PRIORITY

{0901] This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 62/208,561, filed August

23 , 2015, U.S. Application No. 62/208,565, filed August 21, 2015, and U.S. Application No. 62/348,342, filed June 10, 2016, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety into this application.

BACKGROUND

{0002] In a two-node bi-directional Free Space Optical (FSO) communication system, the two FSO nodes exchange data encoded on optical carrier beams sent across an unobstructed line of sight (LOS) between the two nodes. As shown in FIG, 1 , a conventional two-node bidirectional system is illustrated. As shown, a first node 2 and a second node 3 communicate by transmitting and receiving a signal 6, ? sent between the nodes. The data can be encoded o the signals in any matter; a binary, on-olT, exemplary signal is illustrated for simplicity. Each node lias an optical output 4 for transmitting the desired signal 6, 7, and als an optical input 5 for receiving the transmitted signal. Once received, the internal electronics of the node can decode the signal and obtain the transmitted data.

{0003 ^' ) The communication system only works if the transmit path of the first node is aligned with the recei ing components of the second node. In order to optimize tracking, conventional, systems have split the received beam into two paths: one for detection and one for alignment. As shown in FIG. 1, the exemplary system uses a beam splitter and separate

detectors as an alignment sensor and as a detector (processing) sensor. The resulting system is complex as it requires beam splitting and multiple paths to perform each function (e.g. alignment and detecting). Errors are also introduced into the system through the misalignment and/or drift between {lie multiple paths. SUMMARY

{000 ] A free space optical node is described includin using a diir aeti e optical element in order to red uce the alignment responses based on atmospheric scintillation of an optical beam. In an exemplary embodiment, the diffractive optical element may be configured to produce two concentric or overlapping mirror images at a focal plane. In an exemplary

embodiment, the diffractive optical element may be configured to shape a beam by smoothing its intensity profile across the beam,

{0005} Exemplary embodiments include a free space optical node having a fiber coupled to receiving electronics and transmitting electrics, wherein a terminal end of the transmit/receiver fiber is positioned at a focal plane, and a differential wave front sensor positioned at a second plane. The first plane may be the same or different, than the second plane. The free space optical node may also include fore optics configured to create defocussed image. In an exemplary embodiment the defocused image includes at least two o verlapping images at the second plane. In an exemplar embodiment, the two overlapping images are mirror opposites.

{0006] Exemplary embodiments include a free space optical terminal having a wave front sensor comprising a free space in a cen ter region of the wave fron t sensor, an acti ve surface of tire wave front sensor defining a plane; a optical fiber have a terminal end positioned in the plane and aligned with the free space of the wave front sensor; and fore optics positioned before the wave fron t sensor to direct light through the fore optics substantially all of the ligh t through the fore optics onto active areas of the wave front sensor, the optical fiber, and combinations thereof. Exemplary embodiment have other optics in place of the optical fiber for handin the receipt and'Or transmission of a communications beam.

DRAWINGS

{0007 j FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary prior art free space optical system.

{0008] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary FSO node according to embodiments described herein with a portion of its system components shown for illustration. 10009] FIG. 3 illustrates and exemplary front elevation view of a sensor coo figuration according to embodiments described herein,

|001O] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary partial FSO system according to embodiments described herein,

{ ^' 0011] F G. 5 illustrates an exaggerated representation of light propagation on exemplary system components as described herein.

{0012] FIG. 6A illustrates an exemplary lens within a lens configuration according to embodiments described herein. FIG. 6B illustrates exemplary light paths through the lens of FIG. 6A. FIG. 6C illustrates the generated image as viewed at a focal plane as described herein.

{0013 ^' ] FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate exemplary images of light on image planes inside and outside of the focal plane. FIG. 7C illustrates an exemplary light structure at a net zero focus plane that nulls the pupil structure illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B.

{002.4] FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate exemplary arrangements showing exemplary light propagation paths resulting in exemplary bifocal planes relative to a reference focal plane.

DESCRlPTiO

{0015] The following detailed description illustrates by way of example, not by way of limitation, the principles of the invention. This description will clearly enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternati ves and uses of the invention, including what is presently believed to be the best, mode of carrying out the invention. It should be understood that the drawings are diagrammatic and schematic representations of exemplary embodiments of the in vention, and are not limiting of the present invention nor are they necessarily drawn to scale. ff ⁾ f ⁾ I6 j Exemplary embodiments may be used to greatly simplify the complexity of a tree space optical (FSO) terminal, while maintaining the benefit achieved by separate alignment and detection sensors. Accordingly, exemplary FSO terminals according to embodiments described herein include separate detection sensor(s) and alignment sensor(s) configured or positioned such thai, the received optical path is maintained as a single recei ed optical path. Accordingly, exemplary embodiments may reduce misalignment of the system by not subdi viding the paths to the separate detectors. An exemplary FSO tenmnal may be capable of unidirectional or bidirectional high bandwidth optical corai ications.

{w017j Although embodiments of the invention may be described and illustrated herein m terms of an alignment sensor and detection sensor, it should be understood that embodiments of this invention are not so limited, but are additionally applicable to functional components of the system. For example, the respective sensors may be used for other purposes. Accordingly, exemplary embodiments ma be used when it is desired to have two system components using porti ons of the same free space signal and it is desired to keep the components along the same signal path and not split the signal into separate paths. Accordingly, the detector and alignment sensors described herein may be used for any system function. Moreover, exemplary

embodiments may be adapted to other free space systems, not necessarily limited to optical applications or communication systems. 03 S J U,S, Application No. 15/243,800, filed concurrently herewith, is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, and describes exemplary embodiments in which separate alignment and detection sensors may be used alon the same optical path to perform different functions. FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of this system in which an exemplary FSO node 30 includes a detectin sensor 12 along the same optical path {receiving beam path 18) as the alignment sensor 14. In an exemplary embodiment, the alignment is achieved by

incorporating a hole, aperture, or passage in the alignment sensor 14 such that a portion of the received beam falls on the alignment sensor and a portio of the receive beam tails on the detecting sensor 12, As described, the alignment sensor comprises a plurality of detecting surfaces to provide a differential detecting plane.

{0019] FIG. 3 illustrates and exemplary f ont elevation view of the detection sensor 12 and alignment sensor 14 having a common optical receive path as seen elevated from a direction normal the detection surface, where the p lurality of detecting surfaces of the alignment sensor is defined by the di fferent cells of a quadceli sensor. To permit the dual detection purpose of alignment and detection, the quad cell of the alignment sensor has a central aperture to pass a portion of the optical signal to receiving optics to the detection sensor. |002 ] Because the aperture in the centra! portion of the alignment sensor, the sensitivity of the system to variations in the received signal periphery becomes more significant. For example, in terrestrial applications, atmospheric effects can influence and'Or obstruct portions of the optical signal. If the changes are at the peripheral edge of the signal beam, these obstructions or scintillation will cause the system to detect a misalignment and attempt realignment even if the system is not misaligned. For example, if looking at FIG. 3 , if a portion of the recei ved optical signal 18 is obstructed or otherwise effected, thereby reducing the detected signal at quadrant 14a, the system may attempt to realign the system to move the beam toward quadrant Ϊ, in contradiction to the direction is should be moved based on the received beam column.

J002i j Moreover, as seen in FIG. 3, the plurality of detectors includes dead space between the alignment sensor and the receiver and between the plurality of detectors of the alignment sensor. If the receiver is an optica! fiber, then the dead space includes the cladding around the fiber in addition to the space between components. This dead space reduces the recei ved signals to the plurality of sensors and exaggerates the response to scintillation, in a exemplary embodiment, the alignment sensor 14 comprises a plurality of sensors or sensor sections. The plurality of sensors circumscribing the receiver 12 (optical fiber or detector) includes dead zones or gaps between the active sensor surfaces.

{0022 j As seen in FIG. 4, an optical component may be incorporated to reduce the external effects not relevant to beam column alignment of the recei ed signal. The optical component 17 may be used to overcome or reduce one or more of the issues described herein including loss of intensity from dead zones or effects from scintillation. The system may include a receptor (such as a detector or optical fiber) and an alignment sensor 14. The incoming light 18 encounters a focusing optic 16 that focuses the light onto the receptor 12. The peripheral edge of t he focused light is recei ved at alignmen t sensor 14. Therefore, the interior portion of the light 18b is detected by receptor 12 and the exterior portion 18a is detected by alignment sensor 14. The exterior portion 18a may include additional optics 17. The optical component 17 may, for example, include a diffuser, phase screen, lens, and combinations thereof as described herein. The optical component 17 may be used to spread, focus, redirect, modify, or

combinations thereof, the signal across the usable portion of the alignment sensor and reduce the effects from scintillation or otherwise improve system performance. The annular area around the transmit beam is captured by the alignment sensor, such as the quadeei) with a hole, for guiding and alignment with improved efficiency and accuracy,

J0023] Exemplary embodiments described herein may be used to optimize the light distribution between the recei ver 12 and the wave front sensor (WFS) 1.4, such as the cjuadceli. hi an exemplary embodiment optics 17 are incorporated into the beam path before the quadce!i to compensate for these dead zones. Ideally the light j ust outside of the recei ver capture area would hi t one or more of the plurality of detectors circumscribing the recei ver 12. However, in practice, this is not possible as the fiber is surrounded by a cladding and the detectors include dead zones around the hole and betwee each other. The typical detector needs a dead zone around the active area for electrical reasons. Light hitting these areas are lost For example, cladding for standard SMF and MMF is 125μηι, with cores of 9 urn and 50-62.5 gra, respectively,

£0024] FIG. 5 illustrates an exaggerated representation in which the lost light 19 failing on the cladding, the gap between fiber and detec tor, and/or on the dead zone of the detector is redirected to the active regions of the system components. f 0Θ25 j I» an exemplary embodiment, the component 17 can have a central region 17c, an intermediate region 17b, and an exterior region 17a, in which each region is configured to direct or affect the passed light in. different ways. The fore optics 16, 17, 1 7a, 1 b. and 17c may be integrated or separated in any combination such that the optic includes one or more components. The central region comprises a first opticai property to direct the light 18b onto an acti ve region of the recei ver 12. The central region may be a lens to focus the light onto the central portion of receptor 12. The intermediate region, if unaltered or had the same first opticai characteristic, would pass fight through the intermediate zone onto a dead zone of the system betwee the alignment sensor and receiver. The intermediate region may have a second opticai property different from the first optical property such that the light passing through the intermediate region 19 is directed to an active zone of the receiver 12 or the alignment sensor 14, The fore optics includes an exterior region .57a having a third optical property. The third optical property may be different from the first optical property, the second optical property, or both first and second opticai properties. The third optical property may also be the same as either of the first optics! property or the second optica! property. The exterior region of the fore optics is configured to direct Sight passi ng through the fore optic ! 8a onto an active area of the alignment sensor 1 circumscribing the receiver 12.

|0026j The exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 has three regions. However, the fore optics may be configured with one, two regions or four or more regions. The system comprises fore optics configured to direct the received light onto acti ve areas of the detector(s) used for alignment (or other function) and the receivers) used for receiving and analyzing the transmitted data without using a beam splitter, such that the incoming beam follows the same beam path. The fore optics may comprise a single integrated optica! component configured with different regions or may comprise separate components to achieve the combined effects described herein.

{( i27j FIG. 6A illustrates an exemplary lens within a lens modeled in Zemax, but any known methods to accomplish the same goal are included within tire scope of the instant disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6A„ an integrated, single lens is shown having different regions of different refraction to correspond to different focal points. The regions of the lens are configured to direct the received light onto the active portions of the receive and WFS, Other alternatives that may be used instead of separate optics or in conjunction, therewith is difiraetive coatings on a single lens or holographic phase screens may be used as would be understood, by a person of skill ίη the art. FIG. 6B illustrates the light paths as the incoming light traverses the central portion of the lens, FIG, 6B illustrates the generated image as view at the focal plane of the central portion. As shown, the central portion focuses the light to approximately a point at the focal plane, while the exterior portion focuses the light in an annular ring corresponding to the WFS.

{0028 j In an exemplary embodiment fore optics are incorporated into the system to redirect unused light between the acti e area of the fiber and sensors. In an exemplary

embodiment, the fore optics includes radially spaced sections to direct light to active areas of the receiver and/or WFS. For example, a central region may be configured to direct Sight through the central region of the optic onto an interior or active area of the receiver {fiber or sensor). while an exterior region of the optic may he configured to direct the light through the exterior region onto an active area of one or more detectors (WFS) circumscribing the recei er.

J0029] The exemplar fore optics may also or alternatively be used to achieve different functions. For example, the fore optics may include a diftuser/phase screen to scrabble the scintillation siructare of recei ved light. In such a configuration, the fore optics associated with at least the exterior region 17a may be configured to disperse the passed light, such that gaps or obstructions of the light are averaged across adjacent portions of the light column. Accordingly, momentary effects of gaps in portions of the Sight column cause by scintillation will have reduced effects on system alignment or on detection at the alignment: sensor. In a exemplary embodiment, the fore optics are configured to direct the light across a majority surface of the WFS and/or to disperse the signal across the area. Accordingly, exemplary embodiments may address non-symmetric structure interference caused by atmospheric scintillation and reduce its effect on the alignment sensor response. ff ⁾ f ⁾ 30 j in an exemplary embodiment the fore optics 17 exterior portion 17a includes symmetric defoeused images, overlapping each other at a chosen plane relati ve to the focal plane. What occurs is any structure in the beam will appear diametrically on the opposite side after going through focus. This is the essences of a differential curvature WFS. For example, a central portion 7c of the fore optics is configured to focus the incoming light at a focal plane. The exterior portion 17a comprises a bifocal optic that creates two images focused before and after the focal plane. The bifocal optic is configured such that the two images create, when observed at the focal plane, define an image at the WFS and define two overlapping mirror images of each other.

{0031 J FIGS. 7 A and 7B illustrate exemplary images of light on image planes inside and outside of the focal plane. As shown, the image has a notch on an upper portion of the light image. This could, for example, correspond to a gap caused by atmospheric interference in a transmitted optical signal The notch appears in the image plane before the focal plane of the receiver. The image on the other side of the focal plane is a mirror image of the first image. Accordingly, as shown in FIG, 7B, the notch appears on a Sower portion of the Sight image. 10032] FIG. 7C illustrates an exemplary light structure at a net zero focus WFS that nulls the pupil structure illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 78. FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate an exemplary arran ement showing exemplary light propagation paths resulting in the bifocal planes. As showi , light LTT passing through an upper portion of the fore optic is directed to an inside focal plane IFP and an outside focal plane OFF. Accordingly, when the light LTT is viewed at the focal plane of the central portion, or that of the receiver, the light originating at LT T is on opposing sides of the image at the focal plane. Specifically, the light propagating through the IFF ends up on a lower portion LTTl of the image at the focal plane and the light propagating through the OFF ends up on an upper portion LTT2 of the image at the focal plane. Similarly, light originating from the bottom of the fore optic (or adjacent the aperture) LTB is also focus through the IFF and OFF. Light propagating from the LTB through the IFF ends up on an opposite side of the image, or on the upper portion LTB ] of the image at the focal plane, while light propagating through the OFP remains on the lower portion LTB2 of the image at the focal plane. Therefore, the light through the same annular side of the bifocal lens ends up on mirror sides as mirror images at the alignment sensor plane. As seen in FIG, 8B, if a light partem 18c is seen through the upper portion of the bifocal fore optic, then the image is focused at ISd and 18e as mirror images across the alignment sensor 14 at focal, plane FP, ff)f)33 j Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment, and optical configuration of fore optics(s) includes a central portion configured to focus light at a focal plane and an exterior annular optic configured as bifocal optic having two focal planes on opposing sides of tire focal plane of the central portion. The fore optics are configured such that mirror images of t he exterior annular optic corresponds to the active area of the WFS and images two overlapping mirror images at the focal plane of the WFS. Accordingly, if the WFS is in the focal plane of the receiver, the inside focal plane and outside focal plane create an overlapping image at the focal plane and the inside and outside focal planes are likel equidistant from the focal plane. If the WFS sensor is out of plane from the recei ver and/or focal plane, then the inside and outside focal planes are configured to create an overlapping mirror image at the WFS active surface, which may result in the inside and outside local planes being at different distances from the focal plane, FIG. SB illustrates such an exemplary configuration. J0034] In the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 8A and SB, the fore optics include a focusing lens 16. The focusing lens may be configured to focus the entire passed light onto the focal plan FP, The focusing lens may also be segmented suc that different regions of the focusing lens include different refractive properties for focusing the light in different directions and/or different planes as described herein. For example, a central portion may be configured to focus the light at a point on the focus plane to be received by receiver 12, An annular, exterior portion of the focusin g lens may be con figured to direct the light in to an annular ring of either the focusing plane or another plane parallel to the focusing plane. The fore optics may also include a bifocal lens that defines two focal planes, IFF and OFF, on opposing sides of the focal plane of the focusing lens. As shown, the bifocal lens 17 is an annular ring commiserate in size and shape to the exterior region of the focusing lens. The bifocal lens may be any diffractive optical element having a dual or multiple foci. These fore optics 16, 17 may be separate or integrated components. For example, the bifocal element ma be a diffraction coating printed onto the focal lens. The focal planes IFF and OFF may be equidistant! y spaced from the FP focal plane or may be differently spaced.

{0035] in an exemplary optical configuration, the system comprises an objective that has zones that are used for Tx/Rx (Transmit/Receive) data. The objective therefore focuses a portion of t he received light to a point on a focal plane. At t he focal point on the focal plane is positioned a receiver. In an exemplary embodiment, the receiver is a terminal end of a multi- mode fiber. An annular ring outside of the maximum beam width (F) at the focal plane required by SMF (single mode fiber) and MMF (multi-mode fiber), can be used for a WFS (wave front sensor). The WFS can be of any number of sensing elements, and in our configuration surround the Tx Rx common fiber in the image plane. Within this annular zone may be optica! features thai cause a defocus. both inside and outside of the focal plane, in an annular ring sized to match things like detector size, avoiding dead area where light is not collected by a sensor, etc.

£0036] In the simplest configuration, two annular rings are used with optical power to symmetricall defocus before and after the focal plane comprising the receiver where the focus conjugates the over lapping images with the center of the lens used for Tx and Rx. This could be mounted or be part of the lens construction. Different defocusmg mechanisms may be used that have different advantages over others at the expense t develop and fabricate. For example, the defocus may be a two zone Fresnel Sens attached to the objective; a custom Fresoel lens where every other leas groove has a different focus; a difiractive structure with the two optical focus; and/or holographic.

|0O37j When these elements are combined in a simple configuration using a quadeell with a hole plus a single bidirectional fiber (SMF-MMF), you get a very simple and robust package concept that solves many issues of alignment and how to productive this to mass production.

{0038} The spot for linearity and dynamic range on a quadrant detector may be a top hat square that is 50% of the detector size, similar ranges are considered approximate to the 50% such as 40-60%. This configuration avoids problems with single spots that are small relative to the inter detector gap size and where multiple spots can create distortions in the transfer function. This configuration can play havoc with certain spot numbers and patterns to the point of no sensitivity with 2 spots in opposite quadrants. It is possible to see slope reversals and dead zones as this patter is moved across the detector.

{0039) Accordingly, tree space optical (FSO) applications have several challenges, including, for example:

1. Field of view (FOV) that naturally leads t small spots with limited dynamic range;

2. Using defocus causes tip/tilt aliasing from beam profile gradients and scintillation structure falling on the entrance aperture;

3. Using 2 detectors inside and outside of focus solves this problem, but has many layers of complexity in non-common paths optical alignment and drift, and matching detector responses;

4. Use of random diffusers with coherent monochromatic light causes large speckl es with low angles types and become very in efficient at higher order diffusing angles that scatter and lose Hght while becoming less sensitive to measure the tip/tilt signal.

{0040) Exemplary embodiments include a plurali ty of sensor along the same light path to perform different functions, such as detection and alignment. Exemplary embodiments use a quadeell with a hole to form an alignment sensor and an interior receiver for detection. An annular ring on an exterior portion of the objective or lens to focus the beam on the receiver will be seen on the quadceli. The inside annufus comes from the hole in the quadceli while the outside comes from the edges of the objective. Any angular change moves this outside edge shifting the balance of light on the quadrants.

{0041 j Exemplary embodiments described herein include using a free space optical terminal in which a portion of the recei ved beam is used for aligning the system and a separate portion of the beam is used for receiving, transmitting, and an combination thereof for a data signal. In an exemplary embodiment, the first portion of the beam used for alignmen t is an exterior portion circumscribing the second portion used for transmitting and/or receiving the data signal. Alternatively, the first portion may be a central portion, while the second portion may be a ci cumferential exterior portion of the same beam. In an exemplary embodiment, the system includes optical components within the first portion to reduce or prevent the alignment system from responding to scintillation or partial obstruction of the received signal. Accordingly, the optical components may include a difruser, phase screen, bifocal optics or other combinations as described herein.

{0f 2j The method may include receiving an optical beam at the FSO terminal. The method includes positioning the beam such that a first portio falls on one or more detector(s) for aligning the terminal with the received beam (or any first system function), and a second portion falls on one or more receiver(s), swell as a fiber optic or detection sensor, for detecting and/or directing tire signal for analyzing a data signal carried on the received light. Method includes aligning the FSO terminal based on the signal from the one or more detectors for alignment. ^' The method includes using system components or processing to account for signal scintillation and not realign the system based on a partially obstructed or incomplete received signal, but instead aligns the system based o a beam column direction from a remote node,

|0043j As shown and described, a quadceli is used to illustrate the pluralit of detectors around the optical fiber or detection -sensor. However, it should be understood that any combination of detectors may be positioned around the common recei ve/transmit path. The detectors may be of th e same kin d, or may be different. There are variants for the tilt sensor choice and a quadceli is not exclusive. Anything from normal quads to custom multi pixel detectors including focal plane arrays with random sub array read out may be used. Exemplary embodiments permit the light to pass through a hole, aperture, or space between detectors, or have a material that transmits the light used for data transmission.

{0044 ^' j "Substantially fill" or "substantial" is intended to mean greater than a majority, such as more than 75%. A majority is intended to mean 50%. Ranges are also used herein and are approximations only. Approximations are understood to be within the person of skill in the art. For example, when a series of detectors approximately fully surround or circumscribe an optical liber, it is understood thai natural dead space or gaps must accompany the areas between the detectors. These approximations are within the skill of the art to determine and may depend on system components, tolerances, wavelengths, system size, etc, Therefore, approximately fully surround is understood to have detectors positiooed around the detectors to minimize the dead space, but would be dependent upon the kind and quantity of detectors selected. An optical beam path is understood to be the linear longit udinal direction of a propagated beam. Therefore, even when the interior, exterior, or intermediate portions of the beam are focused differently such that they are directed at the active zones of either the deiector(s) or reeeiver(s), it is understood that the beam follows the same optical beam path.

{0045] Features described herein are exemplary only, and may be used in any combination or sub-combination as is desired for the application. Other features may be added or the above features may also be modified to achieve the objective of a user. For example, ranges, such as for wavelengths, may be redefined for particular applications, distances, environments, etc. Also, features may be removed and others redefined to accommodate the removal of a feature. Exemplary embodiments may be incorporated into or may use and combination of features from other systems. In an exemplary embodiment, the FSO terminal may use common optics for transmitting and receiving a data signal therefrom/thereto. For example, US Application no, 14/608, 1 6, titled "Data Retransmission for Atmospheric Free Space Optical Communication System," owned by the present applicant, and incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, discloses an FSO unit that may use a common aperture and optics for transmitting and receiving a data signal. Exemplary embodiments described herein ma be used in conjunction with or replace the components for alignment and detecting. Other exemplary systems that may inform alternative configurations of the instant invention include. but are not limited to, those disclosed by 0. S. Application No. 14/608,133, filed January 28, 2015, titled "Free Space Optical Communication Tracking with Electronic Boresight

Compensation U.S. Application No. 14/608,166, filed January 28, 2015, titled "Data Retransmission for Atmospheric Free Space Optica! Conmrunication System," U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/238,637, filed October 7, 2 15, titled "Fast Tracking Free Space Optical Module," and U.S. ^' Provisional Application 62/266,710, filed December 14, 2015, titled ' ^" 'Free Space Optical System with Common Transmit and Receive Paths," each of which are incorporated in their entirety herein. 0046] Although embodiments of this invention ha ve been fully described wi th reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of embodiments of this invention as defined by the appended claims.