[0001 ] This application is a non-provisional of and claims the benefit of U.S, Provisional Patent Applications Serial Nets. 61/907,069, 61/907,078, 61/907,090, 61/907, 114, 61/907, 133, 61/907, 150, 61/907, 168, 61/907, 188 and 61/907,210 tiled on November 21 , 2013, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Conventional systems, such as the global positioning service (GPS) and global navigation satellite service (GLO ASS) can determine the geographic location of a device thai is compatabie with one of these systems. These conventional systems are complex, such as GPS systems, which require satellites. GPS receivers require a view of a sufficient number of the GPS satellites to keep the horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) to a modestly low value. There are numerous instances for which these complex systems may fail to provide the desired geoiocaiion services. Particularly, in urban areas, a GPS receiver may not be capable of receiving signals from GPS satellites due to one or more dielectric canyons formed by streets and or the structural shielding of large metallic members.

[0003] In view of the above discussion, there remains a need in the art for geographic location systems that provide a cost-effective service within urban and other similarly shaded areas that can function properly where GPS and other systems are hampered because of the urban nature of the surroundings.

SUMMARY

[0004] Embodiments of the present specification relate generally to geoiocaiion sendees, and more particularly to a system and method for determining a geographic location of a device. Existing infrastructure used to determine geographic locations typically employs devices using modern communication techniques and electronics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS

[0005] FIG. 1 illustrates the segmentation of a lighting fixture according to one embodiment. [0006] FIG. 2 illustrates a vehicle interrogating a iuminaire associate according to one embodiment.

[0007] FIG. 3 illustrates a vehicle interrogating a plurality of i minaire associates according to one embodiment.

[0008] FIG. 4 is a graph of millimeter wave atmospheric attenuation.

[0009] FIG. 5 is a portion of the graph of Fig. 4.

[0010] FIG. 6A is an illustration of the power speciral density (psd) of the transmitted interrogation signal across the spectral region from 57 - 64 GHz according to one embodiment, [001 1 ] FIG. 6B is an illustration of the psd for the interrogation signal of FIG. 6A after traveling a short distance according to one embodiment.

[0012] FIG. 6C is an illustration of the psd for the interrogation signal of FIG. 6A after traveling a significantly longer distance than illustrated in FIG. 6B according to one

embodiment.

[0013] FIG. 6D illustrates the psd for a received interrogation signal according to one embodiment

[0014] FIG. 6E illustrates an estimation of the psd in FIG. 6D according to one embodiment,

[0015] FIG. 6F illustrates another estimation of the psd in FIG. 6D according to one embodiment.

[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates the power spectral density of a DS spread spectrum signal according to one embodiment.

[0017] FIG. 7 illustrates an extended Iuminaire associate response message according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] Various embodiments described herein address the needs of the prior art by providing exemplary systems and methods for geographical location of devices using street lighting systems. The street Sighting system provides geographic location services for devices relative to the position of individual street lights. [0019] Street lighting and other infrastructure services and devices are made more intelligent through instantiation of modem communication techniques and electronics. One such role is to provide an urban location service for vehicles and pedestrians.

[0020] A streetlight platform may be useful for an urban locating system, As depicted in

Fig. 1 , a smart street light 100 comprises a iuminaire 1 10 mounted on top of luminaire associate 120 both of which are supported by pole 130. The luminaire associate 120 comprises the electronic components and circuitry used in the operation and control of the smart street light 100. The luminaire associate 120 also contains a communication system capable of transmitting and receiving radio frequency signals within a 57-64 GHz spectrum and computational elements including a processing device. Additionally, the iuminaire associate provides mechanical couplings associated with the mounting and control of the iuminaire i 10. The luminaire associate 120 is mounted atop a pole 130. The pole 130 also provides a conduit for the po verline 140 serving the luminaire associate 120 and the Iummaire 1 lO.The luminaire associate 120 may perform one or more functions including providing power to the lamp, assessing the lamp's function, and connecting to a centralized streetlight control system. The lamp associate 120 may also provide an urban location service by providing a transponder service.

[0021] FIG. 2 is an illustration of a transponder service that may be performed by the exemplary embodiments described herein. The transponding sequence 200 begins by a communications system within vehicle 210 causing the transmission of an interrogation signal 230 through an antenna mounted on vehicle 210. The interrogation signal 230 is received by a luminaire associate 220. A transponder contained within iuminaire associate 220 transponds with a response 240 that is received by the antenna and communications system on vehicle 210.

[0022] The response 240 from a particular luminaire associate 220 may contain data that uniquely identifies the luminaire associate 220 issuing the response 240, Upon receiving a response 240 uniquely identifying the particular iuminaire associate 220, the vehicle 210 may have knowledge of the location of the uniquely identified luminaire associate 220. In accordance with varying embodiment, the communications system within the vehicle 210 may have immediate knowledge of location of the iummaire associate 220 by storing locations or through calculations. Other embodiments may provide for the communications system within vehicle 210 to acquire the locations of the luminaire associate through communications capability for quick access to, the geographical coordinates of the responding luminaire associate 220, [0023] FIG. 3 is an illustration of a plurality of luminaire associates 3101 - 310„ in the vicinity of vehicle 210. In an embodiment, the communications system within vehicle 210 may send interrogation signals 230 as it traverses the area occupied by the plurality of luminaire associates 3 101 - 310„. There will be a time delay between initiation of the interrogation signal 230 and a receipt of any potential response 240 from the plurality of luminaire associates 310 : - 3 i 0 _:: . These time delays can be measured and compared with one another. The interrogator determines locations along urban streets by determining relative distances to the plurality of luminaire associates 3101 - 310„. A procedure for calculating position given a plurality of distances may be based on an algorithm presented in the "Global Positioning System. A Navigation Algorithm for the Low-Cost GPS Receiver, " vol. 1. Pages 166-1 72, The Institute of Navigation, 1980, by S. Noe, R , A. Myers, and T. . Wis.

[0024] The United States government has allocated a spectrum of 57-64 GHz for unlicensed operation. This provides a spectrum that is suitable for the creation of a system of transponders. This very large and contiguous portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has excellent attributes for a location system based on transponders contained within luminaire associates 220 that do not need to rely on a centralized control. Many of the benefits accrue from the frequency selective nature of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation that propagates through the atmosphere.

[0025] FIG. 4 is taken from figures in "Millimeter Wave Propagation: Spectrum

Management Implications ¹ ' published by the FCC as Bulletin Number 70, inly, 1997, The figure shows the remarkable frequency selective attenuation of electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere at and around various frequencies. Curve A is for sea level with temperature at 20°C, pressure at 760 nun, and water content at 7.5 gm/cubie meter (75% humidity); curve B is for an altitude of 4 kin above sea level with temperature at 0°C and water content at 1 gm cubic meter (relatively dry air). FIG, 5 is an extract of FIG 4 emphasizing a frequency range comprising the unlicensed spectrum of 57-64 GHz and showing the high attenuation that is frequency selective due primarily to oxygen. The relatively high attenuation with distance can operate to reduce interference from other sources and also limit the iinpact of another potentially interfering luminaire associate that may be iransponding.

[0026] Figures 6A-6C illustrate examples of frequency selective attenuation thai may be seen in transmissions detected by the embodiments discussed herein. FIG. 6A is an illustration of the shape of the power spectrai density (psd) 610 of an interrogation signal 230 (as seen in relation to FIG, 2) as transmitted. As seen in FIG. 6A, the psd 610 of the transmitted interrogation signal 230 is flat over the spectrai region from 57 - 64 GHz. FIG. 6B illustrates the psd 620 of the interrogation signal 230 as detected and received after traveling a short distance from the transmitter. The receiver may be coupled to computational devices and processing elements capable of measuring the psd 620 across the spectra! region from 57 - 64 GHz and finding thai the psd 620 for the detected interrogation signal 230 has frequency-dependent diminution that is more pronounced in the middle of the spectrai region from 57 - 64 GHz. This frequency-dependent diminution is due to the frequency selective atmospheric absorption as referenced in FIG. 5 and the discussion related thereto. FIG. 6C illustrates the psd 630 within another detected or received interrogation signal 230 after traveling a much greater distance than shown in FIG. 6B. A receiver can measure the psd 630 as previously discussed and determine the amount of frequency-dependent diminution that has occurred within the center frequency of the spectral region from 57 - 64 GHz is much more pronounced than is the case corresponding to FIG. 6B.

[0027] For the diagrams shown in Figures 6B and 6C, measurements may be performed by computational elements and processing devices coupled to the receiver of interrogation signals 230 to estimate the distance that interrogation signals 2,30 have traveled from the amount of the frequency-dependent diminution for the center frequencies within the 57 - 64 GHz spectral region.

[0028] It should be noted that the values of the psd on the ordinate axes do not have to be the same between Fig, A, FIG, B and FIG.C as long as the psd is represented using the same scale, e.g., logarithmic for dBs.

[0029] FIG. 6D illustrates a received interrogation signal 640 that has traveled a sufficient distance to cause frequency-dependent diminution of the psd as shown by the solid line depicting the received interrogation signal's psd 640. In order to estimate the distance D that the interrogation signal has traveled, a receiver may employ selective frequency absorptions, similar to those shown in the curves to FIG. 5. to estimate the distance D the interrogation signal wouid have to travel to cause the frequency-dependent diminuiion of the psd observed in FIG, 6D.

[0030] Referring to FIG. 6E, the detected/received psd 640 for interrogation signal 230 is shown as a solid line. Dotted line 650 represents a curve with an attenuation less than that shown by psd 640 illustrated by the the solid line. In an embodiment, dotted line 650 represents a curve from a set of selective frequency absorptions similar to those shown in the curves to FIG. 5. Dotted line 650 may be viewed as a distance Di that is less than the true distance D because the psd represented by dotted line 650 is above the observed psd 640 for detected/received interrogation signal 230.

[0031] Referring to FIG. 6F, the detected/received psd 640 for interrogation signal 230 is again shown as a solid line. Dotted line 660 represents a curve with an attenuation of the psd for the central frequencies that is greater than that shown interrogation signal 640. In an embodiment, dotted line 660 represents a curve from a set of selective frequency absorptions similar to those shown in the curves to FIG. 5. Dotted line 660 is beiow the detected/received psd 640 for interrogation signal 230 because more attenuation occurs over the longer distance D2 traveled by the signal that doited line 660 represents. The distance D2 is greater than the true distance D because the psd shown by dotted line 660 lies below the observed psd 640 shown by the solid line for the interrogation signal

[0032] In an embodiment, the distance D, between the transmitter and receiver, is that distance thai causes a transmitted signal with a flat psd between 57 - 64 GHz to be received as a signal with a psd that has been frequency selectively attenuated according to the frequency selective absorption characteristics of the atmosphere through which the signal propagated for a distance D.

[0033] An embodiment exploits the frequency dependent absorption behavior of the atmosphere on the 57-64 GHz unlicensed spectrum by providing an estimate of the distance that a transmitted signal has traveled to a receiver within this unlicensed spectrum. By having knowledge or obtaining the frequency dependent absorption values for the unlicensed spectrum within a geographic proximity to the operation of the geolocation system, this information maybe used to generate location estimates. The frequency dependent absorption values may be obtained through measurements made by a metroiogical sen/ice and electronically distributed to the components of the geolocation system. Another manner of the geolocation system to gain knowledge of this information is to enter estimates into the geolocation system that remain invariant. In many cases, this latter practice may introduce only minor and acceptable errors into the processing. The information related to frequency dependent absorption values may be used for processing performed by the geolocation system. [0034] in an embodiment, the geo!ocauon system has knowledge of the power spectral density of signals that are transmitted within the 57-64 GHz unlicensed spectrum, Once the signal is received it is measured to determine the power spectral density of the received signal. The frequency dependent absorption values, known to the geolocation system, are used to estimate the distance the received signal 1ms traveled. The estimate is made by using the frequency dependent absorption values to determine the distance the signal would have to travel to cause the transmitted power spectral density to have the shape of the power spectral density of the received signal.

[0035] The contiguous bandwidth available for communication in the unlicensed 57-64

GHz spectrum is 7 GHz wide and provides a significant amount of spectrum. There are numerous known modulation and communication protocol schemes that may be used for transmitting interrogation signals and transporting messages within a common F spectrum. As an example embodiment, and not by way of limitation, a simple bi-phase coded direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum system. The DS spread spectrum system uses a binary-valued sequence wherein each bit of the binary valued sequence is termed a chip, and each chip has a time duration, or chip width, of cw . An example of bi-phase coded DS spread spectrum system may be found within chapter 8. "Spread Spectrum Signals for Digital Communication," in Digital Communications by John G. Proakis, McGraw-Hill, 1983, for an overview of DS theory. A "chip" is a well known term within the art of DS systems.

[0036] In an embodiment, a DS transmitter employs binary phase shift keying (BPS ) combined with a binary-valued sequence. The binary valued sequence is a sequence in which a zero of the sequence causes no phase inversion of a sine wave and a one of the sequence causes a phase inversion, The phase shift keying is performed so that the boundaries of the binary- valued sequence are coincident with zero crossings of the sine wave.

[0037] FIG. 7 is an illustration of the power spectral density (PSD) 710 of the main lobe of the transmitted signal within an embodiment. As seen in FIG. 6, the PSD 710 is symmetric about the center frequency f _c , and spans the frequency range f _c — _c ^l _w to f _c + _w which comprises about 90% of the signal's power, in this embodiment, a chip rate of 3.5 gigachips per second with center frequency at 60.5 GHz is selected for the transmitted signal. These parameters spread the main lobe of the signal across the entire unlicensed band of 57-64 GHz. The spreading chips. a deterministic but pseudorandom sequence of binary values, will spread the signal energy approximately uniformly over the main lobe. Also, embodiments are possible that overlay two OS transmissions without creating significant interference in the demodulation of either provided the two spreading sequences used for the chips for each DS transmission are significantly decorrelated, where significant decollation means that under norma! operating conditions one DS transmission will not be mistaken for the other,

[0038] In an embodiment, vehicles may interrogate luminaire associates with an interrogation signal having is a sequence of binary values, such as an m-sequence period or extract from an m-sequence period. Such a sequence is taught in chapter 8, "Random and Pseudorandom Sequences," in Data Transportation and Protection by John £. Hershey and . . Rao Yarlagadda, Plenum Press, 1986, for an overview of ni-sequences. The m-sequence used in this embodiment is a unique interrogation sequence that is known and used by ail participating vehicles. It is also known by ail participating luminaire associates.

[0039] The luminaire associate responds with another unique sequence of binary values.

An example may be another m-sequence period, or extract from an m-sequence period, thai is significantly decorrelated with the vehicle interrogation sequence. The unique sequence is then combined with the BPSK signaling. The luminaire associate response signal will thus exhibit the same power spectral density as the vehicle interrogation signal. The unique luminaire associate response sequence is known and used by all participating luminaire associates. It is also known by all participating vehicles,

[0040] An embodiment for a protocol of determining vehicle distances with respect to a set of luminaire associates may have the communications system on a vehicle (equipped in a manner similar to the forgoing discussion) listening to ensure that no transmissions are in progress before initiating an interrogation signal. The vehicle then sends an interrogation signal 230 to the luminaire associates and waits for a response signal from one or more of the luminaire associates. Each luminaire associate thai successfully receives and demodulates the vehicle interrogation signal uses a filter matched to the interrogation signal. The luminaire associate may employ filters on the received interrogation signal using a plurality of bandpass filters. The plurality of bandpass filters are such thai they partition the spectrum of the interrogation signal. The luminaire associate may calculate a rough estimate of the distance to the interrogating vehicle by fitting the measured outputs of the plurality of bandpass filters to an atmospheric attenuation curve such as those displayed in FIG. 5.

[0043] I s an embodiment, the luminaire associate 220 may remain siient for a period of time based on the estimate of the distance to the interrogating vehicle. The period of time that the luminaire associate remains siient ss computed to prevent the response of the luminaire associate from colliding with responses from other luminaire associates. The silence interval may also comprise a randomly generated delay. The silence interval ends by the luminaire associate transmitting the response signal to the interrogating vehicle in a closed loop fashion regarding pre-emphasis. i.e., the luminaire associate 220 shapes the power of the response DS signal so that the vehicle 210 will receive a DS signal with a power spectral density that is approximately fiat over the main lobe. The response from the luminaire associate is a DS transmission that reports the geographic location of the luminaire associate and the time delay between receiving the interrogation signal to the transmission time. The DS transmission from the luminaire associate uses a known extension of the sequence of binary values used for the response sequence data reporting its geographic location and the time that it waited from the receipt of the vehicle interrogation signal to the beginning of its transmission. The luminaire associate's DS transmission ceases after sending the response sequence data.

[0042] in an embodiment, the communication system within the vehicle 210 receives and demodulates the response 240 to the interrogation signal 230. The response from the luminaire associate 220 gives the geographic location of the luminaire associate 220 and the time delay incurred by the luminaire associate from receiving the interrogation signal to transmitting a response. Calculation is made of the round trip signal propagation time between transmission of the interrogation signal 230 by the vehicle and reception of the response 240 from the luminaire associate 220. The result of the calculation is used to determine the relative location of the vehicle to the responding luminaire associate 220. The communications system uses the reported location of the responding luminaire associate 220 combined with the relati ve location of the vehicle 210 to the responding hmnnaire associate 220 to determine the location of the vehicle 210.

[0043] in another embodiment, the communications system may also be provided with a

Doppler system . If the vehicle is moving, the Doppler system can provide an estimate of the Dopp!er present in response to the interrogation signal sent by the luminaire associate and determine if the responding luminaire associate is ahead or behind the vehicle.

[0044] Embodiments employing wideband millimeter wave communication for location determining applications may have additional benefits. One of these is the mitigation of multipath problems. This is because many of the muitipath rays greatly exceed the distance of a spreading sequence chip length. To counteract any very short multipath produced, for example, by reflection off of the vehicle's body, it may he a good engineering practice to ase RF absorbing material on reiieciive areas lying forward of the transmitting aperture or it may be good practice to use circularly polarized transmissions with circularly polarized antennas with low axial-ratios.

[0045] In a further embodiment the response 240 from the luminaire associate 220 may- carry information useful to vehicles such as road conditions, traffic delays, and accidents. As illustrated in FIG. 8, such information could be conveyed by extending the luminaire associate response informational signal 800.

[0046] in yet another embodiment; a vehicle 210 may generate a second signal thai could convey a message to be inserted into a network by a receiving luminaire associate 220. In this embodiment, the signal from the vehicle could be a DS signal of the same power spectral density characteristics as the vehicle interrogation signal but combined with a unique binary valued sequence that is known to the luminaire associates and different from binary valued sequences used by the vehicle interrogator and luminaire associate response signals.

[0047] In another embodiment, some systems will handle and haul communications for other infrastructure systems. These messages may require a higher standard of care ensuring delivery or notification of non-delivery. When the streetlight optical signaling network is handling these messages, it may invoke a packet-handling protocol with strict accountability for assuring delivery and initiating retransmissions as required.

[0048] An exemplary technical effect of the methods and systems described herein includes: (a) generating a melt pool based on the build parameters of the component: (b) detecting an optical signal generated by the melt pool to measure the size or the temperature of the melt pool: and (c) modifying the build parameters in real-time based on the size or the temperature of the melt poo! to achieve a desired physical property of the component.

[0049] Some embodiments involve the use of one or more electronic or computing devices. Such devices typically include a processor or controller, such as. without limitation, a general purpose central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a

microcontroller, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic circuit (PLC), and/or any other circuit or processor capable of executing the functions described he-rein, [0050] The methods described herein may be encoded as executable instructions enibodied in a computer readable medium, including, without limitation, a storage device, and/or a memory device. Such instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein. The above examples are exemplary only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term processor.

[005 1 ] Exemplary embodiments for enhancing the build parameters for making additive manufactured components are described above in detail. The apparatus, systems, and methods are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, operations of the methods and components of the systems may be utilized independently and separately from other operations or components described herein. For example, the systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may have other industrial or consumer applications and are not limited to practice with electronic components as described herein. Rather, one or more embodiments may be implemented and utilized in connection with other industries.

[0052] Although specific features of various embodiments of the invention may be shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only. n accordance with the principles of the invention, any feature of a drawing may be referenced or claimed in combination with any feature of any other drawing.

[0053] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.