[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/624,875 filed on February 1 , 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] This application contains a Sequence Listing in computer readable form entitled “1 1 168_468_SeqList.txt”, created January 30, 2019 and having a size of about 35 KB. The computer readable form is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0003] The present disclosure concerns methods and formulations for improving the delivery of hydrophobic agents, such as, ubiquinone and poorly soluble drugs, and uses thereof, such as therapeutic uses.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0004] Many drug and drug candidates are hydrophobic which causes significant problems in producing formulations of a sufficiently high bioavailability and hence hinders their therapeutic and medicinal utility.

[0005] Ubiquinone (UQ; 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-polyprenyl-1 ,4-benzoquinone) is a typical representative of these types of compounds. UQ is also known as coenzyme Q (CoQ). It is a large lipophilic molecule found in all organisms that performs oxidative phosphorylation to meet energy demands. In the mitochondrial respiratory chain, it serves as a mobile electron carrier transporting electrons from Complex I and II as well as from other mitochondrial dehydrogenases to Complex III. Additionally, it takes part in a number of other cellular processes. UQ is a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when partially reduced and it has also been described to have antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, it participates in extra-mitochondrial electron transport systems and may be involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.

[0006] UQ is a large molecule composed of a benzoquinone head and a polyisoprenoid tail, whose length is species-specific. Living organisms can contain one or more types of UQ isoforms, but usually a single isoform dominates in abundance. In humans, the predominant UQ species contains a side chain of 10 isoprene units and is designated as ubiquinone-10 (UQi ₀ ). Rodents have mainly ubiquinone-9 (UQg) with 9 isoprene unites in the side chain, and also have small amounts of UQi ₀ . UQ has practically no solubility in water which greatly limits its therapeutic utility.

[0007] UQ is an endogenous compound that is synthesized in all cells and tissues of the body. Its biosynthetic pathway is highly conserved from yeast to humans. So far, at least 10 nuclear (COQ) genes are known to be necessary for UQ biosynthesis in mammals. In humans, such genes include, but are not limited to ADCK3/CABC1 ^' , COQ2, COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7, COQ9, PDSS1 and PDSS2. In mouse, such genes include, but are not limited to Pdssl, Pdss2, Coq2 ; Coq3, Coq4, Coq5, Coq6, Coq7/Mc/k1, Coq8, and Coq9. This application mentions in particular 2 genes that are required for 2 different steps in UQ biosynthesis. One is the mouse Pdss2 gene, which is required for an earlier step in UQ biosynthesis, i.e., the synthesis of the polyisoprenyl tail [1] The other is the Mdk1/Coq7 gene encoding the mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the penultimate step of the UQ biosynthetic pathway, the hydroxylation of 6- demethoxyubiquinone (DMQ) to form 6-hydroxyubiquinone [2-4] In the mouse, full knockout of a UQ biosynthetic gene results in prenatal death [2, 4] Mdk1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) generated by infecting the MEFs obtained from Mdk1' ^oxP/,oxP embryos with a Cre-expressing virus are fully viable under standard (glucose) culture conditions, in spite of the absent UQ production (Wang et al, 2013). They still display some mitochondrial respiration but are unviable in medium containing galactose instead of glucose, because of a need for glycolysis when mitochondrial respiration is as severely impaired as it is by the lack of UQ. Supplementation with UQ molecules of various chain lengths or 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-DHB) can rescue the cells’ survival in galactose medium. 2,4-DHB is a synthetic unnatural analogue of the direct precursor of the UQ benzoquinone ring (4-HB). It structurally differs from 4-HB by having one more hydroxyl group at the position where the MCLK1 enzyme would catalyze the hydroxylation of DMQ. Biochemically, cells can use this alternative precursor for UQ biosynthesis and therefore 2,4-DHB treatment can lead to restoration of endogenous UQ synthesis in Mdk1 knockout cells and animals, resulting in phenotypic rescue [5]

[0008] Mutation(s) in any of the COQ genes produces primary deficiency which is often a severe debilitating illness that tends to affect multiple organs and tissues in the body and has a high mortality rate. Most primary UQ deficiency patients are juvenile onset and present with severe mitochondrial disease phenotypes such as encephalomyopathy, nephropathy, cerebellar ataxia, lactic acidosis and seizures. More than 25 distinct pathogenic mutations in 8 different COQ genes have been identified. UQ levels also may be affected by other genetic defects that are not directly involved in the biosynthetic process of UQ. Patients with mutations in these genes are considered to have secondary UQ deficiency. In humans, such genes include, but are not limited to MADD, BRAF, ETFDH, APTX, BRAF, or MFN2. In addition, as used herein, the term “secondary ubiquinone deficiency” also refers to inadequate ( e.g :, decreased) levels of UQ that occur in the course of other diseases. For example, UQ deficiency has been reported in patients with a variety of mitochondrial diseases, especially those with mitochondrial DNA deletions, and lower than normal levels of UQi ₀ (the major form of UQ in human) were reported to accompany age-related diseases, such as heart disease and Parkinson’s disease. The fundamental role of UQ in mitochondrial function makes it important to correct its deficit in situations where its production and/or function are inadequate. Moreover, effectively boosting cellular UQ content potentially could benefit a variety of other conditions, especially, mitochondrial diseases. Indeed, in clinical populations, UQ has also been recommended as an adjunct treatment for a variety of chronic diseases such as chronic heart failure, muscular dystrophies, allergy, kidney failure, cancer, and diabetes. Ubiquinone is also widely consumed as an anti-aging nutraceutical.

[0009] UQ replacement therapy is the only available treatment for UQ deficiency. There are a variety of commercial UQ10 formulations available as supplements. Because of its high hydrophobicity, UQi ₀ is typically provided as an oily formulation for oral use. Animal studies demonstrated that dietary UQ is not taken up by most tissues, except by the liver, ovary and brown adipose tissue [5]

[0010] In addition to UQ, some derivatives of UQ have also been developed for therapeutic uses, such as idebenone and mitochondrial C0Q10 (MitoQ). All of them have also failed to provide strong or significant therapeutic effects, likely because the derivatives do not possess the biological properties of ubiquinone or because of the difficulty in achieving sufficient uptake into the body and its cells.

[001 1] Other examples of drugs having poor water solubility include paclitaxel, etoposide, camptothecin, carbamazepine, rapamycin, tamoxifen, flunarizine, pimozide, trifluoperazine, mebendazole, phenytoin, and dexamethasone to mention just a few.

[0012] There is thus a need for increasing aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drugs and to develop new parenteral formulations of hydrophobic compounds, like UQ, for therapeutic purposes such as the treatment of UQ deficiency.

[0013] The present disclosure refers to a number of documents, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0014] The present disclosure concerns methods and formulations for improving the delivery of hydrophobic agents, such as, ubiquinone and poorly soluble drugs, and uses thereof, such as therapeutic uses.

[0015] More specifically, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, there are provided the following items:

1. A composition comprising a mixture of caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and a hydrophobic agent in an aqueous solution.

2. The composition of item 1 , wherein the caspofungin or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof solubilizes the hydrophobic agent in the aqueous solution. The composition of item 1 or 2 comprising a suspension of micelles composed of caspofungin and/or the pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and the hydrophobic agent.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the composition is free of liposomes comprising the caspofungin and/or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and the hydrophobic agent.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 4, wherein the pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt of caspofungin is caspofungin acetate.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the hydrophobic agent is poorly soluble in water.

The composition of item 6, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 30 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of item 6 or 7, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 20 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of any one of items 6 to 8, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 10 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of any one of items 6 to 9, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 5 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of any one of items 6 to 10, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 1 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 1 1 , wherein the hydrophobic agent is ubiquinone. The composition of any one of items 1 to 1 1 , wherein the hydrophobic agent is a taxane drug.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 1 1 and 13, wherein the hydrophobic agent is paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, or any combination thereof.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 1 1 , 13 and 14, wherein the hydrophobic agent is paclitaxel.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 15, wherein the hydrophobic agent is ubiquinone, SN-38, etoposide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, campothecin, cisplatin, temsirolimus, teniposide, Cabozantinib, Nintedanib, XAV-939, ICG-001 , SANT75, HPI1 , rapamycin, Buparlisib, curcumin, luteolin, retinoic acid, dihydroergotamine, lorazepam, propanidid, diazepam, nimodipine, carbamazepine, glipizide, omeprazole, tarazepide, griseofulvin, acyclovir, albendazole, azithromycin, itraconazole, fluconazole, flufenamic acid, aceclofenac, diflunisal, fenofibrate, budesonide, clofazimine, spironolactone, melarsoprol, nifedipine, cyclosporin, piroxicam, finasteride, or any combination thereof.

The composition of any one of items 3 to 16, wherein the micelles are less than 200 nm in diameter.

A composition comprising a mixture of a lipopeptide compound and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and a hydrophobic agent in an aqueous solution. The composition of item 18, wherein the lipopeptide compound or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof solubilizes the hydrophobic agent in the aqueous solution.

The composition of item 18 or 19 comprising a suspension of micelles composed of the lipopeptide compound and/or the pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and the hydrophobic agent.

The composition of any one of items 18 to 20, wherein the composition is free of liposomes comprising the lipopeptide compound and/or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and the hydrophobic agent.

The composition of any one of items 20 to 21 , wherein the micelles are less than 200 nm in diameter.

The composition of any one of items 18 to 24, wherein the lipopeptide compound is soluble in aqueous solution.

The composition of any one of items 18 to 23, wherein the lipopeptide compound comprises a peptide moiety and a hydrophobic moiety.

The composition of item 24, wherein the peptide moiety comprises a cyclic peptide. The composition of item 28 or 29, wherein the peptide moiety comprises a peptide comprising 4 to 30, 4 to 25, 4 to 20, 4 to 16, 4 to 14, 4 to 12, 6 to 30, 6 to 25, 6 to 20, 6 to 16, 6 to 14, 6 to 12, 8 to 30, 8 to 25, 8 to 20, 8 to 16, 8 to 14, or 8 to 12 amino acids. The composition of any one of items 24 to 26, wherein the hydrophobic moiety comprises a hydrophobic chain of 6 to 22, 6 to 20, 6 to 18, 6 to 16, 6 to 14, 8 to 20, 8 to 18, 8 to 16, 8 to 14, 10 to 20, 10 to 18, 10 to 16, or 10 to 14 carbons in length.

The composition item 27, wherein the hydrophobic chain comprises a linear backbone of 6 to 22, 6 to 20, 6 to 18, 6 to 16, 6 to 14, 8 to 20, 8 to 18, 8 to 16, 8 to 14, 10 to 20, 10 to 18, 10 to 16, or 10 to 14 carbons in length.

The composition of item 28, wherein the hydrophobic moiety further comprises one or more alkyl branches attached to the linear backbone. The composition of any one of items 24 to 29, wherein the hydrophobic moiety does not contain 2 or more aromatic rings.

The composition of any one of items 18 to 24, wherein the lipopeptide compound is caspofungin, pneumocandin, aculeacin A, surfactin, iturin A, fengycin, lichenysin, daptomycin, viscosin, amphomycin, tsushimycin, friulimicin B, polymyxin, octapeptin, polypeptin, fusaricidin, tridecaptin, kurstakin, amphisin, lokisin, hodersin, tensin, massetolide, viscosinamide, pseudodesmin, pseudophomin, amphisin, syringomycin, syringopeptin, tolaasin, putisolvin, orfamide, syringafactin, entolysin, cichofactins, maribasins, ecomycin, pseudomycins, and/or cormycin A, or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof.

The composition of any one of items 16 to 31 , wherein the lipopeptide compound is caspofungin or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof.

The composition of item 32, wherein the pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt of caspofungin is caspofungin acetate.

The composition of any one of items 18 to 33, wherein the hydrophobic agent is poorly soluble in water.

The composition of item 34, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 30 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of item 34 or 35, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 20 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of any one of items 34 to 36, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 10 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of any one of items 34 to 37, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 5 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of any one of items 34 to 38, wherein the hydrophobic agent has a solubility of less than 1 mg/ml in water at ambient temperature.

The composition of any one of items 18 to 39, wherein the hydrophobic agent is ubiquinone.

The composition of any one of items 18 to 39, wherein the hydrophobic agent is a taxane drug.

The composition of any one of items 18 to 39 and 41 , wherein the hydrophobic agent is paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, or any combination thereof. The composition of any one of items 18 to 39, 41 and 42, wherein the hydrophobic agent is paclitaxel.

The composition of any one of items 18 to 43, wherein the hydrophobic agent is ubiquinone, SN-38, etoposide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, campothecin, cisplatin, temsirolimus, teniposide, Cabozantinib, Nintedanib, XAV-939, ICG-001 , SANT75, HPI1 , rapamycin, Buparlisib, curcumin, luteolin, retinoic acid, dihydroergotamine, lorazepam, propanidid, diazepam, nimodipine, carbamazepine, glipizide, omeprazole, tarazepide, griseofulvin, acyclovir, albendazole, azithromycin, itraconazole, fluconazole, flufenamic acid, aceclofenac, diflunisal, fenofibrate, budesonide, clofazimine, spironolactone, melarsoprol, nifedipine, cyclosporin, piroxicam, finasteride, or any combination thereof. A composition comprising a mixture of a surfactant and a hydrophobic agent in an aqueous solution, wherein the hydrophobic agent is ubiquinone.

The composition of item 45, wherein the surfactant solubilizes the hydrophobic agent in the aqueous solution.

The composition of item 45 or 46 comprising a suspension of micelles composed of the surfactant and the hydrophobic agent.

The composition of any one of items 45 to 47, wherein the composition is free of liposomes comprising the surfactant and the hydrophobic agent.

The composition of any one of items 45 to 48, wherein the surfactant is an amphiphilic block copolymer.

The composition of item 49, wherein the surfactant is PLGA-PEG-PLGA.

The composition of one of items 15 to 48, wherein the surfactant is tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and/or a saponin.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 51 , which is substantially free of alcohol.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 52, which is substantially free of oil or an oil- based compound or oil derivative.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 53, which is substantially free of polyethoxylated castor oil.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 54, for use in delivering the hydrophobic agent to a cell.

The composition for use of item 55, wherein the cell is in vitro.

The composition for use of item 55, wherein the cell is in vivo. The composition for use of item 57, wherein the cell is in a human or an animal subject. Use of the composition of any one of items 1 to 54, for delivering the hydrophobic agent to a cell.

Use of the composition of any one of items 1 to 54, for the preparation of a formulation for delivering the hydrophobic agent to a cell.

The use of item 59 or 60, wherein the cell is in vitro.

The use of item 59 or 60, wherein the cell is in vivo.

The use of item 62, wherein the cell is in a human or an animal subject.

A method of delivering a hydrophobic agent to a cell, the method comprising contacting the composition of any one of items 1 to 54 with the cell.

The use of item 64, wherein the cell is in vitro.

The use of item 64, wherein the cell is in vivo.

The use of item 66, wherein the cell is in a human or an animal subject.

A method of preparing the composition of any one of items 1 to 17 and 52 to 54, comprising solubilizing the hydrophobic agent with caspofungin and/or the pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof, to provide the composition.

The method of item 68, comprising forming a suspension of micelles composed of caspofungin and/or the pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof, and the hydrophobic agent.

A method of preparing the composition of any one of items 18 to 44 and 52 to 54, comprising solubilizing the hydrophobic agent with the lipopeptide compound and/or the pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof, to provide the composition. The method of item 70, comprising forming a suspension of micelles composed of the lipopeptide compound and/or the pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof, and the hydrophobic agent.

A method of preparing the composition of any one of items 45 to 54, comprising solubilizing the hydrophobic agent with the surfactant, to provide the composition.

The method of item 72, comprising forming a suspension of micelles composed of the surfactant and the hydrophobic agent.

A composition obtainable by the method of any one of items 68 to 73.

A method of treating or alleviating the symptoms of a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof that would benefit from an increase in intracellular ubiquinone levels, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of any one of items 1 to 54 to the subject, wherein the hydrophobic agent is ubiquinone, so as to treat or alleviate the symptoms of the disease or the condition in the subject.

The method of item 75, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and ubiquinone.

The method of item 76, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin acetate and ubiquinone.

The method of any one of items 75 to 77, wherein the subject is a human or an animal subject.

The method of any one of items 75 to 78, wherein the disease or the condition is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

The method of item 79, further comprising determining the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the subject prior to administering the composition.

The method of any one of items 75 to 80, wherein the disease or the condition is a mitochondrial disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, cardiac failure, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, coronary artery disease, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, ataxia, bipolar depression, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, fibromyalgia, cancer, asthenozoospermia, periodontal disease, migraine, preeclampsia, Down’s syndrome, aging and/or a ubiquinone deficiency.

The method of any one of items 75 to 81 , wherein the disease or condition is associated with a ubiquinone deficiency.

The method of item 82 further comprising determining the presence of ubiquinone deficiency in the subject prior to administering the composition.

The method of item 82 or 83, wherein the disease or condition is associated with primary ubiquinone deficiency.

The method of item 82 or 83, wherein the disease or condition is associated with secondary ubiquinone deficiency.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 54 for use in treating or alleviating the symptoms of a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof that would benefit from an increase in intracellular ubiquinone levels.

The composition for use of item 86, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and ubiquinone. The composition for use of item 87, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin acetate and ubiquinone.

The composition for use of any one of items 86 to 88, wherein the subject is a human or an animal subject.

The composition for use of any one of items 86 to 89, wherein the disease or the condition is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

The composition for use of item 90, further comprising determining the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the subject prior to administering the formulation.

The composition for use of any one of items 86 to 91 , wherein the disease or the condition is a mitochondrial disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, cardiac failure, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, coronary artery disease, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, ataxia, bipolar depression, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, fibromyalgia, cancer, asthenozoospermia, periodontal disease, migraine, pre-eclampsia, Down’s syndrome, aging and/or a ubiquinone deficiency.

The composition for use of any one of items 86 to 92, wherein the disease or condition is associated with a ubiquinone deficiency.

The composition for use of item 93, further comprising determining the presence of ubiquinone deficiency in the subject prior to administering the composition.

The composition for use of item 93 or 94, wherein the disease or condition is associated with primary ubiquinone deficiency.

The composition for use of item 93 or 94, wherein the disease or condition is associated with secondary ubiquinone deficiency.

Use of the composition of any one of items 1 to 54 for treating or alleviating the symptoms of a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof that would benefit from an increase in intracellular ubiquinone levels.

Use of the composition of any one of items 1 to 54 for the preparation of a medicament for treating or alleviating the symptoms of a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof that would benefit from an increase in intracellular ubiquinone levels.

The use of item 97 or 98, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and ubiquinone.

The use of item 99, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin acetate and ubiquinone. The use of any one of items 97 to 100, wherein the subject is a human or an animal subject.

The use of any one of items 97 to 101 , wherein the disease or the condition is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

The use of item 102, further comprising determining the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the subject prior to administering the composition or medicament.

The use of any one of items 97 to 103, wherein the disease or the condition is a mitochondrial disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, cardiac failure, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, coronary artery disease, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, ataxia, bipolar depression, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, fibromyalgia, cancer, asthenozoospermia, periodontal disease, migraine, preeclampsia, Down’s syndrome, aging and/or a ubiquinone deficiency.

The use of any one of items 97 to 104, wherein the disease or condition is associated with a ubiquinone deficiency.

The use of item 105, further comprising determining the presence of ubiquinone deficiency in the subject prior to administering the composition or medicament.

The composition for use of item 105 or 106, wherein the disease or condition is associated with primary ubiquinone deficiency.

The composition for use of item 105 or 106, wherein the disease or condition is associated with secondary ubiquinone deficiency.

A method of treating cancer or reducing cancer cell proliferation in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of any one of items 1 to 54 to the subject, wherein the hydrophobic agent is an anticancer agent.

The method of item 109, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and the anticancer agent.

The method of item 1 10, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin acetate and the anticancer agent.

The method of any one of items 109 to 1 1 1 , wherein the subject is a human or an animal subject.

The method of any one of items 109 to 1 12, wherein the hydrophobic agent is a taxane drug. The method of item 113, wherein the hydrophobic agent is paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, or any combination thereof.

The method of any one of items 109 to 1 14, wherein the cancer is leukemia, breast cancer, cervical cancer or prostate cancer.

The composition of any one of items 1 to 54 for use in treating cancer or reducing cancer cell proliferation in a subject in need thereof, wherein the hydrophobic agent is an anticancer agent.

The composition for use of item 1 16, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and the anticancer agent. The composition for use of item 1 17, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin acetate and ubiquinone.

The composition for use of any one of items 1 16 to 1 18, wherein the subject is a human or an animal subject.

The composition for use of any one of items 1 16 to 1 19, wherein the hydrophobic agent is a taxane drug.

The composition for use of item 120, wherein the hydrophobic agent is paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, or any combination thereof.

The composition for use of any one of items 1 16 to 121 , wherein the cancer is leukemia, breast cancer, cervical cancer or prostate cancer.

Use of the composition of any one of items 1 to 54 for treating cancer or reducing cancer cell proliferation in a subject in need thereof, wherein the hydrophobic agent is an anticancer agent.

Use of the composition of any one of items 1 to 54 for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer or reducing cancer cell proliferation in a subject in need thereof, wherein the hydrophobic agent is an anticancer agent.

The use of item 123 or 124, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and the anticancer agent.

The use of item 125, wherein the composition comprises caspofungin acetate and the anticancer agent.

The use of any one of items 123 to 126, wherein the subject is a human or an animal subject.

The use of any one of items 123 to 127, wherein the hydrophobic agent is a taxane drug. The use of item 128, wherein the hydrophobic agent is paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, or any combination thereof.

The use of any one of items 123 to 129, wherein the cancer is leukemia, breast cancer, cervical cancer or prostate cancer.

A method of identifying a compound for the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of a condition associated with a ubiquinone deficiency in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising:

a) providing a living cells lacking the ability to express a Mdk1 gene or a Mdk1 gene ortholog;

b) combining the test agent with the Mdk1 knockout cell in a first respiration- dependent medium to provide a first cell culture and determining the ability of the Mdk1 knockout cell to survive in the first cell culture or the rate of respiration of the Mdk1 knockout cell; and

c) characterizing the test agent as being useful in the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency if the test agent is determined to allow the survival of the Mdk1 knockout cell in the first cell culture or increase the respiration rate of the Mdk1 knockout cell.

The method of item 131 wherein the first respiration-dependent medium comprises 2,4- dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-DHB) in an amount insufficient to allow survival of the Mdk1 knockout cell in the absence of the test agent.

The method of item 131 or 132, further comprising:

d) providing a living cell lacking the ability to express (i) a Mdk1 gene or a Mdk1 gene ortholog and (ii) a Pdss2 gene or a Pdss2 gene ortholog;

e) combining the test agent with the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout cell in a second respiration-dependent medium to provide a second cell culture and determining the ability of the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout cell to survive in the first cell culture; and

f) characterizing the test agent as being useful in the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency if the test agent is determined to allow the survival of the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout cell in the second cell culture.

The method of item 133 wherein the second respiration-dependent medium comprises ubiquinone in an amount insufficient to allow survival of the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout cell in the absence of the test agent. The method of any one of items 131 to 134, further comprising determining ubiquinone levels in the transgenic cell in the presence and absence of the test compound, optionally in combination with 2,4-DHB or ubiquinone.

The method of any one of items 131 to 135, further comprising:

g) combining the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout and/or the Mdk1 single knockout cell with a positive control agent in a third respiration-dependent medium to provide a third cell culture and determining the ability of the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout and/or the Mdk1 single knockout cell to survive in the third respiration-dependent medium; and

h) characterizing the method as being useful for identifying agents for the treatment or the alleviations of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency in the subject if the presence of the positive control agent in the third respiration-dependent medium is determined to allow the survival of the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout and/or the Mdk1 single knockout cell.

The method of item 136, wherein the positive control agent is ubiquinone in an amount sufficient to allow survival of the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout and/or the Mdk1 single knockout cell in the absence of the test agent.

The method of any one of items 131 to 137 further comprising:

i) combining the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout and/or the Mdk1 single knockout cell with a negative control agent in a fourth respiration-dependent medium to provide a fourth cell culture and determining the ability of the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout and/or the Mdk1 single knockout cell to survive in the fourth respiration-dependent medium; and

j) characterizing the method as being useful for identifying agents for the treatment or the alleviations of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency in the subject if the presence of the negative control agent in the fourth respiration-dependent medium is determined to fail to allow the survival of the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout and/or the Mdk1 single knockout cell.

The method of item 138, wherein the negative control agent is dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The method of any one of items 131 to 139, wherein the respiration-dependent medium lacks glucose.

The method of item 140, wherein respiration-dependent medium comprises a single carbohydrate source and the single carbohydrate source is galactose.

The method of any one of items 131 to 141 , wherein survival is determined using a fluorescent or colorimetric assay. 143. The method of any one of items 131 to 142, wherein the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout and/or the Mdk1 single knockout cell are mammalian cells.

144. The method of item 143, wherein the mammalian cells are murine cells.

145. The method of any one of items 131 to 144, wherein the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout and/or the Mdk1 single knockout cell are located in an animal and the method for comprises administering the test agent to the animal.

146. A cell lacking the ability to express (i) a Mdk1 gene or a Mdk1 gene ortholog and (ii) a Pdss2 gene or a Pdss2 gene ortholog.

147. The cell of item 146, which is a Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout cell.

148. A transgenic non-human animal bearing the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout cell of item 147.

149. A transgenic non-human animal bearing the Mdk1 single knockout cell.

150. A recombinant non-human cell bearing the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout.

151. A recombinant non-human cell bearing the Mdk1 single knockout.

152. An isolated recombinant cell bearing the Pdss2/Mdk1 double knockout.

153. An isolated recombinant cell bearing the Mdk1 single knockout.

[0016] Other objects, advantages and features of the present disclosure will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of specific embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Having thus generally described the nature of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, showing by way of illustration, a preferred embodiment thereof, and in which:

[0018] Figures 1A and 1B provide a verification of gene knockout and loss of ubiquinone (UQ) in Pdss2/Mdk1 double knock-out (DKO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The Cre-loxP recombination system was used to generate the Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells (see Example 1). (A) For both Pdss2 and Mdk1 genes, the recombined knockout allele but not the floxed allele was detected in Pdss2/ ^oxP/,oxP Mdk1 ^loxP/loxP MEFs after infection with pBabe-puro retroviral vector encoding Cre (pBabe-puro-Cre). RT-PCR analysis of cDNA derived from the DKO cells showed loss of expression for both the targeted genes. Therefore, the conversion of the floxed alleles (“loxP”) into the knockout forms (“D”) was virtually complete. (B) UQ ₉ is absence in the DKO cells. The controls ( Pdss2 ^oxP/pxP Mdkf ^JxP/loxP MEFs infected with the empty pBabe-puro retroviral vector) contain UQ ₉ . In mice UQ ₉ is the dominant form of UQ. Shown are HPLC chromatograms of cellular quinone extracts monitored at a wavelength of 275 nm.

[0019] Figures 2Ato 2D show that Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells have minimal respiratory activity and that the sustained respiration is due to trace amount of UQio present in standard cell culture serum. (A) Histograms with relative cell viability data after 3 days’ culture in glucose-free galactose-containing media. Wild-type (WT) control cells were viable after replacement of glucose with galactose in culture media, whereas Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells showed reduced viability which can be prevented with UQ ₉ supplementation. Cell viability was measured by resazurin reduction assay. ***>=0.0001 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. (B) Cell images taken after 3 days’ culture in glucose-free galactose-containing media. Results are shown for DKO cells cultured in a glucose medium (left panel), a glucose-free galactose-containing medium (middle panel) and a glucose-free galactose-containing medium supplemented with UQio (right panel). (C) Measurements of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) by Seahorse XF24 Analyzer. The media used to culture the cells either contain fetal bovine serum (normal serum) or lipoprotein- deficient serum (LPDS). After a baseline OCR was established, the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin (oligo), the oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-[trifluoromethoxy]- phenyl-hydrazone (FCCP) and a mixture of the complex I inhibitor rotenone (Rot) plus the complex III inhibitor antimycin A (AA) were injected sequentially into each well to derive mitochondrial respiratory parameters. Shown on the left are representative OCR traces. Quantitative data are graphed on the right as mean ± SD (n = 7). To calculate the basal respiration rate, the non-mitochondrial OCR value after Rot/AA injection was subtracted from the baseline OCR. The maximal respiratory capacity is the difference between FCCP- and Rot/AA-responsive OCR. ***>=0.0001 by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. LPDS: lipoprotein- deficient serum. The graphs illustrate that DKO cells are still capable of carrying out some mitochondrial respiration, but their rates of respirations are much lower than wildtype controls, and removal of lipoproteins from serum led to abolishment of respiration in DKO cells. (D) Exemplary data showing changes of oxygen consumption rates of DKO cells after treatment with UQio. A representative OCR trace is shown on the left. Quantitative data are graphed on the right as mean ± SD (n >3). *>=0.01 , ***><0.0001 by two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison test.

[0020] Figures 3A to 3C show the effect of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-DHB) or UQio on Mdk1 KO cells. (A) Exemplary cell images of the rescue effect of 2,4-DHB or UQio treatment on viability of Mdk1 KO cells in glucose-free galactose-containing medium. Results are shown for Mdk1 KO cells cultured in a glucose-free galactose medium (left panel), in a glucose-free galactose medium supplemented with 0.1 mM 2,4-DHB (upper right panel) or in a glucose-free galactose medium supplemented with 0.01 mM UQio (lower right panel). (B) Exemplary data showing changes of oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of Mdk1 KO cells compared with wildtype control cells or after treatment with UQ10. Typical OCR traces are shown (n=10). (C) Bar chart illustrating that UQ10 supplementation improves the survival of Mdk1 KO cells in glucose-free galactose-containing medium (empty bars) in a dose-dependent manner. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=5-8). ****p<0.0001 (one-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test). Results are shown as cell viability quantified by percentage of resazurin reduction.

[0021] Figure 4 presents the chemical structure of Caspofungin (also referred to as McC1 in the instant text and figures).

[0022] Figures 5A and 5B show that McC1 enhances the rescue effect of exogenous UQi ₀ on mitochondrial dysfunction of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells. (A) Exemplary cell images showing that McC1 by itself had no effect on galactose-induced lethality of DKO cells, but enhanced the rescue effect of exogenous UQi ₀ . Results are provided for DKO cells cultured in a glucose-free galactose- containing medium (upper left panel), in a glucose-free galactose medium supplemented with 10 mM of McC1 (upper right panel), in a glucose-free galactose-containing medium supplemented with 0.2 pM of UQio (lower left panel) and in a glucose-free galactose-containing medium supplemented with 0.2 pM of UQio and 10 pM of McC1 (lower right panel) (B) A column graph showing cell viability of DKO cells after 3 days’ culture in a glucose-free galactose-containing medium treated with a low concentration of UQio alone or in combination along with McC1. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n=6). o.o 001 (one-way ANOVA, followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test).

[0023] Figure 6 provides the results of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements carried out on Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells treated with McC1 (left panel) or a combination of McC1 and UQio (right panel). Results are provided as OCR (pmol/min/pg of protein). Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n=5). **p< 0.05, ****p<0.0001 (two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test).

[0024] Figures 7A to 7D present exemplary data showing that McC1 is capable of increasing the uptake of exogenous UQ into cells and mitochondria. (A) Bar chart showing change of UQio levels (as measured in ng/pg of protein) in Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO MEFs after treatment with UQio, McC1 alone, or UQio and McC1 in combination. **p< 0.01 , *** _/ C><0.001 (one-way ANOVA). (B) Bar charts presenting exemplary data showing changes of UQ levels in wildtype MEFs after treatment with UQio, McC1 alone, or both in combination. Results are shown as cellular UQio levels (as provided in ng/pg of protein, left panel) or UQ ₉ levels (as provided in ng/pg of protein, right panel) in untreated cells, after treatment with 12.5 pM of McC1 , after treatment with with 2.5 pM of UQio, or after co-treatment UQio and McC1. Results are mean ± 0.0001 (one-way

ANOVA). (C) Bar chart presenting exemplary data showing changes of UQio and UQ ₉ levels in mitochondrial extracts from wildtype MEFs after treatment with UQio alone, or in combination with McC1. Results are shown as UQ ₉ and UQio levels in ng/pg of protein. Results are mean ± SEM (n=3). ****p< 0.0001 (student’s t- test). (D) Bar chart presenting exemplary data showing changes of UQio level in mitochondrial extracts from Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO MEFs after treatment with UQi ₀ alone, or in combination with McC1. Results are shown as UQio levels (as provided in ng/pg of protein) in untreated DKO cells, after treatment with 2.5 pM of UQio, or after co-treatment 2.5 pM of UQio and 12.5 pM of McC1. ND: Not Detectable. Results are mean ± SEM (n=3). **** _/ c><0.0001 (one-way AN OVA).

[0025] Figure 8 presents exemplary data showing the inhibitory effect of sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) on cellular uptake of UQio. Results are shown as the levels of UQio (measured as ng/mg of protein) of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO MEFs cultured in the presence or absence of UQio, McC1 and/or SSO, as indicated below the bar graph. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n=3). *p< 0.05; ****o<0.0001 (one-way ANOVA).

[0026] Figure 9 presents exemplary data showing cellular uptake of exogenous UQio in the presence of anidulafungin (AFG) and micafungin (MFG). Results are shown as the levels of UQio (measured as ng/mg of protein) in Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO MEFs without any treatment, after treatment with 2.5 pM of UQio, after co-treatment 2.5 pM of UQio and 10 pM of AFG, after co-treatment 2.5 pM of UQ io and 40 pM of MFG, or after co-treatment 2.5 pM of UQio and 12.5 pM of McC1. Values are mean ± SEM (n=3). **p< 0.01 (one-way ANOVA). For AFG and MFG, a dose close to their highest non-toxic doses was used.

[0027] Figure 10 presents a bar chart showing the drop-collapsing ability of McC1 , AFG, MFG and Triton X-100. The drop size corresponds to the diameters of compound-containing water droplets placed on a hydrophobic Parafilm® surface. Results are provided as the drop size (in mm) of water solutions containing the indicated compounds. Water containing 7.5% DMSO, which is the highest concentration of the vehicle in the test compound solutions, was used as control. Values are mean ± SEM (n=3). **p< 0.01 ; *p< 0.0001 vs. DMSO control (one-way ANOVA).

[0028] Figure 11 provides exemplary data showing McC1 increases the water solubility of UQio in a dose-dependent manner. Shown is a plot of UQio solubilized (measured as pM) as a function of McC1 concentration (in mM, up to 25 mM). The same amount of UQio was mixed with different concentrations of McC1 by shaking overnight at room temperature (~ 220 rpm). After removing insoluble matter by brief centrifugation, the absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 275nm and the concentration of UQio was determined by its extinction coefficient of 14.2 mM ^-1 cm ^-1 . Each point is the average of two samples, and error bars indicate standard deviation. At concentrations above 50 pM, with the increases in McC1 concentration the amount of solubilized UQ increases linearly, indicating that the effect is related to micellization.

[0029] Figure 12 illustrates an exemplary method of making water soluble UQio using McC1. Said method comprises the steps of adding UQio and McC1 into water, sonicating the mixture for ~ 2 min at 4°C, and attaining solubilized UQi ₀ by filtering off undissolved matters using a 0.22pm nylon membrane syringe filter. (A) Photographs depicting the insolubility of UQi ₀ in water (left) or solubilized UQi ₀ made by the said method (right). (B) A bar chart demonstrating that mixing UQi ₀ and McC1 by sonication results in much higher solubility of UQi ₀ . Results are shown as UQi ₀ solubilized (measured as mM) by 5 mM of McC1. Values are mean ± SEM (n=3). ** _/ c><0.01 ; **** CK0.0001 _{VS W} ater control; ^# p< 0.001 (one-way ANOVA plus Tukey’s post test).

[0030] Figure 13 presents a bar chart demonstrating increased UQio concentrations in wild-type MEFs after 1 day treatment with the solubilized formulation of UQio in water made by using McC1 or free UQio alone. Results are shown as UQio levels (ng/mg protein) in control condition (+None), after treatment with McC1 -solubilized form of UQio, or after treatment with free UQio only (+UQ10). In the 2 treatment conditions, the final UQio concentrations in the media were the same - 2.5mM. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n=2). ^# p< 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA).

[0031] Figure 14 presents a bar chart showing the effect of McC1 -solubilized form of UQio on the viability of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells in a glucose-free galactose-containing media. Cell viability is measured by reduction of resazurin and is expressed as a percentage relative to standard (glucose-containing) culture condition. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). **** _/ c><0.0001 (one-way ANOVA). Treatment with the McC1 -solubilized form of UQio rescues the lethality of DKO cells in galactose media, indicating effective delivery of UQio into mitochondria.

[0032] Figures 15A and 15B provide bar charts demonstrating the increase of UQio concentrations in the cells 1 hour after treatment with a formulation containing UQio in McC1- solubilized form. (A) UQ levels in wild-type MEFs after treatment with McC1-solubilized form of UQio. (B) UQ levels in human Hela cells after treatment with McC1-solubilized form of UQio. Results are shown as the levels of UQg (white bars, measured as ng/mg of protein) or UQio (black bars, measured as ng/mg of protein) in control conditions (+None), after treatment with a formulation containing McC1 -solubilized form of UQio, or in the presence of UQio only (+UQ10). For the 2 treatment conditions in A, the final UQio concentrations in the media were the same - 2.5mM. In B, the final UQio concentrations in the media were 8mM for the two treatment conditions. Values are mean ± SEM 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA).

[0033] Figures 16A and 16B present results illustrating that UQio supplementation with >3- weeks old water solution containing McC1-solubilized form of UQio results in a dramatic increase of cellular UQ levels and improves the survival of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells in glucose-free galactose-containing medium. (A) Results are shown as cell viability (in % of resazurin reduction as measured by the resazurin assay) for control condition (no treatment), after treatment with UQio only (+UQ10), and after treatment with a 3 weeks old water solution containing McC1- solubilized form of UQio. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n=6). For the treatment conditions, the final concentrations of UQio in culture media are shown. ^# p< 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). Treatments with the McC1-solubilized form of UQ10 results in better rescue of DKO cells from death in glucose-free galactose-containing medium. (B) Results are shown as the levels of UQ ₉ or UQ10 (measured as ng/mg of protein) of wild-type MEFs in control condition (+None), after treatment with a 1 week old or 5.5 weeks old water solution containing McC1 -solubilized form of UQi ₀ and after treatment with UQi ₀ only (+UQ10). For all the treatment conditions, the final concentrations of UQi ₀ in the media were the same - 8mM. Cells were collected for ubiquinone analysis after 2h treatment. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n=2). ND: not detectable ns: not significant; *p< 0.0001 compared to untreated control (two-way ANOVA, followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test). The solutions containing McC1 -solubilized form of UQi ₀ were stored at 4°C until use. There is no significant difference in cellular UQi ₀ levels after treatment with the 1 -week old or the 5.5-weeks old solution, indicating water solutions containing McC1 -solubilized form of UQio can be stable for at least 4.5 weeks if stored at 4°C.

[0034] Figure 17Ato 17E present the results of the effects of surfactin on water solubility of UQio and cellular uptake of exogenous UQio. (A) Bar chart showing the drop-collapsing ability of McC1 along with surfactin and Triton X-100. The drop size correspond to the diameters of compound- containing water droplets placed on a hydrophobic Parafilm® surface. Water containing 7.5% ethanol, which is the final concentration of ethanol in the surfactin solution, was used as the control for surfactin. Results are shown as the drop size (in mm) for water, ethanol at 7.5%, McC1 at 1.5mM, surfactin at 1.5mM and 1 % Triton X-100. Values are mean ± SEM (n=3). **p< 0.01 ; ^*** >: 0.0001 vs. corresponding controls (one-way ANOVA). (B) Plot showing increased water solubility of UQio in the presence of surfactin or McC1. Results are presented as the concentration of solubilized UQio (measured as mM) found in the clear supernatant after mixing UQio with McC1 (dashed line) or surfactin (complete line) overnight at room temperature by vigorous shaking. Each point is the average of two samples, and error bars indicate standard deviation. (C) Bar charts presenting exemplary data showing that surfactin increases uptake of exogenous UQio into cells and mitochondria. The panel on the left shows the change of UQio levels (in ng/pg protein) in Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO MEFs after 3 days of treatment with UQio or UQio in combination with surfactin. Values are mean ± SEM (n=3). ND: Not Detectable. ****p<0.0001 (one-way ANOVA). The panel on the right shows UQ ₉ and UQio levels in mitochondrial extracts from wild-type MEFs after 3 days of treatment with UQio alone, UQio in combination with McC1 and UQioin combination with surfactin at the indicated concentrations. The mitochondrial uptake of exogenous UQio in the presence of surfactin is less than that aided by the presence of McC1. are mean ± SEM (n=3). **** _/ o<0.0001 (two-way ANOVA). (D) A column graph showing cell viability of DKO cells after 3 days’ culture in glucose-free galactose-containing medium in the presence of surfactin or of a low concentration of UQio alone, or of both agents. Surfactin by itself has no effect on galactose- induced lethality of DKO cells, but enhances the rescue effect of exogenous UQio. Glc: glucose; Gla: galactose. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n=7-8). * <0.05 ; ****p<0.0001 (one-way ANOVA). (E) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements carried out on DKO cells treated with surfactin or a small amount of UQi ₀ or a combination of surfactin and UQi ₀ . Oxygen consumption was measured using a Seahorse XF24 Flux Analyzer and results are provided as pmol/min/pg of protein. Data are expressed as meant SD (n=2-6). ****p<0.0001 (two-way ANOVA). Higher respiration rates were observed in the DKO cells treated with surfactin and UQi ₀ together compared with cells treated with UQi ₀ alone. The results shown in the Figures 17D and 17E further demonstrate that in the presence of surfactin, mitochondrial uptake of exogenous UQio is augmented.

[0035] Figure 18A to 18D presents the results of the effect of McC1 and other several known amphiphilic molecules [Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween-80, Polyethylene glyco \)-b/ock- poly(d,l-lactic acid)(PEG- -PLA), rhamnolipids, Saponins, Tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), and PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymers (Poly(lactide- co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), LG 50:50 (w:w)] on the solubilization of UQio in water. Results are shown as the concentration of solubilized UQio (mM or mM) in the solutions of the indicated tested compounds. Direct dissolution method aided by sonication was used to mix UQio and the indicated tested compounds. The resulting solutions were filtered to remove any insoluble matter and the absorbance of the filtrates was measured at 275 nm. The UQio concentrations were then determined by its extinction coefficient (14.2 mM ¹ cnr ¹ at 275nm). (A) Results are shown for the water control, McC1 provided at a concentration of 1 mM, SDS at a concentration of 10 mM, Tween-80 at a concentration of 0.25 mM and rhamnolipids at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL. Shown are mean ± SEM (n=2). There is no detectable soluble UQio in the water-only control. (B) Results are shown for the water control, McC1 provided at a concentration of 4 mM, SDS at a concentration of 4 mM. Shown are mean ± SEM (n=3). (C) Results are shown for the water control and PEG(2000)- -PLA(1800) at 0.5% w/w and 2% w/w. In PEG(2000)- -PLA(1800) which is used in the test the molecular weight of PEG and PLA is 2000 and 1800 g/mol, respectively. Shown are mean ± SEM (n=3). (D) Results are shown for Saponins, TTAB, BAC and PLGA-PEG-PLGA. The error bars indicate standard error of the mean (n=1-3). *p< 0.05; **p< 0.01 (vs. the water control; one-way ANOVA plus Dunnett’s multiple comparison test).

[0036] Figure 19 provides exemplary data showing the recue effect of the micellarly solubilized UQio prepared with PEG(2000)- -PLA or SDS on the lethality of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells in glucose-free galactose-containing media. (A) Viability of DKO cells after 2 days’ culture in glucose-free galactose-containing media added with no additional agent (no treatment), with UQio, or with the micellar solution of SDS and UQio. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n=6). ***p< 0.001 ; **** _/ c><0.0001 (vs. no treatment control); *p< 0.0001 (comparison between 2 groups with the same concentration of UQ10, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test). (B) Viability of DKO cells after 2 days’ culture in glucose-free galactose-containing media added with or without the micellar solution of PEG(2000)- -PLA(1800) and UQi ₀ . Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n=3). The expected final concentration of UQi ₀ in the media is shown. The viability of DKO cells at the end of culture time was determined by resazurin reduction assay. Glc: glucose. Gla: galactose. **** _/ c><0.0001 [vs. no treatment control; one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test]. Both micellar solutions are able to rescue the lethality of DKO cells in glucose-free galactose-containing media, indicating successful delivery of bioavailable UQi ₀ into mitochondria.

[0037] Figure 20 provides a bar chart showing the effect of McC1 and other known surfactants (SDS, Tween-80 and rhamnolipids) on the water solubilization of Sudan I® dye. Direct dissolution method aided by sonication was used to mix Sudan I and the indicated tested compounds. The resulting solutions were filtered to remove any insoluble matter and the absorbance of the filtrates was measured at 476 nm. Sudan I concentrations were then determined by using a standard curve generated by known concentrations of Sudan I in 50% aqueous ethanol solution. Results are shown as the concentrations of solubilized Sudan I (in mM) in the water solutions of the indicated tested compounds. Shown are mean ± SEM (n=2). *p< 0.05; **** _/ c><0.0001 (vs. the water control; one-way ANOVA plus Dunnett’s multiple comparison test).

[0038] Figure 21 provides bar charts showing that lipopeptide detergent-12 (LPD-12) increases the water solubility of UQio and that treating MEFs with the LPD-12 solubilized UQio results in accumulation of a greater amount of UQio in the cells compared to the UQio alone treatment. (A) A bar chart demonstrating that mixing UQio and LPD-12 aided by sonication results in a higher solubility of UQio. Shown is the concentration of UQio in a water solution or in the presence of 0.2% LPD-12 after filtration with 0.22um syringe filter. The concentration of UQio was determined by its extinction coefficient of 14.2 rnM ^-1 cnr ¹ at 275nm. (B) a bar chart demonstrating increased UQio concentrations in wild-type MEFs after 1 -day treatment with the solubilized formulation of UQio in water made by using LPD-12 orfree UQio alone. Results are shown as UQio levels (ng/mg protein) in control condition (+None), after treatment with LPD-12-solubilized form of UQio, after treatment with McC1 -UQi ₀ solution, or after treatment with free UQio only (+UQ10). In the 3 treatment conditions, the final UQio concentrations in the media were the same - 8mM. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n=2). *p 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA plus Tukey’s post test).

[0039] Figure 22 presents the results of cellular UQ measurements after treatments with micellar UQio solutions made with the indicated compounds. UQ levels are expressed as ng per mg of protein (mean ± SEM). Each bar represents the average of 2 to 3 independent measurements. Except for the data presented in the lower right panel for which UQ were extracted after 3 days’ treatment, UQ levels were determined after 1-day treatment with soluble mixtures of UQio and the indicated compounds. For all treatments, the resulting UQ10 concentrations in the media were the same: 6 mM. BAC: Benzalkonium chloride; TTAB: Tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide; PLGA-PEG-PLGA: Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), LG 50:50 (w:w). ND: not detected. *p< 0.0001 (vs. untreated controls; two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test).

[0040] Figure 23 presents Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of aqueous solution of a mixture of McC1 and UQi ₀ . Negative staining TEM revealed the formation of spherical assemblies of mixed sizes. Images from 2 different magnifications are shown. The observed aggregate particles are micelles.

[0041] Figure 24 shows the effect of McC1 on the solubility of curcumin in water. Curcumin is a natural yellow phenolic compound. Free curcumin has low solubility in aqueous solution. Left: images of curcumin solutions after mixing with 4mM of McC1 or with water only. The solutions were filtered with a 0.22 pm membrane filter after mixing. Right: Dose-dependent solubilizing effect of McC1 on curcumin. Curcumin has a maximum absorbance at 425 nm; so absorbance of the filtrate was measured spectrophotomecally at 425 nm as an indication of the amount of solubilized curcumin. Values are mean ± SEM (n=4).

[0042] Figure 25 shows the solubilizing effect of capsofungin/McC1 on paclitaxel (PTX). Shown are images of PTX solutions after mixing with McC1 or with water-only control lacking capsofungin/McC1. The water-only control on the left showing that PTX is not soluble in water, and is considerably more soluble following mixture with capsofungin/McC1 , as shown on the right.

[0043] Figure 26 presents (A) a bar graph showing the effect of McC1 on the water solubility of paclitaxel (PTX), as well as (B) the effect of a PTX/McC1 micelle solution on cell proliferation and survival. (A) Bar graph showing a concentration of soluble PTX in 4mM McC1 solution. After mixing PTX and McC1 solution, the undissolved residues were removed by filtration through a 0.22 pm pore-size membrane. For determination of the PTX concentration, absorbance at 230 nm was measured and compared to a standard curve generated for known concentrations of PTX in pure methanol. Mean ± SEM of 3 samples is shown. ^'“ /xO.OOOl (t-test). (B) The effect of PTX/McC1 micelle solution on cell proliferation and survival. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were seeded into 48-well plates at a low density of 1 x 10 ⁴ cells/well. They were allowed to attach overnight and then PTX solubilized by McC1 was added to the media and the cells were cultured for 2 or 6 more days. Before the treatment and at then end of 2 days or 6 days’ culture, the standard resazurin reduction assay was used to evaluate viable cell number. Shown are the fold changes of colorimetric signal generated from resazurin reduction compared to that before the treatments. Compared to the no-treatment control, McC1 alone caused no observable toxicity, whereas the PTX/McC1 treated cells showed decreased cell viability and/or growth. Error bar is SEM, n = 4 to 6. ^" p< 0.05 (compared to no-treatment and McC1 alone controls; two-way ANOVA). [0044] Figure 27 shows plasma and liver UQi ₀ levels after 5 days i.p. treatment with UQi ₀ solubilized with capsofungin/McC1. 200mI of McC1/UQio solution (4mM of McC1 and 1.4mM of UQio) was administered intraperitoneally daily for a total of 5 days. Young wild-type female mice were used in the experiment. ND: not detected. ^“ xO.0001 (t-test).

[0045] Figure 28 shows UQ levels and UQ9/UQ10 ratios in mouse tissues after intravenous administration of McC1 -solubilized UQ10. Injections were carried out daily through a jugular vein catheter. The injection solutions contained 4 mM of McC1 and 1-2 mM of UQ10. Young wild-type male mice were used in the experiment. An increase in the concentration ratio of UQ10/UQ9 was observed in the tissues examined, including kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, brain and spleen, indicating a significant uptake of exogenous UQ10. For the liver, under no treatment condition, UQ10 concentration is low and below the limit of detection, therefore the UQ10/UQ9 ratio cannot obtained. After treatment with McC1/UQio micelles, a significant concentration of UQ10, shown as ng/mg total protein, was detected in the liver. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. p*< 0.05; p* · 0.01 ; p** < 0.001 ; p*** < 0.0001 compared to no-treatment control (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). ND: not detected.

[0046] Figure 29 shows the effect of treatment with McC1/UQi ₀ micelles on the lifespan of whole- body Mdk1 knockout (KO) mice. Mdk1 KO mice received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of aqueous solution of McC1-solubilized UQi ₀ one time every day, starting at ~ 4 months after the gene knockout. At this time the mice showed already a variety of severe phenotypes. The dose for the McC1/ UQ10 treatment was ~ 3.2mg/kg of body weight/day. Control group received i.p. saline. The treated mice lived longer than the untreated mice {p< 0.001 , log rank test).

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

DEFINITIONS

[0047] The use of the terms "a" and "an" and "the" and similar referents in the context of describing the technology (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.

[0048] The use of the word“a” or“an” when used in conjunction with the term“comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean“one”, but it is also consistent with the meaning of“one or more”,“at least one”, and“one or more than one”. Similarly, the word“another” may mean at least a second or more.

[0049] As used in this specification and claim(s), the words“comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as“comprise” and“comprises”),“having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and“has”),“including” (and any form of including, such as“include” and“includes”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as“contain” and“contains”) are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning "including, but not limited to") unless otherwise noted.

[0050] Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All subsets of values within the ranges are also incorporated into the specification as if they were individually recited herein.

[0051] All methods or processes described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. Further, in embodiments various steps may be repeated, to increase recovery and purification.

[0052] The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless otherwise claimed.

[0053] No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosure.

[0054] As used herein when referring to numerical values or percentages, the term“about” has its ordinary meaning, and includes variations due to the methods used to determine the values or percentages, statistical variance and human error. Moreover, each numerical parameter in this application should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. In embodiments, it may mean plus or minus 10% of the numerical value qualified.

[0055] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0056] It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, as variations of these embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the present disclosure. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments; and is not intended to be limiting.

[0057] In various aspects, this present disclosure is directed to compounds effective at increasing the aqueous solubility and thus bioavailability of hydrophobic agents such as ubiquinone or poorly soluble drugs. In a broad aspect, it is directed to methods of using a lipopeptide compound to enhance aqueous solubility and thus improve bioavailability of hydrophobic agents, for example for therapeutic or biological applications. [0058] In an aspect, the present disclosure relates to a composition or formulation comprising a mixture of a lipopeptide compound (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) and a hydrophobic agent in an aqueous solution. In an embodiment, the lipopeptide compound (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) solubilizes the hydrophobic agent in the aqueous solution. In another embodiment, the composition or formulation comprises a suspension of micelles composed of the lipopeptide compound and the hydrophobic agent.

[0059] In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a composition or formulation comprising a mixture of a lipopeptide compound and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and a hydrophobic agent in an aqueous solution. In an embodiment the lipopeptide compound or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof solubilizes the hydrophobic agent in the aqueous solution. In an embodiment, the composition or formulation comprises a suspension of micelles composed of the lipopeptide compound and/or the pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and the hydrophobic agent. In an embodiment, the lipopeptide compound is caspofungin. In an embodiment, the salt of the lipopeptide compound is caspofungin acetate.

[0060] In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a composition or formulation comprising a mixture of a surfactant, a hydrophobic agent, such as ubiquinone, and an aqueous solution. In an embodiment, the surfactant solubilizes ubiquinone in the aqueous solution. In another embodiment, the composition or formulation comprises a suspension of micelles composed of the surfactant and ubiquinone. In another embodiment, the surfactant is caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof, such as caspofungin acetate. In an embodiment, the surfactant is an amphiphilic block copolymer, such as PLGA-PEG-PLGA. In further embodiments, the surfactant is tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and/or a saponin.

[0061] In embodiments, the micelles as described herein have a diameter of less than about 300, 250, 200, 150, or 100 nm. In embodiments, the micelles as described herein have a diameter of at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nm. In embodiments, the micelles described herein have a diameter of about 5 to about 300 nm, about 10 to about 300 nm, about 15 to about 300 nm, about 20 to about 300 nm, about 25 to about 300 nm, about 5 to about 250 nm, about 10 to about 250 nm, about 15 to about 250 nm, about 20 to about 250 nm, about 25 to about 250 nm, about 5 to about 200 nm, about 10 to about 200 nm, about 15 to about 200 nm, about 20 to about 200 nm, about 25 to about 200 nm, about 5 to about 150 nm, about 10 to about 150 nm, about 15 to about 150 nm, about 20 to about 150 nm, about 25 to about 150 nm, about 5 to about 100 nm, about 10 to about 100 nm, about 15 to about 100 nm, about 20 to about 100 nm, or about 25 to about 100 nm. Micelles may be prepared by any methods known in the art, such as sonication, homogenization, shaking, thin-film methods, dissolution, dialysis, emulsion, solvent evaporation, lyophilization or freeze drying, or combinations of such methods. In embodiments, such methods may further comprise filtration and/or centrifugation.

[0062] In embodiments, a“Mpopeptide compound” as described herein comprises a peptide moiety and a hydrophobic moiety. In an embodiment, the peptide moiety and a hydrophobic moiety are directly attached to each other. In an embodiment, the peptide moiety and hydrophobic moiety are attached via a linker moiety.

[0063] In an embodiment, a“peptide moiety” as described herein comprises a linear peptide. In a further embodiment, the peptide moiety comprises a cyclic structure, such as a cyclic peptide. In a further embodiment the linear or cyclic peptide further comprises one or more peptide- containing branches.

[0064] In embodiments, a“peptide moiety” as described herein comprises a peptide comprising at least 4, 5, 6,7, or 8 amino acids. In embodiments, the peptide moiety comprises a peptide comprising at least 4, 5, 6,7, or 8 amino acids. In embodiments, the peptide moiety comprises a peptide comprising up to 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16, 20, 25 or 30 amino acids. In embodiments, the peptide moiety comprises a peptide comprising 4 to 30, 4 to 25, 4 to 20, 4 to 16, 4 to 14, 4 to 12, 6 to 30, 6 to 25, 6 to 20, 6 to 16, 6 to 14, 6 to 12, 8 to 30, 8 to 25, 8 to 20, 8 to 16, 8 to 14, or 8 to 12 amino acids.

[0065] In embodiments, a“hydrophobic moiety” as described herein comprises a hydrophobic chain of at least 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbons in length. In embodiments, the hydrophobic moiety comprises a hydrophobic chain of up to 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 carbons in length. In embodiments, the hydrophobic moiety comprises a hydrophobic chain of 6 to 22, 6 to 20, 6 to 18, 6 to 16, 6 to 14, 8 to 20, 8 to 18, 8 to 16, 8 to 14, 10 to 20, 10 to 18, 10 to 16, or 10 to 14 carbons in length. In an embodiment, the hydrophobic chain is an acyl chain.

[0066] In embodiments, a“hydrophobic chain” as described herein comprises one or more double bonds. In embodiments, the hydrophobic chain comprises a linear backbone of at least 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbons in length. In embodiments, the hydrophobic chain comprises a linear backbone of up to 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 carbons in length. In embodiments, the hydrophobic chain comprises a linear backbone of 6 to 22, 6 to 20, 6 to 18, 6 to 16, 6 to 14, 8 to 20, 8 to 18, 8 to 16, 8 to 14, 10 to 20, 10 to 18, 10 to 16, or 10 to 14 carbons in length. In embodiments, the hydrophobic moiety further comprises one or more alkyl branches attached to the linear backbone.

[0067] In an embodiment, the hydrophobic moiety does not contain 2 or more aromatic rings. In a further embodiment, the hydrophobic moiety does not contain an aromatic ring.

[0068] In an embodiment, wherein the lipopeptide compound itself is soluble in aqueous solution. [0069] In embodiments, the lipopeptide compound is caspofungin, pneumocandin, aculeacin A, surfactin, iturin A, fengycin, lichenysin, daptomycin, viscosin, amphomycin, tsushimycin, friulimicin B, polymyxin, octapeptin, polypeptin, fusaricidin, tridecaptin, kurstakin, amphisin, lokisin, hodersin, tensin, massetolide, viscosinamide, pseudodesmin, pseudophomin, amphisin, syringomycin, syringopeptin, tolaasin, putisolvin, orfamide, syringafactin, entolysin, cichofactins, maribasins, ecomycin, pseudomycins, and/or cormycin A, or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof. In an embodiment, the lipopeptide compound is caspofungin or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof, such as caspofungin acetate.

[0070] In a further aspect, the present disclosure includes a method of delivering a hydrophobic agent to a cell, the method comprising contacting a composition or formulation described herein (comprising a lipopeptide compound (e.g., caspofungin and/or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof), a hydrophobic agent and an aqueous solution) with the cell. In an embodiment, the method further comprises solubilizing the hydrophobic agent with the lipopeptide compound (e.g., caspofungin or and/or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) to provide the composition or formulation. In another embodiment, the method comprises forming a suspension of micelles composed of the lipopeptide compound (e.g., caspofungin or and/or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) and the hydrophobic agent to provide the composition or formulation. In further aspects, the present disclosure also relates to a composition or formulation described herein for use in delivering a hydrophobic agent to a cell, as well as to a use of a composition or formulation described herein for delivering a hydrophobic agent to a cell, or to a use of a composition described herein for the preparation of a formulation for delivering a hydrophobic agent to a cell. In an embodiment, the composition or formulation comprises the lipopeptide compound caspofungin and/or its salt thereof caspofungin acetate. In embodiments, the cell is in vitro or in vivo (and can be, for example, in a human or an animal subject). In embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is any hydrophobic agent described herein (e.g. ubiquinone or poorly soluble drugs) and or combinations thereof.

[0071] In a further aspect, the present disclosure includes a composition or formulation obtainable/obtained by a method described herein.

[0072] In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method of treating or alleviating the symptoms of a disease in a subject in need thereof, that would benefit from the administration of a hydrophobic agent to the subject.

[0073] In an embodiment, the disease or a condition is a disease or condition that would benefit from an increase in intracellular ubiquinone levels, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition or formulation described herein to the subject so as to treat or alleviate the symptoms of the disease or the condition in the subject. In such a case, the hydrophobic agent would be ubiquinone. In an embodiment, the subject is a human or an animal subject. In still another embodiment, the disease or the condition is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. In yet a further embodiment, the method further comprises determining the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the subject prior to administering the formulation. In still another embodiment, the disease or the condition is a mitochondrial disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diabetes (including type I and II), cardiac failure (including congestive heart failure), ischemic heart disease, hypertension, coronary artery disease, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, ataxia (including Friedreich’s ataxia), bipolar depression, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, fibromyalgia, cancer, asthenozoospermia, periodontal disease, migraine, preeclampsia, Down’s syndrome, aging and/or a ubiquinone deficiency. In an embodiment, the disease or condition is associated with a ubiquinone deficiency. In yet a further embodiment, the method further comprises determining the presence of ubiquinone deficiency in the subject prior to administering the formulation. In still another embodiment, the disease or condition is associated with primary ubiquinone deficiency and/or with a secondary ubiquinone deficiency.

[0074] In a further embodiment, the disease or condition is cancer, and the present disclosure relates to a method of treating cancer or reducing cancer cell proliferation in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition or formulation described herein to the subject, wherein the hydrophobic agent is a chemotherapeutic or anticancer agent. In embodiments, chemotherapeutic or anticancer agent is a taxane drug, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, or any combination thereof. In embodiments, the cancer is leukemia, breast cancer, cervical cancer or prostate cancer. In these cases, the compounds and formulations of the present disclosure are intended to be used or administered to a subject in need of cancer treatment. A subject in need of such treatment may be a human or a non-human subject. An effective amount for treating cancer will be the amount necessary to inhibit, delay, or slow cancer cell proliferation. When administered to a subjective, effective amounts will depend, of course, on many factors, e.g., the particular condition being treated, individual patient parameters, concurrent treatment and the mode of administration. In embodiments, it is generally preferred that a maximum dose of the individual components or combinations thereof be used, that is, the highest safe dose approved.

[0075] In a further aspect, the present disclosure includes a method of identifying a compound for the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of a condition associated with a ubiquinone deficiency in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: a) providing a living cells lacking the ability to express a Mclkl gene or a Mclkl gene ortholog; b) combining the test agent with the Mclkl knockout cell in a first respiration-dependent medium to provide a first cell culture and determining the ability of the Mclkl knockout cell to survive in the first cell culture or the rate of respiration of the Mclkl knockout cell; and c) characterizing the test agent as being useful in the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency if the test agent is determined to allow the survival of the Mclkl knockout cell in the first cell culture or increase the respiration rate of the Mclkl knockout cell. In an embodiment, the first respiration-dependent medium comprises 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-DHB) in an amount insufficient to allow survival of the Mclkl knockout cell in the absence of the test agent. In still another embodiment, the method further comprises d) providing a living cell lacking the ability to express (i) a Mclkl gene or a Mclkl gene ortholog and (ii) a Pdss2 gene or a Pdss2 gene ortholog; e) combining the test agent with the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout cell in a second respiration- dependent medium to provide a second cell culture and determining the ability of the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout cell to survive in the first cell culture; and f) characterizing the test agent as being useful in the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency if the test agent is determined to allow the survival of the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout cell in the second cell culture. In a further embodiment, the second respiration- dependent medium comprises ubiquinone in an amount insufficient to allow survival of the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout cell in the absence of the test agent. In another embodiment, the method further comprises determining ubiquinone levels in the transgenic cell in the presence and absence of the test compound, optionally in combination with 2,4-DHB or ubiquinone. In yet another embodiment, the method further comprises g) combining the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout and/or the Mclkl single knockout cell with a positive control agent in a third respiration- dependent medium to provide a third cell culture and determining the ability of the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout and/orthe Mclkl single knockout cell to survive in the third respiration-dependent medium; and h) characterizing the method as being useful for identifying agents for the treatment or the alleviations of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency in the subject if the presence of the positive control agent in the third respiration-dependent medium is determined to allow the survival of the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout and/or the Mclkl single knockout cell. In another embodiment, the positive control agent is ubiquinone in an amount sufficient to allow survival of the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout and/or the Mclkl single knockout cell in the absence of the test agent. In a further embodiment, the method further comprises i) combining the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout and/orthe Mclkl single knockout cell with a negative control agent in a fourth respiration-dependent medium to provide a fourth cell culture and determining the ability of the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout and/or the Mclkl single knockout cell to survive in the fourth respiration-dependent medium; and j) characterizing the method as being useful for identifying agents for the treatment or the alleviations of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency in the subject if the presence of the negative control agent in the fourth respiration-dependent medium is determined to fail to allow the survival of the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout and/or the Mclkl single knockout cell. In yet another embodiment, the negative control agent is dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). In a further embodiment, the respiration- dependent medium lacks glucose and can comprise, for example, a single carbohydrate source ( e.g :, galactose). In a further embodiment, survival is determined using a fluorescent or colorimetric assay. In yet another embodiment, the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout and/or the Mclkl single knockout cell are mammalian cells or murine cells. In still a further embodiment, the Pdss2/Mclk1 double knockout and/or the Mclkl single knockout cell are located in an animal and the method for comprises administering the test agent to the animal. Murine and human Mclk1/COQ7 and Pdss2 nucleotide and polypeptide sequences are shown in the attached sequence listing, with reference to Table 5.

[0076] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydrophobic compound is ubiquinone. In those cases, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or alleviating the symptoms of a condition associated with ubiquinone deficiency in a subject in need thereof or of treating other conditions that would benefit from ubiquinone supplementation. The method comprises mixing caspofungin and/or a salt thereof or its structural analogs with ubiquinone in an aqueous solution, and administering a therapeutically effective amount of the resulting solution to a subject in need thereof so as to treat or alleviate the symptoms of a condition associated with ubiquinone deficiency or to mitigate other conditions that would benefit from ubiquinone supplementation (e.g, mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mitochondrial DNA mutation). In an embodiment, the compound is caspofungin and/or a salt thereof. In yet another embodiment, the condition is associated with primary or secondary ubiquinone deficiency. In yet another embodiment, the condition is not directly related to ubiquinone deficiency but is believed to benefit from increased ubiquinone levels. In still a further embodiment, the method comprises, prior to administering, determining that the subject is afflicted with ubiquinone deficiency or a pathological condition that can be alleviated by ubiquinone supplementation.

[0077] The present disclosure is further directed to novel compositions or formulations useful for delivery of bioavailable hydrophobic drugs to cells and organisms. In embodiments, the novel compositions formulations comprise caspofungin or its structural analogs or salts thereof, a hydrophobic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. In one embodiment, the formulation is micellar. In an particular embodiment, the hydrophobic drug is ubiquinone. This disclosure also provides a method for delivering hydrophobic drugs to cells by exposing cells to the micelle-based compositions or formulations described herein. In one embodiment, a method of exposing cells to hydrophobic drugs is provided, said method comprising culturing said cells in the presence of the formulations of this disclosure thereby facilitating delivery of said hydrophobic compounds to cells. The disclosure further provides a method of delivering hydrophobic compounds to cells in vivo comprising administering to an animal or human the micelle-based compositions or formulations of this disclosure. It is to be understood that the compositions or formulations used for the delivery of hydrophobic compounds to cells in vitro or in vivo may be freshly prepared by admixture or may be prepared earlier or stored prior to their use.

[0078] According to a yet other aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of identifying a compound for the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of a condition associated with a ubiquinone deficiency in a subject in need thereof. Broadly, the method comprises a) providing a genetically-modified single knock-out (SKO) cell lacking the ability to express a Mcikl gene or a Mcikl gene ortholog; b) combining the test agent with the genetically-modified SKO cell in a first respiration-dependent medium to provide a first cell culture and determining the ability of the SKO cell to survive in the first cell culture; and c) characterizing the test agent as being useful in the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency if the test agent is determined to allow the survival of the genetically-modified SKO cell in the first cell culture. In an embodiment, a second respiration-dependent medium comprises 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-DHB) in an amount insufficient to allow survival the SKO cell in the absence of the test agent to provide second cell culture. The test agent is characterized as being useful in the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency if the test agent is determined to allow the survival of the genetically- modified SKO cell in the second cell culture. In another embodiment, the method further comprises d) providing a genetically-modified double knock-out (DKO) cell (i) lacking the ability to express a Mcikl gene or a Mcikl gene ortholog and (ii) lacking the ability to express a Pdss2 gene or a Pdss2 gene ortholog; e) combining the test agent with the genetically-modified DKO cell in a third respiration-dependent medium added with a small amount of ubiquinone which in itself insufficient to allow survival of the DKO cells to provide a third cell culture and determining the ability of the DKO cell to survive in the third cell culture; and f) characterizing the test agent as being useful in the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency if the test agent is determined to allow the survival of the genetically- modified DKO cell in the third cell culture. In still another embodiment, the method comprises a) providing the genetically-modified Mcikl SKO cells; b) combining the test agent with the genetically-modified SKO cell in a fourth respiration-dependent medium to provide a fourth cell culture and determining the respiration rate of the SKO cells by seahorse XF analyser; and c) characterizing the test agent as being useful in the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of the condition associated with the ubiquinone deficiency if the test agent is determined to increase the respiration rate of the genetically-modified SKO cell in the fourth cell culture. In a further embodiment, the method further comprises determining ubiquinone levels in the genetically- modified cell in the presence and absence of the test compound, optionally in combination with ubiquinone or 2,4-DHB. In still a further embodiment, the respiration-dependent medium lacks glucose. In still a further embodiment, the respiration-dependent medium comprises a single carbohydrate source and the single carbohydrate source is galactose. In still a further embodiment, survival is determined using a fluorescent or colorimetric assay. In an embodiment, the DKO cell and/or the SKO cell are mammalian cells, such as, for example, murine cells. In another embodiment, the DKO cell and/or the SKO cell are located in an animal and the method comprises administering the test agent to the animal.

[0079] According to a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a genetically-modified or transgenic cell lacking the ability to express (i) a Mdk1 gene or a Mdk1 gene ortholog and (ii) a Pdss2 gene or a Pdss2 gene ortholog, such as a double knock-out (DKO) cell.

[0080] According to another aspect, the present disclosure provides a genetically-modified or transgenic animal bearing the genetically-modified Mdk1 SKO or Mdk1/Pdss2 DKO cell described herein.

[0081] In further embodiments, the present disclosure relates to genetically-modified or transgenic animals and cells. A“genetically-modified” or "transgenic" animal refers to an animal, such as a non-human animal in which one or more of the cells of the animal contain heterologous nucleic acid introduced by way of human intervention, such as by transgenic techniques well known in the art. Transgenic animals and cells in which the presence of the functional gene is controlled or conditional are also contemplated, such as the CRE recombinase constructs described herein. Transgenic cells are also considered to be recombinant cells, i.e. which contain a recombinant construct or modification as a result of human intervention/genetic manipulation. "Non-human animals" include mammals, vertebrates such as rodents, non-human primates, sheep, dog, cow, birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc. In embodiments, the non-human animal is a rodent, such as a mouse or rat, most preferably a mouse. A "transgene" refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is partly or entirely heterologous to the transgenic animal or cell into which it is introduced, or, is homologous to an endogenous gene of the transgenic animal or cell but is designed to be inserted, or is inserted, into the genome in such a way as to alter the genome of the cell into which it is inserted (e.g., its insertion results in a knockout).

Compounds and methods thereof for increasing aqueous solubility of hydrophobic agents and hence their bioavaiiabiiity

[0082] The present disclosure affords compounds and methods for increasing aqueous solubility of hydrophobic agents (including drugs) and hence their bioavailability. As used herein, a hydrophobic agent refers to a compound that is poorly soluble in water. It is meant that for all practical purposes, the solubility of the compound in water is insufficient to make the compound practicably usable without some modification either to increase its solubility or dispersibility in water, so as to increase the compound’s bioavaiiabiiity or avoid the use of excessively large volumes of solvent. In an embodiment, a compound that is poorly soluble in water is a compound having a solubility of less than about 30 mg/ml, in further embodiments equal to or less than about 20, 10, 5, 1 , 0.5 or 0.1 mg/mL in water at ambient temperature. As used in the context of the present disclosure, the term“aqueous” refers to a composition in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent in the largest concentration by volume. When a substance is dissolved in a liquid, the mixture is termed a solution. The“aqueous solution” means any water-based liquid composition. In an embodiment, the aqueous solution is a physiologically compatible solution, such as, for example, a physiological saline.

[0083] Examples of poorly soluble compounds that may be comprised in the compositions or formulations described herein include the following hydrophobic drugs (solubility in water indicated in parenthesis):

• Chemotherapeutic drugs: SN-38 (0.29 mg/mL), etoposide (200 pg/ml), docetaxel (4.93 pg/ml), campothecin (<50 pg/ml), cisplatin (0.25 pg/ml), temsirolimus (20 pg/ml), teniposide (0.0598 mg/ml)

• Other anticancer drugs: VEGFR inhibitors (e.g. Cabozantinib, Nintedanib)( <1 mg/mL), Wnt/p-catenin modulators (e.g. XAV-939, ICG-001), Hedgehog inhibitors (e.g. SANT75, HR11), PI3K/Akt/mTOR modulators (e.g. rapamycin, Buparlisib), 17-AAG (0.1 mg/mL),

• Repurposed drugs: curcumin (0.01 1 pg/ml), luteolin (5.72 pg/ml), retinoic acid (< 1 mg/ml)

• CNS drugs: dihydroergotamine (0.229 mg/ml); lorazepam (80 pg/ml), propanidid (0.229 mg/ml), diazepam (0.05mg/ml), nimodipine (0.012 mg/ml), Carbamazepine (17.7 mg/L)

• Diabetes medicine: glipizide (37.2 mg/I)

• Gastrointestinal medications: omeprazole (0.359 mg/ml), tarazepide

• Infection treatments: griseofulvin (8.64 mg/I), acyclovir (<2.5 mg/ml), albendazole (insoluble), azithromycin, itraconazole, fluconazole (1 mg/L)

• Anti-inflammatory: flufenamic acid (9.09 mg/L), aceclofenac (insoluble), diflunisal (14.5 mg/L)

• Others: fenofibrate (0.25mg/ml), budesonide (10.7mg/l), clofazimine (0.225 mg/I), spironolactone (22 mg/I), melarsoprol (0.804 mg/ml), nifedipine, cyclosporin, piroxicam (23 mg/L), finasteride (11.7 mg/L)

[0084] In an embodiment, the hydrophobic agent is ubiquinone.

[0085] In embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is a chemotherapeutic or anticancer drug, in a further embodiment a taxane drug. In embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, or any combination thereof (which are taxanes).

[0086] In embodiments, the hydrophobic agent is ubiquinone, SN-38, etoposide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, campothecin, cisplatin, temsirolimus, teniposide, Cabozantinib, Nintedanib, XAV-939, ICG-001 , SANT75, HPI1 , rapamycin, Buparlisib, curcumin, luteolin, retinoic acid, dihydroergotamine, lorazepam, propanidid, diazepam, nimodipine, carbamazepine, glipizide, omeprazole, tarazepide, griseofulvin, acyclovir, albendazole, azithromycin, itraconazole, fluconazole, flufenamic acid, aceclofenac, diflunisal, fenofibrate, budesonide, clofazimine, spironolactone, melarsoprol, nifedipine, cyclosporin, piroxicam, finasteride, or any combination thereof.

[0087] In particular, the utility of a lipopeptide compound (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) as a solubilizing agent to improve aqueous solubility of hydrophobic agents and their bioavailability is revealed in the present disclosure. Caspofungin (also referred to as McC1 in the present disclosure) is a semisynthetic lipopeptide that has been licensed for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. The present disclosure reports for the first time its use as a drug delivery vehicle to increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic agents. More specifically, the present disclosure shows that caspofungin/McC1 solubilizes hydrophobic compounds in an aqueous solution. This is specifically demonstrated with UQio as shown in Example III. The aqueous solubility of UQio on its own is ~ 0.7 ng/ml (81 1 pmol). The UQio solubility was increased almost to ~1 mM by using 5 mM of caspofungin/McC1 which corresponds to more than 1 ,200,000-fold increase in aqueous solubility (Figure 12B). In Example VII, it was further shown that two other hydrophobic compounds, curcumin and Sudan I, can also be effectively solubilized by McC1. Chemotherapy drug paclitaxel is also known for its poor water solubility. Shown in Example VIII, the water solubility of paclitaxel can be greatly increased by addition of McC1.

Formulations for delivering hydrophobic agents

[0088] Hydrophobic agents have the potential of exhibiting therapeutic activity if they can be delivered across the cytoplasmic membrane and inside the cell to interact with their respective therapeutic target. The present disclosure provides a formulation for increasing the cellular uptake (also referred to as the delivery) of hydrophobic agents. Advantageously, the compositions or formulations of the present disclosure increase the delivery inside a cell, and in some embodiments, inside a mitochondria of hydrophobic agents, when compared to the delivery of those agents in the absence of a lipopeptide or surfactant.

[0089] In embodiments, a“surfactant” refers to compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between the aqueous solution and the solution comprising the hydrophobic agent. In some embodiments, an“aqueous solution” refers to a water-based solution that is biologically suitable for contacting a cell. In an embodiment, the aqueous solution is a physiologically compatible solution, such as, for example, a physiological saline.

[0090] In an embodiment, the composition or formulation disclosed herein comprises a lipopeptide compound and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof), a hydrophobic agent and an aqueous solution. Advantageously, the presence of lipopeptide compound and/or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof in the formulation increases aqueous solubility of hydrophobic agents and enhances the delivery of the said hydrophobic agents inside a cell, when compared to the delivery of those agents in the absence of the lipopeptide compound and/or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof.

[0091] As such, references herein to solubilizing/solubilizes, increasing/increases solubility, increasing/increases aqueous solubility, improving/improves solubility, improving/improves aqueous solubility refer to increasing or improving the solubility of a hydrophobic agent in water as a result of using a lipopeptide compound and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) or a surfactant as described herein, such that the solubility of the hydrophobic agent in water is improved or increased when mixed with the lipopeptide compound and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) or surfactant relative to the solubility of the hydrophobic agent in water in the absence of the lipopeptide compound and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) or surfactant. In embodiments, such improved or increased solubility of the hydrophobic agent in water is an increase in solubility of at least about 10-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 250- fold, 500-fold, 750-fold or 1000-fold in the presence of the lipopeptide compound and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) or surfactant relative to in the absence of the lipopeptide compound and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) or surfactant. In an embodiment, such improved or increased solubility of the hydrophobic agent in water means that the hydrophobic agent is present in the aqueous solution such that none or substantially none of the hydrophobic agent is visible (to the naked eye) in particulate or solid form.

[0092] In an embodinent, the present disclosure provides a simple mixture of a lipopeptide compound with a hydrophobic agent in an aqueous solution. The formulation can be made simply by a method comprising admixing a lipopeptide compound and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., caspofungin and/or a pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof) with the hydrophobic agent. As it will be recognized by the person skilled in the art, the mixture can be made using various techniques or ratios between the lipopeptide compound and/or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and the hydrophobic agent as long as the resulting formulation provides dissolution of the hydrophobic agent and an increase in the cellular uptake of the hydrophobic agent if the said agent is targeted to go inside the cell. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrophobic agent is ubiquinone. In another embodiment, the hydrophobic agent is a poorly soluble drug as described herein.

[0093] In an embodiment, the present disclosure further provides a simple mixture of a surfactant with the hydrophobic agent in the aqueous solution. The formulation can be made simply a method comprising admixing the surfactant with the therapeutic agent. As it will be recognized by the person skilled in the art, the mixture can be made using various techniques or ratios between the surfactant and the hydrophobic agent as long as the resulting formulation provides an increase in the cellular uptake of the hydrophobic agent.

[0094] In still a further embodiment, the formulation is a micellar formulation, e.g., a suspension of micelles formed by mixing the lipopeptide compound and/or pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salt thereof and a hydrophobic agent. The term“micelle” refers to any water soluble aggregates which are spontaneously formed from amphiphilic compounds (with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties). The micelles of the formulations of the present disclosure encapsulate and/or entrap the poorly soluble compound within their hydrophobic cores. In one embodiment, the poorly soluble compound is ubiquinone. In another embodiment, the poorly soluble compound is a poorly soluble drug as described herein.

[0095] In an embodiment, the compositions or formulations described herein are substantially free of liposomes or bilayer containing structures. In a further embodiment, the compositions or formulations described herein are free of liposomes or bilayer containing structures.

[0096] In embodiments, the compositions or formulations described herein are substantially free of alcohol (e.g., ethanol) and/or oil or an oil-based compound or oil derivative (e.g. Cremophor EL™/Kolliphor EL™, which is a polyethoxylated castor oil., and are thus able to solubilize the hydrophobic agent without the addition of such agents. In further embodiments, the compositions or formulations described herein are free of alcohol (e.g., ethanol) and/or oil or an oil-based compound or oil derivative (e.g. Cremophor EL™/Kolliphor EL™, which is a polyethoxylated castor oil.

[0097] “Substantially free” as used herein with reference to a compound in a mixture means that it is intended that the compound, if present in a mixture, is present in very low or trace amounts, for example that the compound has not been intentionally added from a heterologous source or included in the mixture. In embodiments, a composition or formulation that is substantially free of a compound contains less than about 1.0 %, 0.1 %, or 0.01 % (w/w) of the compound.

[0098] The formulations described herein can be administered to a subject in need thereof by any administration route including but not limited to: intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, topical, intradermal, intranasal ortransdermal delivery. In a preferred embodiment, the formulations are intended to be administered directly into the general circulation, for example, intravenously. This specific embodiment avoids the rapid metabolism or biotransformation by the gastrointestinal system or the liver prior to entering the bloodstream. It should be further noted that increasing aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drugs is also highly important for development of effective oral dosage forms. Therefore, the formulations of the present disclosure having enhanced solubility and bioavailability could be also useful for formulating into oral delivery forms such as tablets, capsules etc.

[0099] Figure 4 shows the structure of caspofungin. It consists of a cyclic hexapeptide connected to a fatty acid side chain. In a preferred embodiment, the methods and formulations of the present disclosure use caspofungin or a salt thereof to solubilize hydrophobic compounds and improve their delivery and bioavailability. In another embodiment, the lipopeptide compounds described herein, including structural analogs of caspofungin, and/or salts thereof, can be used in the methods, compositions and formulations of the present disclosure. As used herein, a structural analog of caspofungin refers to a compound that is structurally similar to caspofungin whether or not the compound is functionally similar. In its broadest embodiment, structural analogs of caspofungin are lipopeptides that contain a peptide connected to a hydrophobic (e.g., lipid) moiety and exhibit amphiphilic properties.

Consideration for selection of structural analogs of caspofungin

[0100] Anidulafungin (AFG) and micafungin (MFG), which are structural analogs of McC1 sharing a similar cyclic peptide (see T able 1 for structural comparison), were tested for amphiphilic property and their ability to solubilize UQi ₀ .

Table 1. Structural comparison of caspofungin, anidulafungin (AFG) and micafungin (MFG)

[0101] Unlike McC1 , MFG has a complex aromatic side-chain, and AFG has an alkoxytriphenyl side chain. As it can be seen in Figures 9 and 10, AFG and MFG show no stimulating effect on UQ10 uptake and exhibit no detectable surfactant activity in a drop-collapse assay at the concentrations tested.

[0102] In contrast, the lipopeptide compounds surfactin (consisting of a cyclic heptapeptide linked to a b-hydroxyl fatty acid chain) and the lipopeptide detergent -12 (LPD-12; made of an a-helix forming peptide comprised of 25 amino acid and an alkyl chain attached to both ends of the helix via amide linkages) were shown herein to increase UQi ₀ solubility.

[0103] Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the presence of a fatty acid chain confers amphiphilic properties to caspofungin, and that its amphiphilic property is responsible for its ability to solubilize hydrophobic compounds and improve the delivery and bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds. This is further supported by the ability of surfactin, which also contain a fatty acid chain, to solubilize UQi ₀ (Example IV). Surfactin has a cyclic peptide of 7 amino acids.

[0104] In embodiments, the lipopeptide compound is caspofungin, pneumocandin, aculeacin A, surfactin, iturin A, fengycin, lichenysin, daptomycin, viscosin, amphomycin, tsushimycin, friulimicin B, polymyxin, octapeptin, polypeptin, fusaricidin, tridecaptin, kurstakin, amphisin, lokisin, hodersin, tensin, massetolide, viscosinamide, pseudodesmin, pseudophomin, amphisin, syringomycin, syringopeptin, tolaasin, putisolvin, orfamide, syringafactin, entolysin, cichofactins, maribasins, ecomycin, pseudomycins, and/or cormycin A.

[0105] The lipopeptide compounds described herein can be made, without limitation, from the metabolism of a living organism ( e.g :, a biological compound), synthetically or both.

[0106] In embodiments, for use with a particular hydrophobic agent, the lipopeptide compound may be tested/selected to provide amphiphilic activity, efficient solubilization, sufficient stability and appropriate therapeutic benefit/side effect ratio. Amphiphilic activity can be measured by various methods known in the art, for example, by using the drop collapsing assay. Solubilization can be measured in various ways, like spectrophotometrically, HPLC, etc.

[0107] The compositions or formulations of the present disclosure are preferably“biocompatible” with the treated subjects (such as for example mammals, e.g., humans) as they exhibit low or tolerable toxicity when introduced in the treated subject.

[0108] The compositions or formulations of the present disclosure (including the micelles these compositions or formulations may comprise) can comprise a lipopeptide compound or salt thereof as the solubilizing agent. In a specific embodiment, the compositions or formulations, and in an embodiment the micelles of the compositions or formulations, comprise a lipopeptide compound or salt thereof as the sole solubilizing agent. In yet another embodiment, the compositions or formulations, and in still another embodiment the micelles of the formulation, comprise a caspofungin and/or a salt thereof as the sole solubilizing agent. In still another embodiment, the formulations, and in still another embodiment the micelles of the formulation, comprise a mixture of lipopeptide compounds or salts thereof as solubilizing agents. In these embodiments, the lipopeptide compounds can be, but are not necessarily limited to the lipopeptide compounds described herein.

[0109] The compositions or formulations of the present disclosure (including the micelles that these compositions or formulations may comprise) can include one or more hydrophobic agents. In an embodiment, the hydrophobic agent is hydrophobic or poorly soluble in water. In still another embodiment, the hydrophobic agent is insoluble in water. The hydrophobic agent can be a therapeutic agent, a cosmetic agent, a diagnostic agent and/or a research tool. The hydrophobic agent can be any type of hydrophobic compound, such as, without limitations, an organic or inorganic molecule, a peptide, a protein, a nucleotide, a nucleoside and/or a nucleic acid molecule. In an embodiment, the hydrophobic agent can have therapeutic and medicinal properties. In a further embodiment, the hydrophobic agent can be ubiquinone. In a still further embodiment, the hydrophobic agent can be a hydrophobic or poorly soluble drug described herein.

[01 10] In a particular embodiment, the hydrophobic agent is UQi ₀ . UQi ₀ has practically no solubility in water. It has previously been formulated as an oily suspension for oral use. Various approaches have been tried for enhancing its bioavailability, like solubility enhancement and use of novel drug carriers such as liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions and self- emulsifying systems [6-12] (Table 2), but essentially without satisfying results.

Table 2. Examples of commercially available UQ formulations.

[01 1 1] In an embodiment, the hydrophobic agent is the chemotherapy drug Paclitaxel (PTX). Because of water insolubility, currently PTX is formulated with the use of polyoxyethylated castor oil (Cremophor EL™) to improve the drug solubility. However, Cremophor EL™ is known to cause serious side effects, such as hypersensitivity reactions . As a result, prolonged infusion time and pre-treatments are required. Moreover, data suggest that the presence of Cremophor EL could alter the pharmacokinetic profile of PTX in vivo.

[01 12] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a lipopeptide compound or a salt thereof is used to solubilize UQ and hence increase the delivery and bioavailability of UQ. In an embodiment, the composition or formulation of the present disclosure, comprising lipopeptide compound or a salt thereof and UQ-io, is used to delivery UQ into cells and animals. In these formulations, a concentration of 0.005 to 20 mM of caspofungin can be used to solubilize a concentration of 10 to 5000 mM of UQi ₀ . In an embodiment, the concentration of the lipopeptide compound or salt thereof in the composition or formulation is at least about 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 40 or 50 mM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the lipopeptide compound or salt thereof in the composition or formulation is at most about 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 12.5, 10, 7.5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 , 0.5 or 0.005 mM. In yet another embodiment, the concentration of caspofungin in the composition or formulation is between about 0.05, 0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30 or 40 and about 40, 30, 20, 15, 12.5, 10, 7.5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 , 0.5, 0.05 or 0.05 mM. In still another embodiment, the concentration of the lipopeptide compound or salt thereof in the composition or formulation is between about 5 and 50 mM. In another embodiment, the concentration of UQ10 in the composition or formulation is at least about 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 100, 500, 1000 or 5000 pM. In another embodiment, the concentration of UQi ₀ in the composition or formulation is at most about 5000, 1000, 500, 100, 25, 22.5, 20, 17.5, 15, 12.5, 10, 7.5, 5 or 2.5 pM. In still another embodiment, the concentration of UQ10 in the composition or formulation is between about 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20,22.5, 25, 100, 500, 1000 and about 5000, 1000, 500, 100, 25, 22.5, 20, 17.5, 15, 12.5, 10, 7.5 or 5 pM. In yet another embodiment, the concentration of UQ10 in the composition or formulation is between about 2.5 and 25 mM.

[01 13] The compositions or formulations of the present disclosure can include additional non- medicinal components such as, for example, a buffer, a saline, a further surfactant, a vitamin and/or an oil. The formulations can further comprise adjuvants, preservatives, and other compounds whose inclusion in light of storage and/or use of the composition or formulation may be beneficial. Adjuvant as used herein refers to any molecule that provides a beneficial function, such as, for example, modulating endocytosis to improve drug pharmacology.

[01 14] The compositions or formulations of the present disclosure can be used to deliver a hydrophobic drug or drug combinations either in vitro or in vivo. They can also be used to deliver functional biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids to cells.

[01 15] In some embodiments, the compositions or formulations of the present disclosure exhibit stability during storage. In the context of the present disclosure,“stability” refer to the ability of the formulation to maintain its physical and chemical property after a specific time in storage. For example, the compositions or formulations of the present disclosure comprising lipopeptide- (e.g. caspofungin-) solubilized form of UQi ₀ remain stable for at least 1 , 3, 5 or more weeks when stored at 4°C.

[01 16] The micellar compositions or formulations of the present disclosure can be made by methods known in the art to make micelles, for example, direct dissolution and thin-film hydration method. In some embodiments of this disclosure, micelles are prepared by direct dissolution aided by vigorous shaking. In alternative or complementary embodiments, mixing of an amphiphile and hydrophobic compound is aided by sonicating. After the micelles have formed, the resulting mixture can be filtered (for example with a 0.22 pm filter) to remove large aggregates or insoluble particulate matter. The amount of hydrophobic agent in the filtered mixture can then be determined by various methods depending on the properties of the hydrophobic agent. The filtered mixture can be concentrated or diluted to achieve a specific concentration of the hydrophobic agent. The resulting mixture can be used directly or stored for future use.

[01 17] The compositions or formulations of the present disclosure (including the micelles of that these compositions or formulations may comprise) can be administered for most routes, such as parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrasternal, and transepithelial), intranasal, oral, topical, pump and others. They can be prepared in water suitably mixed with suitable excipients. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations may contain a preservative, for example, to extend shelf life or limit bacterial growth. The compositions or formulations of the present disclosure can be designed into pharmaceutically acceptable compositions for administration in vivo. Depending on the route of administration, the compositions or formulations of the present disclosure may be coated in a material to protect the components (such as the micelles) from the action of enzymes, acids, and other natural conditions that may inactivate certain properties of the composition. Their therapeutically effective dose can vary depending on many factors such as the pharmacodynamic properties of the therapeutic component in the formulation, the mode of administration, the weight and other characteristics of the recipient, the extent of the symptoms, and frequency of the treatment.

Compounds and formulations for ubiquinone supplementation

[01 18] In one specific aspect, the present disclosure provides compositions and formulations (such as, for example, micellar compositions and formulations) for treating or alleviating the symptoms associated with a condition which would benefit from UQ supplementation. For example, this condition can be associated with a mitochondrial dysfunction and/or a UQ deficiency. As used herein, the expression“treatment or alleviation of symptoms” refers to a composition’s or formulation’s ability to help limit and slow down development and progression of a condition and/or improve symptomology. Broadly, the expression“treatment or alleviation of symptoms associated with a condition characterized by UQ deficiency” encompasses an increase of tissue UQ levels, and, in some embodiments, procures a normal tissue UQ level which results in significant improvement of disease phenotypes. Signs and symptoms of UQ deficiency vary depending upon the particular defect and severity of loss of UQ content. Common symptoms associated with conditions associated with UQ deficiency include, but are not limited to, encephalomyopathy, severe infantile multisystemic disease, cerebellar ataxia, isolated myopathy and nephrotic syndrome (or nephropathy). Other conditions that would benefit from UQ supplementation include, but are not limited to, Parkinson’s disease, Leigh’s syndrome, mitochondrial disease syndrome as well as ageing.

[01 19] In some embodiments the hydrophobic agent is UQ. In these cases, the compositions and formulations of the present disclosure are intended to be used or administered to a subject in need thereof, e.g , a subject suspected to be or afflicted by a ubiquinone deficiency. A subject in need thereof may be a human or a non-human subject. Ubiquinone deficiency encompasses both primary ubiquinone deficiency and secondary ubiquinone deficiency. As used herein, the term “primary ubiquinone deficiency” refers to a ubiquinone deficiency caused by one or more genetic defect(s) in the biosynthetic pathway of UQ. In humans, such genes include, but are not limited to ADCK3/CABC1 , COQ2, COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7, COQ9, PDSS1 and PDSS2. In mouse, such genes include, but are not limited to Pdssl, Pdss2, Coq2 ; Coq3, Coq4, Coq5, Coq6, Coq7/Mcik1, Coq8, and Coq9. As used herein, the term“secondary ubiquinone deficiency” refers to inadequate (e.g , decreased) levels of UQ that occur in the course of other diseases (e.g, Parkinson’s diseases, mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, and cancer) or are caused by mutations in genes which are not involved directly in the biosynthesis of UQ. In humans, such genes include, but are not limited to MADD, BRAF, ETFDH, APTX, BRAF, or MFN2.

[0120] The present disclosure provides the use of a therapeutically/pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one (and in some embodiments more than one) compounds as well as associated formulations for the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of a condition which would benefit from UQ supplementation. As used herein the expression“therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount (dose) effective in mediating a therapeutic benefit to a subject in need thereof (for example treatment or alleviation of symptoms of a condition associated with ubiquinone deficiency). It is also to be understood herein that a“pharmaceutically effective amount” may be interpreted as an amount giving a desired therapeutic effect, either taken in one dose or in any dosage or route, taken alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.

[0121] Compounds which has been identified by the screening methods described herein as being useful for the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of a condition associated with UQ deficiency are: PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors (such as, for example, OSI-027, WYE-125132 (WYE- 132), AZD2014, PP242, CH5132799, BKM120 (NVP-BKM120, buparlisib), TG100713, AZ20, rapamycin (Sirolimus)), glucocorticoids (such as, for example, deflazacort, triamcinolone, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide and/or flumethasone), corticosteroids (such as, for example, desonide, halcinonide, fluorometholone acetate, budesonide, betamethasone (Celestone), ioteprednol etabonate, betamethasone dipropionate (diprolene), betamethasone valerate (betnovate), hydrocortisone (cortisol), methylprednisolone, prednisolone (hydroretrocortine), mometasone furoate, fluticasone propionate, fluocinolone acetonide (flucort-N), prednisolone acetate (omnipred), fluocinonide (vanos), triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone, dexamethasone acetate and/or dichlorisone acetate), DNA-damaging agents (such as, for example, irinotecan), bacterial gyrase inhibitors (such as, for example, balofloxacin), proteasome inhibitors (such as, for example, MLN2238 and/or MLN9708), anti-inflammatory agents (such as, for example, tranilast (SB 252218), sulindac (Clinoril)), DPP-4 inhibitors (saxagliptin (BMS- 4771 18, onglyza)), HIV integrase inhibitors (such as, for example, elvitegravir (GS-9137)), calcium channel inhibitor (such as, for example, felodipine (plendil)), IMPDH inhibitors (such as, for example, mycophenolic (mycophenolate)), beta-(1 ,3)-glucan synthase inhibitors (such as, for example, caspofungin acetate), antibiotics (such as, for example, doxycycline HCI), toposiomerase inhibitors (such as, for example, SN-38) or Bcl2 inhibitors (such as, for example, ABT-199 (GDC-0199)). The compounds and formulations of the present disclosure can be administered alone or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic compound. In some embodiments, it may be necessary/useful to administer or use these compounds with UQ, and particularly UQi ₀ (especially when administered to humans). UQ can be administered prior to, concomitantly or after the administration of the compounds of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, UQ is administered concomitantly with the compounds of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, the compounds of the present disclosure include capsofungin/McC1. Capsofungin has been shown to enhance cellular uptake of UQ when administrated at the same time as UQ. In yet another embodiment, UQ is administered with caspofungin and, in still another embodiment, UQ is administered concomitantly with caspofungin, such as, for example, in a micellar formulation.

[0122] The compounds described herein can be provided as pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable salts. This expression refers to conventional acid-addition salts or base-addition salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds described herein and suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human and animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like. They are formed from suitable non-toxic organic or inorganic acids or organic or inorganic bases. Sample acid-addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid, and those derived from organic acids such as _y O-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, and the like. Sample base-addition salts include those derived from ammonium, potassium, sodium and, quaternary ammonium hydroxides, such as e.g., tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The chemical modification of an agent into a salt is a well- known technique which is used in attempting to improve properties involving physical or chemical stability, e.g., hygroscopicity, flowability or solubility of compounds.

[0123] In a further aspect, this disclosure provides use of chemicals with amphiphilic properties other than caspofungin and its structural analogs to make solubilized in micelles comprising a hydrophobic agent, which may be used for treatment or alleviation of symptoms associated with a condition which would benefit from administration of a hydrophobic agent (e.g. UQ supplementation (e.g., UQ deficiency and mitochondrial diseases)). In an embodiment, the amphiphile is PLGA-PEG-PLGA type of block copolymers. Amphiphilic block copolymers are obtained by the polymerization of more than one type of monomer, typically one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic, so that the resulting molecule can self-assemble in solution to form micelles, vesicles or polymersomes [13] In another embodiment, the amphiphile is Tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB). In yet another embodiment, the amphiphile is Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) which has been used in pharmaceutical formulations (e.g., eyedrops) as an antimicrobial preservative. In still another embodiment, the amphiphile is natural surfactant saponins. Amphiphile micelles are known to solubilize hydrophobic compounds and thus can be utilized to improve drug delivery.

[0124] Administration of the compositions and formulations described herein can be made by any of the routes normally used for introducing a molecule into ultimate contact with blood or tissue cells: orally or parenterally, systemically or locally. For example, intravenous injection such as drip infusion, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, intranasal delivery, suppositories, intestinal lavage, oral enteric coated tablets, and the like can be selected, and the method of administration may be chosen, as appropriate, depending on the nature of treatment conditions and the age and the conditions of the patient. The dose is typically chosen from the range of from 0.001 mg to 1000 mg per kg of body weight per administration. Alternatively, the dosage in the range of 1 to 1000 mg, preferably 5 to 50 mg per patient may be chosen. The effective dosage will vary depending on the chemical stability and pharmacodynamic properties of the compound, the type of formulation, the administration regime, the intended effect thereof, and the age, health and weight of the subject to be treated. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation.

[0125] The compositions and formulations described herein can be used or administered in any suitable manner, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition with the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. The terms“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier”,“excipients” and“adjuvant” and“physiologically acceptable vehicle” and the like are to be understood as referring to an acceptable carrier, vehicle or adjuvant that may be administered to a patient, together with a compound or formulation described in this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof. Further, as used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or“pharmaceutical carrier” are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, 0.01- 0.1 M and preferably 0.05 M phosphate buffer or 0.8% saline. Additionally, such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer’s dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer’s or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer’s dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, collating agents, inert gases and the like. Depending on the route of administration, the formulations of the present disclosure may be coated in a material to protect the components (such as the micelles) from the action of enzymes, acids, and other natural conditions that may inactivate certain properties of the compounds or formulations.

[0126] The compositions and formulations of the present disclosure can be used or administered to any subjects, including mammalian subjects such as human subjects. [0127] To use the disclosed UQ formulations for treatment, in some instances, it may be beneficial to monitor plasma and/or tissue levels of UQ, prior to and/or after the administration of the compounds or formulations that are aimed at increasing the concentration of UQ. For example, the effect on UQ content can be determined in blood and muscle biopsy samples. Furthermore, in some instances, in particular in case of UQ deficiency and other mitochondrial disease patients, positive treatment effect can be identified by determining specific serum markers (such as for example, lactate and/or alanine), examining muscle histology, or by monitoring the response of specific disease phenotypes (such as cerebellar ataxia). It may be beneficial to determine the presence (or absence) of UQ deficiency prior to the administration of the compounds or formulations to ascertain whether or not the subject intended to be treated exhibits UQ deficiency, as UQ deficiency patients in general require large doses and long-term treatment.

Methods of screening for compounds capable of alleviating UQ deficiency

[0128] The present disclosure provides methods, assays and kits for identifying compounds useful for mitigating UQ deficiency and most particularly for the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of a condition associated with UQ deficiency.

[0129] The methods, assays and kits of the present disclosure can advantageously be designed to identify compounds capable of alleviating UQ deficiency by substituting for UQ (herein referred to as UQ substitutes, UQ analogs or UQ mimetics), improving the biological activity of residual UQ, or acting through respiration-independent mechanisms (e.g., by preventing some of the deleterious consequence of mitochondrial impairment or even preventing cell death directly). In this specific embodiment, genetically-modified cells incapable of making UQ or having low residual UQ levels (e.g, cells with partial loss-of-function mutations in UQ biosynthetic enzymes) that by itself is insufficient to support respiration-dependent growth are placed and cultured in a respiration-dependent medium. As used in the context of the present disclosure, genetically- modified cells are cells whose genome has been artificially altered to lower or inhibit the expression of at least one gene in the biosynthetic pathway of UQ. As used in the context of the present disclosure, the expression “respiration-dependent medium” refers to a cell culture medium which requires that the cultured cells use oxidative phosphorylation for energy production, because the medium lacks sufficient substrate for glycolysis (e.g, glucose). In some embodiments, the respiration-dependent medium contains, as the sole carbohydrate source, galactose. As it is known in the art, the respiration-dependent medium can comprise, without limitation, serum, vitamins, salts, anti-bacterial and/or anti-mycotic agents. In this embodiment, test agents allowing the survival of the genetically-modified UQ-deficient cells in the respiration- dependent medium and/or increasing the respiration rate of the genetically-modified UQ-deficient cells are identified as useful for alleviating UQ deficiency. [0130] The methods, assays and kits of the present disclosure can advantageously be designed to identify compounds capable of potentiating the therapeutic effects of exogenous UQ and more particularly of enhancing the cellular uptake of exogenous UQ. As used in the context of the present disclosure“exogenous” refers to materials originating from outside of the organism or cell. As used herein,“exogenous UQ” refers to any UQ that is not endogenously produced but that is instead administered to the subject in need thereof. In this specific embodiment, genetically-modified cells being incapable of making UQ (e.g., Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells) are placed and cultured in a respiration-dependent medium (as described herein) supplemented with a small amount of UQ (which can be in various forms, including UQ ₉ and/or UQi ₀ ) which by itself does not allow the survival of the genetically-modified cells (at least in the absence of the test agent). As such, test agents allowing the survival of the genetically-modified UQ-deficient cells in the respiration-dependent medium only when the medium is supplemented with exogenous UQ are identified as capable of facilitating the uptake of exogenous UQ by the cells. In an embodiment, the“small” amount of UQ corresponds to a concentration, in the respiration-dependent medium, of 1 mM or lower.

[0131] The methods, assays and kits of the present disclosure can advantageously be designed to identify compounds capable of increasing residual UQ synthesis. In such embodiments, genetically-modified cells having no activity of MCLK1/COQ7 enzyme are placed and cultured in a respiration-dependent medium (as described herein) supplemented with 2,4-DHB, an unnatural bypass precursor of UQ biosynthesis. When present, 2,4-DHB is provided in an amount which in itself does not allow the survival of the cells lacking Mclk1/COQ7 activity (in the absence of the test agent). As such, test agents allowing the survival of the genetically-modified cells in the respiration-dependent medium in the presence of 2,4-DHB but not in its absence are capable of increasing UQ biosynthesis.

[0132] The methods, assays and kits of the present disclosure include genetically-modified cells (which can be, for example, mammalian cells, including murine and human cells). The genetically- modified cells of the present disclosure have at least one genetic modification in at least one of the genes encoding at least one of the enzymes of the UQ biosynthetic pathway. Such genetic modification is intended to reduce or abolish the biosynthesis of UQ. The genetic modification can be nucleotide substitution, insertion, or deletion that reduces or abolishes the enzymatic activity of at least one enzyme of the UQ synthetic pathway. In humans, the genes involved in the UQ biosynthetic pathway include (but probably not limited to) ADCK3/CABC1 ^' , COQ2, COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7, COQ9, PDSS1 and PDSS2. In mouse, the genes involved in the UQ biosynthetic pathway include (but probably not limited to) Pdssl, Pdss2, Coq2 ; Coq3, Coq4, Coq5, Coq6, Coq7/Mdk1, Coq8, and Coq9 [14\. [0133] In an embodiment, the genetically-modified cells of the present disclosure include a genetic modification in the Mdk1 gene or a corresponding gene ortholog. Mdk1 gene orthologs include, but are not limited to, COQ7 (in H. sapient), COQ7( in S. cerevisiae), coq-7ldk1 (in C. elegant) and ubiF( in E. co/I). In some embodiments, the genetic modification of the cells of the present disclosure is a complete deletion of the Mc/k1 gene or the Mc/k1 gene ortholog. In some additional embodiments, the genetically-modified cells are referred to as Mdk1 knock-out (KO) cells. The term “knock-out”, as used in the context of this disclosure, refers to complete suppression of an endogenous gene. Gene knock-out can be constitutive ( e.g. , expression is suppressed in every cell and tissue for the life of the target organism) or conditional (e.g, capable of being suppressed, specifically at a given time point and/or location). In some embodiments, the genetically-modified cells of the present disclosure carry genetic modifications in the Mdk1 gene (or its ortholog) and not in other genes involved in the UQ biosynthetic pathway. In such embodiments, the genetically-modified cells are referred to as single knock-out (SKO) cell lacking functional MCLK1 enzyme or a MCLK1 ortholog.

[0134] In an embodiment, the genetically-modified cells of the present disclosure include a genetic modification in a Pdss2 gene or a corresponding gene ortholog. As known in the art, PDSS2 (or the polypeptide encoded by the Pdss2 gene ortholog) works in combination with PDSS1 (or a polypeptide encoded by the Pdssl gene ortholog) to elongate the prenyl side chain of UQ. Pdss2 gene orthologs include, but are not limited to, PDSS2 \ H. sapiend), COQ1 ( in S. cerevisiae), coq-1(\r\ C. e/egand) and ispB( in E. coil). In this specific embodiment, the cells have a genetic modification in the Pdss2 gene or a Pdss2 gene ortholog which abolishes the expression of the Pdss2 gene or the Pdss2 gene ortholog, e.g., lacking functional PDSS2. In some embodiments, the genetically-modified cells are referred to as Pdss2 knock-out (KO) cells. The Pdss2 KO cells can be constitutive or conditional KO.

[0135] The genetically-modified cells of the present disclosure can have more than one genetic modifications, for example at least two (or more) distinct genetic modifications in the genes involved in the biosynthesis of UQ: a first genetic modification in the Mdk1 gene (or its gene ortholog) and a second genetic modification in the Pdss2 gene (or its gene ortholog). In some embodiments, besides the genetic modifications in the Mdk1 gene (or its gene ortholog) and the Pdss2 gene (or its gene ortholog), the genetically-modified cells of the present disclosure do not have additional modification in the genes associated with the UQ biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, the genetically-modified cells of the present disclosure are constitutive or conditional knock-out in both the Mdk1 gene (or its gene ortholog) and the Pdss2 gene (or its gene ortholog). In such embodiment, the genetically-modified cells are referred to as double knock-out (DKO) cells if they lack the ability to express both the Mdk1 gene (or its gene ortholog) and the Pdss2 gene (or its gene ortholog), e.g., they lack both functional MCLK1 and PDSS2. [0136] The genetically-modified cells of the present disclosure can be, without limitations, eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. When the genetically-modified cells are prokaryotic cells, they can be bacterial cells, such as, for example, from the genus Escherichia and, in some additional embodiments, from the species Escherichia coii. When the genetically-modified cells are eukaryotic cells they can be, without limitations, yeast cells (such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells), nematodes (such as, for example, Caenorhabditis e/egans cells) or mammalian cells (such as murine or human cells). When the genetically-modified cells are of mammalian origin, they can be derived from various tissues and organs and can be, for example, embryonic fibroblasts. In an embodiment, the genetically-modified cells are fibroblasts of murine embryo origin and are referred to as mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells.

[0137] In the methods of the present disclosure a test agent is combined with the genetically- modified cells described herein. As used in the present disclosure, a“test agent” is any compound (including, but not limited to, small molecular weight molecules) that may be screened for its ability to rescue UQ deficiency or alleviate the symptoms associated with UQ deficiency. In an embodiment, the method comprises providing cells lacking UQ (cells lacking the ability to express (i) a Mc/k1 gene or a Mc/k1 gene ortholog and/or (ii) a Pdss2 gene or a Pdss2 gene ortholog), combining them with the test agent, culturing the resulting mixture in the respiration-dependent medium, and determining cell viability. As indicated above, the mutant cells are not capable of surviving in a respiration-dependent medium (in the absence of exogenous UQ). As such, test agents capable of rescuing the death of the genetically-modified cells described herein in a respiration-dependent medium are identified as candidate therapeutic compounds for the treatment or alleviation of symptoms associated with ubiquinone deficiency. In an different embodiment, the method also comprises providing genetically-modified Mcikl SKO cells ( e.g. , lacking functional MCLK1 or its ortholog and having the ability to express a Pdss2 gene or a Pdss2 gene ortholog), combining them with the test agent and culturing the resulting mixture in a respiration-dependent medium (supplemented with a minimal amount of 2,4-DHB) and determining cell viability. When added to the respiration-dependent medium, 2,4-DHB is provided in an amount that, on its own, has no effect on the survival of genetically-modified Mcikl SKO cells. As indicated above, Mcikl SKO cells are not capable of surviving in a respiration-dependent medium (in the absence of exogenous UQ or 2,4-DHB). As such, test agents capable of rescuing the death of Mc/ki SKO cells during cell culture (optionally in the presence or in the absence of a minimal amount of 2,4-DHB) are identified as candidate therapeutic compounds, useful for the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms of a condition associated with ubiquinone deficiency. In embodiments in which the test agents are capable of rescuing the death of Mc/ki SKO cells only in the presence of 2,4-DHB, they are identified as candidate therapeutic compounds useful for increasing endogenous UQ biosynthesis. In another different embodiment, the method further comprises providing genetically-modified Pdss2/Mcik1 DKO cells (e.g, lacking functional MCLK1 or its ortholog and lacking the ability to express a Pdss2 gene or a Pdss2 gene ortholog), combining them with the test agent and culturing the resulting mixture in a respiration-dependent medium (supplemented with a minimal amount of UQ10) and determining cell viability. When added to the respiration-dependent medium, UQio is provided in an amount that, on its own, has no effect on the survival of genetically-modified DKO cells. As indicated above, Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells are not capable of surviving in a respiration-dependent medium (in the absence of exogenous UQ). As such, if test agents are capable of rescuing the death of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells under such condition (in the presence of a minimal amount of UQ), they are identified as candidate therapeutic compounds useful for increasing uptake of exogenous UQ.

[0138] In the embodiment where UQ (in the form of UQg or UQ10 for example) is added into the respiration-dependent medium intended to receive or already containing test agent, it is important that exogenous UQ be provided in an amount that, on its own, is insufficient to allow survival of genetically-modified cells being incapable of making UQ (e.g., Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells) (in the absence of the test agent) to determine if test agent is able to potentiate the activity of the exogenous UQ. In the embodiment where 2,4-DHB is added into the respiration-dependent medium intended to receive or already containing test agent, it is important that the unnatural precursor of UQ biosynthesis be provided in an amount insufficient to allow survival of the Mdk1 SKO cells (in the absence of the test agent) to determine if the test agent is able to increase the biosynthesis of UQ.

[0139] In the methods, assays and kits of the present disclosure, a positive control can be included. The role of the positive control is to validate the method/assay performed. The positive control can be a positive control agent capable of rescuing the death of the genetically-modified UQ-deficient cells in a respiration-dependent medium. The positive control agent must be provided in an amount sufficient to allow survival of the genetically-modified cells in the culture conditions used. In embodiments in which a positive control agent is used, the screening method is considered validated (useful) only if the positive control agent allows the survival of the genetically-modified cells in the respiration-dependent medium. In some embodiments, the positive control agent can be, for example, UQ, provided as either UQg, UQ-io _, or a combination thereof. Both UQg and UQi ₀ can be used when the genetically-modified cells are cells of murine or human origin. In other embodiments, the positive control agent can be 2,4-DHB when Mdk1 SKO cells are used.

[0140] In the methods, assays and kits of the present disclosure, a negative control can be included. The role of the negative control is to validate the method/assay performed. The negative control can be a negative control agent that has no effect on the death of the genetically-modified UQ-deficient cells in a respiration-dependent medium. In embodiments in which a negative control agent is used, the screening method is considered validated (useful) only if the negative control agent does not allow the survival of the genetically-modified cells in the respiration-dependent medium. In some embodiments, the negative control agent can be any compound lacking the ability to substitute for UQ, to increase UQ cell/tissue uptake, and to boost UQ biosynthesis. In some embodiment, the negative control agent is a diluent used to dissolve the test agent. For example, the negative control agent can be dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).

[0141] Determining cell survival ( e.g :, the ability of a cell to remain viable) of the genetically- modified cells in the respiration-dependent medium can be performed using various methods known to those in the art. Cell viability assays include, but are not limited to tetrazolium reduction assays (including the MTT assay), resazurin reduction assays, protease viability marker assays, crystal violet staining (or other suitable dyes) assays, ATP assays and real-time cell viability assays (e.g., Glo™ MT cell viability assay). In an embodiment, cell survival can be determined using a fluorescent/colorimetric assay in which a reagent changes its color when incubated with viable cells (e.g, able to survive in the respiration-dependent medium) or after exposure to dead cells (e.g, not able to survive in the respiration-dependent medium). Exemplary fluorescent/colorimetric assays include, but are not limited to the resazurin assay and the crystal violet staining assay. The fluorescent/colorimetric assays are useful in the methods described herein because they can easily be used in a high-throughput screening method. In another embodiment, the direct effect of an test agent on mitochondrial respiration is determined by detecting the presence and extent of cellular respiration. This can be done, for example, by determining the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the cultured genetically-modified cells in the presence of the test agent in combination with (or not) UQ or 2,4-DHB (when Mdk1 KO cells are used). While this assay is more cumbersome than the fluorescent/colorimetric assays, it is more sensitive and can detect more discrete increase in mitochondrial respiration.

[0142] The present disclosure contemplates kits forthe practice of the methods described herein. The kits preferably comprise at least one of the genetically-modified cells described herein as well as instructions on how to perform the methods described herein. Optionally, the kit can also comprise, one or more components of the respiration-dependent medium, a positive control agent, a negative control agent, reagents for cell viability detection, etc.

[0143] The present disclosure provides the genetically-modified cells described herein. In some embodiments, the genetically-modified cells described herein are Pdss2/Mdk1 double knock-out (DKO) cells (as described herein) lacking the ability to express both the Mdk1 gene (or its gene ortholog) and the Pdss2 gene (or its gene ortholog). In some embodiments, besides the genetic modifications in both the Mdk1 gene (or its gene ortholog) and the Pdss2 gene (or its gene ortholog), the cells of the present disclosure do not have additional modification in the genes associated with the UQ biosynthetic pathway. In an embodiment, the DKO cells are embryonic cells, such as, for example, mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. [0144] The present disclosure also provides genetically-modified animals bearing mutations in the UQ biosynthetic genes described herein. The genetically-modified animal bearing mutations in UQ biosynthetic pathway is preferably a mammal and is not a human. In an embodiment, the genetically-modified animal is a mouse. In an embodiment, the genetically-modified animal is not a constitutive knock-out but a conditional knock-out in which the Mcikl gene (or its gene ortholog) and/or the Pdss2 gene (or its gene ortholog) are inactivated only in a particular tissue or organ and/or are only inactivated at a specific time point (for example at 2 months of age). The genetically-modified animals of the present disclosure can be used to test an agent for its in vivo efficacy to treat or alleviate the symptoms of the condition associated with UQ deficiency. In animals such as mouse, adult-onset global UQ deficiency impairs mitochondrial function, causes growth retardation, hair loss, elevated blood lactate levels, loss of fat mass, and a reduction in life expectancy [5] In such test subjects, agents (alone or in combination with UQ) useful for treatment or the alleviation of symptoms associated with UQ deficiency would likely improve their health status (such as weight gain and growing back of coat hair) and prolong their survival time. In animals with a tissue-specific defect in UQ biosynthesis, agents (alone or in combination with UQ) useful for treatment or the alleviation of symptoms associated with UQ deficiency would likely improve the function of the specific affected tissue of the body.

[0145] Therefore, the present disclosure also provides a method for testing in vivo efficacy of drug candidates intended for the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms associated with UQ deficiency using the genetically-modified animal described herein. The method comprises administering the test agent to the animal (such as, for example, a mammal or even a rodent which includes, without limitation, a mouse), alone or in combination with UQ. The method also comprises determining at least one of the following parameters: tissue UQ levels, mitochondrial function and clinical outcome (weight gain, or muscle strength for example). Test agents capable of increasing tissue UQ levels, improving mitochondrial function and mitigating disease phenotypes (weight loss or shortened survival for example) are characterized as being useful for the treatment or the alleviation of symptoms associated with UQ deficiency.

[0146] The present invention will be more readily understood by referring to the following examples which are given to illustrate the invention rather than to limit its scope.

EXAMPLE I - GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF UQ-DEFICIENT CELLS AND

ANIMAL MODELS

[0147] Generation of Pdss2/Mcik1 double KO (DKO) MEFs. Mice carrying a conditional allele of Mcikl were crossbred with Pdss2 ^oxP//oxP mice to generate Pdss2/Mcik1 doubly homozygous conditional knockout mice. The same in vitro Cre/loxP recombination system used for the generation of Mcikl KO (Wang etal, 2013) was used to generate MEFs deleted for both Pdss2 and Mcikl genes. Successful inactivation of the conditional (floxed) alleles of Mcikl or Pdss2 was confirmed by PCR, RT-PCR analyses, and lack of UQ content.

[0148] Tissue culture and viability assays. All cells were maintained in DMEM high glucose medium (Wisent BioProducts, Cat No. 319-005-CL) supplemented with 10% FBS (Thermo Fisher Cat No 10438034) and 1 % antibiotic-anti-mycotic solution (Wisent BioProducts, Cat No. 450-1 15- EL) at 37°C in 5% C0 ₂ . To score growth and viability in galactose, cells were first grown in high glucose DMEM medium to confluency and then switched to glucose-free DMEM media (Thermo Fisher Cat No 26400036) supplemented with 10 mM galactose (Sigma Cat No G5388), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Cat No 1 1360070), 10% dialyzed FBS (Thermo Fisher Cat No 26400036) and 1 % antibiotic-antimycotic solution. Cell viability was determined by resazurin (Sigma Cat No R7017) reduction assay or crystal violet staining following standard procedures.

[0149] Quantification of quinones. Quinone content was detected and quantified by HPLC as previously described [15] Briefly, cell lysates in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCI pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCI, 1 % NP-40, 1 % sodium deoxycholate, 0.1 % SDS) were mixed with an equal volume of hexane/ethanol for 10 min by vortexing. After centrifugation for 5 min at 8,000 x g the hexane layer was collected and evaporated in a vacuum centrifuge. The quinone residue was then dissolved in ethanol and stored at -20°C until HPLC analysis. The HPLC analysis was performed on a reverse phase C18 column (25.0 ^c 0.46 cm, 5 pm, Highchrom) using UV detection at 275 nm (Beckman System Gold). The mobile phase was methanol/ethanol (70:30 v/v) and isocratic elution was used at a flow rate of 1.8 ml/min.

[0150] Measurement of oxygen consumption by Seahorse XF analyzer. Cells were seeded in XF v7 24-well plates (Seahorse Bioscience) at ~ 40,000 cells/well for 24 hr. Prior to the measurements, cell medium was replaced with Seahorse XF base medium supplemented with 5.5 mM glucose (Sigma Cat No G8769), 2 mM Glutamax (Thermo Fisher Cat No 35050061) and 1 mM sodium pyruvate and allowed to equilibrate for 1 hour at 37°C. Oxygen consumption was measured first under baseline condition, followed by subsequent addition of 1 pg/ml oligomycin (Sigma Cat No 04876), 0.8 pM FCCP (Sigma Cat No C2920) and a combination of 1 pM rotenone (Sigma Cat No R8875) and 5 pM antimycin A (Sigma Cat No A8674) to assess the basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration rates. Four baseline measurements were recorded before the consecutive addition of the above-mentioned compounds, and three response measurements were taken afterthe addition of each compound. Results were finally normalized to protein content determined using the Bradford reagent (Bio-Rad). For experiments that involved culturing cells in the presence of lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS), cells were grown in culture medium supplemented with LPDS (Sigma S5394) for 1 week before OCR was measured using a Seahorse XF-24 extracellular flux analyzer as described above. [0151] Generation of UQ deficient mouse models. Mice that carry homozygous floxed Mcikl and/or floxed Pdss2 alleles as well as an inducible CreER transgene of interest were generated by crossbreeding Mcikl floxed or Mclk1IPdss2 double floxed mice with the CreER transgenic mice of interest. To induce deletion of the floxed gene(s), the compound transgenic mice ( e.g. , CreER+; Mclk1 ^loxP/,oxP or CreER+; Pdss2 ^loxP/ ' ^oxP ;Mclk1 ^loxP/ ' ^oxP ) were given tamoxifen by intraperitoneal (IP) administration at ~ 6-8 weeks of age (see Table 3). PCR detection of the recombined (KO) alleles, analysis of mRNA expression by RT-PCR as well as western blot analysis were used to validate successful recombination resulting in loss of expression of the target genes.

Table 3. Cre-lox conditional KO mouse lines that target UQ biosynthetic genes

Results

[0152] PdssZ Mcikl double knockout (DKO) MEFs. Figure 1 A shows that for both Mcikl o Pdss2 genes, the recombined but not the floxed allele was detectable after infecting PdssZ Mcikl double floxed MEFs with Cre-expressing retrovirus. Moreover, RT-PCR analysis verified the absence of expression for both genes in these cells. These results confirmed that the conversion of floxed Mcikl or Pdss2 alleles (“loxP”) into the knockout (KO) form was complete (hereinafter referred to as DKO cells). In this context, the term“knockout” mean elimination of the function of the gene product. As anticipated, UQg, which is the primary isoform of UQ produced in the mouse, was not detectable in those cells, nor is the substrate of the MCLK1 enzyme, DMQ ₉ (Figure 1 B).

[0153] DKO cells were fully viable and exhibited no growth defects when cultured in the standard culture media. Figures 2A and 2B show that, without added exogenous UQ, DKO cells die after ~ 4 days’ culture in galactose medium. UQg or UQi ₀ supplementation was sufficient to rescue them from galactose-induced cell death if provided at a sufficient amount, consistent with their primary defect being in the function of the respiratory chain due to lack of UQ. Despite lacking detectable UQ, they were still capable of carrying out some mitochondrial respiration, but their rates of respirations was much lower than wildtype controls (Figure 2C). Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the sustained respiration in Pdss2Mdk1 DKO was due to the fact that cell culture serum contains trace amounts of UQ10 which is primarily carried by lipoproteins. Figure 2C illustrates that removal of lipoproteins from serum led to abolishment of respiration in DKO cells.

EXAMPLE II - METHODS OF SCREENING FOR DRUG CANDIDATES FOR THE

TREATMENT OF UBIQUINONE DEFICIENCY

[0154] Four different screening methods were developed. The screening methods 1 to 3 are based on rescue-of-lethality in glucose-free galactose-containing media. The presence of galactose instead of glucose forces the cells to rely on oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. Screening method 4 is based on rescue of respiration, implying that processes immediately dependent on UQ have been rescued. Libraries of small molecules were screened for compounds and/or agents that increase survival of UQ-deficient cells (e.g., Mdk1 KO or DKO cells) in standard or modified galactose media depending on the screen settings.

Screening scheme 1: galactose-only screen

The screen uses cells lacking UQ (e.g., Mdk1 KO cells) and consists of three key steps:

1) Day 0: preparation of Mdk1 KO cells in 96-well plates in standard (glucose-containing) culture medium.

2) Day 1 : changing to glucose-free galactose-containing medium and adding compounds to be screened at a concentration of approximately 10 mM.

3) Day 4 to 6: following 3 to 5 days of incubation with the compound to be screened, media were removed and cell viability was assayed by resazurin reduction assay.

[0155] The resazurin cell viability assay. Briefly, resazurin was added directly to plates at 1/10 the volume of glucose culture medium. Viable cells with active metabolism can reduce resazurin into resorufin which causes a colour change from blue to pink. After a 2 hr incubation, plates were read on a plate reader (Tecan) to record absorbance at 570 nm and 600 nm. The cell viability was scored as a percentage relative to the signal from untreated glucose-grown wells. Consequently, each screened compound may be described by its effect (no, partial or full rescue) on survival of the KO cells in galactose medium.

[0156] Compounds that improve survival of Mdk1 KO cells in galactose were considered as positive screen hits. This galactose-only screening can yield not only hits that boost mitochondrial respiration but also molecules that act through respiration-independent mechanisms, e.g., by preventing some of the deleterious consequence of mitochondrial impairment or even preventing cell death directly. To distinguish between these two mechanisms of action, the primary hits obtained from Mcikl KO cell screen were then screened for activity to enhance the survival of DKO cells in galactose or condition of low glucose (that decreases DKO cell viability). DKO cells have little mitochondrial respiratory activity. In order for them to survive in galactose, recovery of mitochondrial function is necessary as after replacement of glucose with galactose virtually no energy is made from glycolysis available to cellular functions. Therefore, those compounds that are also protective for DKO cells in no glucose conditions most likely can substitute functionally for UQ in the respiratory chain. On the other hand, for compounds that can rescue DKO cells in low glucose but not in galactose medium, they likely act by respiration-independent mechanisms, because, in low glucose medium some ATP still can be made (though too little of it to maintain cell viability) and under such conditions it might be possible to achieve cell survival by regulating other not-mitochondria related processes.

Screening scheme 2: UQ supplementation screen

[0157] The screen also uses cells lacking UQ biosynthesis (e.g., DKO cells) and its protocol is essentially the same as the galactose-only screen except that in step 2, a minimal amount of UQi ₀ is added into the galactose screening media at a concentration at which the added UQi ₀ is insufficient by itself to support survival. The screen compound hits that are identified in this screen and that are ineffective on their own (when UQi ₀ is not added into galactose medium) most likely can promote the absorption, or retention, or efficacy once absorbed, of exogenous UQ.

Screening scheme 3: DHB supplementation screen

[0158] The screen uses Mcikl SKO cells and its protocol is essentially the same as the galactose- only screen except that in step 2, the screening medium is added with 2,4-DHB at a concentration that allows the KO cells to restore some UQ biosynthetic ability but not sufficiently to allow for a level of UQ production that is sufficient for respiration-dependent growth. Thus, under these conditions a compound that can boost the overall level of UQ biosynthesis might allow the cells to make enough UQ to survive in a respiration-dependent medium. Such a screen can identify compounds that boost UQ biosynthesis at any level, including at the level of gene expression. Figure 3A illustrates that treating Mcikl KO cells with 2,4-DHB at a sufficiently high dose allows them to survive in galactose-containing media.

Screening scheme 4: screen of respiration modulator by using Seahorse XF instruments

[0159] This screening approach aims to directly identify compounds that can boost mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in respiration-deficient cells. In this screen we use Mcikl SKO cells in which mitochondrial respiration rate is low but not abolished (Figure 3B). For this, cells were seeded into XF24 Ml culture plates and treated with testing compounds for 1 to 2 days before a treatment effect on cellular respiration is measured using the Seahorse XF-24e Flux Analyzer. The XF assay was the same as above described except galactose (10 mM) rather glucose was used as the sugar source to increase respiration rate and thus assay sensitivity. This screen allows us to identify compounds that augment mitochondrial respiration but not to a level that would have allowed detection in the screen based on survival rescue in galactose-containing respiration-dependent medium (scheme 1). In other words, it is capable of identifying compounds with potentially subtle mechanisms of action.

[0160] For methods 1 , 2, and 4, UQi ₀ supplementation at high concentrations was included to serve as a positive control. At sufficient doses, it produces reliable viability rescue of galactose- induced cell death and increases rates of mitochondrial respiration in UQ-deficient Mdk1 SKO and Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells (see Figure 2D and Figure 3A to C). Figure 3C shows that supplementation of UQio at a concentration of 0.5 mM had little effect, but that an almost full rescue was observed at 10 pM.

[0161] Caspofungin acetate (Cas number 179463-17-3) was one of the hits identified using the UQ supplementation screen method (method 2). Caspofungin acetate is an inhibitor of fungal 1 ,3- b-glucan synthesis. Its only medicinal use, that has been reported and approved, is as an antifungal antibiotic. In example III, its effect on UQ solubilization and uptake is illustrated.

EXAMPLE III - EVALUATION OF PROPERTIES OF CASPOFUNGIN IN REGARDS TO

UBIQUINONE SOLUBILIZATION

In this present disclosure, caspofungin is sometimes referred to as McC1. Figure 4 shows the chemical structure of McC1. As it can be seen in Figure 5, McC1 by itself had no effect on survival of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells in glucose-free galactose-containing medium. But, in the presence of a minimal amount of UQ which on its own was not sufficient to support the survival of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells, McC1 was able to rescue the mutant cells from death in the respiration- dependent medium. Different concentrations of McC1 were used (10 and 20 pM) and cell viability increased with increasing amount of McC1 in the media (Figure 5B, last two bars).

[0162] Quantitation of intracellular UQ levels confirms the enhancing effect of McC1 on cellular uptake of UQio. The results, presented in Figures 7A to 7D, show that, when used alone, McC1 had no effect on the intracellular concentration of UQ. However, in combination with UQio, McC1 increased uptake of exogenous UQio into cells. These results are observed in both DKO (Figure 7A) and wildtype MEFs (Figure 7B). Uptake of exogenous UQio had no effect on the level of UQ ₉ which is the main species of endogenous UQ in mice (Figure 7B). Figures 7C and 7D reveal that, both in Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO and wild-type MEFs, a dramatically higher level of UQio was seen in the mitochondria fraction of cells treated with both McC1 and UQio than that from cells treated with UQio alone, showing that McC1 significantly increased uptake of exogenous UQio into mitochondria. The higher level of mitochondrial UQ uptake in the presence of McC1 was further confirmed by whole-cell oxygen consumption measurement. Compared with UQio-treatment alone, co-treatment of UQ10 and McC1 led to a greater increase of mitochondrial respiration in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 6).

[0163] Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) is a specific inhibitor of the scavenger receptor CD36. CD36 is a integral membrane protein that is widely expressed. SSO is known to covalently bind to CD36 via lysine 64 in the hydrophobic cavity thereby impairing CD36-mediated fatty acid uptake. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of action for McC1-faciliated UQ uptake, cellular UQio levels were measured in wildtype MEFs after treatment with UQio alone, combination of sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) and UQio, co-treatment with McC1 and UQio in the presence or absence of SSO. As shown in Figure 8, the addition of SSO inhibits cellular uptake of UQio. This was observed in both the cells treated with UQio or UQio combined with McC1. Thus, the results presented in this figure suggest that McCTs impact on UQio uptake is dependent on the biological activity of CD36.

[0164] Drop collapse assay is a simple detection method of surface active agents. It relies on the capacity of surfactants to destabilize the liquid droplets on an oily surface. The drop-collapsing ability of McC1 along with other known potent surfactants was characterized. For each, 40ul of compound solution in water was pipetted onto a hydrophobic Parafilm surface and the diameter of the drops was measured 1 min later using a ruler. The results shown on figure 1 1 indicate that McC1 exhibited a moderate surfactant activity, but it is less potent than Triton X-100.

[0165] Solubilization studies. In order to link the surfactant properties of McC1 and its stimulating impact on UQio uptake, the solubilization characteristics of McC1 on UQio have been determined. First, solubilization test was performed by overnight shaking of a mixture of UQio and McC1 in water. The resultant suspensions were then centrifuged at 6,000 ^c g for 2 min to remove undissolved UQm The absorbance of the filtrate at 275 nm was measured spectrophotometrically and concentrations of UQio were determined from its extinction coefficient of e= 14,200. Figure 1 1 shows that in the presence of McC1 , the water solubility of UQio is greatly increased, and at concentrations above 50 mM, with the increases in McC1 concentration the amount of solubilized UQ increases linearly, indicating that the effect is related to micellization (micelle formation which occurs due to self aggregating properties of the surfactant molecule)

[0166] Additional solubilization tests were performed using sonication. Excess amount of UQio was mixed with McC1 by sonication for 2 min in water. The resultant suspensions were then filtered through a 0.45 pm or 0.22 pm syringe filter to remove undissolved UQm The absorbance of the filtrate at 275 nm was measured spectrophotometrically and concentrations of UQm were determined from its extinction coefficient of e=14,200. Figure 12 shows increased solubilization of UQm by addition of McC1 followed by mixing by sonication, and that sonication results in higher solubility. [0167] To explore the structure specificity of the effects on UQi ₀ solubilization and uptake, two close structural analogs of McC1 sharing a similar cyclic peptide structure were tested. In McC1 , a cyclic hexapeptide is linked to a fatty acid chain, whereas Anidulafungin (AFG) has an alkoxytriphenyl side chain and micafungin (MFG) has a complex aromatic side-chain. Cellular UQio levels were measured in wildtype MEFs after co-treatment with anidulafungin (AFG) and UQio, co-treatment with micafungin (MFG) and UQio, and treatment with UQio alone. As shown in Figure 9, in comparison to supplementation with UQio alone, addition of AFG or MFG did not further increase the level of UQio in wildtype MEFs. Thus, unlike McC1 , AFG and MFG were ineffective at enhancing cellular uptake of exogenous UQio.

[0168] Figure 10 illustrates that AFG and MFG showed no drop collapse activity at the doses tested. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, we postulate that the presence of a fatty acid chain is important for the amphiphilic property of McC1 , and that its amphiphilic property is necessary for its ability to solubilize UQ and stimulate uptake of exogenous UQ by the cells.

EXAMPLE IV - EVALUATION OF COMPOUNDS STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR TO

CASPOFUNGIN

[0169] Like caspofungin/McC1 , surfactin is a cyclic lipopeptide. It is produced from various strains of Bacillus subtilis. Structurally it consists of a peptide chain formed by seven amino acids linked to a b-hydroxyl fatty acid via a lactone bond. It is known for its exceptional surfactant power. In the drop collapse assay result of Figure 17A, a potent surfactant activity was observed for surfactin. Then, solubilization test was performed by overnight shaking of a mixture of UQio and surfactin in water. The mixture were subjected to brief centrifugation to separate undissolved UQio before absorbance of the resultant clear supernatant at 275 nm was measured spectrophotometrically. Concentrations of UQio were then determined from its extinction coefficient of e=14,200. The results shown on Figure 17B demonstrate that: first, water solubility of UQio is increased in the presence of surfactin; and second, surfactin has lower solubilization power than McC1 for UQ, though it has greater ability to lower surface tension. This finding suggests that, compared to surfactin, the chemical structure of McC1 allows for a higher solubilization power for UQ, probably by allowing for a higher loading capacity in McC1 micelles.

[0170] To determine whether surfactin also can enhance cellular uptake of exogenous UQ, UQio levels were measured in Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO MEFs after co-treatment with surfactin and UQio or treatment with UQio alone. The results shown on Figure 17C (left panel) indicate that the addition of surfactin to culture media improves UQio uptake into cells. UQ levels in the mitochondria was measured in wild-type MEFs after co-treatment with McC1 and UQio, co-treatment with surfactin and UQio, and treatment with UQio alone. The results shown on Figure 17C (right panel) indicate augmented uptake of UQ into mitochondria in the cells treated with combination of surfactin and UQio compared to the cells treated with UQio alone. It is also noteworthy that, compared to McC1 , surfactin shows less stimulating action on UQ uptake into mitochondria. Nevertheless, as shown in Figure 17D, in the presence of a small amount of UQ10 which by itself was not sufficient to support survival of the mutant cells in a respiration-dependent media, surfactin was able to produce full viability rescue at 10 mM. And it enhances the rescue effect of exogenous UQi ₀ on mitochondrial dysfunction of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells (Figure 17E). These further confirm enhanced delivery of exogenous UQ into mitochondrial membrane in the presence of surfactin.

[0171] We further tested another lipopeptide compound LPD-12 which is an lipopeptide detergent (LPD), a new class of amphiphile designed specifically for the structural study of integral membrane proteins. LPDs are engineered to form small cylindrical assemblies with rigid exterior surfaces that is designed to provide a natural interior packing environment for fatty acid chains. LPD-12 consists of a 25 amino acid a-helical peptide scaffold that is attached to a 12 carbons alkyl chain. Solubilization test aided with sonication shows that LPD-12 increases the water solubilization of UQi ₀ (Figure 21A). The resulting micellar solution was used to treat wild-type MEFs to determine their effect on cellular uptake of exogenous UQ. Figure 21 B demonstrates augmented uptake of UQ10 into the cells treated with the LPD-12 solubilized UQ10 compared to the cells treated with the same amount of UQi ₀ that was added to the culture media alone. Of note, compared to McC1-UQio solution, LDP-12 solubilized UQio showed less efficiency in facilitating UQ delivery into the cell.

EXAMPLE V - EVALUATION OF AMPHIPHILIC COMPOUNDS

[0172] Several other surfactants were tested for their ability to solubilize UQ. Briefly, excess amount of UQio was mixed with water solution of the tested surfactants using sonication. The resultant suspensions were then filtered through a 0.45 pm syringe filter to remove undissolved UQ10 Absorbance at 275 nm was measured spectrophotometrically and concentrations of UQio were determined from its extinction coefficient of e= 14,200. The results shown on Figure 18A indicate that SDS and McC1 allows the solubilization of UQio in water. At same concentration, McC1 and SDS surfactant show similar performances for solubilizing UQio (Figure 18B). The copolymer PEG(2000)- -PLA(1800) is also capable of solubilizing UQio in aqueous solution (Figure 18C).

[0173] Further surfactants were assessed for their ability to solubilize UQ. As shown in Figure 18D, Saponins, Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), Tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), and PLGA-PEG-PLGA (Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co- glycolide)) also improve the water solubility of UQio.

[0174] The UQio solutions prepared by the surfactants indicated above were tested for their effect on cellular UQio uptake. As shown in Figure 22, the UQio solution prepared with PLGA-PEG- PLGA, TTAB, BAC or saponins, also showed increased cellular uptake of UQio compared to adding UQ10 alone into the media. However, at the indicated tested concentrations, all of them are less efficient than McC1/UQi ₀ at delivering UQ into the cell. After 3 days’ exposure, the UQi ₀ solution comprising SDS or PEG(2000)-^-PLA(1800) as the solubilizing agent failed to increase cellular UQ levels. However, the data in Figure 19A show that the micellar solution of SDS/UQ10 can enhance the survival of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells in galactose (respiration-dependent) medium and the rescue by the SDS/UQ10 micelle was more pronounced compared to addition of free UQ10 of the same dose. The data in Figure 19B show that micellized UQ10 prepared with PEG(2000)- -PLA(1800) also enhances the survival of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells in galactose medium. These results indicate that SDS micelles and PEG(2000)- -PLA(1800) micelles can also encapsulate bioavailable UQ, however, their efficiency of UQ10 delivery is very low.

EXAMPLE VI - MICROSCOPIC EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS COMPRISING

McC1 and UQ

[0175] An aqueous solution comprising McC1 and UQ was evaluated by Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). Before TEM observation, a drop of McC1/UQi ₀ solution was placed onto a copper grid and air dried, followed by negative staining with uranyl acetate for contrast enhancement. The samples were then examined under a Tecnai 12 BioTwin Transmission Electron Microscope (FEI Electron Optics) and images were digitized with the use of an AMT XR80C charge-coupled device camera and Image Capture Engine Software. As shown in Figure 23, negative staining TEM revealed the formation of spherical assemblies of mixed sizes. The observed aggregate particles are micelles.

EXAMPLE VII - EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS MICELLAR FORMULATIONS COMPRISING

UQ

[0176] As shown herein, mixture of McC1 and UQ results in the formation of micelles. As such, the likely mechanism by which McC1 and other amphiphilic molecules solubilize UQ is related to micellization. To evaluate the micellar formulation of Mcc1/UQi ₀ , it was prepared by adding the 2 compounds into water followed by sonicating for 2 min. The resultant suspensions were then filtered through a 0.22 pm syringe filter in order to sterilize it and remove any undissolved matter. The filtrate (micellized UQ) is then stored at 4°C until use.

[0177] To treat cells, the micellar mixture of McC1 and UQ10 was added to culture media directly. The results shown on Figure 13 indicate that after 1 day treatment, UQ10 level in wild-type MEFs treated with a micellar solution of McC1/UQi ₀ was ~ 20 times higher than that of the cells treated with the same amount of free UQ10. The results shown on Figure 14 demonstrate that a micellar suspension of McC1/UQi ₀ was able to improve the survival of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells in a respiration-dependent (glucose-free galactose-containing) medium, suggesting effective delivery of UQ into the mitochondria. The results in Figure 15 show that for both mouse and human cells, 1 hour treatment with a micellar solution of McC1/UQi ₀ was already sufficient to produce a dramatic increase in cellular UQ10 levels, whereas the UQ10 alone treatment of the same dose for the same duration showed no effect on intracellular UQ10 levels. The micellar formulation can therefore achieve rapid and highly efficient UQ uptake.

[0178] Additional tests were performed to determine the stability of McC1/UQio micelles after storage. A micellar suspension of UQi ₀ and McC1 containing UQi ₀ at a concentration of about 1 mM was used. The micellar suspension was first stored for three weeks (at 4°C) and then tested for its bioavailability by determining whether it was able to rescue the lethality of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells in a glucose-free galactose-containing media. The results in Figure 16A indicated that the viability of Pdss2/Mdk1 DKO cells in the respiration-dependent media was significantly increased if treated with the McC1/UQio micelles and the micelle-treated DKO cells showed better survival than the DKO cells treated with UQi ₀ alone (at the same doses). Further, Figure 17B illustrated that there was no significant difference in cellular UQi ₀ levels after treatment with 1- week old or 5.5-weeks old McC1/UQio micellar solution, indicating McC1/UQio micelles can be stable for at least 5.5 weeks if stored at 4°C.

EXAMPLE VIII - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CASPOFUNGIN ON SOLUBILITY OF

OTHER HYDROPHOBIC COMPOUNDS

[0179] Micellar systems can solubilize poorly soluble compounds and thus act as career vehicles for delivery and transport of hydrophobic drugs. In order to determine if caspofungin/McC1 can have an impact on other poorly soluble drugs, solubilization tests have been performed on hydrophobic dye Sudan I, polyphenol curcumin, and paclitaxel.

[0180] The dye Sudan I ^® was mixed with McC1 , SDS, Tween-80 and rhamnolipids by sonication for 2 min in water. The resultant suspensions were then filtered through a 0.45 pm syringe filter to remove undissolved Sudan I ^® dye Absorbance at 476 nm of the filtrate was measured spectrophotometrically and Sudan I concentrations were determined by using a standard curve generated by known concentrations of Sudan I in 50% aqueous ethanol solution. The results shown on Figure 20 indicate that solubilization of Sudan I® in water is possible with McC1 as well as with the other surfactants tested.

[0181] A similar test was performed with curcumin, which is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound that for example presents antimicrobial effects and cytotoxicity towards various cancer cell lines. However, curcumin is not water soluble and has limited bioavailability and instability, greatly hindering its clinical applicability. Curcumin was mixed with McC1 by sonication for 1 min in water. The resultant suspension was then filtered through a 0.45 pm syringe filter to remove undissolved matter. Absorbance at 425 nm of the filtrate was measured spectrophotometrically as an indication of the amount of curcumin in the solution. As shown in Figure 24, free curcumin has very low solubility in water, but after being mixed with McC1 , its solubility was greatly increased in a dose-dependent manner. It is important to note that in contrast with the other surfactants tested, McC1 is non-toxic and can be used in intravenous injection.

[0182] The solubility of the chemotherapy drug Paclitaxel (PTX) was also assessed. Because of its water insolubility, PTX is formulated in an organic solvent of polyoxyethylated castor oil (Cremophor EL™) to enhance drug solubility. However, Cremophor EL is known to cause serious side effects, such as hypersensitivity reactions . As a result, prolonged infusion time and pretreatments are required. Moreover, it has been suggested that the presence of Cremophor EL could alter the pharmacokinetic profile of PTX in vivo. As shown in Figure 25, capsofungin/McC1 shows solubilizing effects on PTX.

[0183] Figure 26A shows further results demonstrating that capsofungin/McC1 increases the water solubility of PTX. To evaluate the antiproliferative activity of PTX/McC1 micelles, we seeded exponentially growing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into 48-well plates, exposed them to PTX/McC1 micelles for 2 to 6 days, and determined the treatment effect on cell growth and survival by comparing the numbers of variable cells before and after the treatment. Figure 26B shows that at the doses tested, the McC1/PTX treated cells showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, whereas McC1 alone caused no observable toxicity.

[0184] Therefore, since McC1 shows minimal toxicity, it could be used to produce medicinal formulations for hydrophobic drugs (such as CUR and PTX) with advantages of reduced toxicity and rapid drug administration.

EXAMPLE IX - IN WVO EVALUATION OF McC1 -SOLUBILIZED UQ10 IN WILD-TYPE MICE

[0185] Studies were performed to assess the effect of McC1 -solubilized UQ10 in mice, via by IP (intraperitoneal) and IV (intravenous) administration. As shown in Figure 27, plasma levels of UQ10 increased considerably after 5 days of IP treatment with McC1 -solubilized UQ-io, and this is accompanied by accumulation of a substantial amount of UQi ₀ in the liver.

[0186] Further in vivo studies were carried out via jugular vein catheter administration of McC1- solubilized UQi ₀ to mice. Jugular vein-catheterized mice were purchased from Charles River. Mixture of McC1 and UQio was filter sterilized using a 0.22 pm syringe filter before injection via catheter into the jugular vein. Mice were injected every day with 0.1 ml of McC1/UQi ₀ solution containing 4 mM of McC1 and 1-3 mM of UQ-io until catheters ceased to function or caused severe complications. Table 4 shows that IV administration of McC1/UQi ₀ resulted in dramatic elevation of plasma UQi ₀ levels (there is normally no detectable UQi ₀ in mouse plasma). In addition, for the effect on tissue UQ levels, in the IV-injected mice, we observed a significant increase of UQ UQg ratio in the tissues examined, including kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, brain and spleen, implying elevated UQi ₀ levels and therefore uptake of exogenous UQi ₀ (Figure 28). For the liver, under no treatment condition, UQi ₀ concentration is low and below the limit of detection, therefore the UQ10/UQ9 ratio cannot obtained. After treatment with McC1/UQi ₀ micelles, a significant concentration of UQ10, shown as ng/mg total protein, was detected in the liver. Of further note, no obvious toxicity was observed after 50 days of IV injections, indicating minimal toxicity with McC1/UQ treatment.

[0187] Table 4 shows plasma UQ10 levels after intravenous injection of McC1-solubilized UQ10. Injections were carried out daily through a jugular vein catheter. The injection solution contains 4 mM of McC1 and 1-2 mM of UQ10. Young wild-type male mice were used in the experiment.

Table 4: Plasma UQ10 levels after intravenous injection of McC1 -solubilized UQ10.

Sample UQg (ng/mL) UQ10 (ng/mL)

Untreated (n=3) 142.7 ± 1.4 Not detectable

MCCI/UQ10 39 days 6 3 521.4

MCCI/UQ10 51 days 203.4 2863.4

McC1/UQio 51 days 322.9 29665.5

EXAMPLE X - IN Wl/O EVALUATION OF McC1 -SOLUBILIZED UQ10 IN Mdk1 KNOCKOUT

MICE

[0188] The inducible Mdk1 knockout mouse was created as described (Wang, Oxer et al. 2015). In brief, the Mdk1 gene was deleted globally at the age of 6-8 weeks by administration of tamoxifen. This resulted in a gradual depletion of UQ content in all tissues except for the liver and in turn led to loss of mitochondrial respiratory function in most tissues and early death. For treatment with McC1/UQi ₀ , Mdk1 KO mice received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of aqueous solution of McC1-solubilized UQi ₀ one time every day, starting at ~ 4 months after the gene knockout. At this time the mice showed already a variety of severe phenotypes. The dose for the McC1/ UQio treatment was ~ 3.2mg/kg of body weight/day. Control group received i.p. saline. As shown in Figure 29, the treated KO mice lived longer than the saline injected KO mice OCKO.001 , log rank test).

EXAMPLE XI - DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF MCC1 -SOLUBILIZED PACLITAXEL

ON CELL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL

[0189] Exponentially growing MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) were seeded into 48-well plates at a low density of 1 x 10 ⁴ cells/well. Pacitaxel/McC1 solution was prepared the same way as McC1/UQio solution and stored at 4°C until use. Cells were allowed to attach overnight and then the PTX/McC1 solution was added into the culture media to obtain the desired concentrations. After 2 days’ treatment, the standard resazurin reduction assay was used to evaluate cell growth and survival. Results are shown in Figure 26B.

Table 5: Murine and human Mclk1/COQ7 and Pdss2 nucleotide and polypeptide sequences described in the sequence listing.

[0190] While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that the scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

REFERENCES

1. Peng, M., et a I., Primary coenzyme Q deficiency in Pdss2 mutant mice causes isolated renal disease. PLoS Genet, 2008. 4(4): p. e1000061.

2. Levavasseur, F., et al., Ubiquinone is necessary for mouse embryonic development but is not essential for mitochondrial respiration. J Biol Chem, 2001. 276(49): p. 46160-4.

3. Ewbank, J.J., et al., Structural and functional conservation of the Caenorhabditis e/egans timing gene cik-1. Science, 1997. 275(5302): p. 980-3. Nakai, D., et al., Mouse homologue of coq7/dk-1, longevity gene in Caenorhabditis eiegans, is essential for coenzyme Q synthesis, maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and neurogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2001. 289(2): p. 463-71.

Wang, Y., D. Oxer, and S. Hekimi, Mitochondrial function and lifespan of mice with controlled ubiquinone biosynthesis. Nat Commun, 2015. 6: p. 6393.

Bhagavan, H.N. and R.K. Chopra, Plasma coenzyme Q10 response to oral ingestion of coenzyme Q10 formulations. Mitochondrion, 2007. 7 Suppl: p. S78-88.

Seo, D.W., et al., Self-microemulsifying formulation-based oral solution of coenzyme Q10. Yakugaku Zasshi, 2009. 129(12): p. 1559-63.

Kommuru, T.R., et al., Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) of coenzyme Q10: formulation development and bioavailability assessment. Int J Pharm, 2001. 212(2): p. 233-46.

Schulz, C., et al., Comparison of the relative bioavailability of different coenzyme Q10 formulations with a novel soiubiiizate (So/u Q10). Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2006. 57(7-8): p. 546-55.

Chopra, R.K., et al., Relative bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 formulations in human subjects. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1998. 68(2): p. 109-13.

Liu, Z.X. and C. Artmann, Relative bioavailability comparison of different coenzyme Q10 formulations with a novel delivery system. Altern Ther Health Med, 2009. 15(2): p. 42-6. Beg, S., S. Javed, and K. Kohli, Bioavailability enhancement of coenzyme Q10: an extensive review of patents. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul, 2010. 4(3): p. 245-55.

Cho, H. , J. Gao, and G.S. Kwon, PEG-b-PLA micelles and PLGA-b-PEG-b-PLGA sol-gels for drug delivery. J Control Release, 2016. 240: p. 191-201.

Wang, Y. and S. Hekimi, Molecular genetics of ubiquinone biosynthesis in animals. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 2013. 48(1): p. 69-88.

Wang, Y. and S. Hekimi, Mitochondrial respiration without ubiquinone biosynthesis. Hum Mol Genet, 2013. 22(23): p. 4768-83).

McCarthy, J.J., et al., Inducible Cre transgenic mouse strain for skeletal muscie-specific gene targeting. Skelet Muscle, 2012. 2(1): p. 8.

Sohal, D.S., et al., Temporally regulated and tissue-specific gene manipulations in the adult and embryonic heart using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre protein. Circ Res, 2001. 89(1): p. 20-5.

Engblom, D., et al., Glutamate receptors on dopamine neurons control the persistence of cocaine seeking. Neuron, 2008. 59(3): p. 497-508.