set of registers 94, such as D flip-flops, using the Data signal and Clock signal of the common interface bus 83.

[0063] Because the stress sensor 99 extends along the length of the EC 49 die, any stresses due to packaging or mechanical mounting of the die may be read at manufacture or before or at installation, or during usage, to verify performance requirements and to compensate for these inherent package and/or mounting stresses of the fluid property sensor 46 when it is mounted to a fluid container 20, 40, to thereafter read stresses within the fluid container, such as those caused by (back) pressure regulation, while having accounted for variations caused by said package and/or mounting stresses. For instance, a fluid property sensor 46 incorporating the stress sensor 99 is mounted to a side wall of a fluid container 40 (as shown in Figs. 2A and 2B) then internal stresses within the fluid container 40 will cause the side wall of the fluid container 40 to flex and be detected.

[0064] On the left side of Fig. 12 is a graph illustrating an amount of deflection of the side wall on the horizontal axis over the length of the fluid property sensor 46. To transfer fluid from the fluid container 40 to the FAA 20 (as shown in Figs 1 A and 1 B), a controller 100 may cause the pump 19 in service station 18 to perform a hyperinflation event. In this event, the pump 19 fills the pressure regulation bag 42 to its maximum expansion which causes the walls of the fluid container 40 to deform and flex forcing fluid from the fluid container 40 to transfer to the FAA 20 fluid chamber 22. Generally, this will cause a ballooning package flex as shown in the rightmost graph (see also Fig. 17). If the system has multiple fluid containers 40 mounted adjacent to each other such that they make contact when one is hyper-inflated, the stress sensor 99 may detect the hyperinflation event of the adjacent container due to the physical contact. This adjacent container flex will be in the opposite direction (caving inward to the package rather than ballooning outward) as the local hyper-inflation event. The degree of flex is usually less than the local hyper-inflation event and is shown as the leftmost graph. After the hype-inflation event, the back pressure within the fluid container 40 and FAA 20 can return to a desired level that can be monitored and measured by the stress sensor 99.

[0065] The magnitude of the EC 49 die stress is usually less than the magnitude of the local and adjacent hyper-inflation events and rather than being concave or convex is likely to vary randomly over the length of the fluid property sensor 46 as shown in the second leftmost graph. In addition to package flexes, the stress sensor 99 may also detect movement of the fluid container 40 due to inertial (acceleration) forces and may be able to detect “splashing” of the fluid against the fluid property sensor 46 such as during container stoppage or change of movement events. This type of signal for the splashing may be present at only a few resistive elements 98 where the splashing occurs at the air and fluid interface. For inertial movement, the stress detected will generally be sensed uniformly (less any splashing) along the length of the resistive element 98 as shown in the second rightmost graph. In certain examples, splashing and other liquid movements may be sensed by the fluid level sensors 80 instead of, or in addition to, the pressure sensors.

[0066] As the fluid property sensor 46 will be experiencing several different amounts and types of flexure, the EC 49 die may become overstressed at times. A crack sensor 95 may extend along the length of the EC 49 die or encircle the die and be made of a thin film material such as metal or poly that is narrow and likely to break when the EC die is

overstressed. The crack sensor 95 output may be designed to be

communicated on the Sense signal of the common interface bus 83, or it may be used to disable operation of the fluid property sensor 46. The crack sensor may comprise an elongate resistor trace.

[0067] Accordingly, having an integral strain gauge in stress sensor 99 allows for monitoring and measurement of back pressure regulation, hyper inflation events, movement of the fluid containers 40 and FAA 20 during printing or servicing operations, presence of adjacent containers, monitor for air or fluid leaks in the system, and verify operation of the service station 18 and pump 19 operation. As inertial forces may also be measured, in systems such as printers, the operation of container movement may be monitored to detect gear wearing, obstructions, and paper binding as just a few examples. Depending on the container construction and type of back pressure regulation system used (spring bag, bubbler, sponge, etc.) the stress sensor 99 may also be used to determine the type of back pressure regulation based on the amount of package flexure and/or pressure differences during hyperinflation and back pressure regulation events.

[0068] Figs. 13A-13H are an example method 200 of a process to fabricate a packaged fluid property sensor 46. In Fig. 13A, an elongated circuit (EC) 49 has a silicon base layer 151 on which is formed a set of point sensors 80. In Fig. 13B the silicon base layer 151 is planarized to thin the silicon base layer to a range of about 200 urn to 20 urn when using a thermal fluid level sensor with a diode-based temperature sensor. When using a metal-based temperature sensor or when more die strength is desired, the die thinning operation in Fig. 13B may not be performed. In Fig. 13C a driver circuit 204 may be mounted to an electrical circuit assembly (ECA) 159 which has an electrical interface 48 on an opposing side of the ECA 159 coupled to a common interface bus 83 bond site. [0069] In Fig. 13D, the ECA 159 and one or more ECs 49 are placed on a tape 208 and a carrier or substrate 206 in a die/electrical circuit substrate attach operation. In Fig. 13E, the EC 49 die and ECA 159 may be transfer molded with a compound, such as an epoxy molded compound or a thermal plastic compound at a temperature of about 130 to about 200 degrees Celsius, for example 150 to 190 degrees Celsius, for example approximately 175 degrees Celsius. For this disclosure, a‘compound’ is broadly defined herein as any material including at least thermosets of an epoxide functional group, polyurethanes, a polyester plastic, resins, etc. In one example, the compound may be a self cross-linking epoxy and cured through catalytic homopolymerization. In another example, the compound may be a polyepoxide that uses a co-reactant to cure the polyepoxide. Curing of the compound forms a thermosetting polymer with high mechanical properties, high-temperature resistance, and high chemical resistance.

[0070] The carrier 206 and tape 204 are released, and the packaged assembly 50 is turned over as shown. In Fig. 13F, the ECA 159 common interface bus 83 is wire bonded to a proximal EC 49 at a proximal end of the EC 49 die. The distal end of the EC 49 die is wire bonded to a distal EC 49 die at its proximal end. The wire bonds 81 are then encapsulated with an epoxy or glue coating 82. Fig. 13G illustrates that the operations in Figs 13D- 13F may be performed using a panel of an array of fluid property sensors 46. The panel may be of any size but in one example is about 300 mm by 100 mm allowing for an array of about a 6 x 6 array. In step 13H, an individual fluid property sensor 46 with packaged encasement 50 and electrical interface 48 is singulated from the array.

[0071] Accordingly, a method of making a fluid property sensor may include placing an electrical circuit assembly (ECA) 159 on a carrier substrate 206 and placing on the carrier substrate 206 an elongated circuit (EC) 49 having multiple exposed sets of multiple point sensors 80 distributed along a length of the EC 49. The method includes encapsulating using transfer molding the external interface board 159 and the EC 49 and removing the carrier substrate 206. The external interface board 159 is electrically coupled with the EC 49 to a common interface bus 83 with bond wires 82. The bond wires 81 of the electrical coupling are encapsulated with an epoxy or glue coating 82. In some examples, there are multiple ECs 49 arranged in a daisy chain pattern and share the common interface bus 83. The common interface bus 83 may be electrically coupled between respective distal and proximate ends of the multiple ECs 49 in the daisy chain pattern. In some examples, the EC 49 silicon base layer 151 may be thinned prior to placing on the carrier substrate 206. The fluid property sensor 46 may be formed on an ECA panel with multiple fluid property sensors 46 formed in an array and singulated from the array after encapsulating the electrical coupling with epoxy.

[0072] Figs. 14A-14D are another example method of making a fluid property sensor 46. In Fig. 14A, one or more ECs 49 are placed on an ECA 159 having an external electrical interface 48 along with a driver circuit 204. The ECs 49 and the driver circuit 204 are wire bonded with bond wires 82 to the ECA 159 and encapsulated with an epoxy or glue coating 81. Fig. 14B is a cross-section along the A-A cut line of Fig. 14A for a transfer overmolding packaging operation. Transfer overmolding is a manufacturing process where casting material is forced into a mold to mold over other items within the mold, such as ECA 159, EC(s) 49, and driver circuit 204. In Fig. 14B, a top mold 304 is placed on the top surface of ECA 159, and a bottom mold 306 is placed upon the bottom surface of the ECA 159. The top mold 304 and the bottom mold 306 form a chamber 310 where the compound (compound) is to be injected in the transfer overmolding operation. The top mold 308 may have one or more indentations 308 to allow for the epoxy or glue coating 82 over the bond wires 81 . A top surface and a bottom surface of the ECA 159 are packaged with a compound while exposing a sensing portion of the EC with no overmolding, such as openings 53 and 54 shown in the finished fluid property sensor 46 with packaged encasement 50 and external electrical interface 48. Fig. 14D is a crossectional side view of Fig. 14C along the B-B cut line. The ECA 159 is shown supporting the external electrical interface 48 and ECs 49 within the packaged encasement 50. Openings 53 and 54 allow the sensor area of the ECs 49 to have contact with fluid or air. [0073] Figs. 15A - 15D are illustrations of another example process 350 to make a fluid property sensor 46. Fig. 15A shows a top and side view of an ECA 159 having an external electrical interface 48, an EC 49 mounted onto and wire bonded to traces with bond wires 81 on the ECA 159, a driver circuit 204 also mounted onto and wire bonded to traces on the ECA 159.

The wire bonds may be encapsulated with epoxy for protection during the transfer overmolding. The ECA 159 may include a set of datums 302 to facilitate positioning and mounting the finished fluid property sensor 46 to a fluid container. Proper positioning may aid in improved performance of the sensor. In some examples, the ECA 159 may be a flex circuit and in other examples may be a glass, polymer, ceramic, paper, or FR4 glass epoxy electrical circuit substrate with copper, with solder, tin, nickel or gold plating, or other conductive traces, single or double-sided. As shown in the side view, in some examples, a support structure 352 may be placed under the ECA 159 to provide structural strength during transfer overmolding to prevent the EC 49 from being over stressed. In another example, a removable support 354 may be used in place of support structure 352. To allow for removal, a release liner 356 may be placed between the removable support 354 and the ECA 159. Release liners 356 may also be applied to the top mold 304 and the bottom mold 306 to facilitate removal of the fluid property sensor 46 from the mold. In another example, the bottom mold 306 may include a support topography on the bottom mold 306 and the top mold 304 may include a chase to extend down and seal off the sensing portion of the EC 49 during overmolding.

[0074] Fig. 15B shows the ECA 159 of Fig. 15A inside a mold with a top mold 304 and a bottom mold 306. The support structure 352 may be made of a compound the same as used in the transfer molding or in other examples may be made of a material that provides a better thermal coefficient of expansion similar to the material of the ECA 159. In another example, the support structure can be provided by the supporting topographies as part of the bottom mold cavity. Fig. 15C shows the finished fluid property sensor 46 with a compound support member 356 packaged into packaged encasement 50. Fig. 15D shows the finished fluid property sensor 46 when a removable support 354 is used and removed after overmolding. This process may be used to create a fluid property sensor 46 with a first packaged section 51 and a second packaged section 52, such as shown in Fig. 5A. As with the other processes, the ECA 159 may be formed in an ECA panel with an array of ECAs 159 and the overmolding process performed on the ECA panel prior to singulation of the finished fluid property sensor 46.

[0075] Fig. 16 is a flowchart of an example fluid sensing routine 102 (Fig. 1). The fluid sensing routine 102 may be performed by software or hardware or a combination of both. Routines may constitute either software modules, such as code embedded in a tangible non-transitory machine- readable medium 120 or hardware modules. A hardware module, such as controller 100 and/or driver circuit 204, is a tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in certain manners. In one example, one or more computer systems or one or more hardware modules of a computer system may be configured by software (e.g., an application, or portion of an application) as a hardware module that operates to perform certain operations as described herein. In some examples, a hardware module may be implemented as electronically programmable. For instance, a hardware module may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured (e.g., as a special-purpose processor, state machine, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) to perform certain operations. A hardware module may also include programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or another programmable processor) that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations.

[0076] In block 402, the level or location of the fluid is determined within a fluid container. The level can be determined by using thermal impedance sensors and/or electrical impedance sensors to detect a fluid/air boundary. In block 404, multiple impedance measurements are made over time of the fluid. The impedance measurements may be made by using thermal impedance sensors and/or electrical impedance sensors. In block 406, the multiple impedance measurements are used to perform a time to frequency transform, such as a Fast Fourier Transform, a Cosine transform or other time to frequency transform. In block 408, the output of the frequency transform is then used to compare with various frequency signatures of known fluid components to determine the chemical makeup of the fluid.

[0077] In summary, Fig. 17 is an example fluid cartridge 40 with an example fluid level sensor 46 and an example pressure sensor 84 for detecting hyper-inflation events. The leftmost drawing illustrates fluid container 40 with a fluid property sensor 86 attached to a sidewall of fluid container 40. The fluid property sensor 86 may have datums to aid in mounting and positioning the sensor to the sidewall. The fluid property sensor 86 has an external interface 48 coupled to a common interface bus 83 that includes but analog signals and digital signals. The fluid property sensor 86 may include an electrical circuit assembly (ECA) 159. The ECA 159 may include the external interface 84 that is coupled to the common interface bus 83 having a digital interface for the digital signals, such as the Data and Clock signals, and an analog interface for the analog signals, such as the Sense signal. The Sense signal may also be used as a digital signal, or an enable signal may function as sense signal to enable the fluid property sensor 49.

The fluid level sensor 46 is coupled to the common interface bus 83 to indicate a fluid level 43. The pressure sensor 84 is coupled to the common interface bus 83 to indicate a pressure event, such as a hyper-inflation pressure event. A driver circuit 204 is coupled to the common interface bus 83 with the fluid level sensor 46 and the pressure sensor 84 and

communicates characteristics of the fluid level sensor 46 and the pressure sensor 84 on the analog interface and communicates indications of thresholds on the digital interface of both the fluid level 43 and the pressure event.

[0078] The middlemost drawing of container 40-1 is a side view of fluid container 40 illustrating an example hyper-inflation event within the fluid container 40. A pressure regulation bag 42 (or other type of pressure regulator) is pressurized by air from air interface 47 causing it to balloon outward and create a concave shape of container 40. Since the fluid property sensor 86 in this example is attached to the side wall of container 40-1 , the fluid property sensor 86 also forms a concave shape closely matching that of container 40. The fluid level 43 may rise due to the pressure regulation bag 42 expanding to occupy additional space within fluid container 40 thus displacing the fluid to another area within fluid container 40 or out of the fluid container 40 to a fluid actuation assembly 20. In some examples, a printhead 30 die may be attached to the fluid container 40 and the hyper-inflation cycle done to reset the backpressure within the fluid container 40.

[0079] The rightmost drawing of container 40-2 is another side view of fluid container 40 only this time to illustrate the deformation of a sidewall of fluid container 40 caused by a hyper-inflation cycle performed in an adjacent fluid container 40-1 next to the fluid container 40-2. As the adjacent fluid container 40-1 expands and bulges outward to form a concave shape, that shape contacts the sidewall of fluid container 40-2 and causes it to bulge inward in a convex shape. This convex shape causes the sidewall to occupy an area within fluid container 40-2 and thus may cause the fluid level 43 to rise as well, but less than during a hyper-inflation event within the fluid container 40. Accordingly, in some examples, the pressure event may be one of a hyper-inflation cycle within a fluid container 40 and a hyper-inflation cycle within an adjacent fluid container 40-1. In other examples, a pressure event may include other air inflation events of the pressure regulation bag 42 such as a servicing operation on the fluid container 40 in a service station 18 or detection of a back-pressure regulation. In still other examples, the pressure sensor 84 may be used to detect many forms of stress on the fluid property sensor 84 such as an inertial movement of the fluid property sensor 86 under acceleration or movement of carriage 12 or even a fluid movement within the fluid container 40 as the fluid splashes upon the pressure sensor 84. Accordingly, the fluid property sensor may communicate a concave, convex, or normal shape of the sidewall of the container 40. Also, the hyper inflation cycle may be detected and communicated based upon fluid level 43 changes detected by fluid level sensor 46. [0080] The fluid property sensor 86 may include multiple fluid level point sensors 80 distributed linearly or non-linearly along a length of the fluid level sensor 46, and multiple stress sensors 99 distributed along a length of the pressure sensor 84 to measure a flexure of the ECA 159 of fluid property sensor 86. The ECA 159, the fluid level sensor 46, and the pressure sensor 84, and the external interface 48 may be packaged together to form the fluid property sensor 86. The fluid level sensor 46 may include a proximal elongated circuit (EC) 49 and a distal EC 49 electrically coupled to the proximal EC 49 with the common interface bus 83. The proximal EC 49 and the distal EC 49 may each include a portion of the pressure sensor 84. In other examples, the fluid level sensor 46 may include an elongated circuit (EC) 49 and the pressure sensor 84 may include multiple stress sensors 99 formed along a length of the EC 49. These multiple stress sensors 99 may be formed as a doped diffusion within the EC 49 or a piezo-resistive element bonded to the EC 49. In case of too much flexure or due to other

circumstances, there may be excessive flexure of the fluid property sensor 86. To detect such occurrence, the fluid property sensor 86 may have the driver circuit 204 configured to communicate a status of a die crack sensor 95 for the EC 49.

[0081] Accordingly, a fluid container 40 includes a housing containing a chamber 22 or fluid reservoir 44 for containing a fluid. A fluid property sensor 86 may include a sensing portion extending into the reservoir or chamber 22, 44. The sensing portion may include a fluid level sensor 46 to indicate a fluid level 43, and a pressure sensor 84 to indicate a pressure event. An interface portion may share a common interface bus 83 with the sensing portion and include an analog interface (Sense signal), a digital interface (Data and Clock signals), and an external interface 48 exposed outside the package and electrically coupled to the common interface bus 83. The Sense signal may also be used as a digital signal on the digital interface. A driver circuit 204 may be coupled to the common interface bus 83 to communicate with the fluid level sensor 46 and the pressure sensor 84 and communicate characteristics of the fluid level sensor 46 and the pressure sensor 84 on the analog interface and communicate threshold indications of the fluid level 43 and the pressure event on the digital interface. The interface portion may be configured to indicate an amount of flexure of a sidewall of the chamber with multiple pressure readings. The sensing portion and the interface portion may be packaged together to form the fluid property sensor 86 and attached to the sidewall. In some examples, the sensing portion and the interface portion may communicate a concave, convex, or normal shape of the sidewall of the container 40. Also, a hyper-inflation cycle may be detected and

communicated based upon fluid level 43 changes detected by fluid level sensor 46. In other examples, the interface portion is to communicate a chemical makeup of the fluid, such as discussed in Fig. 16.

[0082] In some examples, the pressure sensor 84 includes multiple stress sensors 99 distributed along a length of the fluid property sensor 46 to monitor a stress event within a package of the fluid property sensor 86. The fluid level sensor 46 may include an elongated circuit (EC) 49 with multiple point sensors 80 and the pressure sensor 84 may include multiple stress sensors 99 formed along a length of the EC 49 formed as one of a doped diffusion within the EC and a piezo-resistive element bonded to the EC. In some examples, the interface portion may be configured to communicate the stress event within a package of the fluid property sensor. For instance, a stress event could be a detection of inertial movement, movement of the fluid within the fluid container 40, vibrations of the carriage 12 mechanisms, as well as servicing events in the service station 18.

[0083] This disclosure describes different examples of a fluid property sensor, comprising an integrated circuit (IC) including a fluid level sensor and/or a pressure sensor. In certain examples only a pressure level sensor is provided, for example combined with at least one different sensor. An external interface may be electrically coupled to a proximal end of the EC. The pressure sensor may be configured to measure a flexure of the fluid property sensor. The fluid level sensor may comprise multiple point sensors distributed along a length of the IC to sense fluid level. The IC and the external interface may be packaged together to form the fluid property sensor. The IC may comprise an elongate circuit (EC) having an aspect ratio of length : width of at least 20 : 1. The IC may comprise a proximal elongated circuit (EC) and a distal EC electrically coupled to the proximal EC. The proximal EC and the distal EC may each include a portion of the pressure sensor. The IC and the external interface may be packaged together to form the fluid property sensor. Multiple integrated circuits (ICs) may be provided, sharing a common interface bus. The fluid property sensor may include datums to position and attach the sensor to a wall of a fluid container to allow the fluid property sensor to measure a flexure of the wall. The pressure sensor may include at least five stress sensors. The pressure sensor may include multiple stress sensors formed along a length of the IC, for example, to monitor the stress within the package of the fluid property sensor, for example, formed as one of a doped diffusion elongated circuit (EC) and a piezo-resistive element bonded to the EC. The IC may include a die crack sensor.

[0084] A fluid container may comprise a reservoir for containing a fluid and a fluid property sensor, for example as described above. The reservoir may contain fluid along which at least part of the fluid property sensor extends and/or is exposed to. The fluid container may further comprise a fluid interface to supply fluid from the reservoir to a printer along an approximately horizontal axis, the fluid interface closer to a gravitational bottom of the reservoir than to a middle of a height of the reservoir, and an air interface for the printer to provide air pressure to the reservoir through the air interface to pressurize the fluid in the reservoir, the air interface disposed above the fluid interface. The fluid container may further comprise a pressure regulator wherein the air interface is connected to the pressure regulator. An external interface may be exposed outside of the reservoir and electrically coupled to the interface bus, wherein the fluid property sensor is attached to a sidewall of the fluid container and the pressure sensor is to report an amount of flexure of the sidewall. The fluid property sensor may be attached to a sidewall of a fluid container and may be configured to communicate a concave, convex, or normal shape of the sidewall of the container. [0085] In one example container and/or fluid property sensor, the multiple ICs include a proximal elongated circuit (EC) with a set of various types of sensors, a distal EC with a high density of fluid property sensors, and a mesial EC between the proximal EC and the distal EC, the mesial EC having a minimal set of fluid property sensors and a pass-through of the common interface bus. At least one of the multiple ICs and the interface bus may be packaged together to form the fluid property sensor.

[0086] Example pressure sensors may be configured to at least one of (i) detect a hyper-inflation cycle performed within the fluid container, (ii) detect a hyper-inflation cycle performed on an adjacent fluid container, (iii) detect at least one of an inertial movement of the fluid container and a movement of fluid within the fluid container, and (iv) monitor a leakage or servicing operation of the fluid container. A sensing portion of the fluid property sensor may include at least one of multiple thermal impedance sensors, multiple electrical impedance sensors, the stress sensor, and a die crack sensor.

[0087] An example fluid property sensor, which may be any fluid property sensor of the preceding examples, may comprise (i) an electrical circuit assembly (ECA) including an external interface coupled to a common interface bus, (ii) a fluid level sensor coupled to the common interface bus to indicate a fluid level and/or a pressure sensor coupled to the common interface bus to indicate a pressure event, and (iii) a driver circuit coupled to the common interface bus, configured to communicate characteristics of the fluid level sensor and the pressure sensor. In certain examples only a pressure level sensor is provided, for example combined with at least one different sensor. A pressure event may be at least one of a hyper-inflation cycle within a fluid container, a hyper-inflation cycle within an adjacent fluid container, a servicing operation on the fluid container, an inertial movement of the fluid property sensor, and a fluid movement within the fluid container. The fluid property sensor may comprise multiple point fluid level sensors distributed along a length of the fluid property sensor; and/or multiple stress sensors distributed along a length of the pressure sensor to measure a flexure of the ECA. The fluid property sensor may comprise a proximal elongated circuit (EC) and a distal EC electrically coupled to the proximal EC with one or both ECs coupled the common interface bus, and wherein the proximal EC and the distal EC each include a portion of the pressure sensor. The sensor portion with sensors may have a length : width aspect ratio that is five times greater than the aspect ratio of the driver circuit.

[0088] The fluid property sensor and/or container may include interfaces for the fluid property sensor interfacing with the sensing portion, the interfaces including at least one of an analog interface and a digital interface, and an external interface exposed outside the reservoir. Also, a driver circuit may be provided coupled to at least one of the interfaces to communicate with the fluid level sensor and the pressure sensor and communicate

characteristics of the fluid level sensor and the pressure sensor via the external interface. The sensing portion, e.g., including the pressure sensor, may be configured to communicate at least one of (i) an amount of flexure of a sidewall of the reservoir, (ii) a concave, convex, or normal shape of the sidewall of the container, and (iii) a chemical makeup of the fluid. The pressure sensor may include multiple stress sensors distributed along a length of the fluid property sensor to monitor a stress event within a package of the fluid property sensor. The external interface is configured to

communicate the stress event. The stress event may be at least one of a hyper-inflation cycle performed within the fluid container, a hyper-inflation cycle performed on an adjacent fluid container, an inertial movement of the fluid container, a movement of fluid within the fluid container, a leakage of the fluid container, and a servicing operation of the fluid container.

[0089] All publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s) should be considered

supplementary to that of this document. For irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls. [0090] While the claimed subject matter has been particularly shown and described with reference to the foregoing examples, those skilled in the art will understand that many variations may be made therein without departing from the intended scope of subject matter in the following claims. The foregoing examples are illustrative, and no single feature or element is essential or inextricable to all possible combinations that may be claimed in this or a later application. Where the claims recite“a” or“a first” element of the equivalent thereof, such claims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements.