[001 ] The present invention relates generally to a footwear protuberance with adjustable height to be placed on a sole of footwear for training, developing and enhancing proprioceptive and kinesthetic skills, neuromuscular control and core stability.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[002] Proprioception refers to the ability to know where a body part is located in space and to recognize movements of body parts (such as fingers and toes, feet and hands, legs and arms). Kinesthesia is a related term, and refers to the sensation by which position, weight, muscle tension and movement are perceived. In some of the medical literature, proprioception refers to the conscious and unconscious appreciation of joint position, while kinesthesia refers to the sensation of joint velocity and acceleration or movement. Proprioception is often used interchangeably with kinesthesia, and herein as well, the terms will be used interchangeably.

[003] US Patent No. 6,979,287 describes novel proprioceptive and kinesthetic exercise apparatus, which provides significant advantages over other prior art apparatus, such as tilt boards or shoes with a single protrusion. The apparatus includes two bulbous protrusions protruding from the underside of footwear, instead of the single ball of the prior art boards and shoes. One of the protuberances is positioned more posteriorly than the other protuberance. The extra protrusion may significantly increase the possibilities and enable walking, and accelerate and improve the results of proprioceptive and kinesthetic treatment plans.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[004] There is thus provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a height adjustable protuberance (HAP) comprising: (1) a base comprising (a) a sole securing means and (b) a flange nut, the flange nut comprises a first set of threads formed thereon; (2) a height adjustment ring comprising (a) a threaded portion fitting the first set of threads and (b) a bulbous cap fastening means ; and (3) a bulbous cap having a curved outer contour, the bulbous cap is fastened to said fastening means.

[005] In another embodiment, the invention further provides a footwear comprising a support member having an upper surface attachable to a foot, and at least two protuberances: a forward protuberance and a rearward protuberance, each of the protuberances protruding from a lower surface of the support member on opposite sides of a latitudinal midline thereof, wherein the latitudinal midline being halfway between a calcaneus support portion and a phalanges support portion of the support member, wherein the forward protuberance or the rearward protuberance is positioned offset with respect to a longitudinal centerline, wherein the forward protuberance or the rearward protuberance is a height adjustable protuberance; wherein a height adjustable protuberance comprises: (1) a base comprising (a) a sole securing means and (b) a flange nut, the flange nut comprises a first set of threads formed thereon; (2) a height adjustment ring comprising (a) a threaded portion fitting the first set of threads and (b) a bulbous cap fastening means ; and (3) a bulbous cap having a curved outer contour, the bulbous cap is fastened to said fastening means.

[006] In another embodiment, the phrase "protuberance is positioned offset " is the base of a protuberance is positioned offset. In another embodiment, the phrase "protuberance is positioned offset " is the peak of a protuberance is positioned offset while the base is crossed or within the longitudinal centerline.

[007] In another embodiment, the invention further provides a method of adjusting a height of a height adjustable protuberance of any one of claims 1-8 in a footwear, comprising the step of: turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut of the base, wherein the protuberance is a height adjustable protuberance, wherein one direction of turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut of the base raises the height of the bulbous cap element with respect to the base and wherein the opposite of one direction of turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut of the base lowers the height of said bulbous cap element with respect to the base, wherein the footwear comprises a support member having an upper surface attachable to a foot, and at least two protuberances, a forward protuberance and a rearward protuberance, each protruding from a lower surface of the support member on opposite sides of a latitudinal midline thereof, wherein the latitudinal midline being halfway between a calcaneus support portion and a phalanges support portion of the support member, wherein the forward protuberance or the rearward protuberance is positioned offset with respect to a longitudinal centerline, wherein the forward protuberance is the height adjustable protuberance, the rearward protuberance is the height adjustable protuberance, or both.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[008] The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the appended drawings in which: [009] Fig. 1 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a HAPwith adjustable height for use with footwear, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0010] Figs. 2 and 3 are simplified, exploded perspective and side-view illustrations, respectively, of the HAP of Fig. 1.

[001 1] FIG. 4 is a simplified pictorial illustration of footwear constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0012] FIGS. 5 and 6 are simplified side-view and rear-view illustrations, respectively, of the footwear of FIG. 4;

LOO 13] FIG. 7 is a simplified top-view illustration of the footwear of FIG. 4, showing further features of other embodiments of the present invention;

[0014] FIG. 8 is a simplified pictorial illustration of an alignment of the anterior (forward) and posterior (rearward) protuberances on a support member, according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0015] FIG. 9 is a simplified pictorial illustration of an alignment of the anterior (forward) and posterior (rearward) protuberances on a support member, according to embodiments of the present invention (opposite to fig. 8).

[0016] FIG. 10 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a sneaker constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, whose rearward protuberance has a greater height than the height of the forward protuberance.

[0017] FIG. HA is an isometric view of a protuberance suitable for use on a footwear, according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0018] FIG. HB is a frontal view of a protuberance suitable for use on a footwear, according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0019] FIG. 11C is a side view of a protuberance suitable for use on a footwear, according to embodiments of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

[0020] The present invention provides in one embodiment, a height adjustable protuberance to be placed onto or anchored to a sole of a footwear or disposed on the bottom of the footwear, wherein the footwear which comprises at least two protuberances wherein at least on of the protuberances is a height adjustable protuberance, enhances training, proprioceptive exercise, developing and enhancing proprioceptive and kinesthetic skills and neuromuscular control. In another embodiment, the height adjustable protuberance (HAP) enables the calibration of the protuberance thus providing a most needed adjustment feature to different individuals suffering from different lower limb pathologies or unbalanced gait.

[0021] Reference is now made to Figs. 1-3, which illustrate a HAP 10 constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. All the parts of HAP 10 may be made of any suitable plastic or elastomer or any combination of elastic or spring like materials.

[0022] In another embodiment, HAPlO may include a base 12 adapted for attachment to a bottom surface of a footwear or a shoe such as the sole of a shoe. In another embodiment, base 12 comprises a flange nut 14 with inner and outer threads 16 and 18, respectively, formed thereon. In another embodiment, the inner threads 16 is a first set of threads. In another embodiment, the inner threads 16 is a second set of threads. In another embodiment, the outer threads 18 is a first set of threads. In another embodiment, the outer threads 18 is a second set of threads.

[0023] In another embodiment, flange nut 14 is preferably cylindrical and relatively short in height (0.5 -4 cm). In another embodiment, flange 20 of flange nut 14 may include mounting provisions 22 (e.g., mounting holes) for attachment to the sole (such as by means of rivets, screws, etc.). In another embodiment, base 12 may include mounting provisions 22 (e.g., mounting holes) for attachment of the HAP to the sole (such as by means of rivets, screws, etc.). In another embodiment, base 12 includes any mounting means known to one of skill in the art for attachment of the HAP to the sole (such as by means of rivets, screws, etc.). Alternatively, flange 20 or base 12 is attached to the sole by adhesive or other means known to one of skill in the art.

[0024] In another embodiment, a height adjustment ring 24 is provided, which has a threaded portion 26, such as with outer threads formed thereon, which mate with the inner threads 16 of flange nut 14. In another embodiment, a height adjustment ring 24 comprises a threaded portion 26, such as with outer threads formed thereon, which is compatible or fits with the inner threads 16 of flange nut 14. In another embodiment, threaded portion 26 is the worm. In another embodiment, threaded portion 26 is the screw-nut. In another embodiment, threaded portion 26 is the screw. In another embodiment, inner threads 16 is the worm. In another embodiment, inner threads 16 is the screw-nut. In another embodiment, inner threads 16 is the screw.

[0025] In another embodiment, mate is fit or compatible. In another embodiment, mate is used herein comprise screw/screw-nut assemblies that fit. In another embodiment, a screw assembly is threads. In another embodiment, a screw-nut assembly is threads. In another embodiment, a screw assembly is inner threads. In another embodiment, a screw-nut assembly is inner threads.

[0026] In another embodiment, ring 24 comprises an outer rim 28, which may be tapered inwards and have markings 30 at different places on its perimeter. For example, the markings 30 may include "low" (for lowering the HAP which is decreasing the distance between the bulbous cap and base 12) with an arrow pointing in the clockwise direction (as viewed from above) and "high" (for raising the HAP which is increasing the distance between the bulbous cap and base 12) with an arrow pointing in the counterclockwise direction (as viewed from above).

[0027] In another embodiment, ring 24 comprises an inner shoulder 32 surrounded by resilient tabs 34, which are taper inwards. In another embodiment, the inner (non-threaded) perimeter of threaded portion 26 is formed with a plurality of axial grooves 35, spaced from one another around the inner perimeter. In another embodiment, axial grooves 35 are equally spaced from one another around the inner perimeter. In another embodiment, the distance between two neighboring axial grooves 35 corresponds to a set height of the HAP. In another embodiment, the distance between two axial grooves 35 corresponds to a set height of the HAP. In another embodiment, grooves 35 and the click means provide a mechanism for calibrating a height of a HAP.

[0028] In another embodiment, HAP comprises a bulbous cap element 36 which is attached or secured to a cap support element 38. In another embodiment, a bulbous cap element 36 is attached or secured to the height adjustment ring 24. In another embodiment, a bulbous cap element 36 is directly attached or secured to the height adjustment ring 24. In another embodiment, the height adjustment ring 24 comprises a cap support element 38. In another embodiment, a bulbous cap element 36 is directly attached or secured to the height adjustment ring 24. In another embodiment, a bulbous cap element 36 is directly attached or secured to a cap support element 38. [0029] In another embodiment, HAP comprises a bulbous cap element 36 comprises cleats. In another embodiment, HAP comprises a bulbous cap element 36 comprises spikes. In another embodiment, a bulbous cap element 36 can have different weight, ranging from 1-200 g- [0030] In another embodiment, a bulbous cap element 36 comprises a curved outer contour, whose cross-section may have any curvilinear shape, such as without limitation, the shape of a conic section, that is, the shape of a circle, ellipse, parabola or hyperbola. In another embodiment, a bulbous cap element 36 comprises one or more mounting lugs 40 (two are shown in the non-limiting illustrated embodiment) depending from a flat surface 42 thereof, which may be press-fit into mounting holes 44 formed in cap support element 38. In another embodiment, a cap support element 38 comprises a support leg 46 depending from a flat surface 48 thereof. In another embodiment, the bulbous cap element is press fit (e.g., snapped) into the cap support element 38 and the two parts are press fit into height adjustment ring 24 by clamping or snapping over resilient tabs 34. In another embodiment, a bulbous cap element is secured or attached to the cap support element 38 the two parts are secured or attached to the height adjustment ring 24 by any connecting, securing, and/or fixating means known to one of skill in the art.

[0031] In another embodiment, a locking ring 50 is provided. In another embodiment, a locking ring 50 comprises inner threads 52 formed therein, which mate with the outer threads 18 of flange nut 14. In another embodiment, a locking ring 50 comprises inner threads 52 formed therein, which mate with the inner threads 16 of flange nut 14. In another embodiment, locking ring 50 is a fixating means for ensuring that ring 24 is not moved or turned (altering the prescribed height of the HAP) unintentionally. In another embodiment, locking ring 50 is formed with a plurality of knobs 54, spaced from one another around the perimeter of locking ring 50. In another embodiment, locking ring 50 may be tightened against ring 24 to "lock" ring 24 in place. In another embodiment, locking ring 50 is a fixating means for ensuring that the height of the HAP is not altered during use. In another embodiment, locking ring 50 can be replaced with any other fixating means for ensuring that the height of the HAP is not altered during use. In another embodiment, locking ring 50 can be replaced with any other fixating means for ensuring that ring 24 is not moved or turned unintentionally.

[0032] In another embodiment, in order to adjust the height of HAP 10, height adjustment ring 24 is turned on flange nut 14. For example, clockwise turning brings height adjustment ring 24 closer to base 12 and thus lowers the height of bulbous cap element 36. Similarly, counterclockwise turning moves height adjustment ring 24 further from base 12 and thus raises the height of bulbous cap element 36.

[0033] In another embodiment, a click means is connected to base 12. In another embodiment, a click means is contractible thus adapted to create a click noise whenever encountering a groove. In another embodiment, the distance between two consecutive click noises equals to the distance between two neighboring grooves which equals to a HAP height change of 0.1-5 mm. In another embodiment, the distance between two consecutive click noises equals to the distance between two neighboring grooves which equals to a HAP height change of 0.1-0.5 mm. In another embodiment, two consecutive click noises equals to the distance between two neighboring grooves which equals to a HAP height change of 0.5-3 mm.

[0034] In another embodiment, a click means is peg 56 which is connected to base 12. In another embodiment, click means 56 is coupled to a spring which renders it retractable. In another embodiment, the click means 56 is a retractable peg which is disposed in a channel 58 formed in base 12. In another embodiment, a click means is retractable. In another embodiment, a click means is arranged to "click" against grooves 35 of threaded portion 26 when the height adjustment ring 24 is turned.

[0035] In another embodiment, a complete turn of the height adjusting ring equals to a HAP . height change of 0.2-20 mm. In another embodiment, a complete turn of the height adjusting ring equals to a HAP height change of 1-5 mm. In another embodiment, a complete turn of the height adjusting ring equals to a HAP height change of 1-4 mm.

[0036] In another embodiment, a HAP can have different weights and/or different elasticity. This may increase the possibilities for exercise and rehabilitation programs. In another embodiment, a HAP is attached to footwear. In another embodiment, a user may attach the footwear comprising at least one HAP to his/her foot and perform a variety of maneuvers in a proprioceptive and/or kinesthetic exercise plan for the lower foot, upper leg and even upper torso and other body parts and organs. In another embodiment, a user may attach the footwear comprising at least one HAP to his/her foot and perform a variety of maneuvers in a proprioceptive and/or kinesthetic exercise plan for a lower limb, pelvis, back, and neck. In another embodiment, a user may attach the footwear comprising at least one HAP to his/her foot to perform proprioceptive exercise.

[0037] For example, the footwear may be used to reestablish neuromuscular control during rehabilitation of joints, to restore the mechanical and functional stability of the neuromuscular system, to improve or rehabilitate anticipatory (feed-forward) and reflexive (feed-back) neuromuscular control mechanism, and to regain and improve balance and postural equilibrium.

[0038] In another embodiment, a HAP is a proprioceptive element. In another embodiment, a HAP is a proprioceptive element attachment through its base to a bottom surface of a sole of a shoe In another embodiment, a bulbous cap element is attached to a cap support element which is attached to a height adjustment ring.

[0039] Reference is now made to FIGS. 4-7, which illustrate footwear 100 constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Footwear 100 may be supplied as one or more pairs of shoe-like devices, or alternatively, as just one of the shoe-like devices.

[0040] Footwear 100 preferably comprises a support member 120 having a periphery in a shape of a shoe sole with an upper surface 140. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper surface 140 is indented with a peripheral ridge 160, but it is appreciated that other configurations of upper surface 140 are within the scope of the invention. Footwear 100 may be attached to a foot of a user (not shown) by means of a boot 180 and/or fasteners 200, such as but not limited to, VELCRO straps, buckles, shoe laces, and the like. Boot 180 may be fashioned for attachment to the user's foot with or without fasteners 20. Similarly, fasteners 200 may be used to attach footwear 100 to the user's foot without boot 180.

[004 IJ Two bulbous protuberances 220 or non- bulbous protuberances may protrude from a lower surface 240 of support member 120, wherein at least one of the protuberances is HAP. Alternatively, protuberances may protrude from the upper surface of support member. Each protuberance 220 may have a curved outer contour 260. The cross-section of the contour 260, that is. either the cross-section taken with respect to a longitudinal axis 280 (FIG. 7) of support member 120 (corresponding to the shape seen in FIG. 5) or the cross-section taken with respect to a latitudinal axis 300 (FIG. 7) of support member 120 (corresponding to the shape seen in FIG. 6), or any other cross-section, may have any curvilinear shape. For example, the contours 260 may have the shape of a conic section, that is, the shape of a circle, ellipse, parabola or hyperbola. The various cross-sections of the contours 260 of protuberance 220 may be shaped identically or differently.

[0042] As seen clearly in FIG. 5, one protuberance may be positioned more posteriorly than the other protuberance. As seen in FIG. 7, the protuberances may be positioned on a common longitudinal axis of support member 120, such as the centerline 280 of support member 120, and on opposite sides of the latitudinal midline 300. As seen in FIG. 5, the rearward protuberance may be positioned generally underneath a calcaneus (heel, ankle) support portion 230 of support member 120, while the forward protuberance may be positioned generally underneath a metatarsals support portion 250 and/or phalanges support portion 270 of support member 120. In another embodiment, the rearward protuberance is a HAP. In another embodiment, the forward protuberance is a HAP. In another embodiment, both the rearward protuberance and the forward protuberance are HAP. In another embodiment, footwear as described herein comprises at least one additional bulbous, non-bulbous, HAP or non-HAP protuberance.

[0043] According to embodiments of the present invention, the longitudinal centerline is defined as a longitudinal straight line connecting middles of the short sides of a rectangle which delimits a contour of the support member. Alternatively, as indicated by broken lines 330 in FIG. 7, one of the protuberances (e.g., the forward one) may be aligned on a longitudinal axis 340 offset from centerline 280, and the rearward protuberance may be positioned offset from axis 340, such as on the centerline 280. It is appreciated that the above are just some examples of positioning the protuberances 220, and many other possibilities exist within the scope of the invention.

[0044] A protuberances including HAP may be constructed of any suitable material, such as but not limited to, elastomers or metal or a combination of materials, and may have different properties. For example, the protuberances may have different resilience or hardness, such as having different elasticity properties or Shore hardness.

[0045] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, one or more protuberances may be slidingly or movably mounted on support member 120. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a HAP may be slidingly or movably mounted on support member 120. For example, a protuberance may be mounted on a track 360 (FIG. 5) formed in the lower surface 240 of support member 120, and may be selectively positioned anywhere along the track and fastened thereto. Track 360 may extend along a portion of the shoe sole or all along the length of the shoe sole. Alternatively or additionally, the amount of protrusion of protuberance may be adjusted, such as by mounting protuberance with a threaded fastener 380 (FIG. 6) to support member 120 and tightening or releasing threaded fastener 380. In another embodiment the term "protuberance" comprises any protuberance such as a bulbous, non-bulbous, HAP, stationary protuberance, and/or movable/slidable protuberance.

[0046J A non-bulbous Protuberances 390 may be formed in the shape of a peg, stud, bolt, pin, dowel and the like, although the invention is not limited to these shapes. Protuberance 390 may be rigid or flexible. Protuberance 390 may have different resilience or hardness, such as having different elasticity properties or Shore hardness, and it may protrude by different amounts (HAP) from the lower surface 240 of support member 120. Protuberance 390 might be constructed equivalently to HAP but with a non-bulbous cap. Protuberance 390, in another embodiment, is height adjustable as described herein for a bulbous HAP. A protuberance 390 may be mounted at any place on the lower surface 240 of support member 120.

[0047] A user may attach footwear 100 to his/her foot and perform a variety of maneuvers in a proprioceptive and/or kinesthetic exercise plan for the lower foot, upper leg and even upper torso and other body parts and organs. For example, footwear 100 may be used to reestablish neuromuscular control during rehabilitation of joints, to restore the mechanical and functional stability of the neuromuscular system, to improve or rehabilitate anticipatory (feedforward) and reflexive (feed-back) neuromuscular control mechanism, and to regain and improve balance, postural equilibrium and core stability.

[0048] In some embodiments of the present invention, at least two protuberances protrude from a lower surface 240 of support member 120. In some embodiments of the present invention, only two protuberances protrude from a lower surface 240 of support member 120. In some embodiments of the present invention, a lower surface of support member is an outsole. In some embodiments of the present invention, the only ground engaging parts of the footwear are the protuberances. In some embodiments of the present invention, the only ground engaging parts of the footwear are the caps of the protuberances. In some embodiments of the present invention, during all phases of gait including the stance phase the protuberances are the only parts of the footwear which are ground engaging. In some embodiments of the present invention, during all phases of gait including the stance phase the protuberances are the only parts of the device which are in direct contact with the ground.

[0049] In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance as described herein is movable. In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance as described herein is mountable. In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance as described herein is replaceable. In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance as described herein is movable along the outer surface of the support member. In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance as described herein is movable along the outer surface of the outsole. In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance as described herein can be positioned within the outer surface of the support member.

[0050] In some embodiments of the present invention a protuberance is fixed in a predetermined location. In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance is movable within a predefined area. In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance is movable within an area of 1 cm ² to 18 cm ² . In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance is movable within an area of 1 cm to 6 cm ² . In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance is movable within an area of 1 cm ² to 4 cm ² . In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance is movable within an area of 2 cm ² to 8 cm ² . In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance is movable within an area of 3 cm ² to 6 cm ² . In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance is movable within an area of 4 cm ² to 10 cm ² . In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance is movable within an area of 5 cm ² to 18 cm ² . In some embodiments of the present invention, a protuberance is movable within an area of 4 cm to 12 cm ² .

[0051] In some embodiments of the present invention, the predefined area within which the protuberance is movable is a circle. In other embodiments, a predefined area within which the protuberance is movable is a square. In other embodiments, a predefined area within which the protuberance is movable is an ellipse. In other embodiments, a predefined area within which the protuberance is movable is a rectangle. In other embodiments, a predefined area within which the protuberance is movable is quadrangular.

[0052] In some embodiments, the protuberance is hooked to a rail. In some embodiments. . the protuberance is connected to a rail. In some embodiments, the protuberance is connected to a rail and is movable along the rail. In some embodiments, the protuberance is connected to a rail, is movable along the rail, and can be positioned and/or fixed anywhere along the rail.

[0053] The longitudinal centerline is defined, in some embodiments, as a longitudinal straight line connecting middles of the short sides of a rectangle which delimits a contour of the support member. The contour of the support member is defined, in some embodiments, as a foothold confined by an upper part of the footwear. The contour of the support member is defined, in some embodiments, as an outermost contour of the footwear. The contour of the support member is defined, in some embodiments, as a contour of a bottom surface of a sole of the footwear.

[0054] In some embodiments, the protuberances rise vertically, each protuberance including a base end and a peak end. In some embodiments, the surface area of the base is larger than the surface area of the peak (cap). In some embodiments, the peak (cap) is the ground engaging portion of a protuberance.

[0055] In some embodiments, each protuberance has a different curved outer contour. In some embodiments, each protuberance has a convexity. In some embodiments, each protuberance has a different convexity. The cross-section of the contour 26, that is, either the cross-section taken with respect to a longitudinal axis 280 (FIG. 7) of support member 120 (corresponding to the shape seen in FIG. 5) or the cross-section taken with respect to a latitudinal axis 300 (FIG. 7) of support member 120 (corresponding to the shape seen in FIG. 6), or any other cross-section, may have any curvilinear shape. In some embodiments, the contours 26 may have the shape of a conic section, that is, the shape of a circle, ellipse, parabola or hyperbola. The various cross-sections of the contours 260 of a protuberance may be shaped identically or differently.

[0056] In some embodiments, the protuberances are positioned on opposite sides of the latitudinal midline 300. In some embodiments, the protuberances are positioned offset from the centerline 280 of support member 120, and on opposite sides of the latitudinal midline 300. In some embodiments, the meaning of "protuberance is positioned offset from the centerline" comprises that the peak or the ground engaging surface of a protuberances is positioned offset from the centerline. In some embodiments, the meaning of "protuberance is positioned offset from the centerline" comprises that only the peak or the ground engaging surface of a protuberance is positioned offset from the centerline but the centerline still crosses the protuberance. In some embodiments, the bases of the protuberances are positioned on the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peaks of the protuberances are positioned on opposite sides of the centerline of support member. In some embodiments, the centerline divides longitudinally the calcaneus support portion into two equal halves and further extends towards the phalanges and metatarsals support portion in a straight line. In some embodiments, the centerline divides longitudinally the arch of the calcaneus support portion into two equal halves and further extends towards the phalanges and metatarsals support portion in a straight line. In some embodiments, the centerline divides longitudinally the proximal arch of the calcaneus support portion into two equal halves and further extends towards the phalanges and metatarsals support portion in a straight line. In some embodiments, the centerline divides longitudinally the support portion as seen in FIG. 4 of the calcaneus support portion into two equal halves and further extends towards the phalanges and metatarsals support portion in a straight line.

[0057] In some embodiments, the bases of the protuberances are positioned on the centerline of the support member and the peaks (caps) of the protuberances are positioned on opposite sides of the centerline of support member. In some embodiments, the bases of the protuberances are positioned on the centerline of the support member but the peaks of the protuberances are offset from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the bases of the protuberances are positioned on the centerline of the support member but the peaks of the protuberances are positioned on opposite sides of the centerline of the support member.

[0058] v In some embodiments, the anterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peak of the anterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the base of the anterior protuberance is position on the centerline of the support member but the peak of the anterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the anterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peak of the anterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the base of the anterior protuberance is position on the centerline of the support member but the peak of the anterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the posterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peak of the posterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the base of the posterior protuberance is positioned on the centerline of the support member but the peak of the posterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the posterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peak of the posterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the base of the posterior protuberance is position on the centerline of the support member but the peak of the posterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member.

[0059] In some embodiments, footwear platform is in the form of a sneaker, a boot, or a sandal. In some embodiments, the term sneaker comprises a running shoe.

[0060] In some embodiments, footwear 100 comprises a support member 120 having a periphery in a shape of a shoe sole with an upper surface 140. In some embodiments, the footwear 10 comprises an insole placed on top of the upper surface 140. In some embodiments, the insole is the interior bottom of footwear 100. In some embodiments, the insole sits directly beneath the foot. In some embodiments, the insole is removable, replaceable, or both. In some embodiments, the insole adds comfort, control the shape, moisture, smell, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the insole is placed to correct defects in the natural shape of the foot or positioning of the foot during standing or walking. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. [0061] In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member and the peak or the ground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance is aligned with centerline. In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member and the peak or the ground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance is aligned with centerline. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

10062] In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member and the peak or the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance is aligned with centerline. In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member and the peak or the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance is aligned with centerline. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0063] In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member and the peak or the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. In some embodiments, the peak or the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the support member and the peak or the ground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the support member. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0064] In some embodiments, protuberances are of different heights. In some embodiments, protuberances are of different weights. In some embodiments, footwear of the invention further comprises a spacer located between the base of a protuberance and the support member or outsole. In some embodiments, a spacer is used for adjusting the height of a protuberance, the weight of a protuberance or a combination thereof.

[0065] In some embodiments, a protuberance is compressible. In some embodiments, a protuberance is deformable. In some embodiments, a protuberance is compressible or deformable upon pressure exerted by subject's weight. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0066] In some embodiments, a protuberance has a shore hardness of between 30 to 90 Sh A. In some embodiments, a protuberance has a shore hardness of between 40 to 55 Sh A. In some embodiments, a protuberance has a shore hardness of between 50 to 70 Sh A. In some embodiments, a protuberance has a shore hardness of between 65 to 90 Sh A. In some embodiments, a protuberance has a shore hardness of between 55 to 60 Sh A. In some embodiments, a protuberance has a shore hardness of between 65 to 70 Sh A. In some embodiments, an anterior and a posterior protuberance comprise identical shore hardness. In some embodiments, an anterior and a posterior protuberance comprise different shore hardness. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0067] In some embodiments, a protuberance is a soft protuberance comprising a shore hardness of between 40 to 55 Sh A. In some embodiments, a protuberance is a medium hardness protuberance comprising a shore hardness of between 50 to 70 Sh A. In some embodiments, a protuberance is a hard protuberance comprising a shore hardness of between 65 to 90 Sh A.

[0068] In some embodiments, a protuberance has an abrasion between 1-60 mm ³ (by DIN 53516). In some embodiments, a protuberance comprises a rubber cup. In some embodiments, a protuberance comprises natural rubber compounds. In some embodiments, a protuberance comprises synthetic rubber compounds such as TPU or TPR. In some embodiments, a protuberance comprises silicone. In some embodiments, a protuberance a plastic material such as PA 6 (nylon), PA6/6 (nylon) + glass fiber, ABS, Polypropylene, POM (Polyoxymethylene). In some embodiments, a protuberance comprises a metal such as aluminum, steel, stainless steel, brass, or metal alloys. In some embodiments, a protuberance comprises compound materials such as glass fibers, carbon fibers, kevlar, or any combination thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0069] Centerline 216, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 8 is defined as a longitudinal straight line (median) that connects the middles of short sides 214 of a rectangle 212, the long sides 212 of which are parallel to centerline 216, and which delimits the contour 210 of the support member. In embodiments of the present invention contour 210 is the contour (254, see FIG. 9) of the foothold confined by the upper part (252, see FIG 9) of the footwear (250, see FIG. 9), corresponding to the last which is used to form the footwear. In other embodiments of the present invention contour 210 is the outermost contour of the footwear. In other embodiments of the present invention contour 210 is the contour of the bottom surface of the sole of the footwear.

[0070] According to embodiments of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 8, forward protuberance 218 at the anterior (phalanges) portion of the support member (i.e. its front portion) is positioned medially offset to centerline 216. By "medially offset" is meant that a peak surface of protuberance 218 (marked by cross 219) is shifted from centerline 216 medially towards the inner side of support surface 200, facing the support member of the other foot (not shown in this figure). The peak surface is a surface on the protuberance which is furthest from the support surface with respect to other surfaces of the protuberance, and which comes in contact with the ground, when the user attaches the support member to the foot, and walks or stands on the ground.

[0071 ] According to embodiments of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 8, rearward protuberance 220 at the posterior (calcaneus) portion of the support member (i.e. its back portion) is positioned laterally offset to centerline 216. By "laterally offset" is meant that a peak surface of protuberance 220 (marked by cross 221) is shifted from centerline 216 laterally towards the outer side of support surface 200, away from the support member of the other foot (not shown in this figure).

[0072] In some embodiments of the present invention only forward protuberance 218 is offset medially, while rearward protuberance 220 is substantially aligned with centerline 216. In some embodiments of the present invention only rearward protuberance 220 is offset medially, while forward protuberance 218 is substantially aligned with centerline 216.

[0073] The alignment of the protuberances shown in Fig. 8 is useful, for example, for exercising users with one or more of the following medical indications: medial compartment - knee osteoarthritis (OA), medical meniscus tear or damage, genu varus, patello - femoral pain syd, patello - femoral problem (malalignment), lateral collateral ligamental damage or tear, bone bruise or avascular necrosis of the medial tibial plateau or the medial femoral condyle MTP/MFC (AVN), low back pain, hip OA, hip labrum damage (TCM), trochanteric bursitis, pes anseninus bursitis, ankle instability (supination and ext rut), achilles tendonitis and metatrsalgia.

[0074] In some embodiments of the present invention only forward protuberance 218 is offset laterally, while the rearward protuberance 220 is substantially aligned with centerline 216. In some embodiments of the present invention only rearward (posterior) protuberance 220 is offset laterally, while the forward (anterior) protuberance 216 is substantially aligned with centerline 216.

[0075J The alignment of the protuberances shown in Fig. 9 is useful, for example, for exercising users with one or more of the following medical indications: lateral meniscus tear or damage, lateral compartment knee osteoarthritis, valgus knee (genu valgus), patello - femoral pain syndrome, patello - femoral problem (malalignment),Medial collateral Ligament tear, bone bruise or avascular necrosis of the lateral tibial plateau or lateral femoral condyle hip labrum damage or tear, hip pain, ankle instability (pronoation), achilles tendonitis, tibilias insufficiency and metatarsalgia.

[0076] FIG. 10 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a sneaker 250 constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, whose rearward protuberance 220 has a greater height than the height of the forward protuberance 218. It is noticeable that such arrangement facilitates initial contact between rearward protuberance 220 and the supporting ground (not shown in this figure) when a user wears the sneaker, before the forward protuberance is brought in contact with the ground. When both protuberances are placed in contact with the ground the foot of the user wearing sneaker 250 acquires a downward inclination with respect to direction of gait of the user.

[0077] It is noted that the term "bulbous protuberance" is taken in the broadest sense to also include a cut bulbous protuberance, a truncated bulbous protuberance, a trimmed bulbous protuberance. If trimmed or cut, the trimmed or cut portion serves as the ground engaging of the protuberance, the base surface or both (e.g. both sides are cut or trimmed).

[0078] FIG. HA is an isometric view of a non-HAP protuberance suitable for use on a footwear, according to embodiments of the present invention. Cleats 901 are provided on the surface of the protuberance for facilitating enhanced grip of the surface on which the user stands or walks. In another embodiment, HAP comprises cleats on its ground engaging surface. In another embodiment, HAP comprises spikes on its ground engaging surface. In some embodiments, spikes or grip means are constructed of any suitable material, such as but not limited to: elastomers such as rubbers or plastic materials. In some embodiments, spikes or grip means cover only a portion of a protuberance. In some embodiments, spikes or grip means cover at least a ground engaging surface of a protuberance (the surface in contact with the ground during stance). In some embodiments, a fixing means for securing a protuberance to the support portion is embedded within a spikes or a grip means. In some embodiments, a fixing means for securing a protuberance to the support portion is places in between spikes or a grip means. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0079] FIG. 1 IB is a frontal view of a non-HAP protuberance suitable for use on a footwear, according to embodiments of the present invention. The peak surface is marked by cross 902. Bore 904 is provided for a screw or other fastening arrangement to fix the protuberance in the desired position.

[0080] FIG. 11C is a side view of a non-HAP protuberance suitable for use on a footwear, according to embodiments of the present invention. Convexity 905 of the protuberance is clearly seen. Various convexities may be employed, all of which define a peak surface, typically (but not necessarily)at the center of the protuberance, which is the surface which comes in contact with the ground, when the user attaches the support member to the foot, and walks or stands on the ground.

[0081] In another embodiment, the invention further provides a method of adjusting a height of a height adjustable protuberance as described herein in a footwear, comprising the step of: turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut, wherein first direction of turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut of the base raises the height of the bulbous cap element with respect to the base and wherein second direction of turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut of the base lowers the height of the bulbous cap element with respect to the base (second direction is opposite to the first direction), wherein the footwear comprises a support member having an upper surface attachable to a foot, and at least two protuberances, a forward protuberance and a rearward protuberance, each protruding from a lower surface of the support member on opposite sides of a latitudinal midline thereof, wherein the latitudinal midline being halfway between a calcaneus support portion and a phalanges support portion of the support member, wherein the forward protuberance or the rearward protuberance is positioned offset with respect to a longitudinal centerline, wherein the forward protuberance is the height adjustable protuberance, the rearward protuberance is the height adjustable protuberance, or both the rearward protuberance and the forward protuberance are height adjustable protuberances.

[0082] In another embodiment, first direction of turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut is clockwise direction. In another embodiment, first direction of turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut is counterclockwise direction. In another embodiment, second direction of turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut is clockwise direction. In another embodiment, second direction of turning the height adjustment ring on the flange nut is counterclockwise direction. [0083] In another embodiment, turning clockwise the height adjustment ring on the flange nut raises the height of the bulbous cap element with respect to the base. In another embodiment, turning clockwise the height adjustment ring on the flange nut lowers the height of the bulbous cap element with respect to the base. In another embodiment, turning counterclockwise the height adjustment ring on the flange nut raises the height of the bulbous cap element with respect to the base. In another embodiment, turning counterclockwise the height adjustment ring on the flange nut lowers the height of the bulbous cap element with respect to the base.

[0084] In another embodiment, lowering or raising a height of a rearward protuberance with respect to the height of a forward protuberance modifies heal rise timing. In another embodiment, lowering or raising a height of a rearward protuberance with respect to the height of a forward protuberance modifies heal rise timing, wherein rearward protuberance and forward protuberance are within the same shoe. In another embodiment, lowering or raising a height of a forward protuberance with respect to the height of a rearward protuberance modifies heal rise timing, wherein rearward protuberance and forward protuberance are within the same shoe. In another embodiment, lowering or raising a height of a rearward protuberance with respect to the height of a forward protuberance tunes heal rise timing, wherein rearward protuberance and forward protuberance are within the same shoe. In another embodiment, lowering or raising a height of a forward protuberance with respect to the height of a rearward protuberance tunes heal rise timing, wherein rearward protuberance and forward protuberance are within the same shoe.

[0085] In another embodiment, raising a height of a rearward protuberance with respect to the height of a forward protuberance corrects early heal rise, wherein rearward protuberance and forward protuberance are within the same shoe. In another embodiment, raising a height of a forward protuberance with respect to the height of a rearward protuberance corrects late heal rise, wherein rearward protuberance and forward protuberance are within the same shoe. In another embodiment, raising a height of a rearward protuberance with respect to the height of a forward protuberance corrects flexion contraction in the knee, wherein rearward protuberance and forward protuberance are within the same shoe.

[0086] In another embodiment, footwear comprise two shoes each constructed to occupy one foot of a subject. In another embodiment, footwear comprise: (1) "one shoe" and (2) "other shoe". In another embodiment, footwear comprise: (1) "one shoe" and (2) "other shoe" which correspond to a right shoe and a left shoe, respectively. In another embodiment, footwear comprise: (1) "one shoe" and (2) "other shoe" which correspond to a left shoe and a right shoe, respectively. In another embodiment, a shoe is a sandal. In another embodiment, a shoe is a sneaker. In another embodiment, a shoe is a boot. In another embodiment, a shoe is a walking shoe. In another embodiment, a shoe is a running shoe. In another embodiment, a

[0087] In another embodiment, raising a height of both protuberances in one shoe compared to the other shoe modifies load bearing and/or weight bearing. In another embodiment, raising a height of both protuberances in one shoe compared to the other shoe shifts load and/or weight from the leg/foot of the elevated shoe (where both protuberances are raised) to the leg/foot of the other shoe. In another embodiment, raising a height of both protuberances in

"one shoe" compared to the "other shoe" results in increased foot to ground height of the "one shoe" compared to the "other shoe". In another embodiment, raising a height of both protuberances in "one shoe" includes raising both protuberances in "one shoe" to the same height.

[0088] In another embodiment, the present invention is further based on the notion that calibration of a protuberance supporting an area under a subject foot comprises a therapeutic effect as described herein. In another embodiment, calibrating a protuberance which comprises calibrating convexity, calibrating height, calibrating weight, calibrating position, or any combination thereof comprises a therapeutic effect. In another embodiment, a footwear of the invention comprises an anterior (forward) protuberance and a posterior (rearward) protuberance wherein at least on of the protuberances is a HAP. In another embodiment, calibrating a height of a HAP of a footwear provides a therapeutic effect to a user in need thereof. In another embodiment, placement and calibration of a HAP comprises the induction of a differential interference during gait or walking which provides a favorable therapeutic effect. In another embodiment, the term "interference" comprises disturbance, interruption, interposition, perturbation, obstruction, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the ability to fine-tune an induced interference (HAP) under a foot of a subject afflicted with a lower limb musculoskeletal disease, disorder, pain or their combination results in treating a disease or alleviating pain stemming from the lower limb or resulting in the lower limb. In another embodiment, footwear comprising a HAP is effective in treating a patient suffering from pain in the lower limb or a lower limb musculoskeletal disease by specific placement of at least two calibrated, differential disturbances or protuberances under the patient's feet. . In another embodiment, footwear comprising a HAP is effective in treating a subject afflicted with a lower limb joint pathology such as but not limited to a lower limb osteoarthritis, a lower limb joint disease, a lower limb joint degenerative disease, a lower limb degenerative disease, a lower limb musculoskeletal pathology, a lower limb musculoskeletal trauma, a lower limb musculoskeletal disease, lower limb osteoarthritis, or any combination thereof.

[0089] In another embodiment, "pain" as used herein comprises a sharp ache. In another embodiment, "pain" as used herein comprises a burning sensation in the associate muscles and tendons. In another embodiment, "pain" as used herein comprises continuous pain. In another embodiment, "pain" as used herein comprises is a momentary pain. In another embodiment, "pain" as used herein comprises seasonal pain (winter, summer or change of weather). In another embodiment, "pain" as used herein comprises activity specific pain such as sports or any other physical activity related pain. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0090J In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is a hip, an ankle, a foot, or a knee degenerative joint disease. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises a degenerative joint disease such as osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, a degenerative joint disease is lower limb osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, a degenerative joint disease is knee osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, a hip, an ankle, a foot, or a knee osteoarthritis is primary osteoarthritis. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0091] In another embodiment, a degenerative joint disease is foot osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, a degenerative joint disease is hip osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, osteoarthritis is secondary osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, knee osteoarthritis is secondary knee osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, classification into either primary or secondary depends on if there is or is not an identifiable underlying cause.

[0092] In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is patellar compression. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is joint line tenderness. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is joint line effusion. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is prepatellar tendonitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is infrapatellar tendonitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is pain and/or tenderness in any patellar or prepatellar anatomical structure.

[0093] In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is a lower limb degenerative joint disease. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is medial/lateral/patella- femoral osteoarthritis (OA) or any combination thereof (primary or secondary). In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is Pes-anserinus bursitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is characterized by anterior knee pain and/or patello-femoral pain. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is a meniscal tear (both degenerative and traumatic). In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is ligament tear/partial tear/strain/post reconstruction (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL), or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology includes pre/post arthroplasty including total, hemi, or resurfacing and use of the methods as described herein. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is tibial plateau fracture. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is osteonecrosis (both in the tibia and femur). In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is Patelar tendonitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is Osgood Schlatter. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises post lower limb surgery. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0094] In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is hip replacement. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is hip resurfacing. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is Trochanteric bursitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises necrosis within the lower limb joint. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises hip fracture. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises developmental dysplasia of the hip. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises Tendonitis/tendinosis of the hip. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises impingement of the hip. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0095] In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises Osteochondritis dissecans of the foot or ankle. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises acute or chronic instability of the foot or ankle. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises Ligament Sprain, tear, and/or repair within a joint of the foot or ankle. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises a foot or ankle fracture. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises Plantar Fascitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises Tibialis posterior insufficiency and/or dysfunction. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises a pronating foot. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises of pes planus or pes cavus. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0096] In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises ilio-tibial band (ITB) syndrome. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises hyper-laxity or hypermobility. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises muscular atrophy. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises tumors within a lower limb. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises tumors which affect a joint of the lower limb. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0097] In another embodiment, the footwear comprising at least one HAP and a total of at least two protuberances is utilized in the treatment of a disease such as described herein. In another embodiment, treatment comprises diminishing, alleviating, reducing, inhibiting, improving, reversing, and/or ameliorating: pain, stiffness, swelling, inflammation, cartilage degeneration, osteophytes, narrowing of joint space, effusion, muscular atrophy, deterioration of neuro-muscular control, deterioration of proprioception bracing, pathological moments, gait disorders, limping, compensatory gait, antalgic gait, asymmetry in gait, guarding of muscles, loosening of ligaments, loosening of joint capsule, stretching of ligaments, stretching of joint capsule, reduced step length, reduced single limb support, increased single limb support, reduced gait velocity, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, treating or treatment according to the invention comprises diminishing, alleviating, reducing, inhibiting, improving, reversing, and/or ameliorating bone marrow edema, lesions, subchondral bone changes, softening of cartilage, fibriling and thinning of cartilage, ebonization of the bone, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, treating or treatment comprise performing a variety of maneuvers with a footwear as described herein in a proprioceptive and/or kinesthetic exercise plan for the lower foot, upper leg and even upper torso and other body parts and organs. In another embodiment, treating or treatment comprise performing a variety of walking and or gait exercise plan for the lower foot, upper leg and even upper torso and other body parts and organs.

[0098] In another embodiment, the footwear comprising at least one HAP and a total of at least two protuberances is utilized for improving agility, balance and coordination, and for rehabilitation of persons whose proprioceptive ability has been impaired, such as after accidents or illness.

[0099] In another embodiment, footwear is therapeutic footwear for subjects afflicted with a congenital disorder of joints, diabetes, inflammatory diseases (such as Perthes' disease, Lyme disease, a chronic form of arthritis), rheumatoid arthritis, Achilles tendon injuries, Tendonitis, adductor strain, an ankle sprain, an anterior cruciate ligament injury, calcaneal bursitis, coccyx pain, compartment syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome, medial collateral and lateral collateral ligament injury, Meralgia Paresthetica, Morton Neuroma, Osteitis Pubis, patellofemoral syndrome, Pes Anserinus bursitis, Piriformis syndrome, plantar Fasciitis, posterior cruciate ligament injury, prepatellar bursitis, and/or Trochanteric bursitis. [00100] In another embodiment, footwear is therapeutic footwear for subjects afflicted with a gait disorder such as asymmetry of gait, shuffling gait, gait with lurching actions, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, a gait disorder is caused by a degenerative joint disease.