FRICTION MODIFIER COMPOUNDS AND RELATED COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS

CROSS-REFERENCE OF RELATED APPLICATION The present application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/962,562, filed January 17, 2020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Various chemical components can be added to a lubricant to promote desired properties of machine components. A friction modifier may be added to a lubricant to promote desired friction properties. An antiwear compound may be added to a lubricant to promote reduced wear. There remains a need, however, for lubricant additive compositions and lubricant compositions that promote improved reduced friction and antiwear performance over time.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Lubricant additive compositions, lubricant compositions and related methods are provided. A lubricant additive composition can include a friction modifier compound and an antiwear compound as provided herein. A lubricant composition can include a base oil, a friction modifier compound, and an antiwear compound as provided herein. The friction modifier compounds as provided herein are phosphonate compounds that include a carbon-to- phosphorus (C-P) bond.

The lubricant additive and lubricant compositions provide a proper balance of reduced friction and increased antiwear performance over time. The lubricant additive composition as provided herein may be utilized in or added to a variety of finished fluids, including gear fluids. According to one aspect, a lubricant additive composition is provided that includes a) a friction modifier compound of formula (I): l wherein

R ¹ is straight, branched, saturated, or unsaturated C ₆ -C24 hydrocarbyl; and

R ² is an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl;

R ³ is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl; and b) an antiwear compound.

According to one embodiment, each of R ² and R ³ is independently ethyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or a linear, branched or cyclic C3-C4 alkyl. According to one embodiment,

R ¹ is straight C1 ₆ -C1 ₉ hydrocarbyl.

The antiwear compounds as provided herein exclude phosphonates and, as such, do not include organic compounds characterized by a carbon-to-phosphorus (C-P) bond. According to a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound can be an ashless phosphorus-containing compound. In an embodiment, the ashless phosphorus-containing compound can include a phosphite, a phosphate, a thiophosphate, a dithiophosphate, or any combination thereof.

According to one embodiment, the ashless phosphorus-containing compound contains at least one phosphorus center. In another embodiment, the ashless phosphorus-containing compound can contain more than one phosphorus center, such as at least two phosphorus centers, at least three phosphorus centers, or at least four phosphorus centers.

According to one embodiment, the friction modifier is a diethyl octadecylphosphonate, dipropyl octadecylphosphonate, dibutyl octadecylphosphonate, diisopropyl octadecylphosphonate, and diphenyl octadecylphosphonate; and the anti wear compound is a phosphorous containing compound, a sulfur containing compound, a nitrogen containing compound, or a combination thereof.

According to one embodiment, the friction modifier is dibutyl octadecylphosphonate; and the antiwear compound is a phosphorous containing compound. According to one embodiment, the lubricant additive composition includes a solubility enhancer. According to one embodiment, the lubricant additive composition further includes one or more of an antioxidant, a solubility enhancer, an additional antiwear agent, a corrosion inhibitor, a detergent, an extreme pressure agent, a dispersant, a viscosity index improver, and an additional friction modifier. According to another aspect, a lubricant composition is provided that includes a major amount base oil or grease and a minor amount of the lubricant additive composition as provided herein. The resulting lubricant composition provides a balance of reduced friction and antiwear performance.

According to one aspect, a method of lubricating moving metal surfaces of a machine part is provided. The method includes the step of lubricating the surfaces with a lubricant composition as provided herein. According to one embodiment, the machine part is one or more of an industrial gear, a windturbine gear, an axle, a differential, an engine, a crankshaft, a transmission, a clutch, a hydraulic apparatus, a slideway apparatus, and a turbine. According to one embodiment, antiwear performance is maintained in an aged lubricant composition relative to a baseline, fresh lubricant composition when tested according to ASTM D4172. According to one embodiment, antiwear performance is improved relative to a lubricant composition comprising an friction modifier compound other than a friction modifier compound of formula

(I): wherein

R ¹ is straight, branched, saturated, or unsaturated C6-C24 hydrocarbyl;

R ² is an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl; and

R ³ is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl.

The lubricant compositions and lubricant additive concentrates as provided herein are also particularly suitable for a wide variety of gear and/or transmission applications including, but not limited to, automotive gears, industrial gears, stationary gears, rear axles, limited slip differentials, conventional differentials, and/or automatic and manual transmissions. Further, such compositions and concentrates are suitable for use in multi-plate differentials, cone clutch differentials, torsen differentials, and/or dog clutch differentials. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof. These exemplary embodiments are described so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Indeed, the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements.

As used herein, the term “tribologically acceptable salt” includes amine salt alternatives.

As used herein, the terms "hydrocarbyl substituent," "hydrocarbyl group," or “hydrocarbyl” are used in an ordinary sense, which are well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, the terms "hydrocarbyl substituent," "hydrocarbyl group," or “hydrocarbyl” refer to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of a molecule and having a predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include:

(1) hydrocarbon substituents, that is, aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, and aromatic-, aliphatic-, and alicyclic-substituted aromatic substituents, as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form an alicyclic radical); and

(2) substituted hydrocarbon substituents, that is, substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of the description herein, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon substituent (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulfoxy).

As used herein, the terms “oil composition,” “lubrication composition,” “lubricating composition,” “lubricating oil composition,” “lubricating oil,” “lubricant composition,” “fully formulated lubricant composition,” and “lubricant” are considered synonymous, fully interchangeable terminology referring to the finished lubrication product comprising a major amount of a base oil plus a minor amount of an lubricant concentrate or lubricant additive composition. As used herein, the terms “lubricant concentrate” and “lubricant additive composition” are considered synonymous, fully interchangeable terminology referring to an additive that is introduced to a base oil to form a finished lubrication product.

As used herein, the term “solubility enhancer” is a compound that improves the solubility of any of the friction modifier compounds.

As used herein, the term "base oil" refers to oils categorized by the American Petroleum Institute (API) category groups Group I-V oils as well as animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g. castor oil and lard oil), petroleum oils, mineral oils, synthetic oils, and oils derived from coal or shale.

Wear on a machine component can lead to material failure or loss of functionality, and such wear can take many forms.

A lubricant composition can protect against wear by forming a lubricant layer between the machine component and the solid surface. As the thickness of the lubricant layer increases, friction is reduced. Metal surfaces at the microscopic level, however, are rough surfaces with imperfections called asperities. The lubricant layer may be thick enough to separate the surfaces, but not thick enough to separate all the asperities between the two surfaces. Abrasive wear can occurs when an asperity contacts an opposing surface and breaks off itself, or gouges out or cracks the opposing surface.

To help reduce contact between opposing surfaces, an antiwear compound can be added to the lubricant composition. The antiwear compound can promote the formation of a chemical film, referred to as a tribofilm. The thickness and roughness of the tribofilm can impact both friction and wear protection.

In addition, a friction modifier can be added to the lubricant composition. The friction modifier can assist in reducing the coefficient of friction that the bare opposing surfaces would otherwise have had. A reduction in the coefficient of friction can result in a reduction of stress on the opposing surfaces. However, the inventors have discovered that the friction modifier may impact the thickness or the smoothness of the tribofilm, resulting in a decrease over time of the wear protection properties that the antiwear compound would otherwise provide.

The present disclosure provides lubricant concentrates, lubricant compositions and related methods that unexpectedly maintain or improve friction while maintaining or even improving wear protection over time. The combination of an antiwear compound with a particular class of a friction modifier described herein has been found to not only reduce the friction but also maintain or even improve wear protection.

FRICTION MODIFIER COMPOUND

As discussed above, the friction modifier compound described herein can be combined with an antiwear compound to provide reduced friction and extended protection against wear. In a particular embodiment, without being limited to a particular theory, it is believed that the friction modifier compound can help regulate formation of a smoother tribofilm which improves protection against wear.

According to one embodiment, the friction modifier compound can include one or more compounds of formula (I): wherein

R ¹ is straight, branched, saturated, or unsaturated C6-C24 hydrocarbyl; and

R ² is an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl;

R ³ is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl.

According to another embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) include monoesters of phosphonic acid. Suitable monoesters include, but are not limited to, any of the monoesters of C6-C-24 hydrocarbyl (such as linear and branched hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosanyl, etc.) phosphonic acid wherein the alcohol portion of the monoester is derived from an alcohol such as phenol, ethanol and linear, branched and cyclic C3-C4 hydrocarbon (such n-propanol, 2- propanol, cyclopropanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, or cyclobutanol) According to one embodiment, the hydrocarbon of the alcohol does not contain a heteroatom. For example, the following monoester

IS a monoester of C6-hydrocarbyl (i.e., a linear or a branched hexyl) phosphonic acid in which the alcohol is derived from 2-propanol. The skilled artisan can envision how each and every C6-C-24 hydrocarbyl phosphonic acid can form a monoester with any of the alcohols described above.

According to a particular embodiment, the friction modifier compound can include one or more compounds of formula (I): wherein

R ¹ , R ² , and R ³ are each independently a hydrocarbyl group, and

R ² and R ³ each have at least 2 carbons. According to one embodiment, R ¹ is straight, branched, saturated, or unsaturated C6-C24 hydrocarbyl and each of R ² and R ³ is independently an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl.

According to one embodiment, R ¹ is a saturated hydrocarbyl group that can be straight or branched. According to a particular embodiment, R ¹ does not contain a heteroatom.

According to particular embodiment, R ¹ has at least 6 carbons, or at least 8 carbons, or at least 10 carbons, or at least 12 carbons, or at least 14 carbons, or even at least 16 carbons. According to a particular embodiment, R ¹ has no greater than 24 carbons, or no greater than 22 carbons, or no greater than 20 carbons, or no greater than 18 carbons. For example, R ¹ has 6 to 24 carbons, having 10 to 22 carbons, or having 14 to 20 carbons. According to a particular embodiment, the C6-C24 hydrocarbyl of R ¹ does not contain a heteroatom.

According to one embodiment, each of R ² and R ³ is individually a hydrocarbyl group that may be linear, branched, or cylic. The hydrocarbyl group may be optionally substituted. In a particular embodiment, each of R ² and R ³ can individually be a C2-C8 hydrocarbyl. For example, each of R ² and R ³ can independently be a linear or branched C2-C8 hydrocarbyl. As another example, each of R ² and R ³ can independently be a linear or branched C3-C4 hydrocarbyl.

As a particular example, each of R ² and R ³ can independently be a linear or branched C2 hydrocarbyl group. The C2 hydrocarbyl group can be an ethyl group.

As a particular example, each of R ² and R ³ can independently be a linear or branched C3 hydrocarbyl group. The C ₃ hydrocarbyl group can be a propyl group, such as n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl.

As a particular example, each of R ² and R ³ can independently be a linear or branched C4 hydrocarbyl group. The C4 hydrocarbyl group can be a butyl group, such as n-butyl, isobutyl, tertbutyl, or cyclobutyl.

As a particular example, each of R ² and R ³ can independently be a phenyl group.

According to one embodiment, each of R ² and R ³ does not contain a heteroatom.

In other embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ is an optionally substituted ethyl and the other is an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic C2-C8 hydrocarbyl. In other embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ is an optionally substituted ethyl and the other is an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic C2-C8 hydrocarbyl wherein the hydrocarbyl does not contain a heteroatom.

According to one embodiment, one of R ² and R ³ is an optionally substituted phenyl and the other is an optionally substituted ethyl. In other embodiments, one R ² and R ³ is an optionally substituted phenyl and the other is an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic C2-C8 hydrocarbyl. In other embodiments, one R ² and R ³ is an optionally substituted phenyl and the other is an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic C2-C8 hydrocarbyl wherein the hydrocarbyl does not contain a heteroatom.

According to one embodiment, R ² and R ³ are the same. According to another embodiment, R ² and R ³ are different. According to one embodiment, the C2-C8 hydrocarbyl of R ² and R ³ does not contain a heteroatom.

According to one embodiment, R ¹ is a C15-C18, C15-C1 ₉ , C15-C2 ₀ , C1 ₆ -C18, C1 ₆ -C1 ₉ , or C1 ₆ -C2 ₀ hydrocarbyl and each of R ² and R ³ is independently a phenyl, or a linear, branched or cyclic C2-C8 hydrocarbyl that may be optionally substituted. According to one embodiment, R ¹ is a saturated straight or branched C15-C18, C15-C19, C15-C20, C16-C18, C16-C19, or C16-C20 hydrocarbyl and each of R ² and R ³ is independently an, optionally substituted, phenyl.

According to one embodiment, R ¹ is a saturated, straight or branched C15-C18, C15-C19, C15-C20, C16-C18, C16-C19, or C16-C20 hydrocarbyl and each of R ² and R ³ is independently an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic C3-C4 hydrocarbyl.

According to one embodiment, R ¹ is a saturated straight or branched C15-C18, C15-C19, C15-C20, C16-C18, C16-C19, or C16-C20 hydrocarbyl and each of R ² and R ³ is independently an optionally substituted linear or branched C3-C4 hydrocarbyl.

According to one embodiment, R ¹ is a saturated straight or branched C15-C18, C15-C19, C15-C20, C16-C18, C16-C19, or C16-C20 hydrocarbyl and each of R ² and R ³ is independently an optionally substituted cyclic C3-C4 hydrocarbyl.

According to one embodiment, R ¹ is a saturated straight or branched C15-C18, C15-C19, C15-C20, C16-C18, C16-C19, or C16-C20 hydrocarbyl and each of R ² and R ³ is independently an optionally substituted linear or branched C4 hydrocarbyl.

According to one embodiment, R ¹ is a saturated straight or branched C15-C18, C15-C19, C15-C20, C16-C18, C16-C19, or C16-C20 hydrocarbyl and each of R ² and R ³ is independently an optionally substituted linear or branched C3 hydrocarbyl.

According to one embodiment, R ¹ is a saturated straight or branched C15-C18, C15-C19, C15-C20, C16-C18, C16-C19, or C16-C20 hydrocarbyl and each of R ² and R ³ is independently an optionally substituted linear C2 hydrocarbyl.

DIESTERS

According to another embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) include diesters of phosphonic acid. Suitable examples of diesters of phosphonic acid include, but are not limited to, any of the diesters of C6-C-24 hydrocarbyl (such as linear and branched hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosanyl, etc.) phosphonic acid wherein the alcohol portions of the diester are independently derived from any of phenol, ethanol and linear, branched and cyclic C3-C4 hydrocarbon (such n-propanol, 2-propanol, cyclopropanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, or cyclobutanol). According to one embodiment, the hydrocarbon of the alcohol does not contain a heteroatom. For example, the following diester is a diester of C ₆ -hydrocarbyl (i.e., a linear or a branched hexyl) phosphonic acid in which the two alcohols are derived from 2-propanol and tert-butanol. The skilled artisan can envision how each and every C6-C-24 hydrocarbyl phosphonic acid can form a diester with any of the alcohols described above.

According to one embodiment, the one or more friction modifier compounds includes those as fully described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 10,329,511, U.S. Patent No. 9,944,879, U.S. Patent No. 9,481,696, U.S. Patent No. 9,518,242, and U.S. Patent No. 9,885,003, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

According to one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is selected from:

wherein each R ¹ is straight or branched Ci ₆ alkyl, C17 alkyl, Cis alkyl, C19 alkyl, or C20 alkyl.

According to a particular embodiment, the friction modifier compound of formula (I) is one or more of diethyl octadecylphosphonate, dipropyl octadecylphosphonate, dibutyl octadecylphosphonate, diisopropyl octadecylphosphonate, and diphenyl octadecylphosphonate

METHODS OF MAKING PHOSPHONIC ACID ESTERS

Methods for making phosphonic acid esters are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,724,718 to Siles et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 3,812,222 to Kleiner et ah, for example. The diesters typically have a total acid number (TAN) up to about 15.

TREAT RATE OF FRICTION MODIFIER

According to one embodiment, the friction modifier compound is present in the lubricant composition in an amount between about 0.001% w/w to about 10% w/w based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. According to one embodiment, the friction modifier compound may be in the lubricant composition in an amount between about 0.01% w/w to 10% w/w. According to one embodiment, the friction modifier compound may be in the lubricant composition in an amount between about between 0.01% w/w to about 5% w/w. According to one embodiment, the friction modifier compound may be in the lubricant composition in an amount between about between about 0.01% w/w to about 2.0% w/w. According to one embodiment, the friction modifier compound may be in the lubricant composition in an amount between about between about 0.01% w/w to about 0.5% w/w. According to one embodiment, the friction modifier compound may be in the lubricant composition in an amount between about between about 0.01% w/w to about 0.4% w/w. According to one embodiment, the friction modifier compound may be in the lubricant composition in an amount between about between about 0.01% w/w to about 0.3% w/w. According to one embodiment, the friction modifier compound may be in the lubricant composition in an amount between about between about 0.01% w/w to about 0.2% w/w. The ratio of diester to monoester may be varied to provide prolonged stability of the esters in the base oil.

ANTIWEAR COMPOUND

The lubricant additive and lubricant compositions as provided here include one or more antiwear compounds. The antiwear compounds as provided herein exclude phosphonates and, as such, do not include organic compounds characterized by a carbon-to-phosphorus (C-P) bond.

According to a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound is thermally stable and includes phosphorous. A phosphorous-containing antiwear compound, if used, generally will be contained in the finished lubricant in an amount sufficient to provide about 100 to about 500 ppm phosphorus therein.

Other examples of suitable antiwear compounds include, but are not limited to, titanium compounds, tartrates, tartrimides, oil soluble amine salts of phosphorus compounds. The tartrate or tartrimide may contain alkyl-ester groups, where the sum of carbon atoms on the alkyl groups may be at least 8. According to a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound may include a citrate. According to another embodiment, the antiwear compound is a sulfurized olefin; thiocarbamate-containing compounds including, thiocarbamate esters, alkylene-coupled thiocarbamates, and bis(S-alkyldithiocarbamyl)disulfides; and mixtures thereof.

Antiwear compounds are more fully described in European Patent No. 1490460, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other suitable phosphorus-containing antiwear compounds include oil-soluble amine salts or amine adducts of a phosphoric acid ester, such as those taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,354,484, 5,763,372, and 5,942,470, which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.

In an embodiment, the phosphorus-containing antiwear compound can include a phosphite, a phosphate, a thiophosphate, a dithiophosphate, or any combination thereof.

According to a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound includes zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and any tribologically acceptable salts thereof including amine salt alternatives. According to a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound includes an ashless, chlorine-free dialkyldithiophosphate and any tribologically acceptable salts thereof including amine salt alternatives. According to a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound includes Irgalube ^® 353, commercially available from BASF.

According to a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound can be an ashless phosphorus-containing compound.

In an embodiment, the phosphorus-containing compound contains at least one phosphorus center. In another embodiment, the phosphorus-containing compound can contain more than one phosphorus center, such as at least two phosphorus centers, at least three phosphorus centers, or at least four phosphorus centers.

According to a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound includes one or more of the antiwear compounds as fully described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 10,329,511, U.S. Patent No. 9,944,879, U.S. Patent No. 9,481,696, U.S. Patent No. 9,518,242, and U.S. Patent No. 9,885,003, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

According to one embodiment, the antiwear compound as provided herein is a compound of formula (II): or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: each Xi is independently oxygen (O) or sulfur (S); each X2 is independently — OR", — OH, — SR", — SR"'C(0)0H, and — SH;

R ⁴ is —OR", —OH, or H;

R ⁵ is — R"; each R" is independently a Ci to Ci8 hydrocarbyl chain; each R'" is independently a Ci to C3 branched or linear alkyl chain; n is 1, 2, or 3; m is 0 when n is 1; m is 1 when n is 2 or 3; and

L is a linker selected from the divalent group consisting of acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon and cyclic C3-C10 hydrocarbon.

According to one embodiment, Xi is O and X2 contains S. According to one embodiment, Xi is S and X2 contains O. According to one embodiment, both Xi and X2 both contain O or both contain S.

In a particular embodiment, the ashless phosphorus-containing compound of formula (II) may be a thiophosphate where Xi is S;

X2 is —OR" or —OH;

R ⁴ is — OR" or — OH; and R ⁵ is — R".

For example, the thiophosphate can be a sulfurized phosphite, such as sulfurized dibutyl hydrogen phosphite or sulfurized dibutyl oleyl hydrogen phosphite.

In one embodiment, R" is independently linear, branched or cyclic C4-C18 alkyl. According to one embodiment, R" is independently a linear or branched C4-C18 alkyl. According to one embodiment, R" is independently a cyclic C4-C18 alkyl. According to one embodiment,

R" is a linear or branched C4-C18 alkyl and the other is a cyclic C4-C18 alkyl. Cyclic C4-C18 alkyl include mono-cyclic cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl, as well as mono- and bi-cyclic cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl. Suitable examples of a linear C4-C18 alkyl group include, but are not limited to, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl and n-octyl. Examples of a branched C4-C18 alkyl include isobutyl (2-methylpropyl), tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl), iso-pentyl (2-methylbutyl), neo-pentyl (2,2- dimethylpropyl), iso-hexyl (2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, or 2,3-dimethylbutyl), neo-hexyl (2,2-dimethylbutyl), iso-heptyl (2-methylhexyl), 3-methylhexyl, neo-heptyl (2,2- dimethylpentyl), 2,3-dimethylpentyl, 2,4-dimethylpentyl, 3,3-dimethylpentyl, 3-ethylpentyl,

2,2,3 -trimethylbutyl, 2-methylheptyl, 3-methylheptyl, 4-methylheptyl, 3-ethylhexyl, 2,2- dimethylhexyl, 2,3-dimethylhexyl, 2,4-dimethylhexyl, 2,5-dimethylhexyl, 3,3-dimethylhexyl, 3,4-dimethylhexyl, 3-ethyl-2-methylpentyl, 3 -ethyl-3 -methylpentyl, 2,2,3-trimethylpentyl, 2,2,4- trimethylpentyl, 2,3,3-trimethylpentyl, 2,3,4-trimethylpentyl, or 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl. According to one embodiment, R" is independently any of aforementioned examples of an alkyl group.

In any of the embodiments, L is a linker selected from the divalent group consisting of acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon and cyclic C3-C10 hydrocarbon. In any of the embodiments, L is a linker selected acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon. Examples of acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbons include - CH2-, -CH2CH2-, -CCH3-, -CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CHCH3-, -CHCH3CH2-, -C(CH ₃ )2-, -CH2CH2CH2CH2-, -CHCH3CH2CH2-, -CH2-CH2CHCH3-, -CH2CHCH3CH2-, -C(CH3) ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ C(CH3)2-, -CH(CH ₂ CH3)CH2-, -CH2CH(CH ₂ CH3)-, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-, - CH2CHCH3CH2CH2-, -CHCH3CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2CHCH3-, -CH2CH2CHCH3CH2-, -CH2CH2CHCH3CH2-, -CH2CHCH3CH2CH2-, -CH2C(CH3)2CH2-,-C(CH3)2CH ₂ CH2-, -CH2CH(CH ₂ CH3)CH2-, -CH(CH2CH3)CH ₂ CH2-, -CH(CH2CH ₂ CH3)CH2-, -C(CH3)(CH ₂ CH3)CH2-, -CH2C(CH3)(CH ₂ CH3)-, - CH2CH2CH(CH ₂ CH3)-, H2CH(CH2CH ₃ )CH2-, and -CH2CH(CH2CH2CH ₃ )-. The skilled artisan would understand that the list of the acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon linkers listed above is not necessarily exhaustive and that any acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon linker not listed above may also be a suitable linker.

According to one embodiment, L is a linker selected from cyclic C3-C10 hydrocarbons. Cyclic C4-C8 hydrocarbons include monocyclic cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl as well as mono and bicyclic cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, and cyclodecyl.

In any of the embodiments, n is 1, 2, or 3. In any of the embodiments, m is 0 when n is 1. According to one embodiment, m is 1 when n is 2 or 3. According to one embodiment, when n is 1 (and m is zero), the compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula (Ila) having one phosphorus center:

In an embodiment, the compound of formula (Ila) can be a phosphite, a phosphate, a thiophosphate, a dithiophosphate, or any combination thereof. According to one embodiment, in the compound of formula (Ila), X ¹ , X ² , R ⁴ and R ⁵ are as defined above for the compound of formula (II).

In a particular embodiment, the compound of formula (Ila) may be a phosphite, wherein:

Xi is O;

X ₂ is H;

R ⁴ is —OR";

R ⁵ is — R".

For example, the phosphite can be a dialkyl hydrogen phosphite such as dibutyl hydrogen phosphite, dioleyl hydrogen phosphite, or any tribologically acceptable salts thereof including amine salt alternatives.

In a particular embodiment, the compound of formula (Ila) may be a phosphate, wherein:

Xi is O;

X ₂ is —OR" or —OH;

R ⁴ is — OR" or — OH; and

R ⁵ is — R".

For example, the phosphate can be a monoalkyl phosphate (where X ₂ and R ⁴ are both — OH), a dialkyl phosphate (where X ₂ is — OH and R ⁴ — OR", or vice versa), a trialkyl phosphate (where X ₂ and R ⁴ are both — OR"), or any combination thereof. In a particular example, the phosphate can be an amyl acid phosphate, a 2-ethylhexyl acid phosphate, a tricresyl phosphate, or any combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the antiwear compound as provided herein is a compound of formula (lib): or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein,

Xi is O;

R ⁷ is n-hexyl; wherein when w=l, then R ⁵ is R ⁷ and y=2, such that X2 and R ⁴ are both — OH; and wherein when w=2, then R ⁵ is R ⁷ , R ⁴ is R ⁷ 0, and y =1 such that X2 is — OH.

As indicated in formula (lib), the phosphate may be salted with an amine where R ⁸ is acyclic Cn-Cis hydrocarbyl.

According to a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound of formula (IHb) includes Irgalube 349 (commercially available from BASF) and any tribologically acceptable salts thereof including amine salt alternatives.

According to one embodiment, the antiwear compound as provided herein is a compound of formula (He): or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein, with reference to formula (II), Xi is S, X2 is OH, R ⁴ is OR ⁹ , and R ⁵ , with reference to formula (He), is R ⁹ , wherein each R ⁹ is independently hydrogen or linear, branched or cyclic C4-C8 alkyl. As indicated in formula (lib), the phosphate in formula (lie) may be salted with an amine where R ⁸ is acyclic C11-C18 hydrocarbyl. In a particular embodiment, the ashless phosphorus- containing compound may be a dithiophosphate within formula (II) and (lie) where

Ri is S;

X2 is —SR" or — SR"'C(0)0H;

R ⁴ is —OR";

R ⁵ is — R".

In a particular embodiment, X2 in the dithiophosphate is — SR'"C(0)0H. An example of such a dithiophosphate is Irgalube 63 (commercialized by BASF).

According to one embodiment, when n is 2 or 3, the compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula (lid) or (He) having more than one phosphorus center. According to an embodiment, when n is 2, and m is 1, the compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula (lid) having two phosphorus centers:

According to one embodiment, in the compound of formula (lid), X ¹ , X ² , R ⁴ and R ⁵ are as defined above for the compound of formula (II). According to a particular compound of formula (lid), X ¹ and X ² are independently O or S.

According to one embodiment, L is a linker selected from the divalent group consisting of acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon and cyclic C3-C10 hydrocarbon. In other embodiments, L is a linker selected acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon. Examples of acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbons include - CH2-, -CH2CH2-, -CCH3-, -CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CHCH3-, -CHCH3CH2-, -C(CH ₃ )2-, -CH2CH2CH2CH2-, -CHCH3CH2CH2-, -CH2-CH2CHCH3-, -CH2CHCH3CH2-, -C(CH3) ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ C(CH3)2-, -CH(CH ₂ CH3)CH2-, -CH2CH(CH ₂ CH3)-, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CHCH3CH2CH2-, -CHCH3CH2CH2CH2-, - CH2CH2CH2CHCH3-, -CH2CH2CHCH3CH2-, -CH2CH2CHCH3CH2-, -CH2CHCH3CH2CH2-, -CH2C(CH3)2CH2-,-C(CH3)2CH ₂ CH2-, -CH2CH(CH ₂ CH3)CH2-, -CH(CH2CH3)CH ₂ CH2-, -CH(CH2CH ₂ CH3)CH2-, -C(CH3)(CH ₂ CH3)CH2-, -CH2C(CH3)(CH ₂ CH3)-, -CH2CH2CH(CH ₂ CH3)-, CH2CH(CH2CH3)CH2-, and -CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)-. The skilled artisan would understand that the list of the acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon linkers listed above is not necessarily exhaustive and that any acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon linker not listed above may also be a suitable linker. According to one embodiment, L is a linker selected from cyclic C3-C10 hydrocarbons. Cyclic C4-C8 hydrocarbons include monocyclic cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl as well as mono and bicyclic cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, and cyclodecyl.

According to another embodiment, when n is 2 (and m is 1), the compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula (He) having three phosphorus centers:

In the compound of formula (He), X ¹ , X ² , R ⁴ and R ⁵ are as defined above for the compound of formula (lib).

According to one embodiment, the tribologically acceptable salt as provided herein is an amine salt of the formula (Ilf):

⁺ (H ₂ N-R ⁶ ) ₂

(Ilf) wherein,

R ⁶ hydrogen, linear or branched C1-C18 alkyl, acyclic C1-C18 hydrocarbyl or cyclic C ₃ -C18 hydrocarbyl.

According to one embodiment, the antiwear compound may include amine salts or amine adducts of the antiwear compounds discussed herein. In a particular embodiment, the salt may be formed with aliphatic amine. The aliphatic amine may be a primary amine in which the amino nitrogen is linked to a tertiary carbon to give a t-butyl grouping. According to such an embodiment, the aliphatic amine may include a mixture of isomeric amines in the C12-C14 range. One example of the aliphatic amine may be Primene 81 (a primary aliphatic amine with highly branched chains in which the amnio nitrogen atom is linked to a tertiary carbon to give a t-alkyl grouping; commercially available from Dow):

In a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound of formula (II) can be an ashless phosphorus-containing compound.

According to one embodiment, the antiwear compound as provided herein is a compound of formula (III) having at least three phosphorus centers: or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A is: ; each R ⁹ is the same or different and is independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, wherein said aryl and aralkyl are optionally substituted with one to three substituents each independently selected from alkyl and alkenyl; each R ¹⁰ and R ¹¹ are independently selected from H, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl;

Y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, benzyl, and -R ¹² -R ¹³ -R ¹⁴ ; R ¹² is alkylene;

R ¹³ is selected from the group consisting of a bond, alkylene, -C(O)- and -C(R ⁷ )-;

R ¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyleneoxy, hydroxy and alkoxy;

R ¹⁵ is hydroxy; m is an integer from 2 to 8;

Xi is R ¹⁶ or Z;

X2 is selected from the group consisting of R ⁸ ,

R ¹⁶ is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, wherein said aryl and aralkyl are optionally substituted with one to three substituents each independently selected from alkyl and alkenyl; and wherein when X3 is R ¹⁶ , X4 is Z.

In a particular embodiment, the antiwear compound of formula (III) can be an ashless phosphorus-containing compound.

The antiwear compounds as provided herein may be present in an amount of from about 0.001% w/w to about 15% w/w based on the total weight of the lubricating composition. According to another embodiment, the antiwear compounds as provided herein may be present in an amount of from about 0.01% w/w to about 10% w/w. According to another embodiment, the antiwear compounds as provided herein may be present in an amount of from about 0.05% w/w to about 5% w/w. According to another embodiment, the antiwear compounds as provided herein may be present in an amount of from about 0.1% w/w to about 3.0 % w/w. BASE OIL

The lubricant additive concentrates provided herein may be added into an oil of lubricating viscosity directly. Generally, the lubricant additive concentrates will further be incorporated into the oil of lubricating viscosity at a particular weight percentage relative to the total weight of the final lubricant composition. The weight percentage selected is generally referred to as the treat rate and the lubricant composition containing the lubricant additive concentrate is generally referred to as a finished fluid.

The lubricant compositions as provided herein include a lubricating base oil. The lubricant additive concentrates as provided here may be added to a base oil. As provided herein, base oils are categorized by the American Petroleum Institute (API) into category groups Group I-V. The American Petroleum Institute has categorized these different basestock types as follows: Group I, greater than 0.03 weight percent sulfur, and/or less than 90 volume percent saturates, viscosity index between 80 and 120; Group II, less than or equal to 0.03 weight percent sulfur, and greater than or equal to 90 volume percent saturates, viscosity index between 80 and 120; Group III, less than or equal to 0.03 weight percent sulfur, and greater than or equal to 90 volume percent saturates, viscosity index greater than 120; Group IV, all polyalphaolefms. Hydrotreated basestocks and catalytically dewaxed basestocks, because of their low sulfur and aromatics content, generally fall into the Group II and Group III categories. Polyalphaolefms (Group IV basestocks) are synthetic base oils prepared from various alpha olefins and are substantially free of sulfur and aromatics.

Groups I, II, and III are mineral oil process stocks. Group IV base oils contain true synthetic molecular species, which are produced by polymerization of olefmically unsaturated hydrocarbons. Many Group V base oils are also true synthetic products and may include diesters, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, alkylated aromatics, polyphosphate esters, polyvinyl ethers, and/or polyphenyl ethers, and the like, but may also be naturally occurring oils, such as vegetable oils. Although Group III base oils are derived from mineral oil, the rigorous processing that these fluids undergo causes their physical properties to be very similar to some true synthetics, such as PAOs. Therefore, oils derived from Group III base oils may sometimes be referred to as synthetic fluids in the industry. The base oils as provided herein may be in the form of a mineral oil or synthetic oil, animal oil, vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof. According to one embodiment, the mineral oils, both paraffinic and naphthenic and mixtures thereof can be employed as lubricating oil or as the grease vehicle. Also contemplated are greases in which any of the foregoing oils are employed as a base.

The lubricating compositions as provided herein may exhibit a viscosity of at least an SAE 90 or 75W-85. According to one embodiment, the viscosity indices are from about 95 to about 130. According to one embodiment, the average molecular weights of these oils can range from about 250 to about 800.

According to one embodiment synthetic oils may employed as a vehicle for the antiwear compounds, friction modifier compounds, or lubricant additive concentrates provided herein. According to one embodiment, mixtures of mineral and synthetic oils may be employed as a vehicle. Typical synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, polyisobutylenes, polybutenes, polydecenes, siloxanes and silicones (polysiloxanes).

According to one embodiment, the lubricant compositions provided herein include a major amount of base oil of lubricating viscosity or a grease prepared therefrom and a minor amount of a friction modifier and antiwear compound. In certain embodiments, the major amount of base oil is from about 50.00 wt % to about 99.999 wt % of the total lubricating composition.

USE WITH MACHINE PARTS

The lubricant compositions as provided herein are suitable for use with a variety of machine parts and components.

ADDITIONAL ADDITIVES

The lubricant compositions can optionally further comprise one or more other additive compounds. Without limitation, additive compounds that can be used in the lubricant compositions as provided herein include antioxidants, additional antiwear compounds, corrosion inhibitors, detergents, extreme pressure agents, viscosity index improvers, and additional friction reducers.

In one embodiment, the lubricant compositions as described herein include a friction modifier compound and at least one additional additive composition selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant, antiwear compounds, corrosion inhibitor, detergent, extreme pressure agent, dispersant, viscosity index improvers, and friction modifiers.

Antioxidant

According to one an embodiment, the lubricant compositions as provided herein can include an antioxidant. The antioxidant can include, for example, a phenate, a phenate sulfide, a sulfurized olefin, a phosphosulfurized terpene, a sulfurized ester, an aromatic amine, an alkylated diphenylamine (e.g., nonyl diphenylamine, di-nonyl diphenylamine, octyl diphenylamine, di octyl diphenylamine), a phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, an alkylated phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, a hindered non-aromatic amine, a phenol, a hindered phenol, an oil-soluble molybdenum compound, a macromolecular antioxidant, or any combination thereof. The antioxidant can include a single antioxidant or a combination of two or more antioxidants.

The hindered phenol antioxidant may contain a secondary butyl and/or a tertiary butyl group as a sterically hindering group. The phenol group may be further substituted with a hydrocarbyl group and/or a bridging group linking to a second aromatic group. The hindered phenol antioxidant can include 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-ethyl- 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-propyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol 4-butyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, or 4- dodecyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. In an embodiment, the hindered phenol antioxidant may be an ester and may include, for example, an addition product derived from 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and an alkyl acrylate, wherein the alkyl group may contain about 1 to about 18, or about 2 to about 12, or about 2 to about 8, or about 2 to about 6, or about 4 carbon atoms.

The antioxidant can include a diarylamine and a high molecular weight phenol. In an embodiment, the lubricating composition may contain a mixture of a diarylamine antioxidant and a high molecular weight phenol antioxidant, such that each of those antioxidants may be present in an amount sufficient to provide up to about 5%, by weight of the antioxidant, based upon the total weight of the lubricating composition. In an embodiment, the antioxidant may be a mixture of about 0.3 to about 1.5% diarylamine and about 0.4 to about 2.5% high molecular weight phenol, by weight, based upon the total weight of the lubricating composition.

Sulfurized olefins, when used, can be derived from an olefin that is sulfurized to form the sulfurized olefin. The olefin can include a propylene, a butylene, an isobutylene, a polyisobutylene, a pentene, a hexene, a heptene, an octene, a nonene, a decene, an undecene, a dodecene, a tridecene, a tetradecene, a pentadecene, a hexadecene, a heptadecene, a octadecene, a nonadecene, a eicosene, or a mixture thereof. In a particular embodiment, the olefin can include a hexadecene, a heptadecene, an octadecene, a nonadecene, an eicosene, a mixture thereof, or one or more of their dimers, trimers and tetramers. In another embodiment, the olefin may be a Diels-Alder adduct of a diene such as 1,3-butadiene and an unsaturated ester, such as, butyl acrylate.

The sulfurized olefin, when used, can include a sulfurized fatty acid, its ester, or both.

The fatty acid can be obtained from a vegetable oil or an animal oil, and can contain about 4 to about 22 carbon atoms. The fatty acid and its ester can include a triglyceride, an oleic acid, a linoleic acid, a palmitoleic acid, or a mixture thereof. In an embodiment, the fatty acid can be obtained from a lard oil, a tall oil, a peanut oil, a soybean oil, a cottonseed oil, a sunflower seed oil or a mixture thereof. The fatty acid and/or its ester may be mixed with an olefins, such as an a-olefm.

The antioxidant may be present in a range of from about 0 % w/w to about 20% w/w, or about 0.1% w/w to about 10% w/w, or about 1% w/w to about 5% w/w, by the weight of each antioxidant, based on the total weight of the lubricating composition.

Detergents

According to one embodiment, the lubricant compositions as provided herein may optionally include one or more neutral, low based, or overbased detergents, and mixtures thereof. Suitable detergent substrates include phenates, sulfur containing phenates, sulfonates, calixarates, salixarates, salicylates, carboxylic acids, phosphorus acids, mono- and/or di- thiophosphoric acids, alkyl phenols, sulfur coupled alkyl phenol compounds and methylene bridged phenols. Suitable detergents and their methods of preparation are described in greater detail in numerous patent publications, including U.S. Patent No. 7,732,390, and references cited therein.

The detergent substrate may be salted with an alkali or alkaline earth metal such as, but not limited to, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, lithium, barium, or mixtures thereof. According to one embodiment, the detergent is free of barium. A suitable detergent may include alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of petroleum sulfonic acids and long chain mono- or di- alkylarylsulfonic acids with the aryl group being one of benzyl, tolyl, and xylyl. Overbased detergent additives are well known in the art and may be alkali or alkaline earth metal overbased detergent additives. Such detergent additives may be prepared by reacting a metal oxide or metal hydroxide with a substrate and carbon dioxide gas. The substrate is typically an acid, for example, an acid such as an aliphatic substituted sulfonic acid, an aliphatic substituted carboxylic acid, or an aliphatic substituted phenol.

The term “overbased” relates to metal salts, such as metal salts of sulfonates, carboxylates, and phenates, wherein the amount of metal present exceeds the stoichiometric amount. Such salts may have a conversion level in excess of 100% (i.e., they may comprise more than 100% of the theoretical amount of metal needed to convert the acid to its “normal,” “neutral” salt). The expression “metal ratio,” often abbreviated as MR, is used to designate the ratio of total chemical equivalents of metal in the overbased salt to chemical equivalents of the metal in a neutral salt according to known chemical reactivity and stoichiometry. In a normal or neutral salt, the metal ratio is one and in an overbased salt, the MR, is greater than one. Such salts are commonly referred to as overbased, hyperbased, or superbased salts and may be salts of organic sulfur acids, carboxylic acids, or phenols. The overbased detergent may have a metal ratio of from 1.1:1, or from 2:1, or from 4:1, or from 5:1, or from 7:1, or from 10:1.

According to one embodiment, a detergent can be used for reducing or preventing rust in a gear, axle, or engine. The detergent may be present at about 0% w/w to about 10% w/w, or about 0.1% w/w to about 8% w/w, or about 1% w/w to about 4% w/w, or greater than about 4% w/w to about 8% w/w by weight of the detergent, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

Dispersants

According to one embodiment, the lubricant compositions as provided herein may optionally include one or more dispersants or mixtures thereof. Dispersants are often known as ashless-type dispersants because, prior to mixing in a lubricating composition, they do not contain ash-forming metals and they do not normally contribute any ash when added to a lubricant. Ashless-type dispersants are characterized by a polar group, a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain, and a connecting group linking the polar group and the hydrocarbon chain. The hydrocarbon chain can be derived from a high molecular weight polymer, such as a polyalkene, an olefin copolymer, a polyacrylate, a polymethacrylate, or a styrene-ester polymer. In a particular embodiment, the polyalkene can include a polyisobutylene. In a particular embodiment, the olefin copolymer can include an ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer. In a particular embodiment, the ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer can include a copolymer derived from ethylene and one or more C3-10 alpha-olefins. The polar group can be derived from an alcohol or an amine. The linking group can include a succinic linking group.

The dispersant can include a N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide. Examples of a N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide include polyisobutylene succinimide with number average molecular weight of the polyisobutylene substituent in a range of about 350 to about 5000, or about 500 to about 3000. Succinimide dispersants and their preparation are disclosed, for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 7,897,696 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,435. Succinimide dispersants are typically an imide formed from a polyamine, typically a poly(ethyleneamine).

In an embodiment, the lubricant compositions as provided herein include at least one polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant derived from polyisobutylene with number average molecular weight in the range about 350 to about 5000, or about 500 to about 3000. The polyisobutylene succinimide may be used alone or in combination with other dispersants.

In an embodiment, polyisobutylene (PIB), when included, can have at least 50 mol%, at least 60 mol%, at least 70 mol%, at least 80 mol%, or at least 90 mol% content of terminal double bonds. Such a PIB is also referred to as highly reactive PIB (“HR-PIB”). HR-PIB having a number average molecular weight ranging from about 800 to about 5000 is suitable for use in an embodiment of the present disclosure. Conventional non-highly reactive PIB typically has no greater than 50 mol%, no greater than 40 mol%, no greater than 30 mol%, no greater than 20 mol%, or no greater than 10 mol% content of terminal double bonds.

An HR-PIB having a number average molecular weight ranging from about 900 to about 3000 may be suitable. Such an HR-PIB is commercially available, or can be synthesized by the polymerization of isobutene in the presence of a non-chlorinated catalyst such as boron trifluoride, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,152,499 and U.S. Patent No. 5,739,355. When used in the aforementioned thermal ene reaction, HR-PIB may lead to higher conversion rates in the reaction, as well as lower amounts of sediment formation, due to increased reactivity. The dispersant can include a Mannich base. A Mannich base is a material formed by the condensation of a higher molecular weight, alkyl substituted phenol, a polyalkylene polyamine, and an aldehyde such as formaldehyde. Mannich bases are described in more detail in U.S. PatentNo. 3,634,515.

The dispersant can include a high molecular weight ester or a half ester amide. The dispersant can be post-treated by reaction with an agent. The agent can include a boron, a urea, a thiourea, a dimercaptothiadiazole, a carbon disulfide, an aldehyde, a ketone, a carboxylic acid, a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydride, a maleic anhydride, a nitrile, an epoxide, a carbonate, a cyclic carbonate, a hindered phenolic ester, or a phosphorus compound, or any combination thereof. U.S. PatentNo. 7,645,726; U.S. 7,214,649; and U.S. 8,048,831 describe some suitable post-treatment methods and post-treated products.

The dispersant, if present, can be used in an amount sufficient to provide up to about 20% w/w, based upon the total weight of the lubricating composition. The amount of the dispersant that can be used may be about 0.1% w/w to about 15% w/w, or about 0.1% w/w to about 10% w/w, or about 3% w/w to about 10% w/w, or about 1% w/w to about 6% w/w, or about 7% w/w to about 12% w/w, based upon the total weight of the lubricating composition. In an embodiment, the lubricating composition utilizes a mixed dispersant system.

Extreme Pressure Agents

According to one embodiment, the lubricating compositions as provided herein may optionally include one or more extreme pressure agents. Extreme Pressure (EP) agents that are soluble in the oil include sulfur- and chlorosulfur-containing EP agents, chlorinated hydrocarbon EP agents and phosphorus EP agents. Examples of such EP agents include, but are not limited to, chlorinated waxes; organic sulfides and polysulfides such as dibenzyldisulfide, bis(chlorobenzyl) disulfide, dibutyl tetrasulfide, sulfurized methyl ester of oleic acid, sulfurized alkylphenol, sulfurized dipentene, sulfurized terpene, and sulfurized Diels- Alder adducts; phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons such as the reaction product of phosphorus sulfide with turpentine or methyl oleate; phosphorus esters such as the dihydrocarbyl and trihydrocarbyl phosphites, e.g., dibutyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite, dicyclohexyl phosphite, pentylphenyl phosphite; dipentylphenyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, distearyl phosphite and polypropylene substituted phenyl phosphite; metal thiocarbamates such as zinc dioctyldithiocarbamate and barium heptylphenol diacid; amine salts of alkyl and dialkylphosphoric acids, including, for example, the amine salt of the reaction product of a dialkyldithiophosphoric acid with propylene oxide; and mixtures thereof.

Additional Friction Modifiers

According to one embodiment, the lubricant compositions provided herein may optionally include one or more additional friction modifier compounds. Suitable additional friction modifier compounds may include metal containing and metal-free friction modifiers and may include, but are not limited to, imidazolines, amides, amines, succinimides, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated ether amines, amine oxides, amidoamines, nitriles, betaines, quaternary amines, imines, amine salts, amino guanidines, alkanolamides, phosphonates, metal-containing compounds, glycerol esters, sulfurized fatty compounds and olefins, sunflower oil and other naturally occurring plant or animal oils, dicarboxylic acid esters, esters or partial esters of a polyol and one or more aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids, and the like.

Suitable friction modifiers may contain hydrocarbyl groups that are selected from straight chain, branched chain, or aromatic hydrocarbyl groups or mixtures thereof, and may be saturated or unsaturated. The hydrocarbyl groups may be composed of carbon and hydrogen or hetero atoms such as sulfur or oxygen. The hydrocarbyl groups may range from about 12 to about 25 carbon atoms. In a embodiments the friction modifier may be a long chain fatty acid ester. In an embodiment the long chain fatty acid ester may be a mono-ester, or a di-ester, or a (tri)glyceride. The friction modifier may be a long chain fatty amide, a long chain fatty ester, a long chain fatty epoxide derivative, or a long chain imidazoline.

Other suitable friction modifiers may include organic, ashless (metal-free), nitrogen-free organic friction modifiers. Such friction modifiers may include esters formed by reacting carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols and generally include a polar terminal group (e.g. carboxyl or hydroxyl) covalently bonded to an oleophilic hydrocarbon chain. An example of an organic ashless nitrogen-free friction modifier is known generally as glycerol monooleate (GMO) which may contain mono-, di-, and tri-esters of oleic acid. Other suitable friction modifiers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,685.

Aminic friction modifiers may include amines or polyamines. Such compounds can have hydrocarbyl groups that are linear, either saturated or unsaturated, or a mixture thereof and may contain from about 12 to about 25 carbon atoms. Further examples of suitable friction modifiers include alkoxylated amines and alkoxylated ether amines. Such compounds may have hydrocarbyl groups that are linear, either saturated, unsaturated, or a mixture thereof, and may contain from about 12 to about 25 carbon atoms. Examples include ethoxylated amines and ethoxylated ether amines. The amines and amides may be used as such or in the form of an adduct or reaction product with a boron compound such as a boric oxide, boron halide, metaborate, boric acid or a mono-, di- or tri-alkyl borate. Other suitable friction modifiers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,291.

An additional friction modifier compound may be present in amounts of about 0% w/w to about 10% w/w, or about 0.01% w/w to about 8% w/w, or about 0.1% w/w to about 4% w/w, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

Viscosity Index Improvers

According to one embodiment, the lubricating compositions provided herein may include one or more viscosity index improvers. Suitable viscosity index improvers may include polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ethylene/propylene copolymers, polyisobutenes, hydrogenated styrene-isoprene polymers, styrene/maleic ester copolymers, hydrogenated styrene/butadiene copolymers, hydrogenated isoprene polymers, alpha-olefin maleic anhydride copolymers, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyalkyl styrenes, hydrogenated alkenyl aryl conjugated diene copolymers, or mixtures thereof. Viscosity index improvers may include star polymers and suitable examples are described in US Publication No. 2012/0101017 Al.

The lubricating compositions herein also may optionally contain one or more dispersant viscosity index improvers in addition to a viscosity index improver or in lieu of a viscosity index improver. Suitable dispersant viscosity index improvers may include, but are not limited to, functionalized polyolefins, for example, ethylene-propylene copolymers that have been functionalized with the reaction product of an acylating agent (such as maleic anhydride) and an amine; polymethacrylates functionalized with an amine, or esterified maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers reacted with an amine.

The total amount of viscosity index improver and/or dispersant viscosity index improver may be about 0% w/w to about 20% w/w, about 0.1% w/w to about 15% w/w, about 0.1% w/w to about 12% w/w, or about 0.5% w/w to about 10% w/w based on the total weight of the lubricating composition.

Effect Amounts

Effective amounts of the various additive compounds for a specific formulation may be readily ascertained, but for illustrative purposes these general guides for representative effective amounts are provided. The exemplary amounts below are given in weight percentage of the finished fluid.

APPLICATIONS

The lubricant compositions and lubricant additive concentrates provided herein may function as automotive spiral-bevel and worm-gear axle oils which operate under extreme pressures, load and temperature conditions, hypoid gear oils operating under both high speed, low-torque and low-speed, high torque conditions.

Industrial lubrication applications in which the lubricant compositions and lubricant additive concentrates provided herein can be used include hydraulic oils, industrial gear oils, slideway machines oils, circulation oils and steam turbine oils, gas turbine oils, for both heavy- duty gas turbines and aircraft gas turbines, way lubricants, gear oils, compressor oils, mist oils and machine tool lubricants. Engine oils are also contemplated such as passenger car motor oils, heavy duty diesel engine oils, marine engine oils, locomotives, and high speed automotive diesel engines.

Functional fluids can also be prepared from the lubricant compositions and lubricant additive concentrates provided herein. These fluids include automotive fluids such as manual transmission fluids, automatic transmission fluids, continuously variable transmission fluids, power steering fluids and power brake fluids. The lubricant compositions and lubricant additive concentrates provided herein can also be incorporated into greases such as automotive, industrial and aviation greases, and automobile chassis lubricants.

GREASE OPTION

According to one embodiment, where the lubricant compositions provided herein are employed as a grease, the lubricant compositions may generally be used in an amount sufficient to balance the total grease composition, after accounting for the desired quantity of the thickening agent, and other additive compounds included in the grease formulation. A wide variety of materials can be employed as thickening or gelling agents including, but not limited to, any of the conventional metal salts or soaps, such as calcium, or lithium stearates or hydroxystearates, which are dispersed in the lubricating vehicle in grease-forming quantities in an amount sufficient to impart to the resulting grease composition the desired consistency. Other thickening agents that can be employed in the grease formulation include non-soap thickeners, such as surface-modified clays and silicas, aryl ureas, calcium complexes and similar materials. According to one embodiment, grease thickeners can be employed which do not melt or dissolve when used at the required temperature within a particular environment; however, in all other respects, any material which is normally employed for thickening or gelling hydrocarbon fluids for forming greases can be used.

METHOD OF LUBRICATING

A method of lubricating metal surfaces is also provided. According to one embodiment, the method includes the step of lubricating the surfaces with a lubricant composition. According to a particular embodiment, lubricating metal surfaces with lubricant compositions as provided herein can reduce wear between the metal surfaces when moving. According to one embodiment, the metal surfaces being lubricated can be associated with a metal machine part. The machine part can comprise an axle, a differential, an engine, a manual transmission, an automatic transmission, a continuously variable transmission, a clutch, a hydraulic apparatus, an industrial gear, a slideway apparatus, and a turbine.

A method of improving the solubility of a friction modifier component in a lubricant composition is also provided. The method includes the step of blending a lubricant composition as provided herein with at least one alky phosphonic acid diester compound. According to one embodiment, the phosphonic acid diester compounds is a compound of formula (V): wherein

R ¹⁷ is straight, branched, saturated, or unsaturated C ₆ -C-24 hydrocarbyl wherein the hydrocarbyl does not contain a heteroatom; and

R ¹⁸ is hydrogen or a linear, branched or cyclic containing up to eight carbon atoms A method of lubricating a driveline, industrial, or metalworking device is provided. According to one embodiment, the method includes the step of lubricating the driveline, industrial or metalworking device with a lubricant composition as provided herein.

A method of increasing oxidative stability of a lubricating composition is provided. The method includes the step of adding to the composition an effective amount of a lubricant composition as provided herein.

A method of reducing wear between moving metal surfaces of a machine part is provided. The method includes the step of lubricating the machine part with a lubricant composition as provided herein. According to one embodiment, the machine part is one or more of an industrial gear, a windturbine gear, an axle, a differential, an engine, a crankshaft, a transmission, a clutch, a hydraulic apparatus, a slideway apparatus, and a turbine.

A method of reducing friction between moving metal surfaces of a machine part is provided. The method includes the step of lubricating the machine part with a lubricant composition as provided herein. According to one embodiment, the machine part is one or more of an industrial gear, a windturbine gear, an axle, a differential, an engine, a crankshaft, a transmission, a clutch, a hydraulic apparatus, a slideway apparatus, and a turbine.

A method of reducing both wear and friction between moving metal surfaces of a machine part is provided. The method includes lubricating the machine part with a lubricant composition as provided herein.

A gear fluid is provided and may include a lubricant composition or lubricant additive concentrate as provided herein. The gear fluid may be suitable for a wide variety of gear and/or transmission applications including, but not limited to, automotive gears, industrial gears, stationary gears, rear axles, limited slip differentials, conventional differentials, and/or automatic and manual transmissions. Additive packages are also provided that include a lubricant composition as provided herein and may be suitable for use in multi-plate differentials, cone clutch differentials, torsen differentials, and/or dog clutch differentials

The lubricant compositions and any gear fluid resulting from the addition of the lubricant additive concentrate components as provided herein exhibit excellent high and low temperature performance with friction and wear over time.

The foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the claims. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims. Although certain embodiments of the present disclosure may be described individually herein, it is understood by the skilled artisan that any one embodiment can be combined with any other embodiment or embodiments, and is contemplated by the scope of the instant disclosure.

Other embodiments of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. As used throughout the specification and claims, “a” and/or “an” may refer to one or more than one. Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, percent, ratio, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about,” whether or not the term “about” is present. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

EXAMPLES

Example 1:

Retaining friction, antiwear, and micropitting performance over time would be beneficial for automotive and industrial lubricants. The following example illustrates how the friction modifier compound described herein contributed to this balance over time.

An antiwear compound in combination with a friction modifier was incorporated in a Group I base oil mixture. The frictional characteristics were measured by HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) at 70°C, using 4N load with a 1 mm stroke at a frequency of 20 Hz for 9 minutes. The antiwear performance was measured by 4Ball wear (ASTM D4172 at 60kg / 55°C / 1800rpm). In the inventive example, the friction modifier was dibutyl octadecyl phosphonate. In the comparative example, the friction modifier was dimethyl octadecyl phosphonate. The antiwear compound was the same for both examples.

To simulate extended performance, each of these fluids was aged for 8 weeks at 55°C and then tested against the baseline (fresh fluid). As shown in Table 1 below, an acceptable coefficient of friction (0.1 or less) was essentially maintained per HFRR testing for each fluid. The comparative example containing the dimethyl octadecyl phosphonate friction modifier, however, showed a decrease in antiwear performance. Surprisingly, when the friction modifier was switched to dibutyl octadecyl phosphonate, as in the inventive example, the fluid was able to maintain antiwear performance relative to its own baseline (fresh) fluid thereby showing an improvement relative to the comparative example.

TABLE 1

Example 2:

To illustrate the micropitting performance of the friction modifier compound, three fluids (Fluid A, Fluid B, and Fluid C) were tested using the Micropitting Test (DFN13990-16, formerly known as Micropitting FVA 54/7).

Fluid A was an industrial gear oil containing a commercial industrial gear lubricant additive. The commercial industrial gear lubricant additive includes an extreme pressure agent, antiwear compounds containing phosphorus (dibutyl thiophosphate amine salt and 2-ethylhexyl acid phosphate), and a succinimide.

Fluid B was an industrial gear oil containing the same commercial industrial gear lubricant additive with the addition of dimethyl octadecyl phosphonate. Fluid C was an industrial gear oil containing the same commercial industrial gear lubricant additive with the addition of a friction modifier compound described herein (dibutyl octadecyl phosphonate).

The results of the Micropitting Test are presented in Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4. Change in Profiled Deviation and Change in Micropitting calculations are based on data from the Micropitting Test and the following limits were set by Flender and other Industrial OEMs. a. No pitting in the first LS (“load stage”) 10 run or in the LS 8 run of the endurance phase. b. Second LS 10 run must have started in the endurance phase. c. Pitting can occur in the second LS 10 run. d. Change in Profile Deviation (“PD”) must be less than 2 microns. Change in PD refers to the Grade ffg endurance test and is calculated in microns using the following equation:

([ffg total after endurance test [pm]] - ffg after LSS endurance test [pm]]) / Number of LS 10- steps endurance test. e. Change in Micropitting must be less than 5%. Change in Micropitting refers to the Grade GF endurance test and is calculated in percent using the following equation:

([GF total after endurance test [%]] - GF after LSS endurance test [%]]) / Number of LS 10-steps endurance test

TABLE 2

Profile Deviation Results TABLE 3

Micropitting Results

TABLE 4

Calculated Change in Profile Deviation and Micropitting

Each of the three fluids satisfied [a, b, and c] the results for d and e are in Tables 2, 3, and 4 above. While each of the three fluids met the limits set by Flender and other Industrial OEMs, the results in Table 4 show that the introduction of dimethyl octadecyl phosphonate in Fluid B and dibutyl octadecyl phosphonate in Fluid C both show improved performance in the Micropitting Test compared to Fluid A.

The results of Example 2 viewed in combination with the results of Example 1 indicate the surprising result that introducing a friction modifier compound described herein, such as dibutyl octadecyl phosphonate, into a lubricating composition not only maintains, or otherwise improves, friction performance and micropitting performance, but also improves wear performance where similar friction modifiers, such as dimethyl octadecyl phosphonate, can deteriorate performance in wear. The disclosure further relates to the following numbered embodiments:

1. A lubricant additive composition comprising a) a friction modifier compound of formula (I): wherein

R ¹ is straight, branched, saturated, or unsaturated C6-C24 hydrocarbyl;

R ² is an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl; and

R ³ is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl; and b) an antiwear compound.

2. The lubricant additive composition of embodiment 1, wherein each of R ² and R ³ is independently ethyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or a linear, branched or cyclic C3-C4 alkyl.

3. The lubricant additive composition of embodiment 1, wherein R ¹ is straight C16-C19 hydrocarbyl.

4. The lubricant additive composition of embodiment 1, wherein the antiwear compound is a phosphorous containing compound of formula (II): or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: each Xi is independently oxygen (O) or sulfur (S); each X2 is independently — OR", — OH, — SR", — SR"'C(0)0H, and — SH;

R ⁴ is —OR", —OH, or H;

R ⁵ is — R"; each R" is independently a Ci to Cis hydrocarbyl chain; each R'" is independently a Ci to C3 branched or linear alkyl chain; n is 1, 2, or 3; m is 0 when n is 1; m is 1 when n is 2 or 3; and

L is a linker selected from the divalent group consisting of acyclic C1-C5 hydrocarbon and cyclic C3-C10 hydrocarbon.

5. The lubricant additive composition of embodiment 1, wherein the antiwear compound is a compound of formula (III):

(III), or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein,

A is: each R ⁹ is the same or different and is independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, wherein said aryl and aralkyl are optionally substituted with one to three substituents each independently selected from alkyl and alkenyl; each R ¹⁰ and R ¹¹ are independently selected from H, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl;

Y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, benzyl, and -R ¹² -R ¹³ -R ¹⁴ ; R ¹² is alkylene;

R ¹³ is selected from the group consisting of a bond, alkylene; -C(O)- and -C(R ⁷ )-;

R ¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyleneoxy, hydroxy and alkoxy;

R ¹⁵ is hydroxy; m is an integer from 2 to 8;

Xi is R ¹⁶ or Z;

X2 is selected from the group consisting of R ⁸ ,

R ¹⁶ is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, wherein the aryl and aralkyl are optionally substituted with one to three substituents each independently selected from alkyl and alkenyl; and wherein when X3 is R ¹⁶ , X4 is Z.

6. The lubricant additive composition of embodiment 1, wherein the antiwear compound is an ashless phosphorus-containing compound selected from the group consisting of a phosphite, a phosphate, a thiophosphate, and a dithiophosphate. 7. The lubricant additive composition of embodiment 6, wherein the ashless phosphorus- containing compound includes at least one phosphorus center.

8. The lubricant additive composition of embodiment 1, wherein the friction modifier is a compound selected from the group consisting of diethyl octadecylphosphonate, dipropyl octadecylphosphonate, dibutyl octadecylphosphonate, diisopropyl octadecylphosphonate, and diphenyl octadecylphosphonate; and the antiwear compound is a phosphorous containing compound.

9. The lubricant additive composition of embodiment 1, wherein the friction modifier is dibutyl octadecylphosphonate; and the antiwear compound is a phosphorous containing compound.

10. The lubricant additive composition of embodiment 1, further comprising a solubility enhancer.

11. A lubricant composition comprising: a) a base oil or a grease prepared therefrom; and b) a minor amount of the lubricant additive composition of embodiment 1, wherein the base oil is a major amount of the composition.

12. A method of lubricating moving metal surfaces of a machine part, comprising lubricating the surfaces with a lubricant composition of claim 11.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the machine part is selected from one or more of an industrial gear, a windturbine gear, an axle, a differential, an engine, a crankshaft, a transmission, a clutch, a hydraulic apparatus, a slideway apparatus, and a turbine. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein antiwear performance is maintained in an aged lubricant composition relative to a baseline, fresh lubricant composition when tested according to ASTM D4172.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein antiwear performance is improved relative to a lubricant composition comprising an friction modifier compound other than a friction modifier compound of formula (I): wherein

R ¹ is straight, branched, saturated, or unsaturated C6-C24 hydrocarbyl;

R ² is an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl; and

R ³ is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C2-C8 hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted ethyl.

It is to be understood that while the additives and lubricant of this disclosure have been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof and summary herein, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the claims. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims.