CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent

Application No. 62/365,258, filed July 21, 2016, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

[0002] This application is directed to catheter pumps for mechanical circulatory support of a heart.

Description of the Related Art

[0003] Heart disease is a major health problem that has high mortality rate. Physicians increasingly use mechanical circulatory support systems for treating heart failure. The treatment of acute heart failure requires a device that can provide support to the patient quickly. Physicians desire treatment options that can be deployed quickly and minimally-invasively.

[0004] Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) systems and ventricular assist devices (VADs) have gained greater acceptance for the treatment of acute heart failure such as acute myocardial infarction (MI) or to support a patient during high risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). An example of an MCS system is a rotary blood pump placed percutaneously, e.g., via a catheter.

[0005] In a conventional approach, a blood pump is inserted into the body and connected to the cardiovascular system, for example, to the left ventricle and the ascending aorta to assist the pumping function of the heart. Other known applications include placing the pump in the descending aorta, a peripheral artery, and the like. Typically, acute circulatory support devices are used to reduce the afterload on the heart muscle and provide blood flow for a period of time to stabilize the patient prior to heart transplant or for continuing support. [0006] There is a need for improved mechanical circulatory support devices for treating acute heart failure. There is a need for minimally-invasive devices designed to provide near full heart flow rate .

[0007] There is a need for a blood pump with improved performance and clinical outcomes. There is a need for a pump that can provide elevated flow rates with reduced risk of hemolysis and thrombosis. There is a need for a pump that can be inserted minimally-invasively and provide sufficient flow rates for various indications while reducing the risk of major adverse events.

[0008] In one aspect, there is a need for a blood pump that can be placed minimally-invasively, for example, through an 18FR, 14FR, or 8FR incision. In one aspect, there is a need for a heart pump that can provide an average flow rate of 4 Lpm or more during operation, for example, at 62 mmHg of aortic pressure.

[0009] While the flow rate of a rotary blood pump can be increased by rotating the impeller faster, higher rotational speeds are known to increase the risk of hemolysis, which can lead to adverse outcomes and in some cases death. Higher speeds also lead to performance and patient comfort challenges. Many percutaneous ventricular assist devices (VADs) have driveshafts between the motor and impeller rotating at high speeds. Some percutaneous VADs are designed to rotate at speeds of more than 15,000 RPM, and in some cases more than 25,000 RPM in operation. The vibration, noise, and heat from the motor and driveshaft can cause discomfort to the patient, especially when positioned inside the body. Accordingly, there is a need for a device that improves performance and patient comfort with a high speed motor.

[00010] There is a need for a motor configured to drive an operative device, e.g. , an impeller, atherectomy device, or other rotating feature.

[00011] There is a need for an improved motor with sealing between each end. There is a need for a motor capable of rotating at relatively high speeds and providing sealing between a wet side and an electrical side.

[00012] These and other problems are overcome by the inventions described herein. SUMMARY

[00013] There is a need for a pumping device that can be inserted percutaneously and also provide full cardiac rate flows of the left, right, or both the left and right sides of the heart when called for.

[00014] In one embodiment, a catheter pump system is disclosed. The catheter pump system can include a shaft assembly and a working element coupled with a distal portion of the shaft assembly. The catheter pump assembly can include a motor assembly, the motor assembly comprising a chamber and a shaft-driving portion disposed in the chamber, the shaft-driving portion configured to impart rotation to the working element through the shaft assembly, the chamber filled with a gas that at least partially surrounds the shaft-driving portion. A fluid pathway can convey fluid proximally during operation of the catheter pump system. A bypass pathway can be in fluid communication with the fluid pathway, the bypass pathway configured to direct at least a portion of the fluid to bypass the chamber.

[00015] In some embodiments, the working element can comprise an impeller. The motor assembly can further comprise a stator and the shaft-driving portion can comprise a rotor, the stator disposed outside the chamber at least partially about the rotor. The bypass pathway can direct all or substantially all the fluid to bypass the chamber. A gas inlet can supply the gas to the chamber. The chamber cam comprise a gas outlet through which the gas can exit the chamber. In some embodiments, the gas comprises air. The fluid pathway can comprise a lumen of the shaft assembly, the lumen extending through the chamber such that at least a portion of the fluid passes through the lumen within the chamber. In some embodiments, a first pressure of the gas in the chamber is greater than a second pressure of the conveyed fluid. One or more pumps can be in fluid communication with the fluid pathway and a controller can control operation of the one or more pumps, the controller configured to apply a suction force to remove the fluid and/or the gas from the catheter pump system. The shaft assembly can comprise an output shaft coupled with the motor assembly and a drive shaft coupled with the impeller, a distal portion of the output shaft coupled with a proximal portion of the drive shaft. A catheter assembly can be disposed between the motor assembly and the impeller, the catheter assembly defining at least a portion of the fluid pathway. The catheter pump system can include a cannula in which the working element is disposed, the cannula and impeller expandable from a stored configuration to a deployed configuration.

[00016] In one embodiment, a method of operating a pump is disclosed, the pump comprising an impeller and a motor assembly coupled with the impeller. The method can include rotating a shaft assembly with a shaft-driving portion of the motor assembly to impart rotation to the impeller, the shaft-driving portion of the motor assembly disposed in a chamber, the chamber filled with a gas that at least partially surrounds the shaft-driving portion. The method can include directing fluid into the pump, at least a portion of the fluid flowing proximally along a fluid pathway between the impeller and the motor assembly. The method can include directing at least a portion of the fluid to bypass the chamber.

[00017] In some embodiments, the method can include directing at least some of the fluid through a lumen extending through an output shaft portion of the shaft assembly, the output shaft portion passing through the chamber. The method can include inserting a guidewire through the lumen, and advancing the pump over the guidewire to a target site in a patient. The method can include expanding the impeller from a stored configuration to a deployed configuration.

[00018] In one embodiment, a catheter pump system is disclosed. The catheter pump system can include an impeller and a catheter body having a lumen in which fluid flows proximally therethrough during operation of the catheter pump. The catheter pump system can include a drive shaft disposed inside the catheter body and coupled with the impeller at a distal portion of the drive shaft, the drive shaft configured such that rotation of the drive shaft causes the impeller to rotate. The catheter pump system can include a motor assembly. The motor assembly can include a chamber, at least a portion of the chamber in fluid communication with the lumen of the catheter body. The motor assembly can also include a rotor disposed in the at least a portion of the chamber, the rotor mechanically coupled with a proximal portion of the drive shaft such that rotation of the rotor causes the drive shaft to rotate. The motor assembly can include a stator assembly disposed about the rotor and configured to cause the rotor to rotate. No cooling fins extend outside an exterior surface of the motor assembly. [00019] In another embodiment, a catheter pump system is disclosed. The catheter pump system can include an impeller and a catheter body having a lumen therethrough, the impeller mechanically coupled with a distal portion of the catheter body. The catheter pump system can include a guidewire guide tube disposed through the lumen from a proximal portion of the catheter pump to a distal portion of the catheter pump, the guidewire guide tube configured to receive a guidewire therein. The catheter pump system can include an end cap secured to a proximal end portion of the guide tube, the end cap configured such that axial movement of the end cap relative to the catheter body causes the guidewire guide tube to be removed from the catheter pump. The catheter pump system can include a resealable closure device disposed at a proximal portion of the catheter pump, the closure device configured such that when the guidewire guide tube is removed from the catheter pump, the closure device encloses the proximal portion of the catheter pump system.

[00020] In another embodiment, a catheter pump system is disclosed. The catheter pump system can include a pump including an impeller for pumping blood. The catheter pump system can include a motor assembly for imparting rotation on the impeller through a drive shaft. The motor assembly can comprise a stator carrying electrical windings and a rotor disposed in at least a portion of the stator, the rotor mechanically coupled with a proximal portion of the drive shaft. The catheter pump system can include a fluid supply system for delivering fluid to the pump during operation of the pump and returning at least some of the supplied fluid to a waste reservoir. The fluid supply system can comprise a fluid channel extending within the stator and a fluid pathway which passes outside the stator. During operation of the pump, at least a first portion of the returning fluid can pass through the fluid channel and at least a second portion of the returning fluid can pass through the fluid pathway.

[00021] In another embodiment, a method of operating a pump is disclosed. The pump can comprise a motor which includes a stator assembly having windings and a rotor positioned within the stator assembly. The method can include rotating the rotor by selectively energizing the windings. The method can include cooling the motor by flowing a first fluid portion between the stator assembly and the rotor and by flowing a second fluid portion outside the stator. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[00022] A more complete appreciation of the subject matter of this application and the various advantages thereof can be realized by reference to the following detailed description, in which reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which:

[00023] Figure 1 A illustrates one embodiment of a catheter pump system with an impeller assembly configured for percutaneous application and operation.

[00024] Figure IB is a schematic view of one embodiment of a catheter pump system adapted to be used in the manner illustrated in Figure 1 A.

[00025] Figure 1C is a schematic view of another embodiment of a catheter pump system.

[00026] Figure 2 is a side plan view of a motor assembly of the catheter pump system shown in Figure IB, according to various embodiments.

[00027] Figure 3 is a perspective exploded view of the motor assembly shown in Figure 2.

[00028] Figure 4A is a side cross-sectional view of the motor assembly shown in Figures 2-3.

[00029] Figure 4B is a side cross-sectional view of a motor assembly, according to another embodiment.

[00030] Figure 5 is a schematic perspective view of an interface between a distal chamber and a rotor chamber of a flow diverter of the motor assembly, with a stator assembly thereof hidden for ease of illustration.

[00031] Figure 6A is a schematic perspective view of an interface between an output shaft of the motor assembly and a drive shaft of the catheter pump system.

[00032] Figure 6B is a cross-sectional perspective view, taken through the longitudinal axis of the catheter, showing the interface shown in Figure 6A. [00033] Figure 7 is an image of a cap and a female receiver, with the guide tube not shown.

[00034] Figure 8 is a schematic side sectional view of a motor assembly, according to another embodiment.

[00035] Figure 9 is a schematic side sectional view of a motor assembly, according to another embodiment.

[00036] More detailed descriptions of various embodiments of components for heart pumps useful to treat patients experiencing cardiac stress, including acute heart failure, are set forth below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[00037] This application is generally directed to apparatuses for inducing motion of a fluid relative to the apparatus. Exemplars of circulatory support systems for treating heart failure, and in particular emergent and/or acute heart failure, are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,625,712; 4,686,982; 4,747,406; 4,895,557; 4,944,722; 6,176,848; 6,926,662; 7,022,100; 7,393,181 ; 7,841,976; 8,157,719; 8,489,190; 8,597,170; 8,721,517 and U.S. Pub. Nos. 2012/0178986 and 2014/0010686, the entire contents of which patents and publications are incorporated by reference for all purposes. In addition, this application incorporates by reference in its entirety and for all purposes the subject matter disclosed in each of the following applications and the provisional applications to which they claim priority: Application No. 15/003,576, entitled "REDUCED ROTATIONAL MASS MOTOR ASSEMBLY FOR CATHETER PUMP," filed on January 21, 2016, and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/106,670; Application No.

15/003,682, entitled "MOTOR ASSEMBLY WITH HEAT EXCHANGER FOR

CATHETER PUMP," filed on January 21, 2016, and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/106,675; and Application No. 15/003,696, entitled

"ATTACHMENT MECHANISMS FOR MOTOR OF CATHETER PUMP," filed on January 21, 2016, and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.

62/106,673.

[00038] In one example, a working element (e.g., an impeller) can be coupled at a distal portion of the apparatus. In some embodiments, the motor is a brushless DC (BLDC) motor. In some embodiments, the motor is a micro BLDC motor. Some embodiments generally relate to various configurations for a motor assembly adapted to drive an impeller at a distal end of a catheter pump, e.g., a percutaneous heart pump. The motor described herein may be used for other applications including catheter-based devices like an atherectomy device. In such applications, the disclosed motor assembly is disposed outside the patient in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the disclosed motor assembly and/or features of the motor are miniaturized and sized to be inserted within the body, e.g., within the vasculature.

[00039] Figures 1 A-1B show aspects of an exemplary catheter pump 100A that can provide relatively high blood flow rates (i.e. full or near full blood flow). As shown in Figure IB, the pump 100A includes a motor assembly 1 driven by a console 122, which can include an electronic controller and various fluid handling systems. The console 122 directs the operation of the motor 1 and an infusion system that supplies a flow of fluid in the pump 100A. Additional details regarding the exemplary console 122 may be understood from U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2014/0275725, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes.

[00040] The pump 100A includes a catheter assembly 101 that can be coupled with the motor assembly 1 and can house a working element, such as an impeller in an impeller assembly 116A within a distal portion of the catheter assembly 101 of the pump 100A. In various embodiments, the impeller is rotated remotely by the motor 1 when the pump 100A is operating. For example, the motor 1 can be disposed outside the patient. In some embodiments, the motor 1 is separate from the console 122, e.g., to be placed closer to the patient. In the exemplary system the pump is placed in the patient in a sterile environment and the console is outside the sterile environment. In one embodiment, the motor is disposed on the sterile side of the system. In other embodiments, the motor 1 is part of the console 122. [00041] In still other embodiments, the motor 1 is miniaturized to be insertable into the patient. For example, Figure 1C is a schematic view of another embodiment of a catheter pump system. Figure 1C is similar to Figure IB, except the motor 1 is miniaturized for insertion into the body. As shown in Figure 1C, for example, the motor 1 can be disposed proximal the impeller assembly 116A. The motor 1 can be generally similar to the motor assembly shown in Figure 2, except the motor 1 is sized and shaped to be inserted into the patient's vasculature. One or more electrical lines may extend from the motor to the console outside the patient. The electrical lines can send signals for controlling the operation of the motor. Such embodiments allow a drive shaft coupled with the impeller and disposed within the catheter assembly 101 to be much shorter, e.g., shorter than the distance from the aortic valve to the aortic arch (about 5 cm or less). Various embodiments of the motor assembly 1 are disclosed herein, including embodiments having a rotor disposed within a stator assembly. In various embodiments, waste fluid can pass through a housing in which the rotor is disposed to help cool the motor assembly 1. In some embodiments, the housing in which the motor 1 of Figure 1C is disposed can be sealed from fluids (e.g. , blood and/or saline) so as to isolate the electrical lines from the fluids. For example, as disclosed in the embodiments of Figures 8-9, the housing in which the motor 1 is disposed may be filled with a gas, which can impede or prevent the flow of liquids into the housing.

[00042] Figure 1 A illustrates one use of the catheter pump 100A. A distal portion of the pump 100A including a catheter assembly including the impeller assembly 116A is placed in the left ventricle (LV) of the heart to pump blood from the LV into the aorta. The pump 100A can be used in this way to treat a wide range of heart failure patient populations including, but not limited to, cardiogenic shock (such as acute myocardial infarction, acute decompensated heart failure, or postcardiotomy), myocarditis, and others. The pump can also be used for various other indications including to support a patient during a cardiac invention such as a high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or ablation. One convenient manner of placement of the distal portion of the pump 100A in the heart is by percutaneous access and delivery using a modified Seldinger technique or other methods familiar to cardiologists. These approaches enable the pump 100A to be used in emergency medicine, a catheter lab and in other medical settings. Modifications can also enable the pump 100A to support the right side of the heart. Example modifications that could be used for right side support include providing delivery features and/or shaping a distal portion that is to be placed through at least one heart valve from the venous side, such as is discussed in US 6,544,216; US 7,070,555; and US 2012- 0203056A1, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes.

[00043] The impeller assembly 116A (e.g., the impeller and cannula) can be expandable and collapsible. In the collapsed state, the distal end of the catheter pump 100A can be advanced to the heart, for example, through an artery. In the expanded state the impeller assembly 116A is able to pump blood at relatively high flow rates. In particular, the expandable cannula and impeller configuration allows for decoupling of the insertion size and flow rate, in other words, it allows for higher flow rates than would be possible through a lumen limited to the insertion size with all other things being equal. In Figures 1A and IB, the impeller assembly 116A is illustrated in the expanded state. The collapsed state can be provided by advancing a distal end 170A of an elongate body 174A distally over the impeller assembly 116A to cause the impeller assembly 116A to collapse. This provides an outer profile throughout the catheter assembly and catheter pump 100A that is of small diameter during insertion, for example, to a catheter size of about 12.5 FR in various arrangements. In other embodiments, the impeller assembly 116A is not expandable.

[00044] The mechanical components rotatably supporting the impeller within the impeller assembly 116A permit relatively high rotational speeds while controlling heat and particle generation that can come with high speeds. The infusion system delivers a cooling and lubricating solution to the distal portion of the catheter pump 100A for these purposes. The space for delivery of this fluid is extremely limited. Some of the space is also used for return of the fluid as waste fluid. Providing secure connection and reliable routing of fluid into and out of the catheter pump 100 A is critical and challenging in view of the small profile of the catheter assembly 101.

[00045] When activated, the catheter pump 100A can effectively support, restore and/or increase the flow of blood out of the heart and through the patient's vascular system. In various embodiments disclosed herein, the pump 100A can be configured to produce a maximum flow rate (e.g. zero mm Hg backpressure) of greater than 4 Lpm, greater than 4.5 Lpm, greater than 5 Lpm, greater than 5.5 Lpm, greater than 6 Lpm, greater than 6.5 Lpm, greater than 7 Lpm, greater than 7.5 Lpm, greater than 8 Lpm, greater than 9 Lpm, or greater than 10 Lpm. In various embodiments, the pump 100 A can be configured to produce an average flow rate at 62 mmHg of greater than 2 Lpm, greater than 2.5 Lpm, greater than 3 Lpm, greater than 3.5 Lpm, greater than 4 Lpm, greater than 4.25 Lpm, greater than 4.5 Lpm, greater than 5 Lpm, greater than 5.5 Lpm, greater than 6 Lpm, greater than 6.5 Lpm, greater than 7 Lpm, greater than 8 Lpm, or greater than 9 Lpm.

[00046] Various aspects of the pump and associated components can be combined with or substituted for those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,393,181 ; 8,376,707; 7,841,976; 7,022,100; and 7,998,054, and in U.S. Pub. Nos. 2011/0004046; 2012/0178986; 2012/0172655; 2012/0178985; and 2012/0004495, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein for all purposes by reference. In addition, various aspects of the pump and system can be combined with those disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2013/0303970, entitled "DISTAL BEARING SUPPORT," filed on March 13, 2013; U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2014/0275725, entitled "FLUID HANDLING SYSTEM," filed on March 11, 2014; U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2013/0303969, entitled "SHEATH SYSTEM FOR CATHETER PUMP," filed on March 13, 2013; U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2013/0303830, entitled "IMPELLER FOR CATHETER PUMP," filed on March 13, 2013; U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2014/0012065, entitled "CATHETER PUMP," filed on March 13, 2013; and U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2014/0010686, entitled "MOTOR ASSEMBLY FOR CATHETER PUMP," filed on March 13, 2013, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein for all purposes by reference.

[00047] Moving from a distal end 1450 of the catheter assembly 101 of the catheter pump 100A of Figure IB to a proximal end 1455, a priming apparatus 1400 can be disposed over the impeller assembly 116A. As explained above, the impeller assembly 116A can include an expandable cannula or housing and an impeller with one or more blades. As the impeller rotates, blood can be pumped proximally (or distally in some implementations) to function as a cardiac assist device.

[00048] In various embodiments, the pump is configured to be primed with fluid. Turning to Figure IB, a priming apparatus 1400 can be disposed over the impeller assembly 116A near the distal end portion 170A of the elongate body 174 A. The priming apparatus 1400 can be used in connection with a procedure to expel air from the impeller assembly 116A, e.g. , any air that is trapped within the housing or that remains within the elongate body 174A near the distal end 170A. For example, the priming procedure may be performed before the pump is inserted into the patient's vascular system, so that air bubbles are not allowed to enter and/or injure the patient. The priming apparatus 1400 can include a primer housing 1401 configured to be disposed around both the elongate body 174A and the impeller assembly 116A. A sealing cap 1406 can be applied to the proximal end 1402 of the primer housing 1401 to substantially seal the priming apparatus 1400 for priming, i.e., so that air does not proximally enter the elongate body 174A and also so that priming fluid does not flow out of the proximal end of the housing 1401. The sealing cap 1406 can couple to the primer housing 1401 in any way known to a skilled artisan. In some embodiments, the sealing cap 1406 is threaded onto the primer housing by way of a threaded connector 1405 located at the proximal end 1402 of the primer housing 1401. The sealing cap 1406 can include a sealing recess disposed at the distal end of the sealing cap 1406. The sealing recess can be configured to allow the elongate body 174A to pass through the sealing cap 1406.

[00049] The priming operation can proceed by introducing fluid into the sealed priming apparatus 1400 to expel air from the impeller assembly 116A and the elongate body 174A. Fluid can be introduced into the priming apparatus 1400 in a variety of ways. For example, fluid can be introduced distally through the elongate body 174A into the priming apparatus 1400. In other embodiments, an inlet, such as a luer, can optionally be formed on a side of the primer housing 1401 to allow for introduction of fluid into the priming apparatus 1400. A gas permeable membrane can be disposed on a distal end 1404 of the primer housing 1401. The gas permeable membrane can permit air to escape from the primer housing 1401 during priming.

[00050] The priming apparatus 1400 also can advantageously be configured to collapse an expandable portion of the catheter pump 100 A. The primer housing 1401 can include a funnel 1415 where the inner diameter of the housing decreases from distal to proximal. The funnel may be gently curved such that relative proximal movement of the impeller housing causes the impeller housing to be collapsed by the funnel 1415. During or after the impeller housing has been fully collapsed, the distal end 170A of the elongate body 174A can be moved distally relative to the collapsed housing. After the impeller housing is fully collapsed and retracted into the elongate body 174A of the sheath assembly, the catheter pump 100A can be removed from the priming apparatusl400 before a percutaneous heart procedure is performed, e.g. , before the pump 100A is activated to pump blood. The embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented such that the total time for infusing the system is minimized or reduced. For example, in some

implementations, the time to fully infuse the system can be about six minutes or less. In other implementations, the time to infuse can be about three minutes or less. In yet other implementations, the total time to infuse the system can be about 45 seconds or less. It should be appreciated that lower times to infuse can be advantageous for use with cardiovascular patients. Although the described pump is primed with fluid, one will appreciate from the description herein that the priming may be optional. For example, the pump can be prepared such that all air is removed before it is packaged. In another example, air is removed by placing the pump under vacuum.

[00051] With continued reference to Figure IB, the elongate body 174A extends from the impeller assembly 116A in a proximal direction to an fluid supply device 195. The fluid supply device 195 is configured to allow for fluid to enter the catheter assembly 101 of the catheter pump 100A and/or for waste fluid to leave the catheter assembly 101 of the catheter pump 100 A. A catheter body 120A (which also passes through the elongate body 174A) can extend proximally and couple to the motor assembly 1. As discussed in more detail herein, the motor assembly 1 can provide torque to a drive shaft that extends from the motor assembly 1 through the catheter body 120A to couple to an impeller shaft at or proximal to the impeller assembly 116A. The catheter body 120A can pass within the elongate body 174A such that the external elongate body 174 A can axially translate relative to the internal catheter body 120 A.

[00052] Further, as shown in Figure IB, a fluid supply line 6 can fluidly couple with the console 122 to supply saline or other fluid to the catheter pump 100A. The saline or other fluid can pass through an internal lumen of the internal catheter body 120A and can provide lubrication to the impeller assembly 116A and/or chemicals to the patient. The supplied fluid (e.g., saline, dextrose, glucose solution, or infusate) can be supplied to the patient by way of the catheter body 120A at any suitable flow rate. For example, in various embodiments, the fluid is supplied to the patient at a flow rate in a range of 15 mL/hr to 50 mL/hr, or more particularly, in a range of 20 mL/hr to 40 mL/hr, or more particularly, in a range of 25 mL/hr to 35 mL/hr. One or more electrical conduits 124 can provide electrical communication between the console 122 and the motor assembly 1. A controller within the console 122 can control the operation of the motor assembly 1 during use.

[00053] Fluid (e.g. , saline) can be provided from outside the patient (e.g. , by way of one or more supply bags) to the pump through a supply lumen in the catheter body. The fluid can return to the motor assembly 1 by way of a lumen (e.g. , a central or interior lumen) of the catheter body. For example, as explained herein, the fluid can return to the motor assembly 1 through the same lumen in which the drive shaft is disposed. In addition, a waste line 7 can extend from the motor assembly 1 to a waste reservoir 126. Waste fluid from the catheter pump 100A can pass through the motor assembly 1 and out to the reservoir 126 by way of the waste line 7. In various embodiments, the waste fluid flows to the motor assembly 1 and the reservoir 126 at a flow rate which is lower than that at which the fluid is supplied to the patient. For example, some of the supplied fluid may flow out of the catheter body 120A and into the patient by way of one or more bearings. The waste fluid (e.g. , a portion of the fluid which passes proximally back through the motor from the patient) may flow through the motor assembly 1 at any suitable flow rate, e.g., at a flow rate in a range of 5 mL/hr to 20 mL/hr, or more particularly, in a range of 10 mL/hr to 15 mL/hr. Although described in terms of fluid and waste lines, one will appreciate that the pump and motor be configured to operate without fluid flushing. One purpose of the fluid supply is to cool the motor. In the case of a micromotor dimensioned and configured to be inserted percutaneously, there may not be a need for fluid cooling because the motor heat will be dissipated by the body.

[00054] Access can be provided to a proximal end of the catheter assembly 101 of the catheter pump 100A prior to or during use. In one configuration, the catheter assembly 101 is delivered over a guidewire 235. The guidewire 235 may be conveniently extended through the entire length of the catheter assembly 101 of the catheter pump 100A and out of a proximal end 1455 of the catheter assembly 101. In various embodiments, the connection between the motor assembly 1 and the catheter assembly 101 is configured to be permanent, such that the catheter pump, the motor housing and the motor are disposable components. However, in other implementations, the coupling between the motor housing and the catheter assembly 101 is disengageable, such that the motor and motor housing can be decoupled from the catheter assembly 101 after use. In such embodiments, the catheter assembly 101 distal of the motor can be disposable, and the motor and motor housing can be re-usable.

[00055] In addition, Figure IB illustrates the guidewire 235 extending from a proximal guidewire opening 237 in the motor assembly 1. Before inserting the catheter assembly 101 of the catheter pump 100A into a patient, a clinician may insert the guidewire 235 through the patient's vascular system to the heart to prepare a path for the impeller assembly 1 16A to the heart. In some embodiments, the catheter pump 100A can include a guidewire guide tube 20 (see Figure 3) passing through a central internal lumen of the catheter pump 100A from the proximal guidewire opening 237. The guidewire guide tube 20 can be pre-installed in the catheter pump 100A to provide the clinician with a preformed pathway along which to insert the guidewire 235.

[00056] In one approach, the guidewire 235 is placed into a peripheral blood vessel, and along the path between that blood vessel and the heart and into a heart chamber, e.g., into the left ventricle. Thereafter, a distal end opening of the catheter pump 100A and guidewire guide tube 20 can be advanced over the proximal end of the guidewire 235 to enable delivery to the catheter pump 100A. After the proximal end of the guidewire 235 is urged proximally within the catheter pump 100A and emerges from the guidewire opening 237 and/or guidewire guide tube 20, the catheter pump 100A can be advanced into the patient. In one method, the guidewire guide tube 20 is withdrawn proximally while holding the catheter pump 100 A.

[00057] Alternatively, the clinician can insert the guidewire 235 through the proximal guidewire opening 237 and urge the guidewire 235 along the guidewire guide tube. The clinician can continue urging the guidewire 235 through the patient's vascular system until the distal end of the guidewire 235 is positioned in the desired position, e.g., in a chamber of the patient's heart, a major blood vessel or other source of blood. As shown in Figure IB, a proximal end portion of the guidewire 235 can extend from the proximal guidewire opening 237. Once the distal end of the guidewire 235 is positioned in the heart, the clinician can maneuver the impeller assembly 1 16A over the guidewire 235 until the impeller assembly 116A reaches the distal end of the guidewire 235 in the heart, blood vessel or other source of blood. The clinician can remove the guidewire 235 and the guidewire guide tube. The guidewire guide tube can also be removed before or after the guidewire 235 is removed in some implementations. After removing at least the guidewire 235, the clinician can activate the motor 1 to rotate the impeller and begin operation of the pump 100 A.

[00058] In yet another embodiment, catheter pump 100A is configured to be inserted using a modified Seldinger technique. The pump may be configured with a lumen therethrough for receiving a guidewire. Unlike the embodiment described above, however, the guidewire is threaded through the pump without a guidewire guide tube. One will appreciate from the description herein that other configurations may be employed for loading the pump onto a guidewire and/or moving the pump to the target location in the body. Examples of similar techniques are described in U. S. Pat. No. 7,022, 100 and U. S. Pub. No. 2005/01 13631, the entire contents of which patent and publication are incorporated herein for all purposes.

[00059] Figures 2 and 3 further illustrate aspects of embodiments of the motor assembly 1 shown in Figure IB. The motor assembly 1 can include a stator assembly 2 (Figs. 2-3) and a rotor 15 disposed radially within the stator assembly 2 (Fig. 3). The motor assembly 1 also includes a flow diverter 3, which can be configured as a manifold for directing fluid through one or more passages in the catheter pump 100 A. In some cases, the flow diverter 3 is at least partially disposed radially between the stator assembly 2 and the rotor 15 (Figs. 2-3). The flow diverter 3 can be fluidly sealed about the rotor 15 and a proximal portion 56 of the catheter body 120 A. The seal prevents leakage and also can prevent the fluid from contacting the stator assembly 2. The flow diverter 3 can include a distal chamber 5 within which the proximal portion 56 of the catheter body 120 A is disposed and a rotor chamber 4 within which the rotor 15 is disposed. The distal chamber 5 is fluidly connected with the catheter. The rotor chamber 4 is fluidly connected with the waste line 7. The flow diverter 3 can also have a proximal chamber 10 in some embodiments. Where provided, the distal chamber 5, rotor chamber 4, and proximal chamber 10 can be in fluid communication within the flow diverter 3. One or more flanges 11 A, 1 IB can mechanically couple the flow diverter 3 to an external housing (not shown). The flanges 11 A, 1 IB are examples of mount structures that can be provided, which can include in various embodiments dampers to isolate the motor assembly 1 from external shock or vibration. In some embodiments, mount structures can include dampers configured to isolate an outer housing or the environment external to the motor assembly 1 from shock or vibration generated by the motor assembly 1. Further, an optional pressure sensor assembly 12 is configured to measure the pressure at a distal portion of the catheter pump 100A by, for example, measuring the pressure of a column of fluid that extends distally through a lumen of the catheter body 120A. In addition, the guidewire guide tube 20 can extend proximally through the motor assembly 1 and can terminate at a tube end cap 8. As explained above, the guidewire 235 can be inserted within the guide tube 20 for guiding the catheter pump 100 A to the heart.

[00060] In various embodiments, the rotor 15 and stator assembly 2 are configured as or are components of a frameless-style motor for driving the impeller assembly 116A at the distal end of the pump 100A. For example, the stator assembly 2 can comprise a stator and a plurality of conductive windings producing a controlled magnetic field. The windings can be wrapped about or in a stationary portion 65 of the stator assembly 2. The rotor 15 can comprise a magnetic material, e.g., can include one or more permanent magnets. In some embodiments, the rotor 15 can comprise a multi-pole magnet, e.g. , a four-pole or six-pole magnet. Providing changing electrical currents through the windings of the stator assembly 2 can create magnetic fields that interact with the rotor 15 to cause the rotor 15 to rotate. This is commonly referred to as commutation. The console 122 can provide electrical power (e.g. , 24V) to the stator assembly 2 to drive the motor assembly 1. One or more leads 9 can electrically communicate with the stator assembly 2, e.g. , with one or more Hall sensors used to detect the speed and/or position of the motor. In other embodiments, other sensors (e.g. , optical sensors) can be used to measure motor speed. The rotor 15 can be secured to an output shaft 13 (which can comprise a hollow shaft with a central lumen) such that rotation of the rotor 15 causes the output shaft 13 to rotate. In various embodiments, the motor assembly 1 can comprise a direct current (DC) brushless motor. In other embodiments, other types of motors can be used, such as AC motors, gearhead motor, etc. As shown in Figure 3, first and second journal bearings 18 A, 18B can be provided about the output shaft 13 to radially and/or longitudinally center the output shaft 13 and thereby the rotor 15 relative to the stator assembly 2.

[00061] Figure 4A shows that the output shaft 13 (which is secured to the rotor 15) can be mechanically coupled with the proximal end portion of a drive shaft 16. The drive shaft 16 extends distally through an internal lumen of the catheter body 120A. A distal end portion of the drive shaft 16 is mechanically connected with the impeller. Thus, rotation of the rotor 15 causes the output shaft 13 to rotate, which, in turn, causes the drive shaft 16 and the impeller to rotate. Figure 4A also shows that a lumen 55 can extend through the output shaft 13 and the rotor 15. In certain embodiments, the lumen 55 is coupled with a lumen of the catheter body 120A such that the guidewire guide tube 20 can extend through the lumen 55 within the rotor 15 and into the lumen of the catheter body 120A. In addition, the drive shaft 16 comprises a braided shaft having an internal lumen. The braided drive shaft 16 or cable can be permeable to liquid such that supply fluid or waste fluid can flow from outside the drive shaft 16 to within the internal lumen of the drive shaft 16 (and vice versa).

[00062] Figure 4A shows the tube end cap 8 welded or otherwise secured to a proximal end portion of the guide tube 20. The cap 8 can be removably engaged (e.g. , screwed or otherwise removably locked) over a female receiver 71 that is secured in a proximal end of the proximal chamber 10. For example, the proximal end of the female receiver 71 can be disposed in a counterbore of the cap 8, while the guide tube 20 extends through the central opening of the cap 8. In a locked configuration, one or more tabs of the receiver 71 can be rotated such that the tab(s) slide under a corresponding tab in the counterbore of the cap 8. In an unlocked configuration, the tab(s) of the receiver 71 can be rotated relative to the tabs of the cap 8. Figure 7 shows one embodiment of the cap 8 and of the female receiver 71 that can be coupled with the guide tube 20 (not shown). In the illustrated embodiment, the cap 8 can be fixed to the guide tube 20; in other embodiments, the receiver 71 can be fixed to the guide tube 20. Engaging the cap 8 to the receiver 71 can advantageously prevent the guide tube 20 from accidentally being removed from or slid within the catheter pump 100A, e.g. , if the patient or clinician impacts the cap 8. To remove the guide tube 20 (e.g., after delivery of the impeller assembly 116A to the heart), the clinician can disengage the cap 8 from the receiver 71 and can pull the guide tube 20 from the catheter pump 100 A, for example, by pulling proximally on the end cap 8. A resealable septum 72 (e.g. , a resealable closure member) can be provided at the proximal end of the flow diverter 3, e.g., near the distal end of the cap 8 when the cap 8 is in place. When the guidewire guide tube 20 is removed from the pump 100 A, the septum 72 will naturally reseal the pathway proximally from the motor assembly 1 such that fluid does not exit the assembly 1. An advantage of the assembly described herein is that the cap 8 is locked and will not be dislodged without rotating and unlocking cap 8 from receiver 71. Otherwise, the cap 8 can slide axially if it is inadvertently bumped by the patient or clinician. This potentially results in the guide tube 20 being pulled out from the distal-most end of the impeller assembly 116A, and because the guide tube cannot be re-inserted, the clinician either has to use the catheter pump 100A without a guide or get a new pump.

[00063] With continued reference to Figure 4A, it can be important to ensure that the motor assembly 1 is adequately cooled. In various embodiments, it can be important to provide a heat removal system to limit buildup of heat in the motor assembly 1 during operation. For example, it can be important to maintain external surfaces of the motor assembly 1 at a temperature less than about 40°C if the motor assembly 1 is positioned near the patient. For example, an external surface of an external housing of the motor assembly 1 may be kept at or below this temperature. In some respects, regulatory guidelines can require that no part in contact with skin exceed 40°C. To that end, various strategies for heat management are employed by the inventions described herein. It should be appreciated that, as used herein, cooling refers to transferring away or dissipating heat, and in certain respects, cooling is used interchangeably with removing heat. In some embodiments, however, the fluids passing through or around the motor assembly 1 may not be utilized for cooling purposes.

[00064] Various components of the motor assembly 1 generate heat. For example, moving parts within the motor assembly 1 (e.g., the rotating output shaft 13 and/or drive shaft 16) can generate heat by virtue of losses through friction, vibrations, and the like, which may increase the overall temperature of the motor assembly 1. Further, heat can be generated by the electrical current flowing through the stator assembly 2 and/or by induction heating caused by conductive components inside a rotating magnetic field. Furthermore, friction between the bearings 18 A, 18B and the output shaft 13 and/or friction between the drive shaft 16 and the inner wall of catheter body 120 A may also generate undesirable heat in the motor assembly. Inadequate cooling can result in temperature increases of the motor assembly 1, which can present patient discomfort, health risks, or performance losses. This can lead to undesirable usage limitations and engineering complexity, for example, by requiring mitigation for differential heat expansion of adjacent components of different materials. Accordingly, various embodiments disclosed herein can advantageously transfer away generated heat and cool the motor assembly 1 such that the operating temperature of the assembly 1 is sufficiently low to avoid such complexities of use or operation and/or other components of the system. For example, various heat transfer components can be used to move heat away from thermal generation sources and away from the patient. Various aspects of the illustrated device herein are designed to reduce the risk of hot spots, reduce the risk of heat spikes, and/or improve heat dissipation to the environment and away from the patient.

[00065] In some embodiments, the catheter pump makes use of the fluid supply system already embedded in the pump to cool the motor assembly 1 and housing. In some embodiments, heat absorbing capacity of fluid flowing through the flow diverter 3 is used to cool the motor assembly 1. As shown in Figure 4A, the supply line 6 can supply fluid 35 from a source (e.g. , a fluid bag) to an outer lumen 57 of the catheter body 120A. The supplied fluid 35 can travel distally toward the impeller assembly 1 16A to lubricate rotating components in the catheter assembly 101 and/or supply fluid to the patient. A seal 19 (e.g. , an o-ring) can be provided between the rotor chamber 4 and the distal chamber 5 to prevent backflow of the fluid 35 into the rotor chamber 4. In this context, backflow is flow of fluid 35 proximally into the distal chamber 5 rather than distally within the lumen 57. Such flow is to be prevented to ensure that the fluid 35 is initially exposed to moving parts in a distal portion of the catheter assembly 101 to lubricate and cool such distal components.

[00066] Fluid from the catheter pump 100A can flow proximally through an inner lumen 58 of the catheter body 120A. For example, after initially cooling distal components some or all of the supplied fluid 35 can flow within the drive shaft 16 and/or around the periphery of the drive shaft 16. After initially cooling distal components some or all of the supplied fluid 35 can flow in a space disposed radially between the drive shaft 16 and the catheter body 120 A. The proximally-fl owing fluid can flow along a flow pathway which removes heat from the motor assembly 1. As shown in Figure 4A, the proximally-fl owing fluid (or other cooling fluid) can flow into the rotor chamber 4 of the flow diverter 3. A first portion 17A of the waste fluid can pass proximally through the motor assembly 1 about a periphery of the rotor 15, e.g. , in a gap between the rotor 15 and a wall of the flow diverter 3. In some embodiments, a second portion 17B of the waste fluid can pass proximally through the motor assembly 1 through the lumen 55 of the output shaft 13. The fluid portions 17 A, 17B can pass from the rotor chamber 4 into the proximal chamber 10 of the flow diverter 3, where the fluid 17A, 17B can flow out to a reservoir (not shown) by way of line 7.

[00067] The embodiment of Figure 4A can advantageously convey heat from the heat generating components (e.g. , rotor 15 and stator assembly 2) into the fluid 35 or other cooling fluid and to the reservoir 126 by way of the waste line 7. For example, the first portion 17A of the fluid that passes about the periphery of the rotor 15 can direct heat radially outward from the rotor 15 and other components of the flow diverter 3. The first portion 17A of the fluid that passes about the periphery of the rotor 15 can direct heat inward from the stator assembly 2 and other components outside the flow diverter 3. The second portion 17B of the waste fluid can draw heat radially inward, e.g., radially inward from the rotor 15 and other components of the flow diverter 3. As the heat from the motor assembly 1 is conveyed away by way of the fluid to the reservoir 126, the temperature of the motor housing can be reduced or maintained at a suitable operational temperature for the medical staff, the patient and/or for the catheter pump system. A gap between the stator assembly and the external motor housing (e.g., the outer shell or housing surrounding the motor assembly) comprises air (which has the added benefit of being readily available and a good insulator) or inert gas. Thus, the heat from the stator assembly 2 is naturally transferred to the waste line rather than dissipating out the sides of the housing of the motor assembly 1. [00068] Figure 4B is a side cross-sectional view of a motor assembly 1, according to another embodiment. Unless otherwise noted, components numbered similar to those in Figure 4A represent the same or similar components and functionalities. For example, as with the embodiment of Figure 4A, in the embodiment of Figure 4A, a first portion 17A of the fluid can pass proximally through the motor assembly 1 about a periphery of the rotor 15, e.g. , in a gap between the rotor 15 and a wall of the flow diverter 3. In some embodiments, a second portion 17B of the fluid can pass proximally through the motor assembly 1 through the lumen 55 of the output shaft 13. The fluid portions 17A, 17B can pass from the rotor chamber 4 into the proximal chamber 10 of the flow diverter 3, where the fluid 17A, 17B can flow out to a reservoir (not shown) by way of line 7. Thus, the fluid portions 17 A, 17B can flow along a first fluid pathway or channel within the flow diverter 3 which is disposed inside the stator 2.

[00069] Unlike the embodiment of Figure 4A, however, in the embodiment of Figure 4B, a third portion 17C of the fluid can be shunted around the rotor 15 and stator assembly 2 along a second fluid pathway or channel. For example, as shown in Figure 4B, the third portion 17C of the proximally-fl owing fluid can be withdrawn from the inner lumen 58 of the catheter body 120 A by way of a suitable conduit and fluid connector. The third fluid portion 17C can bypass the motor assembly 1. The fluid can then be conveyed to the waste reservoir by a suitable waste line, which may be the same as or different from the waste line 7. The third portion 17C of the proximally-flowing fluid can be more than, less than, or about the same in volume as the combined volume of the first and second fluid portions 17A, 17B. In other embodiments, rather than being conveyed directly to a waste line, the third portion 17C can be transported by a conduit to a heat exchanger to further cool the motor assembly 1. For example, the third fluid portion 17C can be conveyed to coiled tubing or a tubular sleeve disposed about the stator assembly 2, as shown in various embodiments of the following concurrently filed application: Application No. 15/003,682, entitled "MOTOR ASSEMBLY WITH HEAT EXCHANGER FOR CATHETER PUMP," and which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes.

[00070] The embodiment of Figure 4B may be desirable in arrangements in which the first and second fluid portions 17A, 17B become too hot and/or otherwise ineffective at cooling the motor assembly 1. For example, in some arrangements, the motor assembly 1 may heat the first and second fluid portions 17A, 17B passing inside the flow diverter 3 to such a degree that the temperatures of the fluid portions 17 A, 17B and/or the motor assembly 1 rise to unacceptable levels. In such a situation, it may be desirable to shunt some, most, or all of the proximally-flowing fluid around the motor assembly 1 along the second fluid pathway. For example, in some embodiments, the first and second fluid portions 17 A, 17B may pass through the flow diverter 3 along the first fluid pathway at a flow rate less than that provided in the embodiment of Figure 4A. In the embodiment of Figure 4A, the fluid may flow back proximally through the flow diverter at rate such that the combined flow rate of the first and second portions 17 A, 17B is in a range of 5 mL/hr to 20 mL/hr, or more particularly, in a range of 10 mL/hr to 15 mL/hr.

[00071] In the embodiment of Figure 4B, however, some, most, or all of the proximally-flowing fluid is diverted around the flow diverter 3 and other components of the motor along the second fluid pathway as the third fluid portion 17C. The amount of the fluid portion 17C diverted around the motor assembly 1 can be any suitable amount so as to maintain an adequate external temperature of the motor assembly 1. For example, in one embodiment, the third fluid portion 17C represents a relatively small volume of fluid diverted from the inner lumen 58. In one embodiment, the third fluid portion 17C flows around the motor assembly 1 at a flow rate in a range of 1 mL/hr to 30 mL/hr. In one embodiment, the third fluid portion 17C flows around the motor assembly 1 at a flow rate in a range of 1 mL/hr to 5 mL/hr, or in a range of 1 mL/hr to 3 mL/hr. In one embodiment, the third fluid portion 17C flows around the motor assembly 1 at a flow rate in a range of 10 mL/hr to 50 mL/hr. In another embodiment, the third fluid portion 17C represents a majority of the fluid diverted from the inner lumen 58. For example, in such an embodiment, the third fluid portion 17C may have a flow rate in a range of 5.5 mL/hr to 12 mL/hr, in a range of 5.5 mL/hr to 10 mL/hr, in a range of 5.5 mL/hr to 8 mL/hr, in a range of 5.5 mL/hr to 7 mL/hr, in a range of 10 mL/hr to 14 mL/hr, or in a range of 8 mL/hr to 12 mL/hr. Advantageously, diverting some of the proximally-flowing fluid around the motor assembly 1 can improve the transfer of heat away from the motor assembly 1, for example, in situations in which the first and second fluid portions 17 A, 17B become too hot. [00072] Moreover, in some embodiments, the console 122 can be configured to change the amount of the third fluid portion 17C flowing along the second fluid pathway before and/or during a treatment procedure to adjust the volume of fluid that is diverted from the inner lumen 58 around the motor assembly 1. For example, the console 122 can send instructions to a pump (such as a peristaltic pump) to adjust the flow rate of fluid shunted or bypassed around the motor assembly 1. In various respects, the terms "shunted" and "bypassed" are used interchangeably herein. In some embodiments, for example, a majority of the fluid is shunted around the motor assembly, but at least a portion of the fluid passes within the motor assembly for cooling purposes and/or for cleaning the motor. As explained above, in some embodiments, the console 122 can comprise processing electronics programmed to automatically control the amount of fluid that is shunted around the motor and/or the amount that passes within the motor assembly. In other embodiments, the clinician can engage a valve or other mechanical device to control the relative amount of fluid that bypasses the motor assembly. In still other embodiments, the amount of bypassed fluid can be controlled in a self-adjusted or balancing manner. In some embodiments, a common pump is applied to all three fluid portions 17A-17C. In other embodiments, one pump is applied to draw the first and second fluid portions 17 A, 17B, and a separate pump is applied to draw the third fluid portion 17C.

[00073] In still other embodiments, all or substantially all the fluid flowing proximally through the inner lumen 58 is shunted around the motor assembly 1 along the second fluid pathway. The shunted third fluid portion 17C can be diverted to a waste reservoir and/or to a heat exchanger disposed about the stator assembly 2, as explained above. In such embodiments, all (100%) or substantially all (i.e. , between 90% and 100%) of the proximally-flowing fluid does not flow within the motor assembly 1 (e.g. , within the flow diverter 3), but is instead diverted around the motor assembly 1. Thus, in some embodiments, there may be no proximally-flowing fluid portions 17 A, 17B within the flow diverter 3. In such arrangements, the motor assembly 1 may be adequately cooled without the fluid portions 17 A, 17B flowing proximally through the flow diverter 3. The fluid flowing proximally through the inner lumen 58 may also provide sufficient pressure so as to prevent air or other gases from passing distally through the catheter body 120A to the patient. [00074] Advantageously, the embodiments disclosed in Figures 1A-4B can adequately remove heat from the motor assembly 1 without requiring the use of external cooling fins exposed to the outside environs. That is, the thermal performance of the heat removal systems disclosed in Figures 2-4B can adequately reduce the temperature of the outer surface of the motor housing without using cooling fins exposed outside of the motor housing (e.g. , outside of an exterior surface of the motor assembly 1) to the ambient environment. Rather, the heat removal systems may be disposed entirely within the motor housing, e.g. , within the housing which encloses the rotor and stator. For example, in some embodiments, the systems disclosed in Figures 1 A-4B can ensure that the temperature of the exterior surface of the motor assembly 1 is not more than about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the systems disclosed in Figures 1 A-4B can ensure that the temperature of the exterior surface of the motor assembly 1 is in a range of 15 °C to 42 °C, or more particularly in a range of 20 °C to 42 °C, in a range of 20 °C to 40 °C, in a range of 20 °C to 35 °C, or in a range of 20 °C to 30 °C, without requiring the use of external cooling fins exposed outside the motor housing.

[00075] Still other thermal management techniques may be suitable in combination with the embodiments disclosed herein. For example, U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2014/0031606 and 2011/0295345, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes, describe structures and materials which may be incorporated in place of or in addition to the devices described above to dissipate heat effectively, as will be understood by one of skill from the description herein. For example, in

embodiments in which the motor is miniaturized so as to be disposed within the patient's body, all or substantially all the fluid may bypass or shunt around the motor. In such embodiments, the miniaturized motor may be sufficiently cooled by the flow of blood passing around the motor and/or motor housing.

[00076] Figure 5 is a schematic perspective view of an interface between the distal chamber 5 and the rotor chamber 4 of the flow diverter 3, with the stator assembly 2 hidden for ease of illustration. Figure 5 shows the output shaft 13 coupled with a proximal portion of the drive shaft 16 through an aperture in the flange 1 IB. The journal bearings 18A (Figs. 3 and 5) and 18B (Fig. 3) can be provided on opposite axial sides of the rotor 15 to help maintain the rotor 15 in radial alignment with the rotor chamber 4 and/or in axial alignment with the stator assembly 2. Improving radial alignment of the rotor 15 and output shaft 13 relative to the rotor chamber 4 can reduce or eliminate eccentricity during rotation, which can reduce vibrations. Improving axial alignment relative to the stator assembly 2 can advantageously improve the efficiency of the motor assembly 1 by ensuring that the windings of the stator assembly 2 are adequately aligned with the rotor 15. In various embodiments, the j ournal bearings 18A, 18B can be rotationally decoupled with the output shaft 13 such that the output shaft 13 can rotate relative to the bearings 18 A, 18B. In some embodiments, the journal bearings 18A, 18B can be fixed inside the rotor chamber 4. Moreover, one or more passages 59 can be provided through or across the bearings 18A, 18B so that cooling fluid can pass axially through the bearings 18A, 18B. For example, as shown in Figure 5, the passages 59 are defined at least in part by a cross-shaped structure of the bearings 18 A, 18B, but other variations for the passages 59 may be suitable. For example, the bearings 18A, 18B can form radially-extending arms with one or more gaps disposed between the arms. Such gaps can be enclosed peripherally by a housing enclosing the stator assembly 2. In other embodiments, one or more openings can be provided through the bearings 18A, 18B to define the passages.

[00077] Figures 6A and 6B show one embodiment of an interface 22 between the output shaft 13 and the drive shaft 16. The interface 22 can comprise a connection between a distal portion of the output shaft 13 and a proximal portion of the drive shaft 16. The distal portion of the output shaft 13 can comprise a radially-inward taper and one or more holes 61 formed through the output shaft 13. The proximal portion of the drive shaft 16 can be inserted within the lumen 55 of the output shaft 13 such that the lumen 55 and the inner lumen 58 of the catheter body 120A form a continuous passage. This passage can be used to advance the guidewire guide tube 20, sensors, and other instruments, or to provide fluid communication for cooling fluid or medications. Cooling fluid can flow proximally from the inner lumen 58 of the catheter body 120A and the first portion 17A of the fluid can pass outwardly about the periphery of the rotor 15. In some embodiments, the second portion 17B of the fluid can pass through the lumen 55 of the output shaft 13. A sleeve 21 can be disposed about the proximal portion of the catheter body 120A, and the seal 19 can be provided about the sleeve 21 to seal the distal chamber 5 from the rotor chamber 4. [00078] In the illustrated embodiments, the output shaft 13 is permanently coupled with, e.g., laser welded to the drive shaft 16. For example, a welding machine can access the interface 22 by way of the holes 61 formed in the output shaft 13 to weld the output shaft 13 to the drive shaft 16. In other embodiments, the output shaft 13 can be secured to the drive shaft 16 in other ways, e.g. , by friction or interference fit, by adhesives, by mechanical fasteners, etc.

[00079] In some embodiments, it can be desirable to provide a gas (such as air, helium, etc.) within the rotor chamber 4 of the motor assembly. Figure 8 is a schematic side sectional view of a motor assembly 1, according to another embodiment. Unless otherwise noted, reference numerals in Figure 8 represent components that are the same as or similar to like-numbered components in Figures 1 A-7. For example, the motor assembly 1 can comprise a rotor chamber 4 and a rotor 15 disposed in the rotor chamber 4. A stator assembly 2 can be disposed outside the rotor chamber 4 and can at least partially surround the rotor chamber 4 and the rotor 15. As explained above, the stator assembly 2 can comprise a stator and a plurality of conductive windings producing a controlled magnetic field. The windings can be wrapped about or in a stationary portion of the stator assembly 2. The rotor 15 can comprise a magnetic material, e.g., can include one or more permanent magnets. In some embodiments, the rotor 15 can comprise a multi-pole magnet, e.g., a four-pole or six-pole magnet. Providing changing electrical currents through the windings of the stator assembly 2 can create magnetic fields that interact with the rotor 15 to cause the rotor 15 to rotate. This is commonly referred to as commutation. The console 122 (which may include a controller or control system having one or more processors) can provide electrical power (e.g. , 24V) to the stator assembly 2 to drive the motor assembly 1.

[00080] The rotor 15 can mechanically connect with (e.g. , be fitted with) a shaft assembly 302 that extends from the motor assembly 1 to the impeller. Rotation of the shaft assembly 302 can cause the impeller to rotate during operation of the catheter pump system. As explained above, in some embodiments, the shaft assembly 302 can comprise a motor output shaft (such as the output shaft 13 illustrated above) connected with a drive shaft (such as the drive shaft 16 illustrated above). Rotation of the rotor 15 can cause the output shaft and drive shaft to rotate, which in turn imparts rotation to the impeller. Thus, in some embodiments, the rotor 15 can define a shaft-driving portion disposed in the rotor chamber 4, and the stator assembly 2 can define an actuation portion disposed about the rotor chamber 4 which causes rotation of the shaft-driving portion. In other embodiments, the shaft-driving portion can comprise an electrical, direct current (DC) motor. In still other embodiments, the shaft-driving portion can comprise a driven magnet in the chamber that is magnetically coupled with a drive magnet disposed about the chamber, which may be similar to the motor assembly described throughout US 2014/0275725, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. In other embodiments, the shaft assembly 302 may comprise a continuous shaft extending from the motor to the impeller. In various embodiments, as described herein, a lumen 55 can be disposed within the shaft assembly 302. In other embodiments, the portion of the shaft assembly 302 disposed within the motor assembly 1 or chamber 4 may be solid without an internal lumen.

[00081] In some embodiments, it may be undesirable to provide a liquid (e.g. , saline) within the rotor chamber 4. For example, in some arrangements, liquid within the rotor chamber 4 may become overheated which can in turn cause the motor assembly 1 to reach high temperatures. In the embodiment shown in Figure 8, therefore, the rotor chamber 4 may be filled with a gas 325 that at least partially surrounds the rotor 15 and the portion of the shaft assembly 302 within the chamber 4. The gas 325 can comprise any suitable gas, such as air, helium, nitrogen, etc. The gas 325 may advantageously store less thermal energy than a liquid, reducing the overall temperature of the motor assembly 1.

[00082] Moreover, as explained above, a fluid pathway within the catheter body 120A may convey fluids (such as saline) proximally from the patient. A first pathway 40 A of proximally-flowing fluid may pass within the inner lumen 55 of the shaft assembly 302 in some embodiments. In other embodiments, however, no fluid may flow through the lumen 55, or the portion of the shaft assembly 302 within the motor assembly 1 may be solid (i.e., not hollow). In some embodiments, the fluid in the first pathway 40A may be confined within the lumen 55. In other embodiments, some fluid in the first pathway 40A may pass through the shaft assembly 302 and enter the chamber 4, for example, if the portion of the shaft assembly 302 within the motor assembly 1 is porous.

[00083] In addition, as shown in Figure 8, a second bypass pathway 40B comprising a conduit 321 can be provided to shunt or bypass at least a second portion of the proximally-flowing around the motor assembly 1. The second bypass pathway 40B can direct all or substantially all the fluid to bypass the chamber 4. The second bypass pathway 40B can be in fluid communication with one or more pumps operating under the control of a control system comprising one or more processors. In some embodiments, the one or more pumps and/or the control system can be configured to draw all or substantially all the fluid along the second pathway 40B so as to prevent the fluid from passing proximally into the chamber 4. In some embodiments, for example, a majority of the fluid is shunted around the motor assembly, but at least a small portion of the fluid passes within the motor assembly for cooling purposes and/or for cleaning the motor. As explained above, in some embodiments, the console 122 can comprise processing electronics programmed to automatically control the amount of fluid that is shunted around the motor and/or the amount that passes within the motor assembly. In other embodiments, the clinician can engage a valve or other mechanical device to control the relative amount of fluid that bypasses the motor assembly. In still other embodiments, the amount of bypassed fluid can be controlled in a self-adjusted or balancing manner.

[00084] In some embodiments, the gas 325 may help seal the chamber 4, e.g., to impede or prevent proximally-flowing fluid (e.g., liquids such as saline) from entering the rotor chamber 4. For example, in some embodiments, the gas 325 may be provided within the chamber 4 at a pressure sufficiently high so as to prevent the proximally-flowing fluid from entering the chamber 4. Thus, in some embodiments, the pressure of the gas 325 in the chamber 4 may be higher than the pressure of the proximally-flowing fluid so as to assist in sealing the chamber 4 from liquids. It should further be appreciated that it can be important to prevent gases such as air from entering the patient's bloodstream.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the chamber 4 or the catheter body 120A may include an outlet port or vent through which the gas 325 can escape the catheter assembly before passing distally to the patient. As an example, the outlet port or vent can comprise a bleed valve that can be adjustable to balance the blood pressure of the particular patient. For example, in some embodiments, the gas 325 may be drawn through the conduit 321 shown in Figure 8, or through another conduit (not illustrated).

[00085] In some arrangements, the pressure of the gas 325 within the chamber 4 may be less than the blood pressure of the patient. The relative pressure differential can help to prevent the gas 325 from moving retrograde and entering the patient's bloodstream. The relative pressures in the system can be advantageously selected to provide a kind of sealing between regions of the pump system. For example, in some embodiments, the blood pressure of the patient may be greater than the pressure of the gas 325, which in turn may be greater than the pressure of the proximally-flowing fluid that flows along the pathways 40A and/or 40B. In some embodiments, the pressure of the gas 325 in the chamber may be 10% more, 20% more, 50% more, or 100% more than the pressure of the proximally-flowing fluid. For example, in some embodiments, the pressure of the gas 325 can be greater than the pressure of the proximally-flowing fluid by an amount in a range of 5% to 100%, in a range of 5% to 50%, in a range of 10% to 50%, in a range of 10% to 40%, or in a range of 20% to 50%. In some embodiments, the pressure of the gas 325 in the chamber can be substantially greater than the pressure of the proximally-flowing fluid, such that the pressure of the gas 325 is sufficient to impede or limit the flow from entering the chamber.

[00086] In some embodiments, the pressure of the gas 325 in the chamber can be in a range of 0.5 psi to 30 psi, for example, in a range of 1 psi to 20 psi, or more particularly, in a range of 1 psi to 10 psi. In the embodiment of Figure 8, the chamber 4 may be pre-filled with the gas 325.

[00087] Figure 9 is a schematic side sectional view of a motor assembly 1, according to another embodiment. Unless otherwise noted, reference numerals in Figure 9 represent components that are the same as or similar to like-numbered components in Figure 8. Unlike the embodiment of Figure 8, however, an inlet line 320 can supply the gas 325 to the chamber. The inlet line 320 can be in fluid communication with one or more pumps to controllably and selectively supply the gas 325 to the chamber 4. The gas 325 can be supplied at the pressures noted above, e.g. , at pressures greater than that of the proximally-flowing fluid. As with Figure 8, an outlet or vent may also be provided to provide an exit pathway for the gas 325 to leave the catheter system.

[00088] Although the embodiments disclosed herein have been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present inventions. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications can be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements can be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present inventions as defined by the appended claims. Thus, it is intended that the present application cover the modifications and variations of these embodiments and their equivalents.