FUEL EFFICIENCY SYSTEM

Field of the Invention

[1] The present invention relates to a fuel efficiency system and in particular to a fuel efficiency system that generates volatile gasses from water and uses the volatile gasses to supplement the fuel of an internal combustion engine.

[2] The invention has been developed primarily for use in/with internal combustion engines in plants and will be described hereinafter with reference to this application. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to this particular field of use.

Background of the Invention

[3] Gas generation arrangements or“cells”, that generate hydrogen and oxygen gasses by electrolysis of water are known for use in plants. These systems typically utilise excess electricity generated by a plant’s generator to separate hydrogen and oxygen from water in an electrolysis reaction. The generated oxygen and hydrogen gas is then used to supplement the fuel being fed to the plant’s engine, thereby increasing the fuel efficiency of the plant.

[4] The prior art electrolysis cells are on-demand systems that have water filling the cell. As current passes through it, the electricity causes the water to separate, making bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen.

[5] The converted gas mixture is then inserted into the air stream on the suction (upstream) side of the turbocharger at low pressure.

[6] As current is applied to the water via the anode and cathode, the water will heat up. Under typical circumstances, the electrical resistance of water in the electrolysis cells reduces as the water heats up. The current - typically about 40 A - being applied to the water may be pulsed to keep the power usage constant and reduce the duty cycle as the electrical resistance of the water changes.

[7] The present invention seeks to provide a fuel efficiency system, which will overcome or substantially ameliorate at least some of the deficiencies of the prior art, or to at least provide an alternative.

[8] It is to be understood that, if any prior art information is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the information forms part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country. Summary of the Invention

[9] According to one aspect, the present invention may be said to consist in a fuel efficiency system suitable for generating volatile gasses to be supplied to an internal combustion engine in a plant, the fuel efficiency system comprising

a. a gas generator module configured for conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis, the gas generator module including

i. a plurality of electrode plates, each plate spaced from each other by a gap, and

ii. a water solution supply, the water solution supply being configured for being fed into the gap between the electrode plates; and

b. a pulse width module configured for generating an electrical potential across the electrode plates at a predetermined frequency.

[10] In one embodiment, the electrode plates comprise at least one anode plate and at least one cathode plate.

[1 1 ] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system includes a power storage device.

[12] In one embodiment, the power storage device is a battery.

[13] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system includes a power source for charging the battery.

[14] In one embodiment, the power source is an alternator.

[15] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system comprises a water solution tank.

[16] In one embodiment, the water solution tank is located above the gas generator module.

[17] In one embodiment, the water solution tank includes a gas inlet for receiving gas from the gas generator module.

[18] In one embodiment, the water solution tank includes a gas outlet for gas received from the gas generator module to egress the water solution tank.

[19] In one embodiment, the water solution tank is located above the gas generator module at a head of between 100 mm to 500 mm.

[20] In one embodiment, the water solution tank is located above the gas generator module at a head of about 200 mm.

[21 ] In one embodiment, the water solution comprises potassium hydroxide in solution with liquid water. [22] In one embodiment, the water solution comprises potassium hydroxide in solution with liquid water in a ratio of between 1 % and 50% by weight.

[23] In one embodiment, the water solution comprises potassium hydroxide in solution with liquid water in a ratio of between 5% and 15% by weight.

[24] In one embodiment, the water solution comprises potassium hydroxide in solution with liquid water in a ratio of about 5% by weight.

Gas generator module

[25] in one embodiment, at least one or more of the plurality of electrode plates are electro polished.

[26] In one embodiment, the plurality of electrode plates includes at least one neutral plate.

[27] In one embodiment, the neutral plate is located between the anode plate and the cathode plate.

[28] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes a single anode plate.

[29] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes a single cathode plate.

[30] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes a single neutral plate.

[31 ] In one embodiment, one or more selected from the at least one anode plate, the at least one cathode plate, and the at least one neutral plate includes flow apertures for receiving flow of water solution from the water solution supply.

[32] In one embodiment, the major face of the anode plate and the cathode plate is between 100 mm and 400 mm long.

[33] In one embodiment, the major face of the anode plate and the cathode plate is between 200 mm and 300 mm long.

[34] In one embodiment, the major face of the anode plate and the cathode plate is between 100 mm and 400 mm wide.

[35] In one embodiment, the major face of the anode plate and the cathode plate is between 200 mm and 300 mm wide.

[36] Preferably the anode plate and the cathode plate are 306mm long by 206mm wide.

[37] In one embodiment, each of the at least one anode plate, the at least one cathode plate and the at least one neutral plate are electrically isolated from each other. [38] In one embodiment, each of the at least one anode plate, the at least one cathode plate and the at least one neutral plate defines a pair of major faces and at least one or more peripheral minor face.

[39] In one embodiment, each of the at least one anode plate, the at least one cathode plate and the at least one neutral plate are electrically isolated from each other at or towards the edge of each major face.

[40] In one embodiment, each of the at least one anode plate, the at least one cathode plate and the at least one neutral plate are located with a gap between each major face.

[41] In one embodiment, the gap is between 2 mm and 20 mm wide.

[42] In one embodiment, the gap is between 2 mm and 10 mm wide.

[43] In one embodiment, the gap is between 3 mm and 5 mm wide.

[44] In one embodiment, the gap is between 5 mm and 20 mm wide.

[45] In one embodiment, the gap is between 10 mm and 15 mm wide.

[46] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes a housing.

[47] Preferably, the gap is 3mm wide.

[48] In one embodiment, the housing is integrally formed.

[49] In one embodiment, the housing is composed substantially of a plastic material.

[50] In one embodiment, the housing is composed of heat resistant plastic.

[51] In one embodiment, the housing is composed of chemical resistant plastic.

[52] In one embodiment, the housing is composed of DB 770 plastic.

[53] In one embodiment, the housing is composed of poiyoxymethylene Pom 8. KR Acetol.

[54] In one embodiment, the housing comprises an anode cover panel.

[55] In one embodiment, the housing comprises a cathode cover panel.

[56] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes a gas generator module housing for housing the electrode plates.

[57] In one embodiment, the gas generator module housing is watertight.

[58] In one embodiment, the gas generator module housing includes a water inlet aperture.

[59] In one embodiment, the gas generator module housing includes a gas outlet aperture. [60] In one embodiment, the anode cover panel and/or the cathode cover panel include at least one water inlet aperture and/or at least one gas outlet aperture.

[61 ] In one embodiment, the water inlet aperture is located towards a lower portion of the housing.

[62] In one embodiment, the water inlet aperture is located towards a lower portion of the housing.

[63] In one embodiment, the gas outlet aperture is located towards an upper portion of the housing.

[64] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system includes an outlet valve for regulating the flow of gas through the gas outlet aperture.

[65] In one embodiment, the gas outlet is configured for guiding converted gas back into the water solution tank.

[66] In one embodiment, the gas outlet is configured for guiding converted gas back into the water solution tank via a gas return conduit.

[67] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system comprises a gas return conduit extending from the water solution tank to the gas generator module.

[68] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system comprises a water solution feed conduit extending from the water solution tank to the gas generator module.

[69] In one embodiment, the housing comprises at least one or more seating panels.

[70] In one embodiment, the housing defines an electrolysis cavity.

[71 ] In one embodiment, the electrolysis cavity is configured for seating of the electrode plates.

[72] In one embodiment, the seating panels define seating slots in which edges of one or more selected from the cathode plate, the neutral plate and the anode plate are located.

[73] In one embodiment, the at least one cathode plate, at least one neutral plate and at least one anode plate define a staggered flow path for the water solution through the gas generator module.

[74] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes at least one or more water solution feed channel external to the electrolysis cavity.

[75] In one embodiment, the at least one or more water feed conduit extends substantially along the length of the electrolysis cavity. [76] In one embodiment, the at least one or more water feed conduit extends substantially along the width of the electrolysis cavity.

[77] In one embodiment, the at least one or more water feed conduit is in fluid communication with the water inlet aperture.

[78] In one embodiment, the at least one or more water feed conduit is in fluid communication with the electrolysis cavity via at least one or more water solution apertures that extend into the electrolysis cavity between the electrode plates.

[79] In one embodiment, the water feed conduit extends parallel to the bottom edges of the major faces of the electrode plates.

[80] In one embodiment, the at least one or more water solution apertures are configured to extend between the seating slots, allowing the peripheral edges of the electrode plates to be electrically insulated from each other.

[81 ] In one embodiment, the water solution apertures are slots.

[82] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes at least one or more gas feed conduit external to the electrolysis cavity.

[83] In one embodiment, the at least one or more gas feed conduit is in fluid communication with the top of the electrolysis cavity via gas apertures.

[84] In one embodiment, the at least one or more gas feed conduit is in fluid communication with the gas outlet aperture.

[85] In one embodiment, the at least one or more gas feed conduit is in fluid communication with the electrolysis cavity via at least one or more gas apertures that extend into the electrolysis cavity between the electrode plates.

[86] In one embodiment, the gas feed conduit extends parallel to the upper edges of the major faces of the electrode plates.

[87] In one embodiment, the at least one or more gas apertures are configured to extend between the seating slots, allowing the peripheral edges of the electrode plates to be electrically insulated from each other.

[88] In one embodiment, the gas generator module is a dry cell gas generator module.

[89] In one embodiment, the anode plate includes an anode connector formation for connecting to the pulse width module.

[90] In one embodiment, the anode connector formation extends transversely to the anode plate. [91 ] In one embodiment, the anode connector formation extends through the gas generator module housing.

[92] In one embodiment, the anode connector formation is an elongate shaft.

[93] In one embodiment, the anode connector formation is a threaded shaft.

[94] In one embodiment, the anode connector formation includes a complementary threaded nut.

[95] In one embodiment, anode connector formation includes an anode capping plug located on the elongate shaft.

[96] In one embodiment, the cathode plate includes a cathode connector formation for connecting to the pulse width module.

[97] In one embodiment, the electrical connector formations extend outside of the housing.

[98] In one embodiment, the cathode connector formation extends transversely to the cathode plate.

[99] In one embodiment, the cathode connector formation extends through the gas generator module housing.

[100] In one embodiment, the cathode connector formation is an elongate shaft.

[101 ] In one embodiment, the cathode connector formation is a threaded shaft.

[102] In one embodiment, the cathode connector formation includes a complementary threaded nut.

[103] In one embodiment, the cathode connector formation includes a cathode capping plug located on the elongate shaft.

[104] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes a water level sensor.

[105] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes a water inlet regulation valve configured for maintaining a predetermined level of water in the gas generator module housing.

[106] In one embodiment, the water inlet regulation valve is configured for being controlled by a controller.

[107] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes a gas outlet regulation valve.

[108] In one embodiment, the gas outlet regulation valve is configured for being controlled by a controller. [109] In one embodiment, the water inlet regulation valve is a solenoid operated valve.

[110] In one embodiment, the gas outlet regulation valve is a solenoid operated valve.

[111 ] In one embodiment, the electrical connector formations do not contact the water solution.

[112] In one embodiment, the gas generator module is configured to allow water to flow from the feeder tank into the housing, adjacent to at least one or more conductive plates, where a potential difference between said at least two plates causes current to pass through the water in operation, to convert substantially all of the water in the housing to gas form, to be replaced by a fresh pulse of water from the feeder tank.

[113] In one embodiment, the gas generator module comprises a plurality of conductive plates.

[114] In one embodiment, the gas generator module is configured to be attached to a power source to generate a voltage between at least two conductive plates.

[115] In one embodiment, the conductive plates are electrically isolated from each other.

[116] In one embodiment, the gas generator module comprises a feeder tank.

[117] In one embodiment, the feeder tank feeds water to conductive plates housed within the housing.

[118] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes at least one or more purification tanks configured for containing liquid through which gas from the electrolysis process can be bubbled.

[119] In one embodiment, the gas generator module includes a pair of purification tanks, each purification tank being configured for containing liquid.

[120] In one embodiment, a first purification tank is configured to receive gas from the water gas outlet of the water solution tank.

[121 ] In one embodiment, the first purification tank is configured to receive gas at a low level to thereby bubble the gas through liquid contained in the first purification tank.

[122] In one embodiment, a second purification tank is configured to receive gas from the first purification tank.

[123] In one embodiment the second purification tank is configured to receive gas from the first application tank at a low level to thereby bubble the gas to liquid contained in the second purification tank.

Pulse width module [124] In one embodiment, the pulse width module includes a pulse width modulator arrangement.

[125] In one embodiment, the pulse width module includes a controller.

[126] In one embodiment, the pulse width module comprises a display unit.

[127] In one embodiment, the pulse width module comprises a plant diagnostic system input configured for receiving plant diagnostics from sensor in a plant.

[128] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is a constant current pulse width module.

[129] In one embodiment, the pulse width module controls the current flow between the at least one anode plate and the at least one cathode plate.

[130] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for generating an electrical current at a frequency of between 1 MHz and 5 MHz.

[131 ] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for generating an electrical current at a frequency of between 2 MHz and 3 MHz.

[132] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for generating an electrical current at a frequency of around 2.4 MHz.

[133] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for generating a current between the anode plate and the cathode plate of between 1 A and 200 A.

[134] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for generating a current between the anode plate and the cathode plate of between 30 A and 150 A.

[135] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for generating a current between the anode plate and the cathode plate of about 100 A.

[136] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for generating a current at a voltage of 12 V.

[137] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for generating a current at a voltage of 24 V.

[138] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for generating a current at a voltage of 32 V.

[139] In one embodiment, the plant diagnostic system input is a wireless receiver.

[140] In one embodiment, the wireless receiver is Bluetooth enabled.

[141 ] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for pulsing power to the cathode connector formation of the gas generator module. [142] In one embodiment, the pulse width module is configured for pulsing power to the anode connector formation of the gas generator module.

[143] In one embodiment, the control is configured to control the amperage between the electrodes at a constant target.

[144] In one embodiment, the controller controls the amperage to within 0.5A.

[145] In one embodiment, the pulse width module includes a sensor configured for reading the battery voltage.

[146] In one embodiment, the controller is configured for preventing the release of charge to the gas generator module until it detects that the battery is being charged by the power source.

[147] In one embodiment, the controller is configured for preventing the release of charge to the gas generator module until it detects that the battery voltage is above a threshold voltage.

[148] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system is configured for operation in a plant, and the controller is configured for preventing the release of charge to the gas generator module until ignition of the plant engine is detected.

[149] In one embodiment, the controller includes a geo-positioning device configured for detecting the geolocation of the fuel efficiency system.

[150] In one embodiment, the display unit includes a touchscreen. In one embodiment, the display unit is configured for displaying one or more selected from:

a. the plant voltage,

b. the current discharge to the gas generator module,

c. water levels in the gas generator module and/or feeder tank; and

d. the duty cycle (preferably as a percentage).

[151 ] In one embodiment, the controller unit includes a power switch.

[152] In one embodiment, the controller unit is configured for receiving an input to set the amperage discharged to the gas generator module.

[153] In one embodiment, the controller unit includes a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) for pulsing the current at a particular frequency.

[154] In one embodiment, the MOSFET is rated at 100 Volts.

[155] In one embodiment, the controller unit includes a data storage device. [156] In one embodiment, the controller unit is configured for recording pulse width module (PWM) data relating to the operation of the pulse width module at periodic intervals.

[157] In one embodiment, the controller unit includes a transceiver unit configured for receiving and/or transmitting data.

[158] In one embodiment, the control unit records plant diagnostics information received from the plant.

[159] In one embodiment, the controller unit is configured to transmit one or more selected from PWM data and plant diagnostics information to a remote location.

[160] In one embodiment, plant diagnostics information can include one or more selected from:

a. engine speed,

b. engine temperature,

c. engine turbo boost pressure,

d. engine mapping,

e. engine mass flow,

f. engine inlet manifold air temperature,

g. engine exhaust temperature,

h. engine runtime,

i. plant speed,

j. plant fuel consumption,

k. plant trip log,

L. plant kilometres.

[161 ] In one embodiment, the controller unit is configured to adjust operation of the gas generation module and/or the pulse width module in response to the received plant diagnostics information.

[162] In one embodiment, the controller unit is configured to adjust operation of the gas generation module and/or the pulse width module in response to the received plant diagnostics information to thereby generate reduced emissions from the engine and/or increase fuel savings.

[163] In one embodiment, the controller unit is configured to adjust operation of the gas generation module and/or the pulse width module in response to the received plant diagnostics information by changing the target amperage between the electrodes of the gas generator module.

[164] In one embodiment, the controller is configured for controlling operation of the water inlet regulation valve.

[165] In one embodiment, the controller is configured for controlling operation of the gas outlet regulation valve.

[166] In one embodiment, the controller is configured for receiving a signal from a water level sensor in the water solution storage tank.

[167] In one embodiment, the controller is configured for preventing the supply of current to the electrode plates when water solution drops below a predetermined level.

[168] In one embodiment, the controller is configured for closing the gas outlet regulation valve when the internal combustion engine of the plant is not running.

Gas feed system

[169] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system includes a gas feed system configured for feeding the converted hydrogen gas and oxygen gas (“converted gas”) to an internal combustion engine.

[170] In one embodiment, the gas feed system is configured to feed the converted gas into a fuel supply conduit of an internal combustion engine.

[171 ] In one embodiment, the gas feed system is configured to feed the converted gas into a fuel supply conduit of an internal combustion engine downstream of a compressor.

[172] In one embodiment, the gas feed system includes a compressor.

[173] In one embodiment, the compressor is a turbocharger.

[174] In one embodiment, the compressor is a supercharger.

Venturi arrangement

[175] In one embodiment, the gas feed system comprises a Venturi arrangement.

[176] In one embodiment, the Venturi arrangement includes a Venturi device and least one offset funnel for guiding airflow into the Venturi device.

[177] In one embodiment, the offset funnel comprises a circular inlet and a circular outlet, wherein the inlet and outlet are not coaxial.

[178] In one embodiment, the radius of the circular inlet is different to the radius of the circular outlet. [179] In one embodiment, the circular inlet is separated from the circular outlet by a tapered passage.

[180] In one embodiment, the Venturi arrangement includes a pair of offset funnels for guiding airflow into and out of the Venturi device.

[181 ] In one embodiment, the offset funnels are disposed on opposed sides of the Venturi device.

[182] In one embodiment, the offset funnels are configured for speeding up flow into the Venturi device, and slowing down airflow moving out of the Venturi device.

[183] In one embodiment, the offset funnel devices are configured for location in the air flow stream downstream of the turbocharger of the engine, and are configured for guiding the airflow stream in operation into and out of the Venturi device.

[184] In one embodiment, the Venturi device comprises an inlet, an outlet and a low- pressure chamber.

[185] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is ellipsoidally shaped in cross- section.

[186] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is oval shaped in cross-section.

[187] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is oblong shaped in cross-section.

[188] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is restricted in cross sectional area relative to the inlet and the outlet, to thereby increase the velocity of airflow through the low- pressure chamber in operation, generating a lower pressure in the airflow for drawing the converted gas into the airflow.

[189] In one embodiment, the Venturi device includes a pair of electrically chargeable electrodes on opposed sides of the low-pressure chamber.

[190] In one embodiment, the electrodes are electrically insulated from each other.

[191 ] In one embodiment, the electrodes are connectable to a charge source in operation to thereby generate a static charge in the fuel flow stream and converted gas as it passes between the electrodes.

[192] In one embodiment, the electrodes are connectable to a high-voltage source to generate a high voltage across the electrodes.

[193] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is a transformer.

[194] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is powered by the controller.

[195] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is between 500 V and 1500 V. [196] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is about 1000 V.

[197] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source pulses at between 1 MHz and 5 MHz.

[198] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source pulses at between 2 MHz and 3 MHz.

[199] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source pulses at about 2.4 MHz.

Humidifier

[200] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system includes a water vapour generator configured for generating water vapour.

[201 ] In one embodiment, the water vapour generator comprises at least one or more high- frequency transducers.

[202] In one embodiment, the water vapour generator comprises a water storage tank.

[203] In one embodiment, the at least one or more high-frequency transducers are located in the water storage tank.

[204] In one embodiment, the high-frequency transducers are powered by a power from the pulse width module.

[205] In one embodiment, the high-frequency transducers operate at a frequency of between 1 MHz and 5 MHz, to thereby cause water in the water storage tank to increase in energy until water vapour is generated.

[206] In one embodiment, the high-frequency transducers operate at a frequency of around 2.4 MHz.

[207] In one embodiment, the water vapour generator is configured for feeding the generated water vapour into the air intake of the engine via a vapour feed system.

[208] In one embodiment, the high-frequency transducer is a piece of electric ceramic disk high-frequency transducer.

Vapour feed system/Polarizer

[209] In one embodiment, the water vapour generator is configured for feeding the generated water vapour into the air intake of the engine upstream of the turbocharger.

[210] In one embodiment, the water vapour generator is configured for feeding the generated water vapour into the air intake of the engine via a vapour Venturi arrangement.

[21 1 ] In one embodiment, the vapour feed system comprises a vapour Venturi arrangement. [212] In one embodiment, the vapour Venturi arrangement includes a vapour Venturi device and least one offset funnel for guiding airflow into the vapour Venturi device.

[213] In one embodiment, the offset funnel comprises a circular inlet and a circular outlet, wherein the inlet and outlet are not coaxial.

[214] In one embodiment, the radius of the circular inlet is different to the radius of the circular outlet.

[215] In one embodiment, the circular inlet is separated from the circular outlet by a tapered passage.

[216] In one embodiment, the Venturi arrangement includes a pair of offset funnels for guiding airflow into and out of the vapour Venturi device.

[217] In one embodiment, the offset funnels are disposed on opposed sides of the vapour Venturi device.

[218] In one embodiment, the offset funnels are configured for speeding up flow into the vapour Venturi device, and slowing down airflow moving out of the vapour Venturi device.

[219] In one embodiment, the offset funnel devices are configured for location in the air flow stream downstream of the turbocharger of the engine, and are configured for guiding the airflow stream in operation into and out of the vapour Venturi device.

[220] In one embodiment, the vapour Venturi device comprises an inlet, an outlet and a low-pressure chamber.

[221 ] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is ellipsoidally shaped in cross- section.

[222] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is oval shaped in cross-section.

[223] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is oblong shaped in cross-section.

[224] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is restricted in cross sectional area relative to the inlet and the outlet, to thereby increase the velocity of airflow through the low pressure chamber in operation, generating a lower pressure in the airflow for drawing the converted gas into the airflow.

[225] In one embodiment, the vapour Venturi device includes a pair of electrically chargeable electrodes on opposed sides of the low-pressure chamber.

[226] In one embodiment, the electrodes are electrically insulated from each other.

[227] In one embodiment, the electrodes are connectable to a charge source in operation to thereby generate a static charge in the water vapour as it passes between the electrodes. [228] In one embodiment, the electrodes are connectable to a high-voltage source to generate a high voltage across the electrodes.

[229] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is a transformer.

[230] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is powered by the controller.

[231 ] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is between 500 V and 1500 V.

[232] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is about 1000 V.

[233] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source pulses at between 1 MHz and 5 MHz.

[234] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source pulses at between 2 MHz and 3 MHz.

[235] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source pulses at about 2.4 MHz.

[236] In one embodiment, the gas generator module and pulse width module are housed within a single housing.

[237] In one embodiment, the gas generator module, pulse width module and water storage tank are housed within a single housing.

[238] In one embodiment, the plant is a vehicle.

[239] In another aspect, there is provided a method of increasing the efficiency of an internal combustion engine of a plant, the method comprising the steps of:

a. providing a pair of electrode plates, each of the electrode plates defining a pair of major surfaces and at least one peripheral minor surface; b. mounting the electrode plates in electrically insulative material to insulate the electrode plates from each other at least around the peripheral edge of their major surfaces;

c. generating an electrical charge between the electrode plates, the electrical charge pulsing at a frequency of between 1 MHz and 5 MHz; and d. passing a water solution between the electrode plates to cause the water solution to convert into hydrogen and oxygen (the“converted gas”).

[240] In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of providing a neutral plate located between the anode plate and the cathode plate.

[241 ] In one embodiment, the step of generating an electrical charge between the electrode plates comprises the step of generating an electrical charge pulsing at between 2 MHz and 3 MHz. [242] In one embodiment, the step of generating an electrical charge between the electrode plates comprises the step of generating an electrical charge pulsing at about 2.4 MHz.

[243] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of feeding the converted gas into the air intake of an internal combustion engine.

[244] In one embodiment, the step of feeding the converted gas into the air intake of an internal combustion engine comprises the step of feeding the converted gas into the air intake of an internal combustion engine downstream of a turbocharger.

[245] In one embodiment, the step of feeding the converted gas into the air intake comprises the step of feeding a flow of converted gas into a Venturi arrangement.

[246] In one embodiment, the Venturi arrangement comprises a pair of electrodes on opposed sides of the converted gas flow, and the step of feeding the converted gas into Venturi arrangement comprises the step of generating a static charge in the converted gas.

[247] In one embodiment, the step of generating a static charge in the converted gas is carried out as it passes through the Venturi arrangement.

[248] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of generating water vapour from water.

[249] In one embodiment, the step of generating water vapour from water comprises the step of subjecting water to a high-frequency from a high-frequency transducer.

[250] In one embodiment, the frequency from the high-frequency transducer is between 1 MHz and 5 MHz.

[251 ] In one embodiment, the frequency from the high-frequency transducer is about 2.4 MHz.

[252] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of feeding the generated water vapour into an airflow of an internal combustion engine.

[253] In one embodiment, the step of feeding the generated water vapour into an airflow of an internal combustion engine comprises the step of feeding a flow of generated water vapour into an airflow of an internal combustion engine upstream of a turbocharger.

[254] In one embodiment, the step of feeding the generated water vapour into an airflow of an internal combustion engine comprises the step of passing the generated water vapour flow through a vapour Venturi device.

[255] In one embodiment, the step of feeding the generated water vapour into an airflow of an internal combustion engine comprises the step of passing the generated water vapour flow between a pair of electrodes to generate static electricity in the generated water vapour flow.

[256] In one embodiment, the step of passing a water solution between the electrode plates comprises the step of feeding a water solution from a water solution tank.

[257] In one embodiment, the step of feeding the converted gas into the air intake of an internal combustion engine comprises the step of feeding the converted gas into the water solution tank before feeding it into the air intake.

[258] In one embodiment, the step of passing a water solution between the electrode plates comprises the step of guiding the water solution between the electrode plates in a staggered fashion.

[259] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of providing a controller for controlling the electrical charge between the electrode plates.

[260] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of receiving plant diagnostics information from the plant.

[261 ] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of controlling the generation of an electrical charge between the electrode plates of the gas generator module in accordance with the received plant diagnostics information.

[262] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of controlling the generation of an electrical charge between the electrode plates of the gas generator module to stay at a target amperage.

[263] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of adjusting the target amperage in response to the received plant diagnostics information.

[264] In another aspect, there is provided a method of controlling, using a controller, the generation of hydrogen in a gas generator module for a plant, the gas generator module including at least a pair of electrodes and a water solution between the pair of electrodes, the method comprising the steps of

a. controlling the current flow between the electrodes to a target current.

[265] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of receiving plant diagnostics information.

[266] In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of adjusting the target current in accordance with the received plant diagnostics information. [267] In another aspect, there is provided a Venturi arrangement for feeding a secondary flow of fluid into a primary flow of fluid in an internal combustion engine, the Venturi arrangement comprising

a. a Venturi device, wherein the Venturi device defines

i. an internal low-pressure chamber, and

ii. a plurality of electrically chargeable electrodes located on opposed sides of the internal low pressure chamber and configured to generate a static charge in the secondary flow of fluid as it passes through the internal low pressure chamber in operation.

[268] In one embodiment, the Venturi arrangement includes at least one offset funnel for guiding airflow into the Venturi device.

[269] In one embodiment, the offset funnel comprises a circular inlet and a circular outlet, wherein the inlet and outlet are not coaxial.

[270] In one embodiment, the radius of the circular inlet is different to the radius of the circular outlet.

[271 ] In one embodiment, the circular inlet is separated from the circular outlet by a tapered passage.

[272] In one embodiment, the Venturi arrangement includes a pair of offset funnels for guiding airflow into and out of the Venturi device.

[273] In one embodiment, the offset funnels are disposed on opposed sides of the Venturi device.

[274] In one embodiment, the offset funnels are configured for speeding up flow into the Venturi device, and slowing down airflow moving out of the Venturi device.

[275] In one embodiment, the offset funnel devices are configured for location in the air flow stream downstream of the turbocharger of the engine, and are configured for guiding the airflow stream in operation into and out of the Venturi device.

[276] In one embodiment, the Venturi device comprises an inlet, an outlet and a low- pressure chamber.

[277] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is ellipsoidally shaped in cross- section.

[278] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is oval shaped in cross-section.

[279] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is oblong shaped in cross-section. [280] In one embodiment, the low-pressure chamber is restricted in cross sectional area relative to the inlet and the outlet, to thereby increase the velocity of airflow through the low pressure chamber in operation, generating a lower pressure in the airflow for drawing the converted gas into the airflow.

[281 ] In one embodiment, the Venturi device includes a pair of electrically chargeable electrodes on opposed sides of the low-pressure chamber.

[282] In one embodiment, the electrodes are electrically insulated from each other.

[283] In one embodiment, the electrodes are connectable to a voltage source in operation to thereby generate a static charge in the converted gas as it passes between the electrodes.

[284] In one embodiment, the electrodes are connectable to a high-voltage source to generate a high voltage across the electrodes.

[285] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is a transformer.

[286] In one embodiment, the transformer is in a pulse width module.

[287] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is powered by the controller.

[288] In one embodiment, the Venturi arrangement includes a high-voltage source.

[289] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is operable at a frequency of between 1 MHz and 5 MHz.

[290] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is operable at a frequency of between 2 MHz and 3 MHz.

[291 ] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is operable at a frequency of about 2.4 MHz.

[292] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is operable at a voltage of between 500 V and 1500 V.

[293] In one embodiment, the high-voltage source is operable at a voltage of about 1000 V.

[294] In another aspect, the invention may be said to consist in a fuel efficiency system suitable for generating volatile gasses to be supplied to an internal combustion engine in a plant, the fuel efficiency system comprising:

a. a gas generator module configured for conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen (the“converted gas”) by electrolysis; and

b. a gas feed system including a Venturi arrangement for introducing the converted gas into the internal combustion engine. [295] In one embodiment, the gas feed system includes a Venturi arrangement.

[296] In one embodiment, the gas feed system introduces the converted gas into the air intake of the internal combustion engine.

[297] In one embodiment, the gas feed system introduces the converted gas into the fuel intake of the internal combustion engine.

[298] In one embodiment, the internal combustion engine includes a compressor, and the gas feed system introduces the converted gas into the air intake of the internal combustion engine downstream of the compressor.

[299] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system includes a water vapour generator.

[300] In one embodiment, the fuel efficiency system includes a water vapour feed system configured for introducing the generated water vapour into the air intake of the internal combustion engine.

[301 ] In one embodiment, the water vapour feed system is configured for introducing the generated water vapour into the air intake of the internal combustion engine upstream of the compressor.

[302] This invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, and any or all combinations of any two or more of said parts, elements or features, and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents in the art to which this invention relates, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth.

[303] To those skilled in the art to which the invention relates, many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications of the invention will suggest themselves without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The disclosures and the descriptions herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting.

[304] For the purposes of this specification, any reference to a plant unless specifically defined to include both land and sea plants, including cars, trucks, trains, boats, ships and any other transportation means that could include an internal combustion engine.

[305] Other aspects of the invention are also disclosed. Brief Description of the Drawings

[306] Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[307] Figure 1 shows a top perspective view of a first embodiment of a gas generator module;

[308] Figure 2 shows a front view of a gas generator module of figure 1 and water solution tank:

[309] Figure 3 shows a schematic view of a fuel efficiency system;

[310] Figure 4 shows a front view of a gas Venturi device;

[31 1 ] Figure 5 shows a top front perspective view of the gas Venturi device of figure 4;

[312] Figure 6 shows a top view of the gas Venturi device of figure 4;

[313] Figure 7 shows a right front view of the gas Venturi device of figure 4;

[314] Figure 8 shows a top perspective view of an offset funnel for a gas Venturi arrangement;

[315] Figure 9 shows a top view of the offset funnel of figure 8;

[316] Figure 10 shows a top right front perspective view of a gas Venturi arrangement, including offset funnels;

[317] Figure 1 1 shows a top perspective view of a vapour Venturi device;

[318] Figure 12 shows a top right front perspective view of a vapour Venturi arrangement, including offset funnels;

[319] Figure 13 shows a front view of a second embodiment of a gas generator module and water solution tank;

[320] Figure 14 shows a cross section view of third embodiment of a gas generator module;

[321 ] Figure 15 shows a cross section view of a fourth embodiment of a gas generator module, a pair of gas purification tanks and a water solution tank; and

[322] Figure 16 shows a top perspective view of a fifth embodiment of the gas generator module and water solution tank. Description of Embodiments

[323] It should be noted in the following description that like or the same reference numerals in different embodiments denote the same or similar features.

[324] A fuel efficiency system according to a first aspect of the invention is generally indicated by the numeral 1000. The fuel efficiency system 1000 is suitable for generating volatile gasses to be supplied to a plant 2000 including an internal combustion engine 2100. In the following description, use of the fuel efficiency system 1000 as described with reference to its use in a truck including a turbocharged diesel truck engine, however it will be appreciated that such a fuel efficiency system 1000 could also be used in other plant 2000 that include an internal combustion engine, such as trains, ships, cars, motorbikes, or even in stationary plant such as diesel generators.

[325] The fuel efficiency system 1000 comprises a gas generator module 1 100, a water solution tank 1200 for supplying a flow of a water solution to the gas generator modulel 100, and a pulse width module 1300. The fuel efficiency system also preferably includes a housing in which the gas generator module 1 100, the water solution tank 1200 and the pulse width module 1300 is housed.

Gas generator module

[326] Different embodiments of gas generator module 1 100 are shown in figures 1 , 2, 13, 14, 15 and 16. The gas generator module 1 100 is configured for conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis, as will be described in more detail below. The gas generator module 1 100 includes a plurality of electrode plates 1 1 10 disposed in a gas generator module housing 1 121 .

[327] The gas generator module housing 1 121 is preferably watertight and comprises an anode cover panel 1 126, a cathode cover panel 1 128, side panels 1 130, a top panel 1129 and a bottom panel 1 127. These will be described in more detail below.

[328] The electrode plates 1 1 10 can either be anode plates 1 1 10a, neutral plates 1 1 10b or cathode plates 1 1 10c, depending on how the electrode plates are connected to a power source as will be described in more detail below. In the embodiment shown in the figures, only a single anode plate 1 1 10a and a single cathode plate 1 1 10c is provided, with multiple neutral plates 1 1 10b located at regular intervals between them. However, it is envisaged that in alternative embodiments, multiple plates of each type can be provided.

[329] In a preferred embodiment, it is envisaged that each of the electrode plates 1 1 10 will be electro-polished. Electropolishing has the effect of removing contaminants from the outer surface of the electrode plates 1 1 10, which could affect the quality of the water solution if they are dislodged by the process of electrolysis within the gas generator module 1 100. [330] As shown in the figures, a plurality of neutral plates 1 1 10b are located between the anode plate 1 1 10a and the cathode plate 1 1 10c, and where multiple neutral plates are used, the neutral plates will be spaced at regular intervals between the anode plate and the cathode plate. The electrode plates 1 1 10 are preferably planar in configuration, and located alongside each other in a parallel fashion with a gap 1 1 13 between adjacent plates of between 2 mm and 50 mm, more preferably between 3 mm and 15 mm, more preferably between 3 mm and 7 mm, and most preferably about 3 mm between the electrode plates 1 1 10. The number of neutral plates 1 1 10b used will depend on the voltage between the anode plate 1 1 10a and the cathode plate 1 1 10c, although the number of neutral plates 1 1 10b that are used will preferably aim to provide a voltage drop of between 2V to 3 V between adjacent electrode plates 1 110, and more preferably between 2.25 V and 2.3 V.

[331 ] In a preferred embodiment, it is envisaged that a gas generator module 1 100 will only include a single anode plate and a single cathode plate, although multiple neutral plates are envisaged as being located between the anode plate and the cathode plate. Each of the electrode plates preferably define a pair of opposed major faces 1 1 16 in a substantially rectangular shape, and four peripheral minor faces 1 1 18.

[332] In another embodiment (not shown), a pair of cathode plates can be provided to either side of the anode plate, with neutral plates inserted between the anode plate and the cathode plates.

[333] In the embodiments shown in the figures, the anode plates, cathode plates and neutral plates are the same size, although this need not necessarily be the case. In a preferred embodiment, the electrode plates will be between 100 mm and 400 mm long, more preferably between 200 mm and 300 mm long, and preferably between 100 mm and 400 mm wide, and more preferably between 200 mm and 300 mm wide. In a most preferred embodiment for use in trucks or busses, the electrode plates will be 206 mm by 306 mm. In a preferred embodiment for use in large passenger vehicles such as a SUV’s and utility vehicles, a size of 206mm by 206 mm is preferred. For smaller passenger vehicles, a size of 186mm by 186mm is preferred.

[334] In the embodiment shown in figure 1 , each of the electrode plates 1 1 10 preferably include flow apertures 1 1 14 for receiving a flow of water solution from the water solution tank 1200. The flow apertures preferably staggered so that the flow of water solution from the water solution tank 1200 is forced to flow along a staggered path along the length of the electrode plates 1 1 10 to move between the gaps 1 1 13 and through the flow apertures 1 1 14. However this configuration with the flow apertures is not preferred. In the embodiments shown in figures 14-16, the electrode plates 1 1 10 do not have any apertures, as the applicant has found that this prevents the leakage of current around the peripheral edges of the major faces of the electrode plates.

[335] In the embodiments shown in all of the figures, the gas generator module housing 1 121 includes an anode cover panel 1 126 and a cathode cover panel 1 128, which cooperate with side panels 1 130, a top panel 1 129, and a bottom panel 1 127 (the“housing panels”) to enclose the electrode plates 1 1 10 in a sealed fashion in an electrolysis cavity 1 105. In the embodiments shown in the figures, the gas generator module housing 1 121 includes a water inlet aperture 1 132 located towards a lower portion of the side, or in the bottom of the gas generator module housing 1 121 , for receiving a flow of water solution from the water solution tank 1200 via a water solution feed conduit 1 134 into the gas generator module 1 100.

[336] In figures 1 - 3, the water inlet aperture 1 132 is provided in a side panel towards a lower portion of the gas generator module housing 1 121 . In alternative embodiments shown in figures 40 - 16, the water inlet aperture 1 132 is provided in bottom panel 1 127 or in an associated feed channel panel 1 143, and then fed through water feed apertures 1 142 in the bottom panel 1 127 into the gap between each of the electrode plates. Preferably, water does not move to the outside of the anode plate 1 1 10a or the cathode plate 1 1 10c.

[337] It is envisaged that instead of providing flow apertures through the electrode plates, flow apertures could be provided within any combination of the housing panels 1 128, 1 130, 1 126, 1 127, or 1 129 to enable water solution to flow conveniently between all of the electrode plates 1 1 10 from the water inlet aperture 1 132, preferably while providing electrical insulation between the edges of the electrode plates.

[338] In a preferred embodiment, and as shown in figure 15, a water inlet regulation valve 1 160 is provided at the water inlet aperture 1 132 to regulate the flow of water solution into the gas generator module housing 1 121 . The water inlet regulation valve can be controlled by the controller 1310 to maintain the level of the water solution within the gas generator module housing 1 121 at a predetermined level, for example to supplement water that is being fed into the electrolysis cavity from the gas outlet aperture 1 136. The controller will preferably receive a signal from one or more water level sensors 1 162 2 indicate whether the water solution within the gas generator module housing 1 121 has dropped below a predetermined level. The sensor 1 162 can be located within the electrolysis cavity 1 105, or preferably within the gas feed conduit 1 144. This will ensure that the electrode plates 1 1 10 are always covered in water solution. In a preferred embodiment, the water inlet regulation valve 1 160 is a float valve, including a float that floats on the top surface of the water solution, and opens the valve when the float drops below certain level. In an alternative embodiment, the sensor could be any one of a large number of sensors commonly used for sensing the surface level of a fluid.

[339] In the embodiment shown in figure 2, the cathode cover panel 1 128 includes a gas outlet aperture 1 136 located towards an upper side or portion of the gas generator module 1 100. However, in alternative embodiments as shown in figures 14, 15 and 16, the gas outlet aperture 1 136 is provided in the top panel 1 129 of the gas generator module housing 1 121 . The gas outlet aperture 1 136 is preferably in fluid communication with a gas inlet 1220 in the water solution tank 1200.

[340] The gas outlet aperture 1 136 is for receiving a flow of converted gas that has been converted in the gas generator module 1 100 from the water solution and guiding the converted gas to return to the water solution tank 1200 via a gas return conduit 1 138. The converted gas is then fed from the water solution tank 1200 via gas outlet 1210 to an internal combustion engine 2100 as will be described in more detail below. Gas flow apertures 1 1 15 are provided in the electrode plates 1 1 10, towards the top of the electrode plates, to allow converted gas to flow towards the gas outlet aperture 1 136.

[341 ] In a preferred embodiment shown in figure 16, the gas generator module 1 100 includes a gas regulation valve 1 170, preferably located between the gas outlet aperture 1 136 and the gas inlet 1220, for regulating the flow of gas from the gas generator module housing 1 121 . The gas regulation valve 1 170 is preferably controlled by a controller 1310 as will be described in more detail below. The gas regulation valve 1 170 and the water inlet regulation valve 1 160 are preferably electrically operated solenoid operated valves that are capable of being used for water, oil or gas.

[342] The side panels 1 130, top panel 1 129 and bottom panel 1 127 of the gas generator module housing 1 121 extend around the periphery of the electrode plates 1 1 10 and act as seating panels in that they define seating slots 1 122 in which the peripheral edge is of the major faces and minor faces of the electrode plates are located.

[343] Each of the electrode plates is electrically isolated from each other and is mounted in the electrolysis cavity 105 within parallel slots 1 122 located on an inner face 1 124 of the gas generator module housing 1 121 , at a regular distance apart. Preferably the gas generator module housing 1 121 is made of electrically insulative plastic material, such as a plastic or the like, and the mounting of the electrode plates 1 1 10 within the slots 1 122 causes substantially the full periphery of each major face 1 1 16 to be covered with insulative material. In this way, the leakage of current around the electrode plates 1 1 10, and more specifically the neutral plates, is restricted. [344] In another embodiment (not shown), it is envisaged that the housing can include a preferably integrally moulded container portion and a lid portion. The lid portion can be preferably permanently attached to the container portion after insertion of the electrode plates, for example by plastic welding, but in an alternative embodiment, it is envisaged that the lid portion can be held tightly onto the container portion in a sealed fashion by a fastening mechanism.

[345] The material that the gas generator module housing 1121 is made of is preferably not only electrically insulative, but also heat resistant and/or resistant to corrosion by chemicals. In a most preferred embodiment, the housing is composed of DB770 plastic, or polyoxymethylene (POM), arid preferably POM B.KR.

[346] The anode plate 1110a and the cathode plate 1110b are preferably configured for being connected to the pulse width module 1300. In this regard, the anode plate 1110a includes an anode connector formation 1111, and the cathode plate 1110b includes a cathode connector formation 1112 that are each configured for electrical connection to the pulse width module 1300. In the embodiment shown in figures 1 and 2, the anode connector formation 1111 and the cathode connector formation 1112 are shown as extensions 1111a, 1112a of the anode plate 1110a and the cathode plate 1110b, respectively.

[347] However, in alternative embodiment (shown in figures 13-16), the anode connector formation 1111 and/or the cathode connector formation 1112 can extend transversely from the anode plate and/or cathode plate, respectively, for example in the form of a threaded shaft 1111b, 1112b that extends through the anode cover panel 1126 and/or cathode cover panel 1128. A nut 1111c, 1112c may be provided for fitting on each of the threaded shafts. In addition, an electrical connector (not shown) may be fitted to the end of each of the threaded shafts for connection of electrical wires.

[348] Further, while the anode cover panel, cathode cover panel and side panels are shown in figure 2 as being part of the housing 1120, it is envisaged that in another preferred embodiment (shown in figure 13) the anode cover panel, cathode cover panel, top panel, bottom panel and side panels that together enclose the gas generator module 1100 as a gas generator module housing 1121, can be themselves enclosed by a housing

1120, in order to protect any fittings that extend from the gas generator module housing

1121.

[349] The gas generator module 1100 is a “dry cell” gas generator module in that the anode connector formation 1111 and the cathode connector formation 1112 are not immersed in the water solution. Instead, the anode connector formation 1111 and the cathode connector formation 1 1 12 extends outwardly of the housing 1 120 for connection to the pulse width module 1300, so that they do not contact the water solution.

[350] In use, the gas generator module is configured to allow water solution to flow from the water solution tank 1200 into the housing 1 120 adjacent to at least one or more electrode plates, where a potential difference between the electrode plates causes current to pass through the water solution, to convert substantially all of the water in the housing to converted gas. The converted gas flows out of the gas outlet aperture 1 136 back to the water solution tank 1200, to be replaced by a fresh pulse of water solution from the feeder tank.

[351 ] The water solution tank 1200 is preferably located directly above the gas generator module 1 100, and the water solution tank 1200 is preferably integrally formed with the housing of the gas generator module 1 100. Preferably, the water solution tank 1200 provides a pressure head of between 100 mm to 500 mm, and more preferably about 200 mm, to feed water solution from the water solution tank 1200 into the gas generator module 1 100 into the gaps 1 1 13 between the electrode plates 1 1 10 as will be described in more detail below.

[352] In the embodiments shown in figure 14 and 15, the gas generator module 1 100 includes a water solution feed channel 1 140 adjacent the bottom panel 1 127 of the gas generator module housing 1 121 , and external to the electrolysis cavity 1 105. The water solution feed channel 1 140 is preferably a channel cut into a feed channel panel 1 143 that is secured to the bottom panel 1 127. The water solution feed channel 1 140 extends in fluid communication between the inlet aperture 1 132 and the electrolysis cavity 1 105 via water feed apertures 1 142 in the bottom panel 1 127.

[353] The water feed conduit 1140 extends substantially along the length of the electrolysis cavity 1 105. . The water solution feed channel is in fluid communication with the electrolysis cavity 1 105 via apertures 1 142 that enter into the electrolysis cavity 1 105 between the electrode plates. This allows the edges of the electrode plates to be electrically insulated to prevent electric charge travelling around the edges in use. In an alternative embodiment, the apertures 1 142 could be slots that extend between the electrode plates.

[354] Similarly, the gas generator module 1 100 includes a gas feed conduit 1 144 in the housing 1 120 external to the electrolysis cavity 1 105, that is in fluid communication with the top of the electrolysis cavity 1 105 via gas apertures 1 146 and also in fluid communication with the gas outlet aperture 1 136. The gas feed conduit similarly allows gas to be removed from the electrolysis cavity 1 105 efficiently while keeping the edges of the electrode plates electrically insulated from each other. The embodiment shown in figure 14 does not require gas flow apertures or flow apertures in the electrode plates.

[355] The gas feed conduit 1 144 is preferably a channel or recess cut into a gas return channel panel 1 145 that is secured to the top of the top panel 1 129. The gas feed conduit 1 144 extends in fluid communication between the gas outlet aperture 1 136 and the electrolysis cavity 1 105 via gas feed apertures 1 146 in the top panel 1 129.

[356] In the embodiments shown in the figures, gas from the electrolysis cavity 1 105 is fed through into the water solution tank 1200. However, in alternative embodiments (not shown) it is envisaged that gas from the electrolysis cavity need not be fed through the water solution tank, and can instead be fed out to a gas storage tank (not shown), or alternatively be fed directly to the Venturi arrangement as will be discussed in more detail below.

[357] In an embodiment shown in figure 15, the gas generator module 1 100 includes a pair of gas purification tanks 1 180, 1 190 that are configured for containing liquids such as pure water. Gas (shown by the arrows and bubbles in figure 15) is fed out from the electrolysis cavity 1 105 via gas outlet aperture 1 136 via pipes 1212 into the gas inlet 1220 in the water solution tank 1200. From the water solution tank 1200, the gas is fed out of gas outlet 1210 and into a first gas purification tank 1 180. The gas is preferably introduced into the pure water in the first gas purification tank 1 180 at a low level that it bubbles through the pure water contained in the first gas purification tank 1 180. From the top of the first gas purification tank 1 180, the gas is then fed via pipes 1212 to the second gas purification tank 1 190, where it is also produced into the pure water in the second gas purification tank 1 198 a low level, so that the gas bubbles upwardly through the pure water.

[358] By bubbling the gas through the water solution tank 1200, the first gas purification tank 1180, and the second gas purification tank 1 190, this allows the gas to be cooled, as well as for possible gaseous contaminants from the electrolyte solution and/or water vapour in the gas to be removed.

[359] The water solution preferably comprises potassium hydroxide in solution with liquid water at a ratio of between 1 % and 50% by weight, more preferably between 5% and 15% by weight, and most preferably about 5% by weight, depending on the electrical load on the gas generator module. When a 12 V potential is provided between the electrode plates, then a solution of about 5% by weight of potassium hydroxide to distilled water is preferred, and for a 24 V potential a 10% by weight is preferred. When a 32 V potential is provided then a solution of 10% by weight is preferred.

[360] Alternatively, a solution of potassium hydroxide in distilled water that has been ionised to a pH level of 10.5 pH can be used. Where such a solution is used, then a solution of about 1 % by weight of potassium hydroxide to distilled water is used when a 12 V potential is provided, 5% for a 24 V potential, and 5% for a 32 V potential.

[361 ] The applicant has found that typical ratios will be around 5% by weight for cars, 10% by weight for trucks, and closer to 30% by weight for gas generator modules used in heavy diesel engines - for example those used in mining and railways. Even higher ratios are envisaged for larger diesel engines like marine or ship diesel engines. It is further envisaged that a wide variety of alternative water solutions may be used that assist in increasing the conductivity of the water solution.

[362] The pulse width module 1300 is configured for generating an electrical potential across the electrode plates 1 1 10 at a predetermined frequency. To this end, the pulse width module 1300 is electrically connected in use to the anode connector formation 1 1 1 1 and the cathode connector formation 1 1 13, to pulse power to the electrode plates 1 1 10 in order to generate a current flow between the anode plate 1 1 10a and the cathode plate 1 1 10c via the neutral plates 1 1 10b.

[363] The fuel efficiency system 1000 further includes a power storage device in the form of a battery 1050. The battery 1050 is preferably connected up to a power source that is adapted for charging the battery 1050, such as an alternator/generator (not shown) of a vehicle.

Pulse width module

[364] The pulse width module 1300 includes a pulse width modulator arrangement or device 1340 that serves to produce an electrical signal at a predetermined frequency. The pulse width module 1300 further includes a controller 1310, a display unit 1320, and a plant diagnostic system input 1330, preferably in the form of an electrical connector, and/or a wireless receiver, for example a Bluetooth™ enabled or similar wireless receiver.

[365] The controller 1310 is preferably configured to control the output of the pulse width modulator device 1340 to control the current output to the gas generator module 1 100 at a constant target current, and preferably within a range of two amps, more preferably within a range of 1 amp, and most preferably within a range of 0.5 A. The current output is preferably controlled to a target current of between 1 amp and 200 A, more preferably between 30 A and 150 A, and most preferably at about 100 A.

[366] Further, the controller 1310 is configured to control the output of the pulse width modulator device 1340 to operate at a frequency of between 1 MHz and 5 MHz, more preferably between 2 MHz and 3 MHz, and most preferably at about 2.4 MHz. [367] It is also envisaged that the controller 1310 is configured for controlling the output of the pulse width modulator device 1340 at a voltage of 12 V, 24 V or 32 V, although other voltages are anticipated. It is further envisaged that the controller 1310 can be reconfigured to switch between 12 V/24 V/32 V.

[368] The plant diagnostic system input 1330 is configured for receiving plant diagnostics from sensors 2200 in a plant. For example, where the plant is a vehicle, the sensors could include engine speed sensors, engine temperature sensors, engine turbo boost pressure sensors, engine mapping, engine mass flow, engine inlet manifold air temperature sensors, engine exhaust temperature sensors, engine runtime sensors, fuel consumption sensors, exhaust temperature sensors, trip log sensors, kilometre sensors, exhaust chemistry sensors, fuel flowrate sensors, or the like.

[369] The controller 1310 is configured to adjust operation of the gas generation module and/or the pulse width module in response to the received plant diagnostics information. In this way, it is anticipated that increase fuel savings and/or reduced emissions can be achieved. In particular, it is anticipated that by changing the target amperage between the electrode plates 1 110 in accordance with the information received from the plant diagnostics system input 1330, these benefits may be achieved.

[370] Preferably, the pulse width module includes a battery sensor (not shown) configured for reading the voltage of the battery 1150. The controller is configured to control the pulse width modulator device 1340 to only generate current across the electrode plates if the battery sensor shows that the battery is being charged from the alternator/generator of the plant, and/or that the battery voltage is above a threshold voltage. In this way, the voltage of the battery 1 150 is not depleted.

[371 ] Further, the controller is configured to control the generation of current across the electrode plates 1110 only if operation of the engine in the plant is detected. Operation of the engine in the plant could be detected by detecting ignition of fuel in the engine, whether the engine is operating at or above a particular engine speed, or by any other means.

[372] The display unit 1320 is preferably a touchscreen that allows for user input, or alternatively the pulse width module can include one or more user input devices (not shown) such as keyboards, mouses, or the like. Using the user input devices and/or the touchscreen 1320, the controller 1310 can receive an input from a user to set the amperage discharged to the gas generator module 1100.

[373] The pulse width module 1300 can include sensors (not shown) for sensing water levels in the water solution tank 1200 and/or gas generator module 1100, the voltage and/or current across the electrode plates, or the flowrate of the converted gas into or out of the water solution tank, or any other detectable parameter of the fuel efficiency system. The pulse width module can also include a power switch (not shown) for switching the fuel efficiency system on or off.

[374] The display unit 1320 can be used to display any one or more of the battery voltage, the levels of current discharge to the gas generator module, the frequency of the current discharge to the gas generator module, water levels in the gas generator module and/or feeder tank, or the duty cycle of the pulse width modulator device 1340.

[375] The controller 1310 is preferably also configured to control operation of the solenoid operated gas outlet regulation valve 1170 and water inlet regulation valve 1 160 of the gas generator module 1 100. Preferably, the controller 1310 is configured to shut the valves to prevent the flow of gas from the gas generator module housing 1 121 into the water solution tank 1200, and vice versa when the plant engine 2100 is off. This prevents converted gas from moving through into the gas feed system 1500 as will be described in more detail below. Any hydrogen and oxygen gas that has already been converted, will convert back into water over time.

[376] Further, the controller 1310 will be configured to receive signals from the sensors 1 162 that are indicative of the water level in the water solution tank 1200. If the water solution levels drop below a certain level, the controller is configured to shut down the supply of current to the electrode plates from the pulse width module 1300, to ensure that current is only supplied to the electrode plates 1 1 10 when water is present between the plates.

[377] The fuel efficiency system 1000 preferably also includes a geo-positioning device 1400, such as a GPS device configured for detecting the location of the fuel efficiency system from geo-positioning satellites.

Gas feed system

[378] The fuel efficiency system 1000 further includes a gas feed system 1500. The gas feed system 1500 is configured for feeding the converted hydrogen gas and oxygen gas (“converted gas”) that is returned to the water solution tank 1200, to the internal combustion engine 2100 of the plant 2000. The converted gas is fed into an air intake 2105 of the internal combustion engine 2100, preferably downstream (i.e. on the high-pressure side) of a compressor 21 10 such as a turbocharger and/or supercharger.

Venturi arrangement

[379] In order to feed the converted gas into the air intake 2105 at high pressure, the gas feed system 1500 comprises a Gas Venturi arrangement 1510, and a gas feed conduit 1505 that feeds converted gas from where it collect in the water solution tank 1200 to the Gas Venturi arrangement 1510. The Gas Venturi arrangement 1510 includes a Venturi device 1520, an offset inlet funnel 1530 and outlet funnel 1540 for guiding airflow into, and out of the Venturi device 1520, respectively, as shown in figures 4 - 10. The gas Venturi arrangement 1510 is configured for location in a fuel flow stream to the internal combustion engine 2100, with the fuel flow stream flowing into and out of the Venturi device 1520 via the inlet funnel 1530 and the outlet funnel 1540.

[380] It is envisaged that the converted gas could be fed into a fuel supply conduit or an air supply conduit going into the internal combustion engine. Where, for example the internal combustion engine is an engine that has the fuel injected directly into the combustion chambers, then the converted gas will be introduced into the air intake, and not the fuel intake. However, where, for example the internal combustion engine has a mixture of both fuel and air that is introduced into the combustion chambers, then it is envisaged that the converted gas could be fed into this mixture upstream.

[381 ] A controllable regulation valve 1503 is provided on the gas feed conduit 1505, which is preferably controllable by the controller to regulate the flow of converted gas to the internal combustion engine.

[382] The offset inlet funnel 1530 comprises a circular inlet 1532 and a circular outlet 1534, wherein the inlet 1532 and outlet 1534 are not coaxial. The radius of the inlet 1532 is larger than the radius of the outlet 1534, and the inlet 1532 is connected to the outlet 1534 by a tapered passage 1536.

[383] The Gas Venturi arrangement 1510 further includes an offset outlet funnel 1540 for guiding airflow out of the Venturi device 1520. The offset outlet funnel 1540 also includes an inlet 1542, an outlet 1544 and a tapered passage 1546 that are a mirror of the inlet funnel 1530. The inlet 1542 and the outlet 1544 are preferably similarly not coaxial.

[384] The inlet funnel 1530 and the outlet funnel 1540 are disposed on opposed sides of the Venturi device 1520. The inlet funnel 1530 is configured for speeding up flow into the Venturi device 1520, while the outlet funnel 1540 is configured for slowing down flow from the Venturi device.

[385] The Venturi device 1520 defines an inlet 1522, an outlet on thousand 524, and a low- pressure chamber 1526. The low-pressure chamber 1526 is oblong shaped in cross-section, although it is envisaged that alternative shapes, such as oval and/or ellipsoidal shapes are envisaged.

[386] The cross-sectional area of the low-pressure chamber 1526 is restricted relative to the inlet 1522 and the outlet 1524, to thereby increase the velocity of the fuel flow stream through the low-pressure chamber 1526 in operation, generating a relatively lower pressure in the fuel flow stream for drawing the converted gas into the airflow. Converted gas from the gas generator module 1 100 is drawn into the fuel flow stream in the low-pressure chamber 1526 via a gas suction aperture 1528.

[387] The Venturi device 1522 further includes a pair of electrically chargeable electrodes 1529 located preferably on the flat opposed sides of the oblong low-pressure chamber 1526. The electrodes 1529 are preferably electrically insulated from each other, so that current is required to flow between the electrodes via the fuel flow stream in the low-pressure chamber 1526 in operation, thereby electrically charging the fuel flow stream.

[388] The electrodes 1529 are preferably connected to a voltage source (not shown) such as a transformer, which can be incorporated into pulse width module 1300. The voltage across the electrodes 1529 is controlled by the controller 1310. In operation, the controller controls the voltage across the electrodes 1529 to thereby generate a static charge in the fuel flow stream as it passes between the electrodes. Preferably the voltage across the electrodes is between 500 V and 1500 V, and more preferably about 1000 V. In addition, the controller 1310 of the pulse width module 1300 can control the voltage across the electrodes to pulse at a particular frequency. In a preferred embodiment, the voltage across the electrodes is pulsed at between 1 MHz and 5 MHz, more preferably between 2 MHz and 3 MHz, and most preferably at about 2.4 MHz.

Water vapour generator/Humiclifier

[389] The fuel efficiency system 1000 further includes a water vapour generator 1600 configured for generating water vapour in a water storage tank 1620. The water vapour generator 1600 includes a high-frequency transducer 1610 for stimulating water in the water storage tank 1620. It is envisaged that in alternative embodiments, a plurality of high- frequency transducers can be used.

[390] The water storage tank 1620 is preferably fed from a water supply (not shown). The feed from the water supply is preferably controlled by a sensor (not shown) and a valve (not shown) that regulates the level of water in the storage tank 1620. The sensor and valve is preferably in the form of a float valve that ensures that the water level in the water storage tank 1620 is topped up to a predetermined level.

[391 ] Further, it is envisaged that the water vapour generator 1600 can be used to stimulate water in the water solution tank 1200. The high-frequency transducer 1610 is connected to, and receives a high frequency electrical signal from, the pulse width module. [392] In alternative embodiments, is envisaged that a separate pulse width modulator device may be provided to generate the signal to be sent to the high-frequency transducer 1610. The high-frequency transducer 1610 preferably operates at a frequency of between 1 MHz and 5 MHz, more preferably between 2 MHz and 3 MHz, and most preferably at 2.4 MHz, to thereby cause water in the water storage tank to increase in energy until water vapour is generated.

[393] The water vapour generator 1600 is configured to feed the generated water vapour into the airflow A (shown as arrow in figure 3) of the air intake of the internal combustion engine 2100 of the plant 2000, preferably upstream of the compressor 21 10, via a water vapour feed conduit 1630. The feeding of the water vapour into the air intake of the internal combustion engine 2100 serves to reduce the temperature of the airflow in the air intake.

[394] In a preferred embodiment (not shown) the

Vapour feed system/Polarizer

[395] The generated water vapour is fed into the air intake of the internal combustion engine thousand 100 by means of a vapour Venturi arrangement 1700. The vapour Venturi arrangement 1700 includes similar features and operates on the same principles as the gas Venturi arrangement 1510. The vapour Venturi arrangement 1700 includes a vapour Venturi device 1710, an inlet funnel 1720 and outlet funnel 1730. The vapour Venturi device 1710 further defines an oblong shaped low-pressure chamber 1712.

[396] The inlet funnel 1720 and the outlet funnel 1730 are similar to the inlet funnel 1530 and the outlet funnel 1540 of the gas Venturi arrangement 1510, in that each of the funnel is one thousand 720, 1730 include an inlet 1722 (shown in figure 12), an outlet 1734 with a tapered passage between them. The inlet and the outlet of the inlet funnel 1720 and the outlet funnel 1730 are not coaxial.

[397] Similarly, to the gas Venturi arrangement 1510, the vapour Venturi arrangement 1700 introduces water vapour into the low-pressure chamber 1712 located in the fuel and/or air flow to the internal combustion engine 2100 via a vapour suction aperture 171 1 . The vapour Venturi arrangement 1700 is preferably located in the airflow stream upstream of the compressor 21 10, and in use operates to speed up the airflow in the intake of the internal combustion engine 2100, creating a low-pressure zone in the low-pressure chamber 1712 into which the water vapour is drawn via the vapour suction aperture 171 1 .

[398] Also, similarly to the gas Venturi arrangement 1510, the vapour Venturi device 1710 includes a pair of electrically chargeable electrodes 1714 on opposed sides of the low- pressure chamber 1712. The electrodes are electrically insulated from each other, and connected to a high voltage power source, such as a transformer, in in operation to thereby generate a static charge in the air flow and/or water vapour as it passes between the electrodes 1714. Similarly, to the gas Venturi arrangement 1510, the high-voltage power source preferably operates at between 500 V and 1500 V, and most preferably at about 1000 V. Similarly, it is anticipated that the electrodes 1714 can be pulsed at a frequency of between 1 MHz and 5 MHz, more preferably between 2 MHz and 3 MHz, and most preferably at about 2.4 MHz.

[399] In the embodiment shown in the figures, the gas generator module, water solution tank 1200 and pulse width module are housed within a single housing. In this way, the fuel efficiency system 1000 can be conveniently retrofitted to existing plant, such as large trucks, or the like.

[400] A controllable regulation valve 1632 is provided on the vapour feed conduit 1630, which is preferably controllable by the controller to regulate the flow of water vapour to the internal combustion engine.

In use

[401 ] In use, illusion in the water solution tank 1200 will be fed via the water solution feed conduit 1 134 into the water inlet aperture 1 132, where it will flow into the gaps 1 1 13 between the electrode plates 1 1 10 via flow apertures 1 1 14. The controller 1310 controls the flow of current across the gaps between the electrode plates 1 1 10, electrolysing the water solution, and generating a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas (the“converted gas”). The converted gas then flows out of the gas outlet aperture 1 136 via the gas return conduit 1 138 to the water solution tank 1200.

[402] In a preferred embodiment, it is envisaged that a“pulse” of water will flow from the water solution tank 1200 between the electrode plates, and the entire pulse of water will be converted to converted gas, which then moves into the water solution tank 1200. After this, the next pulse of water will flow between the electrode plates for conversion. In this way, it is envisaged that the production of froth will be reduced. This will also result in a reduced amount of heating in the water solution, which typically generates more evaporation of the water solution (as opposed to conversion), resulting in less water losses in the water solution tank. As mentioned previously, the current flowing between the electrode plates is expected to be between 1 A and 50 A at 12 V of direct current, which, using the size of the electrode plates described above, should produce 10 L per minute of converted gas, and which should be enough converted gas for useful supplementation of a large diesel truck engine.

[403] The converted gas is then drawn from the water solution tank 1200 via the gas feed conduit 1505 to the gas Venturi arrangement 1510, where the converted gas is fed into the air intake of the internal combustion engine 2100 downstream of the compressor 21 10 by using the gas Venturi device 1520 to generate a lower pressure, and drawing the converted gas into the air intake through the suction aperture 1528. The introduction of converted gas into the high pressure, compressed intake downstream of the compressor will serve to cool the compressed air in the intake, making it denser.

[404] At the same time, water in the water storage tank 1620 is stimulated by the high- frequency transducer 1610 to generate water vapour. The frequency at which the high- frequency transducer 1610 operates is understood by the applicant to be a frequency that causes an increase in the energy of water molecules, resulting in an increased amount of water vapour being formed from the water in the water storage tank 1620. The water vapour is similarly drawn into the air intake of the internal combustion engine 2100, but upstream of the compressor 21 10, by the vapour Venturi arrangement 1700. It is envisaged that the cooling effect of the introduction of water vapour into the air intake will be a reduction of between 5°C and 20°C and more preferably about 11 °C. This is expected to result in the reduction of nitrous oxides caused by diesel burning at higher temperatures in the internal combustion engine.

[405] Both the water vapour and the converted gas is electro statically charged as it drawn into the intake 2105 of the internal combustion engine 2100. It is believed by the applicant that the electrostatic charging of the air intake will result in the air molecules being more regularly arranged, and allowing for increased density of the air intake.

[406] Feedback from sensors in the plant 2000, in the form of plant diagnostic information, are received via the plant diagnostic system input 1330 in order to analyse and determine how the fuel efficiency system 1000 must be controlled in order to reduce fuel usage by the internal combustion engine. The fuel efficiency system 1000 is then controlled in accordance with the received plant diagnostic information.

[407] For example, if the exhaust gases are determined as being at a temperature that is too high, an increased amount of water vapour can be generated and fed to the vapour Venturi arrangement 1700, in order to cool down the intake gases to the internal combustion engine. Alternately, the duty cycle of the current being sent to the gas generator module 1 100 can be controlled to lower the current, thereby reducing the amount of hydrogen being produced. Alternately, the regulation valve 1503 can be used to regulate the amount of converted gas being drawn into the intake of the internal combustion engine.

[408] Importantly, the controller operates to maintain a target amperage, not a target power. Interpretation

Markush Groups

[409] In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognise that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

Chronological sequence

[410] For the purpose of this specification, where method steps are described in sequence, the sequence does not necessarily mean that the steps are to be carried out in chronological order in that sequence, unless there is no other logical manner of interpreting the sequence.

Wireless:

[411 ] The invention may be embodied using devices conforming to other network standards and for other applications, including, for example other WLAN standards and other wireless standards. Applications that can be accommodated include IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs and links, short-range wireless protocols like Bluetooth™ or similar protocols, and wireless Ethernet.

[412] In the context of this document, the term“wireless” and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communications channels, etc., that may communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. The term does not imply that the associated devices do not contain any wires, although in some embodiments they might not. In the context of this document, the term“wired” and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communications channels, etc., that may communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation through a solid medium. The term does not imply that the associated devices are coupled by electrically conductive wires.

Processes:

[413] Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the specification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing”,“computing”,“calculating”,“determ ining”,“analysing” or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities into other data similarly represented as physical quantities.

Processor:

[414] In a similar manner, the term“processor” may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data, e.g., from registers and/or memory to transform that electronic data into other electronic data that, e.g., may be stored in registers and/or memory. A“computer” or a“computing device” or a“computing machine” or a“computing platform” may include one or more processors.

[415] The methodologies described herein are, in one embodiment, performable by one or more processors that accept computer-readable (also called machine-readable) code containing a set of instructions that when executed by one or more of the processors carry out at least one of the methods described herein. Any processor capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken are included. Thus, one example is a typical processing system that includes one or more processors. The processing system further may include a memory subsystem including main RAM and/or a static RAM, and/or ROM.

Computer-Readable Medium:

[416] Furthermore, a computer-readable carrier medium may form, or be included in a computer program product. A computer program product can be stored on a computer usable carrier medium, the computer program product comprising a computer readable program means for causing a processor to perform a method as described herein.

Networked or Multiple Processors:

[417] In alternative embodiments, the one or more processors operate as a standalone device or may be connected, e.g., networked to other processor(s), in a networked deployment, the one or more processors may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer or distributed network environment. The one or more processors may form a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine.

[418] Note that while some diagram(s) only show(s) a single processor and a single memory that carries the computer-readable code, those in the art will understand that many of the components described above are included, but not explicitly shown or described in order not to obscure the inventive aspect. For example, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term“machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

Additional Embodiments:

[419] Thus, one embodiment of each of the methods described herein is in the form of a computer-readable carrier medium carrying a set of instructions, e.g., a computer program that are for execution on one or more processors. Thus, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be embodied as a method, an apparatus such as a special purpose apparatus, an apparatus such as a data processing system, or a computer-readable carrier medium. The computer-readable carrier medium carries computer readable code including a set of instructions that when executed on one or more processors cause a processor or processors to implement a method. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a method, an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of carrier medium (e.g., a computer program product on a computer-readable storage medium) carrying computer-readable program code embodied in the medium.

Carrier Medium:

[420] The software may further be transmitted or received over a network via a network interface device. While the carrier medium is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term“carrier medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term“carrier medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by one or more of the processors and that cause the one or more processors to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present invention. A carrier medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media.

Implementation:

[421 ] It will be understood that the steps of methods discussed are performed in one embodiment by an appropriate processor (or processors) of a processing (i.e., computer) system executing instructions (computer-readable code) stored in storage. It will also be understood that the invention is not limited to any particular implementation or programming technique and that the invention may be implemented using any appropriate techniques for implementing the functionality described herein. The invention is not limited to any particular programming language or operating system.

Means For Carrying out a Method or Function

[422] Furthermore, some of the embodiments are described herein as a method or combination of elements of a method that can be implemented by a processor of a processor device, computer system, or by other means of carrying out the function. Thus, a processor with the necessary instructions for carrying out such a method or element of a method forms a means for carrying out the method or element of a method. Furthermore, an element described herein of an apparatus embodiment is an example of a means for carrying out the function performed by the element for the purpose of carrying out the invention.

Connected

[423] Similarly, it is to be noticed that the term connected, when used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being limitative to direct connections only. Thus, the scope of the expression a device A connected to a device B should not be limited to devices or systems wherein an output of device A is directly connected to an input of device B. It means that there exists a path between an output of A and an input of B which may be a path including other devices or means. “Connected” may mean that two or more elements are either in direct physical or electrical contact, or that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other but yet still co-operate or interact with each other.

Embodiments :

[424] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or“an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases“in one embodiment” or“in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, but may. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments.

[425] Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the above description of example embodiments of the invention, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the Detailed Description of Specific Embodiments are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description of Specific Embodiments, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention.

[426] Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those in the art. For example, in the following claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

Different Instances of Objects

[427] As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives“first”, “second”,“third”, etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

Specific Details

[428] In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.

Terminology

[429] In describing the preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar technical purpose. Terms such as "forward", "rearward", "radially", "peripherally", "upwardly", "downwardly", and the like are used as words of convenience to provide reference points and are not to be construed as limiting terms.

[430] For the purposes of this specification, the term“plastic” shall be construed to mean a general term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic polymerization products, and generally consisting of a hydrocarbon-based polymer.

[431 ] As used herein the term“and/or” means“and” or“or”, or both.

[432] As used herein“(s)” following a noun means the plural and/or singular forms of the noun.

Comprising and Including

[433] In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word“comprise” or variations such as“comprises” or“comprising” are used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention. [434] Any one of the terms: including or which includes or that includes as used herein is also an open term that also means including at least the elements/features that follow the term, but not excluding others. Thus, including is synonymous with and means comprising.

Scope of Invention

[435] Thus, while there has been described what are believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention. For example, any formulas given above are merely representative of procedures that may be used. Functionality may be added or deleted from the block diagrams and operations may be interchanged among functional blocks. Steps may be added or deleted to methods described within the scope of the present invention.

[436] Although the invention has been described with reference to specific examples, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in many other forms.

Industrial Applicability

[437] It is apparent from the above, that the arrangements described are applicable to the haulage, shipping and heavy industry industries.