CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application serial number 61/871,519, filed on 29-AUG-2013, which is incorporated in its entirety by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This invention relates generally to the wireless communications field, and more specifically to new and useful full-duplex relays.

BACKGROUND

[0003] In many wireless communication networks, there are areas that are not easily covered by access points due to signal attenuation by terrain or other structural obstacles. One approach to extending access point signal coverage involves using relay nodes that rebroadcast signals originating from and/or destined to access points.

[0004] One major roadblock to successful implementation of relays is the problem of self-interference; relays may suffer from issues resulting from cross-talk between transmitters and receivers, duplexer leakages, or other undesired electromagnetic couplings. Many modern relays use frequency or time division multiplexing techniques or antenna separation techniques to address self-interference. Each of these techniques has substantial drawbacks: frequency division multiplexing requires doubling spectrum usage, time division multiplexing requires halving signal capacity, and antenna separation is often expensive, if not impossible given space constraints. Full-duplex relays may address self-interference without any of these drawbacks. Thus, there is a need in the wireless communications field to create new and useful full-duplex relays. This invention provides such new and useful full-duplex relays.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0005] FIGURE 1 is a diagram representation of a system of a preferred embodiment;

[0006] FIGURES 2A, 2B, and 2C are diagram representations of antenna couplings of a system of a preferred embodiment;

[0007] FIGURE 3 is a schematic representation of a receiver of a system of a preferred embodiment; [0008] FIGURE 4 is a schematic representation of a transmitter of a system of a preferred embodiment;

[0009] FIGURE 5 is a diagram representation of a self-interference canceller of a system of a preferred embodiment;

[0010] FIGURE 6 is a diagram representation of a self-interference canceller of a system of a preferred embodiment;

[0011] FIGURES 7 A and 7B are diagram representations of a digital self- interference canceller of a system of a preferred embodiment;

[0012] FIGURE 8 is a diagram representation of a system of a preferred embodiment;

[0013] FIGURE 9 is a diagram representation of a system of a preferred embodiment;

[0014] FIGURES 10A, 10B and 10C are diagram representations of antenna couplings of a system of a preferred embodiment; and

[0015] FIGURE 11 is a diagram representation of a system of a preferred embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0016] The following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to these preferred embodiments, but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use this invention.

[0017] As shown in FIGURE 1, a relay 100 includes a first receiver 110, a first transmitter 120, a second receiver 115, a second transmitter 125, and a self-interference canceller 130. The relay 100 functions to repeat communication signals transmitted and received between two communications systems. In addition to repeating signals, the relay 100 preferably cancels self-interference between transmitted and received signals. The relay 100 may additionally or alternatively scale (e.g. amplify, attenuate), shift, or otherwise modify signals received or transmitted by the relay 100.

[0018] The relay 100 is preferably used to repeat communication signals traveling bi-directionally between two wireless communication systems (e.g. a cell-phone tower and a cell phone, or a Wi-Fi™ access point and a computer, two wireless radios), but may additionally or alternatively be used to repeat communications signals between any other suitable wired or wireless communication systems. In a variation of a preferred embodiment, the relay 100 is a one-way relay and includes only a first receiver 110, a first transmitter 120, and a self-interference canceller 130. [0019] The relay 100 is preferably implemented using both digital and analog circuitry. Digital circuitry is preferably implemented using a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and/or any suitable processor(s) or circuit(s). Analog circuitry is preferably implemented using analog integrated circuits (ICs) but may additionally or alternatively be implemented using discrete components (e.g., capacitors, resistors, transistors), wires, transmission lines, waveguides, digital components, mixed- signal components, or any other suitable components. The relay 100 preferably includes memory to store configuration data, but may additionally or alternatively be configured using externally stored configuration data or in any suitable manner.

[0020] In one example implementation, the relay too is used as a cellular repeater. The relay too is connected to a cell tower by a first communications link using a first transmit/receive antenna coupled to the relay too by a duplexer, and to a cell phone by a second communications link using a second transmit/receive antenna coupled to the relay too by a duplexer. The cell phone and cell tower natively communicate at an uplink frequency (from phone to tower) and a downlink frequency (from tower to phone). The relay too receives and re-transmits communication on both the uplink frequency (phone to relay to tower) and the downlink frequency (tower to relay to phone). The self-interference canceller 130 enables full-duplex operation for the first transmit/receive antenna and the second transmit receive/antenna. This is distinct from traditional relays, which must rely on techniques like time-division multiplexing or antenna isolation to avoid self-interference. More specifically, the self-interference canceller 130 may enable the relay 100 to receive downlink communications (from tower to relay), retransmit downlink communications (from relay to phone), receive uplink communications (from phone to relay), and retransmit uplink communications (from relay to tower) simultaneously, without requiring antennas to be isolated from one another, the use of additional frequencies, or the use of time multiplexing. Thus, the relay 100 is able to provide network-relaying capability without excess cost, excess spectrum usage, or significantly decreased data capacity.

[0021] The first receiver 110 functions to receive analog receive signals transmitted by a first communications system over a first communications link (e.g., a wireless channel, a coaxial cable). The first receiver 110 preferably converts analog receive signals into digital receive signals for processing before re-transmission by the first transmitter 120, but may additionally or alternatively not convert analog receive signals (passing them through directly without conversion). [0022] The first receiver no is preferably a radio-frequency (RF) receiver, but may additionally or alternatively be any suitable receiver.

[0023] The first receiver no is preferably coupled to the first communications link by a duplexer-coupled RF antenna as shown in FIGURE 2A, but may additionally or alternatively be coupled to the first communications link in any suitable manner. Some examples of alternative couplings include coupling via one or more dedicated receive antennas (as shown in FIGURE 2B). In another alternative coupling, the first receiver no may be coupled to the first communications link by a circulator-coupled RF antenna as shown in FIGURE 2C.

[0024] The first receiver no preferably includes an analog-to-digital converter

(ADC) in and a frequency downconverter 112, as shown in FIGURE 3. The first receiver 110 may additionally or alternatively include amplifiers, filters, signal processors and/or any other suitable components. In one variation of a preferred embodiment, the first receiver 110 includes only analog processing circuitry (e.g., amplifiers, filters, attenuators, delayers). The first receiver may function to scale, shift, and/or otherwise modify the receive signal. The downconverter 112 functions to downconvert the analog receive signal from RF (or any other suitable frequency) to a baseband analog receive signal, and the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 111 functions to convert the baseband analog receive signal to a digital receive signal.

[0025] The ADC 111 may be any suitable analog-to-digital converter; e.g., a direct- conversion ADC, a flash ADC, a successive-approximation ADC, a ramp-compare ADC, a Wilkinson ADC, an integrating ADC, a delta-encoded ADC, a time-interleaved ADC, or any other suitable type of ADC.

[0026] The frequency downconverter 112 functions to downconvert the carrier frequency of the analog receive signal to baseband, preparing it for conversion to a digital receive signal. The downconverter 112 preferably accomplishes signal downconversion using heterodyning methods, but may additionally or alternatively use any suitable upconversion methods.

[0027] The downconverter 112 preferably includes a local oscillator (LO), a mixer, and a baseband filter. The local oscillator functions to provide a frequency shift signal to the mixer; the mixer combines the frequency shift signal and the analog receive signal to create (usually two) frequency shifted signals, one of which is the baseband signal, and the baseband filter rejects signals other than the baseband analog receive signal.

[0028] The local oscillator is preferably a digital crystal variable-frequency oscillator (VFO) but may additionally or alternatively be an analog VFO or any other suitable type of oscillator. The local oscillator preferably has a tunable oscillation frequency but may additionally or alternatively have a static oscillation frequency.

[0029] The mixer is preferably an active mixer, but may additionally or alternatively be a passive mixer. The mixer may comprise discrete components, analog ICs, digital ICs, and/or any other suitable components. The mixer preferably functions to combine two or more electrical input signals into one or more composite outputs, where each output includes some characteristics of at least two input signals.

[0030] The baseband filter is preferably a lowpass filter with a tunable low-pass frequency. Additionally or alternatively, the baseband filter may be a lowpass filter with a set low-pass frequency, or any other suitable type of filter. The baseband filter is preferably a passive filter, but may additionally or alternatively be an active filter. The baseband filter is preferably implemented with analog circuit components, but may additionally or alternatively be digitally implemented.

[0031] The second receiver 115 functions to receive analog receive signals transmitted by a second communications system over a second communications link (e.g., a wireless channel, a coaxial cable). The second receiver 115 preferably converts analog receive signals into digital receive signals for processing before re-transmission by the second transmitter 125, but may additionally or alternatively not convert analog receive signals (passing them through directly without conversion).

[0032] The second receiver 115 preferably includes an analog-to-digital converter

(ADC) 116 and a frequency downconverter 117, as shown in FIGURE 3. The second receiver 115 is preferably substantially similar to the first receiver 110, but may additionally or alternatively be any suitable receiver.

[0033] The first transmitter 120 functions to retransmit signals received by the first receiver 110. The first transmitter 120 preferably converts digital transmit signals into analog transmit signals, but may additionally or alternatively receive and retransmit analog transmit signals from the first receiver 110, thus avoiding digital-to-analog conversion. The transmit signals are preferably formed by processing receive signals (which may include analog-to-digital conversion or frequency shifting, for example) by the first receiver 110, but the transmit signals may additionally or alternatively be any signal intended for transmission by the relay 100. The first transmitter 120 preferably transmits signals over a second communications link to a second communications system; these signals are preferably retransmitted signals from a first communication system sent to the relay 100 over a first communications link, but may additionally or alternatively be any suitable signals. [0034] The first transmitter 120 is preferably a radio-frequency (RF) transmitter, but may additionally or alternatively be any suitable transmitter.

[0035] The first transmitter 120 is preferably coupled to the second communications link by a duplexer-coupled RF antenna as shown in FIGURE 2A, but may additionally or alternatively be coupled to the second communications link in any suitable manner. Some examples of alternative couplings include coupling via one or more dedicated transmit antennas (as shown in FIGURE 2B). In another alternative coupling, the first transmitter 120 may be coupled to the second communications link by a duplexer-coupled RF antenna as shown in FIGURE 2C.

[0036] The first transmitter 120 preferably includes a digital-to-analog converter

(DAC) 121 and a frequency upconverter 122, as shown in FIGURE 4. The first transmitter 120 may additionally or alternatively include amplifiers, filters, signal processors and/or any other suitable components. The first transmitter 120 may function to scale, shift, and/or otherwise modify the transmit signal. The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 121 functions to convert the digital transmit signal to a baseband analog transmit signal, and the upconverter 122 functions to upconvert the baseband analog transmit signal from baseband to RF (or any other intended transmission frequency).

[0037] The DAC 121 may be any suitable digital-to-analog converter; e.g., a pulse- width modulator, an oversampling DAC, a binary-weighted DAC, an R-2R ladder DAC, a cyclic DAC, a thermometer-coded DAC, or a hybrid DAC.

[0038] The frequency upconverter 122 functions to upconvert the carrier frequency of the baseband analog transmit signal to a radio frequency, preparing it for transmission over the communications link. The upconverter 122 preferably accomplishes signal upconversion using heterodyning methods, but may additionally or alternatively use any suitable upconversion methods.

[0039] The upconverter 122 preferably includes a local oscillator (LO), a mixer, and an RF filter. The local oscillator functions to provide a frequency shift signal to the mixer; the mixer combines the frequency shift signal and the baseband analog transmit signal to create (usually two) frequency shifted signals, one of which is the RF analog transmit signal, and the RF filter rejects signals other than the RF analog transmit signal.

[0040] The local oscillator is preferably a digital crystal variable-frequency oscillator (VFO) but may additionally or alternatively be an analog VFO or any other suitable type of oscillator. The local oscillator preferably has a tunable oscillation frequency but may additionally or alternatively have a static oscillation frequency. [0041] The mixer is preferably an active mixer, but may additionally or alternatively be a passive mixer. The mixer may comprise discrete components, analog ICs, digital ICs, and/or any other suitable components. The mixer preferably functions to combine two or more electrical input signals into one or more composite outputs, where each output includes some characteristics of at least two input signals.

[0042] The RF filter is preferably a bandpass filter centered around a tunable radio frequency. Additionally or alternatively, the RF filter may be a bandpass filter centered around a set radio frequency, or any other suitable type of filter. The RF filter is preferably a passive filter, but may additionally or alternatively be an active filter. The RF filter is preferably implemented with analog circuit components, but may additionally or alternatively be digitally implemented.

[0043] The second transmitter 125 functions to retransmit signals received by the second receiver 115. The second transmitter 125 preferably converts digital transmit signals into analog transmit signals, but may additionally or alternatively receive and retransmit analog signals from the second receiver 115, thus avoiding digital-to-analog conversion. The transmit signals are preferably formed by processing receive signals (which may include analog-to-digital conversion or frequency shifting, for example) by the second receiver 115, but the transmit signals may additionally or alternatively be any signal intended for transmission by the relay 100. The second transmitter 125 preferably transmits signals over a first communications link to a first communications system; these signals are preferably retransmitted signals from a second communication system sent to the relay 100 over a second communications link, but may additionally or alternatively be any suitable signals.

[0044] The second transmitter 125 preferably includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 126 and a frequency upconverter 127, as shown in FIGURE 4. The second transmitter 125 is preferably substantially similar to the first transmitter 120, but may additionally or alternatively be any suitable transmitter.

[0045] The self-interference canceller 130 functions to reduce self-interference in the relay 100 by canceling self-interference components present in receive signals of the relay 100. The self-interference canceller 130 preferably includes one or more analog self-interference cancellers 131; the self-interference canceller 130 may additionally or alternatively include a digital self-interference canceller 132, as shown in FIGURE 5.

[0046] Analog self-interference cancellers 131 preferably reduce self-interference by sampling an analog transmit signal and generating an analog self-interference cancellation signal based on the input analog transmit signal. The analog self- interference cancellation signal is preferably combined with an analog receive signal before the analog receive signal is received by a receiver (e.g., no or 115), but may additionally or alternatively be combined with the receive signal at any suitable location or time.

[0047] Analog self-interference cancellers 131 preferably generate self- interference cancellation signals for a given analog receive signal from a corresponding direction analog transmit signal as shown in FIGURE 5 (e.g., the self-interference cancellation signal combined with a re-transmitted uplink signal is preferably generated from the received uplink signal). Additionally or alternatively, analog self-interference cancellers 131 may generate self-interference cancellation signals for a given analog receive signal from any other analog transmit signal.

[0048] For example, in situations where the relay 100 relays bi-directional communication (e.g., uplink/downlink) on well-separated frequencies, self-interference in the downlink receiver occurring from the uplink transmitter may be negligible (or vice versa); however, in situations where the uplink and downlink frequencies are closer, self- interference may occur across channels. In these situations it might be desirable to have hetero-channel as well as homo-channel self-interference cancellation, as shown in FIGURE 6.

[0049] The analog self-interference canceller 131 is preferably implemented as an analog circuit that transforms an analog transmit signal into an analog self-interference cancellation signal by combining a set of filtered, scaled, and/or delayed versions of the analog transmit signal, but may additionally or alternatively be implemented as any suitable circuit. For instance, the analog self-interference canceller 131 may perform a transformation involving only a single version or copy of the analog transmit signal. The transformed signal (i.e. the analog self-interference cancellation signal) preferably represents at least a part of the self-interference component received at a coupling point of the relay 100 to a communications link (e.g. a receive antenna).

[0050] The analog self-interference canceller 131 is preferably adaptable to changing self-interference parameters in addition to changes in the analog transmit signal; for example, transmitter temperature, ambient temperature, antenna configuration, humidity, and transmitter power. Adaptation of the analog self- interference canceller 131 is preferably performed by a control circuit or other control mechanism included in the canceller 131, but may additionally or alternatively be performed by any suitable controller. [0051] The analog self-interference canceller 131 is preferably coupled to signal paths by short section directional transmission line couplers, but may additionally or alternatively be coupled by any power dividers, power combiners, directional couplers, or other types of signal splitters suitable for coupling signal paths of the relay 100 to the analog self-interference canceller 131.

[0052] The digital self-interference canceller 132 functions to reduce self- interference in the relay 100 by canceling self-interference components present in digital receive signals. The digital self-interference canceller 132 preferably performs both linear and non-linear digital self-interference cancellation, but alternatively may only perform one of the two.

[0053] The digital self-interference canceller 132 preferably reduces digital self- interference by sampling one or more digital transmit signals and generating one or more digital self-interference cancellation signals based on input sampled digital transmit signals (and a transform configuration). Digital self-interference cancellation signals may be combined with corresponding receive signals at any time or location. The digital self-interference canceller 132 preferably removes self-interference signal components not removed by analog self-interference cancellers 131.

[0054] The digital self-interference canceller 132 preferably samples digital transmit signals of the relay 100 (additionally or alternatively, the canceller 132 may sample analog transmit signals or any other suitable transmit signals) and transforms the digital transmit signals to digital self-interference cancellation signals based on one or more digital transform configurations. The digital transform configuration preferably includes settings that dictate how the digital self-interference canceller 132 transforms a digital transmit signal to a digital self-interference cancellation signal (e.g. coefficients of a generalized memory polynomial used to transform the transmit signal to a self- interference signal).

[0055] The digital self-interference canceller 132 preferably generates self- interference cancellation signals for a given digital receive signal from a corresponding direction digital transmit signal as shown in FIGURE 7A (e.g., the self-interference cancellation signal combined with a re-transmitted uplink signal is preferably generated from the received uplink signal). Additionally or alternatively, the digital self- interference canceller 132 may generate self-interference cancellation signals for a given digital receive signal from any other transmit signal or combination of transmit signals (including analog transmit signals converted using ADCs). [0056] For example, in situations where the relay too relays bi-directional communication (e.g., uplink/downlink) on well-separated frequencies, self-interference in the downlink receiver occurring from the uplink transmitter may be negligible (or vice versa); however, in situations where the uplink and downlink frequencies are closer, self- interference may occur across channels. In these situations it might be desirable to have hetero-channel as well as homo-channel self-interference cancellation, as shown in FIGURE 7B.

[0057] Each self-interference cancellation signal generated by the digital self- interference canceller 132 is preferably associated with a configuration transform (e.g., ti, t2, t3, and t4 of FIGURES 7A and 7B); additionally or alternatively, configuration transforms may be associated with digital self-interference cancellation signals in any suitable manner.

[0058] In the above description of the preferred embodiments, it is mentioned that the relay 100 may form transmit signals by processing receive signals (e.g., by phase shifting, amplifying, attenuating, frequency shifting, etc.). In a variation of a preferred embodiment, processing may be performed by relay bases 140 positioned between transmitters and receivers, as shown in FIGURE 8. A relay base 140 may be a layer 1 (Li) relay, a layer 2 (L2) relay, a layer 3 (L3) relay, or any other suitable relay. Relay bases 140 preferably function to prepare signals for retransmission; for example, a relay base 140 may reorganize information before retransmitting to increase transmission efficiency. As another example, a relay base 140 may delay a signal before retransmission to time it with a particular transmission window.

[0059] While the examples above are directed to single-in/single-out (SISO) relays, it is understood that the relay 100 may also be used for multiple-in/multiple-out (MIMO) communications, as shown in FIGURE 9. MIMO technology may offer increased data throughput and link range without the need for additional bandwidth or increased transmitter power.

[0060] The example relay 100 as shown in FIGURE 9 represents a 2x2 MIMO system, but it is understood that the relay 100 may additionally or alternatively utilize any suitable number of transmit and receive signals. Each signal path may have separate antennas; alternatively, signal paths may share antennas via a duplexer or other coupler. In one example, each signal path of a 2x2 MIMO relay has four antennas: a TXi antenna, a TX2 antenna, an RXi antenna, and an RX2 antenna, as shown in FIGURE 10A. In another example, each signal path of a 2x2 MIMO system has two antennas: a TX1/RX1 antenna (coupled to both TXi and RXi signal paths via a circulator) and a TX2/RX2 antenna (coupled to both TX2 and RX2 signal paths via a circulator), as shown in FIGURE 10B. In a third example, each signal path of a 2x2 MIMO system is again associated with four antennas, but the relay 100 has only four antennas total; a duplexer is used to couple each antenna to both a TX and an RX signal (where the TX and RX signals are from different signal paths), as shown in FIGURE 10C.

[0061] As shown in FIGURES 10A and 10B, the first and second transmitters 120 and 125 are preferably implementations having multiple inputs and outputs. In particular, each transmitter preferably includes a DAC and frequency upconverter for each transmit signal path; additionally or alternatively, transmit signal paths may share DACs and/or frequency upconverters. Additionally or alternatively, each transmitter may be any suitable MIMO transmitter; for example, transmitters may include MIMO signal splitting or processing circuitry (which may be used to process a single digital signal into multiple MIMO analog signals).

[0062] The first and second receivers 110 and 115 are preferably implementations having multiple inputs and outputs. In particular, each receiver preferably includes an ADC and frequency downconverter for each receive signal path; additionally or alternatively, receive signal paths may share ADCs and/or frequency downconverters. Additionally or alternatively, receivers may be any suitable MIMO receiver; for example, receivers may include MIMO signal splitting or processing circuitry (which may be used to process multiple MIMO analog signals into a single digital signal).

[0063] In an embodiment of the relay 100 designed for MIMO operating environments (i.e., multiple transmit and/or receive signals), the relay 100 preferably includes analog self-interference cancellers 131 for each pair of receive /transmit signals, as shown in FIGURE 9. In MIMO operating environments, self-interference may occur across communications streams in addition to in them; for example, a TXi signal may cause interference in both of RXi and RX2 signals. As a result, the relay 100 may additionally or alternatively include analog self-interference cancellers 131 for self- interference cancellation across communications streams, as shown in FIGURE 11. Cross-stream cancellation may additionally or alternatively be combined with cross- directional cancellation (which is as shown in FIGURE 6).

[0064] In an embodiment of the relay 100 designed for MIMO operating environments (i.e., multiple transmit and/or receive signals), the digital self-interference canceller 132 may perform digital self-interference cancellation on each MIMO digital receive signal, but may additionally or alternatively perform digital self-interference cancellation on a combined digital receive signal (resulting from the combination of MIMO digital receive signals). If the digital self-interference canceller 132 performs self- interference cancellation for multiple MIMO digital receive signals, cancellation may be performed for each TX/RX pairing, similarly to those described in the section on the analog self-interference canceller 131.

[0065] As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detailed description and from the figures and claims, modifications and changes can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of this invention defined in the following claims.