Title: Foam dispensing assembly

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a dispensing assembly for dispensing a liquid, in particular a foam. BACKGROUND

Pump assemblies to be mounted on a container containing a foamable liquid, which upon actuation provide a foam are well known in the art. For instance, US 5,443,569 discloses such dispensing assembly.

This known dispensing comprises a liquid piston pump and an air piston pump concentrically arranged with respect to each other. The cylinders of the liquid and air pump are formed by the inner cylinder and outer cylinder of a double cylinder, respectively. The dispensing assembly further comprises a common actuation button for simultaneous actuation of the liquid pump and the air pump by manual depression of the actuation button. A liquid piston and an air piston are reciprocally movable arranged in the liquid and air cylinder and are operatively connected to the actuation button so that upon actuation of the actuation button the liquid piston and the air piston may reciprocally be moved in the liquid and air cylinder, respectively.

When the above dispensing assembly is mounted on a container containing a foamable liquid, this liquid may be drawn out of the container by actuation of the actuation button. Atthe same time air will be pumped by the air pump. The pump outlets of the liquid and air pump are connected to a mixing chamber where the liquid and air is mixed to a (pre)foam. The mixture of liquid and air is consequently pumped through a dispensing channel and passes one or more porous elements, for instance sieves, to form a homogenous foam which is dispensed at a dispensing opening at the end of the dispensing channel.

Although the above pump has been shown to be very succesful in the market for a variety of foamable liquids, such as soap, shampoo, dishwashing detergent and sun cream, there may still be some further improvements possible. Furthermore, since the dispensing assembly of the above type is more and more applied as a mass product there is a continous strive for simplification, while maintaining a good foam quality.

Generally, it is desirable to dispense a desired quantity of foam per stroke of the actuation button. Further, the length of a stroke is limited for handheld foam dispensers since the actuation button is depressed by a finger while the dispensing device is held by the same hand. Due to the required diameter of the double cylinder to dispense a certain quantity of

foam and the limited stroke, the neck opening of the container has to be of a certain minimum diameter to receive the double cylinder of appropiate size. In some applications it is desirable to use contaners having a neck opening with a smaller diameter, while maintaining the same stroke length and the same quantity of foam dispensed per stroke. The known dispensing assembly design until now cannot fulfil these requirements on dispensing quantity and dimensions.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

It is desirable to provide an alternative embodiment of a dispensing assembly being economically attractive while maintaining a good foam quality.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a dispensing assembly mountable on a container for dispensing a foam, comprising:

- a liquid piston pump, comprising a liquid cylinder and a liquid piston delimiting a liquid pump chamber, and a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet,

- an air piston pump comprising an air cylinder and an air piston delimiting an air pump chamber, and an air inlet and an air outlet,

- a common actuation button for actuation of the liquid pump and the air pump,

- a dispensing channel for mixing and dispensing liquid and air pumped by the liquid and air pump, respectively, and

- a securing collar for attachment of the dispensing assembly to a container.

The dispensing assembly is characterized in that the air cylinder is formed by a cylindrical skirt of the actuation button, and the air piston is at least partially formed by a cylindrical extension of the securing collar, and in that the air chamber at least partially surrounds the liquid chamber .

The above dispensing assembly is of a relative simple and compact design. It has shown that this design may result in a dispensing assembly which has a relatively low height per dispensed volume of foam. Also, the volume of plastics material and thus the weight of the dispensing assembly per volume of dispensed volume of foam per pump stroke is relatively low. This is cost effective and

Furthermore, by providing an air pump outside the neck portion of the container it is possible to use a neck opening of a smaller size without requiring a substantial longer stroke length or obtaining less foam per pump stroke.

As the ai cylinder is formed by a cylindrical skirt of the actuation button and the air piston is formed by a cylindrical extension of the securing collar, the actuation button extends about the cylindrical extension of the securing collar. As a result, water which will flow over the actuation button will flow down the outside of the dispensing assembly without entering

the dispensing assembly. Thus the dispensing assembly can easily be rinsed off under a tap without the risk of water entering the dispensing assembly. Such dispensing assembly is often referred to as a water resistant foamer. The present invention provides a compact foamer which provides water resistancy and a compact construction. It is remarked that EP 392 238 discloses a dispensing assembly for the dispensing of foam having a piston air pump having an air cyljlnder formed by a skirt of the actuation button. However, this dispensing assembly is of relatively complex and voluminous design. Furthermore, in this known dispensing assembly, a piston-cylinder arrangement is provided between the air pump and the liquid pump, which is required for the introduction of air in the container to replace liquid which is pumped out of the container. The cylinder of this piston- cylinder arrangement is part of a double cylinder, the second cylinder forming a part of the liquid piston pump. In view of the above, the dispensing assembly of EP 392238 does not provide the advantages of the dispensing assembly of the present invention.

In an embodiment of the dispensing assembly of the present invention, a piston seal is arranged between the cylindrical extension and the skirt, the piston seal being displaceable with respect to the cilindrical extension in at least a closed position in which the piston seal provides an air tight seal between the cylindrical extension and the skirt, and an open position in which introduction of air into the air pump chamber between the cylindrical extension and the skirt is possible. Such piston seal which opens and closes due to the actuation of the actuation button is advantageous as there is no threshhold underpressure required for opening of the valve. Such piston seal could also be applied when the air pump does not surround the liquid pump.

In an embodiment a bottom end of the liquid cylinder does not project beyond the bottom side of the securing collar. In the case of a transparent container, the liquid cylinder in the known dispensing device is at least partially visible. The liquid cylinder of this embodiment does not have this disadvantage, while at the same time, due to the arrangement of liquid pump and air pump according to the invention, a desired quantity of foam can be dispensed per stroke while having a more compact design of the dispensing assembly which is easy to handle. In an embodiment, a height of a part of the dispensing assembly projecting after mounting downwardly from the top end of a container is smaller than 1 ,5 times the maximal stroke length of the actuation button, preferably 1 times the maximal stroke length of the actuation button, or a total height of the dispensing assembly is smaller than 4,5 times the maximal stroke length of the actuation button. Such dimensions of the dispensing assembly provide a good ratio between quantity of foam dispensed per pump stroke, the stroke length and the distance from the container to the top of the actuation button. The latter distance is of importance since the actuation button is designed to be actuated by a finger of the hand

holding the dispensing device. It will be dear that the reach of such finger is limited and that this should be taken into account in the design of the dispensing device. The stroke length of a hand-held dispenser having a finger-actuated actuation button lies typically between 5 and 25 mm, more typically between 10 and 20 mm. In preferred embodiments the stroke length is about 11 mm or about 15,5 mm.

It is remarked that the bottom of the liquid inlet valve is regarded to be the bottom side of the dispensing assembly, and the top side of the actuation button is regarded to be the top side of the dispensing assembly. Thus, the dip tube and a part of the connection piece for the dip tube extending downwardly from the liquid inlet valve are not taken into account in the determination of a height of the dispensing assembly.

In an embodiment, the skirt is an integral part of the actuation button and/or the cylindrical extension is an integral part of the securing collar. By making the skirt and/or cylindrical extension integral part of the actuation button, less parts are to be assembled during the manufacturing process of the dispensing assembly. In an embodiment, the liquid cylinder is at least partially formed by a cylindrical extension of the securing collar. Such embodiment further simplifies the foamer design, wherein both the air piston an the liquid cylinder are supported and preferably are part of the securing collar.

In another embodiment, the liquid cylinder is formed by a cylindric element placed in a recess of the securing collar. Such embodiment provides also a simple design which can be made cost effectively. Such design has the further advantage that it is posssible to make the cylindrical element exchangeable for another cylindrical element having the same or a different internal diameter. By exchanging the cylindrical element for an element having a different internal diameter, the quantity of liquid dispensed per pump stroke may be changed, and therewith the ratio between the quantity of liquid and quantity of air which is dispensed per pump stroke.

In an embodiment, the air outlet comprises a part which runs in the upright position of the dispensing device at least partially vertical, an upper end of the at least partially vertically running air outlet being in communication with the air pump chamber, a lower end being in communication with the dispensing channel.

By providing such vertical part in the air outlet foam or liquid present in the mixing chamber cannot flow in the air pump. This is desirable as the presence of foam and/or liquid in the air chamber may result in misfunctioniπg of the pump. For instance, the seal between the air piston and the air cylinder, may stick together due to solidified liquid on the seal. According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a dispensing assembly The dispensing assembly mountabfe on a container for dispensing a foam, comprising:

- a liquid pump,

- an air pump

- a common actuation button for actuation of the liquid pump and the air pump,

- a dispensing channel for mixing and dispensing liquid and air pumped by the liquid and air pump, respectively, and

- a securing collar for attachment of the dispensing assembly to a container, characterized in that, the dispensing assembly comprises a sealing gasket, wherein the sealing gasket comprises a sealing part to be placed between the securing collar and the container, and a radially inwardly extending flexible part to be placed sealiπgly against an inner rim of the dispensing assembly, the flexible part forming an inlet valve element for aeration of the container.

By combination of the sealing gasket and the aeration inlet valve in a single element an attractive aeration valve is obtained. Furthermore, since the airflow path for the aeration may run through the space between the securing collar and the neck portion of the container, the design of the liquid pump and air pump is not importantly influenced by the requirement of an aeration air flow path. This is in contrast to many prior art dispensing assemblies in which the aeration air flow path has a large influence on the design of the liquid and/or air pump.

The embodiment of the present invention has the further advantage that since the flexible lip extends radially inwardly, i.e. substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the dispensing assembly, fluid will come to rest on the flexible lip when the container is turned upside down, therewith improving the seating between the flexible lip and the rim of the dispensing assembly. Thus the chance on leaking of the aeration valve is therewith substantially reduced. (n an embodiment, the sealing gasket defines at least one substantially radially extending air channel, one end of the air channel being in communication with the environment, the other end being in comunication with the space at the side of the radially inwardly extending flexible (ip which is opposite to the interior of the container.

The air channel may for instance be formed by a hole in the sealing gasket or by grooves arranged in one or both of the abutting surfaces of the sealing gasket or the securing collar.

Further details and characteristics will now be discussed at the hand of a preferred embodiment of a dispensing assembly of the invention, whereby reference will be made to the appended drawing in which. - Figure 1 shows a cross section of a dispensing assembly according to the invention in the rest position of the dispensing assembly, and

- Figure 2 shows a cross section of a dispensing assembly according to the invention during the downstroke movement of the actuation button.

- Figures 3a and 3b show the embodiment of the sealing gasket of Figures 1 and 2 in more detail; and - Figures 4a-4d show alternative embodiments of the sealing surface of the gasket of the invention.

Figures 1 and 2 show an embodiment of a foam dispensing device according to the invention. The foam dispensing device comprises a dispensing assembly, generally indicated with the reference numeral 1. The dispensing device 1 comprises a dispensing assembly 2 and a container 3 for holding a foamable liquid. The foamable liquid may be mixed with air to form a foam which may be dispensed by actuation of the dispensing assembly 2. The foam may be for any suitable application such as soap, shampoo, sun cream, dishwashing detergent, and shaving cream, etc.

The dispensing assembly 2 comprises a piston-type liquid pump 4, a piston-type air pump 5 and a common actuation button 6. A securing collar 7 is provided to mount the dispensing assembly 2 on the container 3. For this purpose the securing collar 7 comprises an internal screw thread which is configured to cooperate with a screw thread provided about the neck of the container. Any other type connection between dispensing assembly 2 and the container, such as a snap coπection, or bayonet catch may also be used. A sealing gasket 31 is provided between the securing collar 7 and the container 3 to provide a sealing engagement. The sealing gasket 31 comprises a flexible lip 32 extending radially inwardly. A free end of the flexible lip 32 lies sealingly against a rim 33 formed at th bottom side of the securing collar 7. An air channel 34 is provided in the sealing gasket to provide communication between the environment and the space at the side of the flexible lip 32 opposite of the interior of the container 3. When the pressure in the container 3 decreases due to liquid being pumped out of the container, air may enter the container via the air channel 34 and the flexible lip 32 which will come free from the rim 33 due to the underpressure in the container 3 to avoid that the pressure in the container will become too low which may result in deformation of the container and malfuntcioning of the liquid pump 4. The substantially horizontally extending lip 32 has the advantage that when the dispensing device 1 is turned upside down, the liquid in the container wil come to rest on the flexible lip 32 and will therefore press the flexible lip 32 against the rim 33. In this way the sealing of the container is improved and leakage through the aeration channel 34 is substantially avoided. The air channel 34 is formed by a groove in the sealing gasket. The air channel 34 may also be formed by a groove in the securing collar 7 or a through-going hole in the sealing gasket 31 or the securing collar 7.

The liquid pump 4 comprises a fiquid cylinder 8, and a liquid piston 9 reciprocally movable in said liquid cylinder 8. The liquid cylinder 8 and liquid piston 9 delimit a liquid pump chamber 10. The liquid pump 4 further comprises a liquid inlet 11 and a liquid pump outlet 12. The liquid inlet 11 is connected with a dip tube 30 which runs to the bottom of the interior of the container 3.

A liquid inlet valve 13 is provided in the liquid inlet 11, and a liquid outlet valve 14 is provided in the liquid outlet 12 to control the entering and departure of liquid from the liquid pump chamber 10. The liquid inlet valve 13 is a ball valve which is opened by creation of an underpressure in the liquid pump chamber 10 with respect to the pressure in the interior of the container 3 and closed by an overpressure in the liquid pump chamber 10 with respect to the pressure in the interior of the container 3. The opening and closing of the liquid outlet valve 14 is controlled by the depression and release of the actuation button 6. Such valve is known in the art and for instance described in US 5,443,569. Any other suitable type of liquid outlet valve may also be applied. The air pump 5 comprises an air cylinder 15 and an air piston 16 reciprocally movable in said air cylinder 15. The air cylinder 15 and air piston 16 delimit an air pump chamber 17. The air cylinder is formed by an integral cylindrical skirt of the actuation button 6. The air piston 16 is formed by an integral cylindrical extension of the securing collar 7. Such construction is advantageous since the air cylinder and piston are formed by the actuation button 6 and the securing collar 7 and thus no separate parts have to be provided.

The air pump 5 further comprises an air inlet 18 and an air outlet 19. A piston seal 20 is mounted oh the air piston 16. The piston seal 20 sealingly engages the air cylinder 15 an the air piston 16, and is movable between two positions with respect to the air piston 16. In a first position as shown in Figure 1, the piston seal 20 is located in an upper position, i.e. the open position, with respect to the air piston 16. In this position, the air inlet 18 is in communication with the environment and air may flow into the air chamber 17 when there is an underpressure in this air chamber 17 with respect to the environment. In Figure 2, the piston seal is shown in its lower position, i.e. the closed position, with respect to the air piston 16. In this position the piston seal sealingly contacts the upper rim 21 of the air piston 16 and closes the air inlet 18 from the environment. By moving the piston seal 20 between the open and closed position an air inlet valve is obtained as will be explained in more detail hereinafter.

The liquid outlet 12 and air outlet 19 both end in a mixing chamber 22 which is a part of the dispensing channel 23 running from the mixing chamber 22 to a dispensing opening 24 at the other end of the dispensing channel 23.

In the shown embodiment, the dispensing channel 23 runs through the actuation button 6. In the dispensing channel 23 a foam-forming element 25 is arranged which

comprises two sieves 26 and a constriction 27 between the two sieves 26. This foam-forming element 25 is provided to form or improve a foam from a liquid air mixture/foam passing the foam-forming element 25. The sieves 26 are provided to obtain a fine and homogeneous foam. Due to the constriction 27, the foam will be accelerated in the dispensing channel 23 before passing the sieve 26 which is the closest to the dispensing opening 24. It has shown that the provision of a constriction 27 between the two sieves 26, and the resulting acceleration of the foam improves substantially the quality of the foam dispensed by the dispensing device. In alternative embodiments the constriction 27 may also be provided at another location in the dispensing channel 23 with respect to the sieves 26, but is preferably located in the dispensing channel 23 downstream of at least one porous element, for instance a sieve 26.

Starting from the position shown in Figure 1, the actuation button 6 may be moved downwards by pressing on top of the actuation button 6. As a result, the actuation button 6 and therewith the liquid piston 8 and air cylinder 15 will start to move downwards. When, the actuation button 6 is depressed for the first time, there will be no liquid present in the liquid pump. Due to the friction between the piston seal 20 and the air cylinder 15, the piston seal 20 will initially remain its position with respect to the air cylinder 15 and, as a result, the piston seal 20 will move from the opened position to the closed position (see Figure 2). By further depression of the actuation button the air cylinder 15 will further move downwards, therewith decreasing the volume of the air chamber 17. As a result, air present in the air chamber 17 will be pumped out of the air chamber 17 via the air outlet.

When at the end of the downwardstroke the actuation button 6 is released, the pump actuation button 6 is pressed upwards by the springs 28 and 29. The air cylinder 15 which is an integral part of the actuation button 6, will also move upwards and take the piston seal 20 along due to the friction between the air cylinder 15 and the piston seal 20. As a result, the piston seal 20 will move from the closed position to the open position with respect to the air piston 16. When the piston seal 20 is fully in the open position a rim 2OA on the piston seal 20 will cling behind a corrseponding rim 16a on the air piston 16. As a consequence, the sealing rim 20 will no longer move upwards with the air cylinder 15, but stick to the air piston 16. By this movement of the piston seal 20 with respect to the air cylinder 16 the air inlet valve is opened.

It is remarked that in the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2 two springs 28 and 29 are provided. These springs are arranged in the dispensing assembly to provide extra return spring force. When such extra spring force is not required only the inner spring 29 may be provided, or, in an alternative embodiment wherein it is desirable that the return spring does not come into contact with the pumped liquid only outer spring 28 may be provided. The

latter may be the case for certain liquids, for instance corrosive liquids as the springs are typically made of metal, or liquids which are contaminated by contact with metal.

When the air cylinder 16 further move upwards the volume of air chamber 17 will increase and as a consequence air will be sucked into the air chamber 17 via the air inlet 18. At the same time, the volume of the liquid chamber 10 increases which results in an underpressure in the liquid chamber 10. This underpressure opens the liquid inlet valve 13 and liquid is sucked out of the container 3 through the dip tube 30 and the liquid inlet 11. When the actuation button 6 is again in its top position as shown in Figure 1, the liquid chamber 10 and the air chamber 17 are filled with air and liquid, respectively. When the actuation button 6 is again moved downwards, air will be pumped out of the air chamber 17. Now, since the liquid chamber 10 is also filled with liquid, during the downward stroke liquid will be pumped out of the liquid chamber 17 via the liquid outlet 12. The liquid coming from the liquid outlet 12 and air coming from the air outlet 19 are mixed in the mixing chamber 22 to form a (pre)foam which is pumped through the dispensing channel 23 to the dispensing opening 24 where a foam is dispensed. In the dispensing channel 23 the foam/liquid-air mixture passes the foam-forming element 25 to obtain a fine and homogeneous foam. By further reciprocating movements of the actuation button 6 more foam can be dispensed from the foam dispensing device. It is remarked that although it is decribed that the foam dispensing device will dispense a foam after one so-called prime stroke, more prime strokes may be required before a desired quantity of foam per pump stroke is dispensed.

After foam has been dispensed , foam will remain in the dispensing channel 23. When the dispensing device is held in the upright position, this foam will run back into the dispensing channel 23 towards the mixing chamber 22. Here it will not flow further in the dispensing device 1 as the liquid outlet 12 is closed by the liquid outlet valve 14 and the air outlet 19 has a vertical part which runs upwards from the mixing chamber 22. As a result, the foam which may turn back to liquid will stay in the mixing chamber 22 and may partially fill the vertical part of the air outlet 19.

The foam and/or liquid in the vertical part of the air outlet 19 can advantagesouly function as an air outlet valve during the upward movement of the actuation button 6 when air is drawn into the air chamber 17 via the air inlet 18. Due to the presence of the foam/liquid in the air outlet 19, the flow resistance for air coming from the environment is considerably higher in the air outlet 19, than in the air inlet 18. In this way it is avoided that foam/liquid is sucked back into the air chamber 17 without the need for the provision of a mechanical air outlet valve in the air outlet 19. This is desirable as the presence of foam/liquid may have a negative effect on the functioning of the air pump 5. In particular, the foam/liquid may have a

negative effect on the sliding sealingly engagement between the air cylinder 15, the air piston 16 and the piston seal 20.

The above described pump dispensing assembly provides is relatively compact. It has shown that this design may result in a dispensing assembly which has a relatively low height per dispensed volume of foam. Also, the volume of plastics material and the weight of the dispensing assembly per volume of dispensed volume of foam per pump stroke is relatively low.

The dispensing assembly further has the advantage that it is resistant to water, i.e. it can easily be rinsed with water from the top side of the dispensing assmebly without water entering into the dispensing assembly. This water resistancy is in particular obtained by the skirt of the actuation button extending circumferentially about the cylindrical extension extending upwardly from the securing collar, and the aeration valve formed by the sealing gasket which is arranged under the securing collar. It is remarked that in particular for so- called water resistant foamers the dispensing assembly according to the invention provides a relative compact design.

In an embodiment, a height of a part of the dispensing assembly projecting after mounting downwardly from the top end of a container, i.e. the distance with which the dispensing assembly projects into the neck of the container, is smaller than 1 ,5 times the maximal stroke length of the actuation button, preferably 1 times the maximal stroke length of the actuation button, or a total height of the dispensing assembly is smaller than 4,5 times the maximal stroke length of the actuation button. The part of the dispensing assembly projecting upwardly from the container on which the dispensing assembly is mounted is preferably maximally 3,5 times the maximal stroke length of the dispensing assembly. It is remarked that the bottom of the liquid inlet valve is regarded to be the bottom side of the dispensing assembly, and the top side of the actuation button is regarded to be the top side of the dispensing assembly. Thus, the dip tube and the connection piece for the dip tube are not taken into account in the determination of a height of the dispensing assembly.

The above dimensions of the dispensing assembly provide a good ratio between quantity of foam dispensed per pump stroke, the stroke length and the distance from the container to the top of the actuation button. The latter distance is of importance since the actuation button is designed to be actuated by a finger of the hand holding the dispensing device. It will be clear that the reach of such finger is limited and that this should be taken into account in the design of the dispensing device. The stroke length of a hand-held dispenser having a finger-actuated actuation button lies typically between 5 and 25 mm, more typically between 10 and 20 mm. In preferred embodiments the stroke length is about 11 mm or about 15,5 mm.

With these stroke lengths the height of the dispensing assembly (from bottom of liquid inlet valve to top of actuation button in rest position) is tipycally 40-60 mm, and the dispensing assembly projects after mounting on a container maximally 15 mm, preferably maximally 10 mm into the neck of the container. Due to the compact design of the dispensing assembly, the weight of the pump per dispensed ml liquid per pump stroke may in an embodiment be smaller than 15 gr/ml.

Figures 3a and 3b show the sealing gasket 31 according to the invention in more detail. Figure 3a shows a detail of Figures 1 and 2 wherein the parts of the sealing gasket 31 are more clearly shown. Figure 3b shows a view on the bottom side of the sealing gasket 31. On the sealing gasket the sealing surface 36 between the sealing gasket 31 and rim 33 of the securing collar 7 is shown. The sealing surface 26 extends circumferentially about the longitudinal axis of the dispensing assembly.

Figures 4a-4d show top views of alternative embodiments of sealing gaskets according to the invention each having a different sealing surface between the sealing gasket and the securing collar.

Figure 4a shows a sealing surface 36 also extending circumferentially about the longitudinal axis of the dispensing assembly. However, the sealing surface is about the whole circumference broader which may improve the sealing between the sealing gasket and the securing collar depending on the materials used. Figure 4b shows a sealing surface 36 extending about the longitudinal axis of the dispensing assembly, but over a part 36a of the circumference the sealing surface 36 is smaller than over the rest of the circumference. In some applications such smaller part 36a may provide a more controlled openning and closing of the sealing opening between the sealing gasket and the securing collar. Figure 4c shows a further embodiment of a sealing gasket of the invention. In this embodiment the sealing gasket is provided with a sealing surface 36 substantially corresponding to the sealing surface of Figure 4a, however, a hole 37 is provided through the sealing gasket. Air may flow through this hole from the environment into the container, when the sealing surface 36 at least in the area of the hole 37 is no longer in contact with the securing collar.

Figure 4d shows a sealing gasket having a hole 37 corresponding to the hole provided in the sealing gasket of Figure 4c, but in this embodiment only a sealing surface is provided about the circumference of the hole 37 itself.

All embodiments of the sealing gaskets of Figures 4a-4d provide attractive alternatives for the sealing gasket of Figure 3a and 3b and are deemed to fall within the scope of the invention.