10/226657, which is a continuation of US Patent Application No. 09/627434, now issued as US Patent No. 6455573. This application claims priority from US Provisional Patent Application No. 60/482006 which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Technical Field This application relates to methods for synthesizing Salacinol, its stereoisomers, and analogues, homologues and other derivatives thereof potentially useful as glycosidase inhibitors.

Background In treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD) management of blood glucose levels is critical. One strategy for treating NIDD is to delay digestion of ingested carbohydrates, thereby lowering post-prandial blood glucose concentration. This can be achieved by administering drugs which inhibit the activity of enzymes, such as glucosidases, which mediate the hydrolysis of complex starches to oligosaccharides in the small intestine. For example, carbohydrate analogues, such as Acarbose, reversibly inhibit the function of pancreatic a-amylase and membrane- bound intestinal a-glucoside hydrolase enzymes. In patients suffering from Type II diabetes, such enzyme inhibition results in delayed glucose absorption into the blood and a smoothing or lowering of postprandial hyperglycemia, resulting in improved glycemic control.

Some naturally-occurring glucosidase inhibitors have been isolated from Salacia reticulata, a plant native to submontane forests in Sri Lanka and parts of India (known as"Kotala himbutu"in Singhalese). Salacia reticulata is a woody

climbing plant which has been used in the Ayurvedic system of Indian medicine in the treatment of diabetes. Traditionally, Ayurvedic medicine advised that a person suffering from diabetes should drink water left overnight in a mug carved from Kotala himbutu wood. In an article published in 1997, Yoshikawa et al. reported the isolation of the compound Salacinol from a water-soluble fraction derived from the dried roots and stems of Salacia reticulata. l Yoshikawa et al. determined the structure of Salacinol, shown below, and demonstrated its efficacy as an o-glucosidase inhibitor.

Salacinol (C9H18OgS2) Yoshikawa et al. later reported the isolation from the roots and stems of Salacia reticulata of Kotalanol which was also shown to be effective as an o- glucosidase inhibitor. 2 Like Salicinol, Kotalanol contains a thiosugar sulfonium ion and an internal sulfate providing the counterion: Kotalanol <BR> (C12H24012s2)

Kotalanol has been found to show more potent inhibitory activity against sucrase than Salicinol and Acarbose. 2 The exact mechanism of action of Salacinol and other glucosidase inhibitors has not yet been elucidated. Some known glycosidase inhibitors, such as the indolizidine alkaloids castanospermine and swainsonine, are known to carry a positive charge at physiological pH.

Castanospermine Swainsonine It is believed that the mechanism of action of some known inhibitors may be at least partially explained by the establishment of stabilizing electrostatic interactions between the inhibitor and the enzyme active site carboxylate residues. It is postulated that the compounds of the present invention, which comprise postively charged sulfonium, ammonium, and selenonium ions, could function in a similar manner. It is also possible that Salacinol and other compounds of the same class may act by alteration of a transport mechanism across the intestinal wall rather than by directly binding to glucosidase enzymes.

Salacinol and Kotalanol may potentially have fewer long-term side effects than other existing oral antidiabetic agents. For example, oral administration of Acarbose in the treatment of Type II diabetes results in undesirable gastrointestinal side effects in some patients, most notably increased flatulence, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. As mentioned above, Salacinol has been used as a therapy for diabetes in the Ayurvedic system of traditional medicine for many years with no notable side effects reported. Further, recent animal studies have shown that the oral ingestion of an extractive from a Salacia reticulata trunk at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg had no serious acute toxicity or mutagenicity in rats. 3 The Salacia reticulata plant is, however, in relatively small supply and is not readily available outside of Sri Lanka and India. Accordingly, it would be desirable if Salicinol, Kotalanol and analogues thereof could be produced synthetically.

Carbohydrate processing inhibitors have also been shown to be effective in the treatment of some non-diabetic disorders, such as cancer. While normal cells display characteristic oligosaccharide structures, tumor cells display very complex structures that are usually found in embryonic tissues. It is believed that these complex structures provide signal stimuli for rapid proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. A possible strategy for therapeutic use of glucosidase inhibitors is to take advantage of the differential rates of normal vs cancer cell growth to inhibit assembly of complex oligosaccharide structures. For example, the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, an inhibitor of Golgi a-mannosidase II, reportedly reduces tumor cell metastasis, enhances cellular immune responses, and reduces tumor cell growth in mice. 4 Swainsonine treatment has led to significant reduction of tumor mass in human patients with advanced malignancies, and is a promising drug therapy for patients suffering from breast, liver, lung and other malignancies. 1, 6 The compounds of the present invention may also find application in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease due to their stable, internal salt structure.

Alzheimer's is characterized by plaque formation in the brain caused by aggregation

of a peptide, ß-amyloid, into fibrils. This is toxic to neuronal cells. One can inhibit this aggregation by using detergent-like molecules. It is believed that the compounds of the present invention, which are amphipathic, may demonstrate this activity.

The need has therefore arisen for a new class of glycosidase inhibitors which may be synthesized in high yields from readily available starting materials and which have potential use as therapeutics.

Summary of the Invention In accordance with the invention, a compound selected from the group consisting of non-naturally occurring compounds represented by the general formula (I), including stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is disclosed, 0 where X is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, and NH. Such compounds include stereoisomers of Salicinol. The target compounds have a stable, internal salt structure comprising heteroatom cation X and a sulfate anion; the substituents may vary without departing from the invention. Preferably, Rl, R2, R3, R4 and Rs are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH2, halogens and constituents of compounds selected from the group consisting of cyclopropanes, epoxides, aziridines and episulfides ; and R6 is selected from the group consisting of H and optionally substituted straight chain, branched, or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals, such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and alkoxy substituents containing any suitable functionality. In one embodiment of the

invention R6 may be a polyhydroxylated, acyclic chain, such as an alditol chain of between 5 and 10 carbons.

In another embodiment of the invention, the heterocycle ring may comprise 6 rather 5 carbons and the compound may be represented by the general formula (II) : (II) Processes for the production of compounds of the general formula (I) and (II) are also disclosed comprising reacting a cyclic sulfate having the general formula (III) with a 5-membered ring sugar having the general formula (IV) or (V)

where X is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, and NH; Rl and R2 are selected from the group consisting of H and a protecting group; R3 is selected from the group consisting of H and optionally substituted straight chain, branched, or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals and their protected derivatives; and R4, R5 and R6 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH2, halogens and constituents of compounds selected from the group consisting of cyclopropanes, epoxides, aziridines and episulfides and their protected derivatives. Preferably the cyclic sulfate is a 2, 4-di-O-protected-D-or L-erythritol- 1,3-cyclic sulfate, such as 2, 4-O-Benzylidene-D-or L-erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfate (i. e.

Rl and R2 comprise a benzylidene protecting group); R3 is H or a protected polyhydroxylated alkyl chain; and R4, R5 and R6 are selected from the group consisting of OH and a protected OH group, such as OCH2C6H5 or OCH2C6H40CH3.

The synthetic processes comprise the step of opening the cyclic sulfate (III) by nucleophilic attack of the heteroatom X on the sugar (IV) or (V).

The processes for the production of the target compounds may include the use of novel protecting and deprotecting agents, such as p-methoxybenzyl, and solvents, such as hexafluoroisopropanol.

The application also relates to the use of a compound according to formula (I) or (II) as a glycosidase inhibitor, and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound according to formula (I) or (II), or combinations thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and to methods of treating carbohydrate metabolic disorders, such as non-insulin dependent diabetes by administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of such compounds.

Brief Description of the Drawings In drawings which are intended to illustrate embodiments of the invention and which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention: Fig. 1 depicts one dimensional transient NOE difference spectra of compound S-68b in D2O. (a)'H NMR spectrum. (b) Spectrum with selective irradiation of the H-

4'b/H-l'a multiplet. (c) Spectrum with selective irradiation of the H-lax/H-5ax multiplet.

Fig. 2 depicts one dimensional transient NOE difference spectra of compound R-68b in D20. (a) IH NMR spectrum. (b) Spectrum with selective irradiation of the H- 4'b/H-l'b multiplet. (c) Spectrum with selective irradiation of the H-lax/H-5ax multiplet.

Fig. 3 depicts mean plasma glucose concentrations in rats after treatment with Acarbose, Blintol, and Salacinol. Panel a): Mean plasma glucose time course following a gavage of 1000 mg/kg body weight maltose without drug (Control: o), or with 25 mg/kg of drug (Blintol: e, Acarbose: s, Salacinol: o) n=6 per group, standard error. The time zero (basal) sample for each animal was calculated as the mean of the-5 and-15 minute samples. Panel b): Mean Area Under the Curve of the glucose excursion above basal, 0-90 minutes (*: P<0. 005, # : P<0. 05 versus Control).

Fig. 4 depicts mean plasma insulin concentrations in rats after treatement with Acarbose, Blintol, and Salacinol. Panel a): Mean plasma insulin concentration (Control: o, Blintol : e, Acarbose: m, Salacinol: o) n=6 per group, i standard error.

Panel b): Mean Area Under the Curve of the glucose absorption rate (*: P<0.01 versus Control).

Detailed Description of the Invention Salacinol is a naturally occurring compound which may be extracted from the roots and stems of Salacia reticulata, a plant native to Sri Lanka and India.

This application relates to synthetic routes for preparing Salacinol (1), and its nitrogen (2) and selenium (3) analogues shown below.

This application also relates to synthetic routes for preparing compounds (1) to (3) and stereoisomers, analogues, homologues and other derivative thereof. As used in this patent application, stereoisomers includes enantiomers and diastereoisomers. The compounds of the invention (including stereoisomers of Salacinol) comprise a new class of compounds which are not naturally occurring and may find use as glycosidase inhibitors.

1.0 Summary of General Synthetic Scheme Scheme l (a) below, shows the general synthetic scheme developed by the inventors for arriving at some of the target compounds. To synthesize different stereoisomers of Salacinol and its nitrogen and selenium analogues (A) - (C), 5- membered-ring sugars are reacted with sulfate-containing compounds in accordance with the invention (in Scheme l (a) the letters (A), (B), and (C) represent all stereoisomers of Salacinol and its nitrogen and selenium analogues (1), (2) and (3) respectively). The inventors followed a disconnection approach for determining the preferred synthetic route. A reasonable disconnection is one that gives the 5- membered-ring sugars (D) since they can be synthesized easily from readily available carbohydrate precursors. Nucleophilic substitution at Cl of the sulfate fragment (E) can then yield the target molecules (Scheme l (a) ). A potential problem with this approach is that the leaving group (L) might act later as a base to abstract the acidic hydrogens of the sulfonium salt and produce unwanted products. Therefore, the cyclic sulfate (F) may be used instead of (E) to obviate the problems associated with leaving group (L). Compound (G) may similarly be used as a cyclic sulfate reagent and is a protected version of (F).

Scheme l (a). Disconnection approach for the synthesis of (A) - (C) (R=H,- CH2C6H5 and L= leaving group).

Scheme 1 (b) below shows generally the coupling reactions for producing the target compounds (A) - (C). R'R' CeH. 0 C6H50 o 0 II Rout zozo RO + \O \/"X=s (A) RU ROTOR R = H or benzyl Route I RO\OR X=NH (B) s ,'gR'HO X=Se (C) HO CsHs O H2C//JoH CHz = t H2 OaSO X \ RO OR OH RO8OR HotoH R'= H, <OH OH OH ON

Scheme l (b). Typical coupling reaction for the synthesis of different stereoisomers (A) - (C)

Route 1 of Scheme l (b) shows the general strategy of reacting a cyclic sulfate with a 5-membered ring sugar to produce an intermediate compound, which may include benzyl or other protecting groups. As described in further detail below, the intermediate compound is then deprotected to yield the target compounds. The inventors have determined that Route 2 of Scheme 1 (b), a possible side reaction, does not occur.

2.0 Synthesis of Reagents Cyclic sulfates and 5-membered-ring sugars were prepared in accordance with the synthetic schemes described below. As will be apparent to a person skilled in the art, other equivalent schemes for producing the reagents of the invention could be substituted.

2.1 Cyclic sulfates Cyclic sulfates were prepared in analogous fashion to the ethylidene acetal. 8 The cyclic sulfate (7) was synthesized in 4 steps starting from D-glucose (Scheme 2). 2, 4-O-Benzylidene-D-erythrithol (5) was synthesized from D-glucose in two steps, 9"0 and then treated with thionyl chloride to yield the cyclic sulfite (6) which was oxidized to the cyclic sulfate (7) as described by Calvo-Flores et al.

Scheme 2. Synthesis of the cyclic sulfate (7).

The enantiomer (10) was also synthesized using the same route but starting from L-glucose (Scheme 3).

Scheme 3. Synthesis of the cyclic sulfate (10).

2.2 Synthesis of 5-Membered-ring Heterocycles In order to synthesize one of the 5-membered-ring sugars (D, X=S), 1, 4-anhydro-3-O-benzyl-4-thio-D-arabinitol (11), was synthesized in 9 steps starting from D-glucose (Scheme 4). 11 Benzylation of the compound (11), using benzyl bromide in DMF yielded 1, 4-anhydro-2,3, 5-tri-O-benzyl-4-thio-D-arabinitol (12) in 90% yield. Compound (11) was debenzylated to give 1, 4-anhydro-4-thio-D-arabinitol (13) in 97% yield using a Birch reduction. o oh o Zozo 60%''9% 66%' HO/MeOH O 2. NaIOq O 0113 O 0--3. NaBH4 60% 99% 66% HCl/MeOH HO Ms0 HO O HO . n0'O oMeNa=S OB oMe E P Ma nte OBn Me One 2. NaBIi, OH OBn 78% oms 90% 78/o (11) ss^ia 1. NaH Na, NH3 s 2. BnBr \ W S S Bn0 HO Bn= CH=Pl Ms= CH3S02 OBn OH (12) 90% (13) 97% Scheme 4. Synthesis of compounds (11) - (13).

The L-isomer, 1, 4-anhydro-2,3, 5-tri-O-benzyl-4-thio-L-arabinitol (14) was synthesized in 5 steps starting from D-xylose (Scheme 5). la

Scheme 5. Synthesis of compounds (14)- (17) 1, 4-Di-O-methanesulfonyl-2, 3, 5-tri-O-benzyl-D-xylitol (15) is also a key intermediate for the synthesis of the aza and selena sugars (16) and (17). 1,4- Dideoxy-1, 4-imino-L-arabinitol (16) l3 was synthesized in 7 steps starting from D- xylose (Scheme 5). The enantiomer (19) 13 was synthesized in an analogous way starting from L-xylose (Scheme 6). Compound (19) was also synthesized in 10 steps starting from D-xylose. l3 1, 4-Anhydro-2,3, 5-tri-O-benzyl-4-seleno-D-arabinitol (20) was synthesized in 5 steps starting from L-xylose (Scheme 6). To synthesize compound (20), Na2Se was made in-situ by treatment of selenium metal with sodium in liquid ammonia.

Scheme 6. Synthesis of compounds (19) and (20).

Scheme 6 (a) below shows a more generalized scheme for synthesizing compound (20) using other possible protecting groups (R =COR, CH2C6H4-OMep).

Scheme 6 (a). Synthesis of compounds (19) and (20). (R = COR, CH2C6H4- OMep).

3.0 Synthesis of Target Compounds (1)- (3) The target compounds (1) - (3) were prepared by opening of the cyclic sulfates by nucleophilic attack of the heteroatoms on the 5-membered rings (Scheme l (b) above). The heteroatom gives rise to a positively charged cation and the cyclic sulfate gives rise to a negatively charged counterion. This internal salt structure may explain the stability of the target compounds toward decomposition by further nucleophilic attack.

3.1 Synthesis of Salacinol Salacinol (1) was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the protected thio-arabinitol (12) with the cyclic sulfate (10) (1.2 equiv) in dry acetone containing K2CO3, to give the protected intermediate compound (21) in 33% yield.

Hydrogenolysis of the benzyl and benzylidene groups in AcOH: H20,4 : 1 afforded Salacinol (1) in 67% yield (Scheme 7).

(12) (10) (21) Salacinol (1) Scheme 7. Synthesis of Salacinol (1) The same procedure was used to prepare intermediate compound (22) in 79% yield from the enantiomeric cyclic sulfate (7). Deprotection as before gave compound (23) in 59% yield (Scheme 8). Compound (23) is a diastereomer of Salacinol (1).

Scheme 8. Synthesis of compound (23) Compound (24) was prepared in 40% yield from (7) and the enantiomeric thio-ether (14) (Scheme 9). Deprotection in 80% yield gave the enantiomer of Salacinol (25).

Scheme 9. Synthesis of compound (25) To reduce the number of synthetic steps, the inventors attempted the coupling reactions with the deprotected thio-arabinitols. Thus, the partially deprotected compound (11) was reacted with the cyclic sulfate (10) in acetone, to give compound (26) in 32% yield. Deprotection yielded Salacinol (1) in 36% yield (Scheme 10).

(11) (10) (26) Salacinol (l) Scheme 10. Synthesis of Salacinol (1)

The fully-deprotected thio-arabinitol (13) was not soluble in acetone and the reaction in methanol produced several products.

3.1. 1 Alternative Synthesis of Salacinol As described above, a key step in the published syntheses of Salacinol (1) 1525 is the ring opening reaction of a cyclic sulfate by nucleophilic attack of the ring sulfur atom of 1, 4-anhydro-4-thio-D-pentitol (33) (Scheme 10a). The alkylation reaction involving these reagents is dependent on the protecting groups on the cyclic sulfate. Thus, the unoptimized reaction of the per-benzylated thioether 33 with the benzylidene-protected cyclic sulfate 34 in acetone, containing potassium carbonate, proceeded in 33% yield (Scheme 10a). A similar yield was obtained in the reaction with the monobenzylated thioether 36. 25 Reaction of the unprotected thioether 38 with the isopropylidenated-cyclic sulfate 39 in DMF proceeded in 61% yield to give 40, although its reaction with the corresponding benzylated-cyclic sulfate 41 did not proceed. l5 The latter derivative 41 is clearly a much less reactive alkylating agent than 39. Significant decomposition of the cyclic sulfates 39 and 41 at temperatures of 60-70 °C in DMF was also observed. l5 Deprotection of 40 proceeded in 75% yield to afford Salacinol 1 in 46% overall yield. l5 C6H5 0 2'3'4' 5 4 Bn0 OBn 34 O 33% Ref. 2 Bn 35 pgn 0-2 2 Bn6 33 Bn 34 0 33% Ref. 25 Bn (S 35 Bn C6H5 0'K 0 HO S C H H S OS03 5rYs, O Acetone, K2CO3 "32°lo Ref. 2 :' C6H5 0 Bn0 36 OH 34 Bn0 37 OH Zu +S OS03 0 61 % Ref. 15 HI, n Ref. 15 H,. 40 H HO OH 38 39 40 H S BY' + BnO-s no reaction H6 H 0 Ref. 15 38 41

Scheme 10a The biological importance of Salacinol (1) 1, 2, 27 prompted the inventors to investigate a more efficient method for its synthesis. The Hughes-Ingold rules indicate that the SN2 reaction between a neutral nucleophile, such as 33 or 36, and a neutral electrophile, such as 34,39 or 41, should show a large increase in rate on increasing solvent polarity. 1,1, 1,3, 3, 3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) has a higher

normalized Dimroth-Reichardt solvent polarity parameter, ETN = 1. 068, than water, ETN =1. 00. In contrast, the ETN values for acetone and DMF are only 0.355 and 0. 404, respectively. Furthermore, HFIP, bp = 59 OC, is volatile, thus facilitating product purification. Preliminary studies indicated that tetrahydrothiophene reacted cleanly with 34 and 41 in HFIP at 45 °C for 2 days to give the desired alkylation products in >90% yield.

Therefore, a systematic evaluation of the role of solvent in the alkylation reactions of 33 with benzyl-or benzylidene-protected cyclic sulfates 41 or 34, respectively was undertaken. The reactions were carried out in acetone and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) concurrently under identical conditions of concentration, temperature, and duration (Scheme lOb). Reaction of the thioether 33 (1 equiv) and the cyclic sulfate 41 (1.2 equiv) in acetone containing K2CO3 at 75-80 °C in a sealed tube proceeded very slowly and yielded the desired alkylated product 42 in only 5% yield; the remainder of the starting materials was recovered. Prolonged heating and use of excess cyclic sulfate did not improve the yields. In addition, when excess cyclic sulfate 39 was used, its slow decomposition complicated the purification of the product 42 formed. However, the analogous reaction between 33 and the cyclic sulfate 41 in HFIP yielded the adduct 42 in 45% yield, with recovery of the unreacted starting materials (Scheme 10b). It is noteworthy that the analogous reaction between 33 and the cyclic sulfate 41 in the polar, protic solvent 2-propanol at 83°C for 26 h did not yield any desired product, the starting materials being recovered. It would appear, therefore, that it is the highly polar nature of HFIP that is important in facilitating this reaction.

35 1 Scheme 10b Some studies have indicated a far lesser reactivity of the benzylated cyclic sulfate relative to the cyclic sulfate containing an acetal protecting group (Scheme 10a). Thus, the reactions of the benzylidene-protected cyclic sulfate 34 in acetone and HFIP, containing potassium carbonate, under identical conditions of concentration, temperature, and duration were examined next (Scheme 10b). The alkylation reaction of 33 with 34 in acetone proceeded with a dramatic increase in the yield (59%) of the alkylated product 35 relative to the reaction with 41. The improvement from the unoptimized yield of 33% 25 iS due to the use of a more concentrated reaction mixture.

More significantly, the desired product 35 was obtained in 94% yield when the reaction was performed in HFIP. Higher temperatures (> 80 °C) and prolonged reaction times led to the decomposition of the cyclic sulfate, although the stability of the cyclic sulfate was greater in the presence of K2CO3. The increased yields in HFIP may be accounted for by better solvation of the transition states for the reactions and of the adducts. The increased reactivity of the cyclic sulfate with the benzylidene protecting group (34) may be accounted for by the relief of ring strain accompanying the reaction, unlike in the corresponding reaction of the benzyl-

protected cyclic sulfate 41. Finally, the reaction of the thioether 38 (not containing protecting groups) with the benzylidene-protected cyclic sulfate 34 in HFIP was examined. At 60 °C, decomposition of the cyclic sulfate was observed, with no significant formation of the desired coupled product. Hydrogenolysis of the protected derivatives 3525 and 42 afforded Salacinol (1), although this step was problematic because of poisoning of the catalyst, and only afforded the product in 65% yield. The stereochemistry of Salacinol (1) shown in Scheme 10 (b) is an equivalent representation to that shown on page 2 hereof.

In order to obviate the problematic hydrogenolysis step, the inventors next chose to examine the reaction of the thioether containingp-methoxybenzyl ether protecting groups with the benzylidene-protected L-erythritol-1,3-cyclic sulfate; the inventors reasoned that the removal of all protecting groups by acid hydrolysis would be facile. Thus, 2,3, 5-tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-1, 4-anhydro-4-thio-D-arabinitol (43), synthesized in 87% yield from 38, was reacted with the cyclic sulfate 34 in HFIP to afford the sulfonium salt 44 in quantitative yield (Scheme 10c). Deprotection of 44 proceeded smoothly (86%) in aqueous trifluoroacetic acid to afford Salacinol 1 in 75% overall yield. The latter sequence represents, therefore, an efficient synthesis of the biologically important natural product Salacinol 1. C6Hf) s HFIP PMBO +S OS03 ' PMBOS HO. 3- PMBO PMBO PMB 0 43 34 44 TFA 86% PMB =0-OCH3 OH OH OH HO *S OS03 HO OH 1

Scheme 10c The inventors considered the stereochemistry at the stereogenic sulfonium center in 35,42, and 13 and determined that these reactions proceeded stereoselectively irrespective of the solvent used in the reaction. The stereochemistry was confirmed by means of NOESY experiments that showed clear correlations between H-4 and H-1', thus indicating the presence of the isomer with a trans relationship between C-5 and C-1'. The barrier to inversion at the sulfonium ion center must be substantial since no evidence for isomerization in these and related derivatives29 has been noted.

3.2 Synthesis of Selenium Analogues The seleno-analogue intermediate (27) (R=CH2C6H5) was made starting from the seleno-arabinitol (20) (R=CH2C6H5) and the cyclic sulfate (10) in excellent yield 86% (Scheme 11), but NMR spectroscopy showed the presence of two isomers in a ratio of 7: 1 that differed in stereochemistry at the stereogenic selenium center. The isomers were separable by analytical HPLC. The inventors have assigned the name"Blintol"to the new selenium analogue (3).

(20) (10) (27) Blintol (3) R = H, COR, CH2C6H5, CH2C6H4-OMep Scheme 11. Synthesis of Blintol (3) The seleno-analogue intermediate (28) (R=CH2C6Hs) was made starting from the seleno-arabinitol (20) (R=CH2C6H5) and the cyclic sulfate (7) in excellent yield 97% (Scheme 12); a mixture of two isomers in a ratio of 3: 1 that differed in stereochemistry at the stereogenic selenium center was obtained. The isomers were separable by analytical HPLC.

Scheme 12. Synthesis of compound (29) Compound (29) is a diastereomer of Blintol (3).

3.2. 1 Alternative Route to Synthesis of Blintol Retrosynthetic analysis indicated that Blintol (3) could be obtained by alkylation of anhydroseleno-D-arabinitol (45) at the ring heteroatom using an appropriately protected cyclic sulfate (47) (Scheme 12a). OH (D- :-eo - Se 0 HO :' p OH HO OH RO OR OH 1, X = S, Salacinol 45. R = Bn 3. X = Se, Blintol 46. R = PMB 0 u o OR 47. R = benzylidene

Scheme 12a The previously discussed synthesis of Blintol (3) used benzyl ethers as the protecting groups for the hydroxyl groups on the anhydroseleno-D-arabinitol 45. 26 However, the deprotection of the benzyl-protected Blintol (3) by hydrogenolysis was problematic due to the poisoning of the palladium catalyst by small amounts of the selenoether 45 formed in the reaction mixture.

In order to eliminate the problematic hydrogenolysis step, the use ofp- methoxybenzyl (PMB) protecting groups on the seleno-D-arabinitol, as in the inventors'optimized synthesis of Salacinol (1), 53 was considered. Thus, the reaction of the p-methoxybenzyl-protected selenoether 46 with the benzylidene-protected L- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfate (47; R = benzylidene) was examined. Since both PMB and benzylidene protecting groups are labile to acidic hydrolysis, the removal of all protecting groups by acid hydrolysis is facile. 53 The synthesis of the PMB-protected anhydroseleno-D-arabinitol (45) from L-xylose (48) required the judicious choice of aglycon. Initial attempts to use

the allyl glycosides yielded an inseparable mixture of the desired allyl xylofuranosides and undesired allyl xylopyranosides. Furthermore, the cleavage of the allyl group was judged to be too expensive a process for large-scale synthesis.

Nevertheless, the mixture of furanosides and pyranosides was used in the successful synthesis of Blintol (3), their separation being effected at a later stage in the synthetic scheme.

These concerns led the inventors to explore the following strategy: 1) The use of n-pentenyl glycosides, first exploited by Fraser-Reid and coworkers; 54 this group was also reported to be cleaved by NBS without affecting the PMB groups, 55 and 2) The use of boric acid in the acid-catalyzed acetylation of L-xylose (48) to improve the furanoside to pyranoside ratio. 56 The latter procedure led to the conversion of L-xylose (48) to 1, 2,3, 5-tetra-O-acetyl-D-xylofuranose (49) in a two- step, one-pot procedure. Analysis of the'H and 13C NMR spectra indicated that the furanosides 49 were formed exclusively without formation of the undesired pyranoside side products (Scheme 12b). 1. H3BO3, Ac20, AcOH A o/"' (°+OAc _Y 2. Ac O, ridine. Au0 OAc 48 49, 85% Scheme 12b Compound 49 was then treated with 4-penten-1-ol and BF3 OEt2 to give the 4-pentenyl 2,3, 5-tri-O-acetyl-L-xylofuranosides (50). This compound underwent acidic hydrolysis to cleave the acetyl groups, followed by the reprotection of the three hydroxyl groups with PMB groups, to afford the 4-pentenyl 2,3, 5-tri-O-p- methoxybenzyl-L-xylofuranosides (52). The anomeric hydroxyl group of 52 was then released using NBS in acetonitrile-water to yield the corresponding 2,3, 5-tri-O-p- methoxybenzyl-L-xylofuranose (53) (Scheme 12c). A o/"° OAc HO < o AcO OPent MeONa 3. Et2O, CH2CI2 Acd OAc MeOH Ac0 OAc 49 50, 60% HO OPent NBS HO-OPent pMBOOPent NBS HO OH NaH, DMF 51, 95% 52, 92% 51, 95°l0 52, 92% PMBO/."*0 OH PMBO OPMB 53, 90%

Scheme 12c The 2,3, 5-tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-L-xylofuranose 53 was reduced to the corresponding xylitol 54 by NaBH4 ; mesylation of the hydroxyl groups then gave the dimesylate 55. Compound 55 was then converted to the 1, 4-anhydro-2,3, 5-tri-O-p- methoxybenzyl-4-seleno-D-arabinitol (56) in 83% yield, using sodium selenide, generated in situ, from selenium metal and sodium borohydride in ethanol (Scheme 12d). "O/""OH OH MsCI pyridine PMBO , MeOH. DMF PMBO OPMB PMBO OPMB 53 54, 84% PMBO Se, NaBH4 0-PMB ETCH PMBO OPMB EtOH pMBO OPMB

55, 72% 56,83% Scheme 12d

Another factor in the synthesis of Blintol (3) (and the optimized synthesis of Salacinol53) is the availability of 2, 4-O-benzylidene-L-erythritol-1, 3- cyclic sulfate (57). This compound was previously prepared from L-glucose. 25 However, due to the high cost of L-glucose and the fact that it was the starting material in a six-step synthetic route, it was desirable to prepare the cyclic sulfate (57) from a less expensive material. As described herein the inventors have successfully prepared the cyclic sulfate 57 from D-glucose (58).

Using the method developed by the inventors, 2526 the benzyl-protected cyclic sulfate 62 was prepared from D-glucose (58). It is interesting to note that cleavage of the benzylidene protecting group in compound 59 was achieved with 60% TFA at room temperature for 30 min to afford the corresponding diol 60 in a comparable yield to that obtained with aqueous acetic acid. Since the original method involved refluxing compound 59 in 80% HOAc for 48 h, this modification proved to be more efficient. Compound 62 underwent hydrogenolysis to afford the unprotected cyclic sulfate 63. Installation of the benzylidene acetal using pyridinium p- toluenesulfonate (PPTS) as the catalyst was the important step since, under these conditions, the cyclic sulfate was not cleaved. The desired benzylidene-protected cyclic sulfate 57 was obtained in 71% yield (Scheme 12e). ref. 25 80% HOAC, 48 hrs ref. 26 D-glucose OBn 4 steps O4OBn or 60% TFA, 30 min H°~tOBOnBn OBn OBn 58 5g 60 0 SOC PY re-s 0 RuC13 (Cat.), Na104 S-_ H2/Pd-C OBn 000 OBn OBn OBn 61 62 11 0 s 11 1°l PhCH (OMe) 2 aNo i PPTS Ph OH . 0 63, 100% 57, 71% Scheme 12e

The coupling reaction of the anhydroseleno-D-arabinitol 56 with the cyclic sulfate 57 in 1, 1, 1, 3,3, 3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) at 60-65 °C proceeded smoothly in 7 h, to give a mixture of the 2,3, 5-tri-O-p-methoxybenzylselenonium salts 64 in 95% yield (Scheme 12f). Analysis of the'H and 13C NMR spectra indicated that compound 64 was a 7: 1 mixture of isomers at the stereogenic selenium center. The major isomer was assigned to that with a trans relationship between C-5 and C-1', by analogy with the results obtained previously. 26 The selenonium salts 64 were subsequently deprotected by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and purified by recrystallization to afford pure Blintol (3) in 62% yield (Scheme 12f). Ph ho Su Se 0 C'e, y e PMBO PMBO OPMB ph ICC03 ,, . 0 PMBO OPMB 56 57 64, 95% trans : cis = 7 : 1 OH OH TFA OH OH ho HO H HO OH Hd) H HO'OH 3, Blintol, 62% 65 Scheme 12f 3.3 Synthesis of Nitrogen Analogues The nitrogen analogue intermediate (30) was made by the reaction of the deprotected imino-arabinitol (19) with the cyclic sulfate (10) in a good yield 72% (Scheme 13). Compound (19) was not soluble in acetone so the reaction was performed in dry methanol. A side product (19%) which was identified to be the product of methanolysis of the cyclic sulfate was obtained. The inventors have assigned the name"Ghavamiol"to the new nitrogen analogue (2). Compound (30) was deprotected to give Ghavamiol (2) in 64% yield.

(19) (10) (30) Ghavamiol (2) Scheme 13. Synthesis of Ghavamiol (2) The enantiomer intermediate (31) was made by the reaction of the deprotected imino-arabinitol (16) with the cyclic sulfate (7) in a good yield 72% (Scheme 14). A side product (21%) which was identified to be the product of methanolysis of the cyclic sulfate was obtained. Compound (31) was deprotected to give compound (32) in 77% yield. Compound (32) is the enantiomer of Ghavamiol (2).

Scheme 14. Synthesis of compound (32) 4.0 Alternative Synthetic Schemes 4.1 Six-membered Ring Analogues

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, target compounds having potential application as glycosidase inhibitors may be synthesized in the manner described above using 6-membered rather than 5-membered ring heterocycles as reagents. As in the embodiments described above, the cyclic sulfate (described above) is opened in the coupling reaction due to nucleophilic attack of the heteroatoms (i. e. X=S, Se, NH) on the ring sugars. As will be apparent to a person skilled in the art, the general formulas for the 6-membered sugar reagent and resulting target compound are as shown below.

The 6-membered ring target compound shares the same internal salt structure as the 5- membered ring embodiment. The substituent groups may vary as described below without departing from the invention.

In particular, in order to expand the repertoire of molecules of this class that could serve as glycosidase inhibitors, the inventors proposed to synthesize N-alkylated 1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-iminoxylitol (66a) and deoxynojirimycin (67a) having the same L-erythritol-derived, sulfated side-chain as Salacinol. The advantage of having an internal sulfate counterion for the ammonium salt was deemed to be worth pursuing in order to investigate whether such a structural modification would lead to increased in-vivo stability and/or membrane permeability. In addition, the internal sulfate salt and polar side-chain may provide cationic inhibitors that bind to glycosidase enzymes without deprotonating the catalytic active-site carboxylic acid and provide additional insight into the structural features that are important for inhibition. The inventors describe herein the syntheses of 66a and 67a as well as the corresponding sulfonium and selenonium analogues 68a, 69a and 70a. The inventors report also the syntheses of the corresponding enantiomers or diastereomers 66b-70b resulting from incorporation of a side chain derived from D-erythritol.

66a X=NH R=H 66b X=NH R=H 67a X = NH R = CH20H 67b X = NH R = CH20H 68a X=S R=H 68b X=S R=H 69a X = S R= CH20H 69b X = S R= CH20H 70a X=Se R=H 70b X=Se R=H Each target six-membered ring compound was synthesized in two stereoisomeric forms (a or b) by using either of the enantiomeric forms of the cyclic sulfate 71a or 71b as the source of the sulfate alkyl side chain. In the case of compounds 66,68, and 70 these stereoisomers are enantiomers while compounds 67 and 69 were prepared as either of two diastereomers. For the enantiomeric sulfonium salts 68a and 68b, RIS isomers at the stereogenic sulfonium-ion center were separated and characterized independently. Similar isomers for the sulfonium salts 69 and selenonium salt 70 were not separable by chromatography and the products were characterized as mixtures. In the case of the ammonium salts 66 and 67, inversion at the nitrogen center, via the free amine, was sufficiently fast in solution at room temperature that stereoisomers at the ammonium center were not observed.

The general synthetic strategy (Scheme 15) involved alkylation of the piperidine (72 and 73), tetrahydrothiapyran (74 and 75), or tetrahydroselenapyran (76) heterocycles with either the 2, 4-O-benzylidene-L-1, 3-cyclic sulfate (71a), 16As3 derived from L-glucose, or its enantiomer (71b),16,53 obtained from D-glucose. In general, the reactions with the less-expensive 71b were examined first. These methods are analogous to those described above used by the inventors to synthesize the five- membered ring analogues, Salacinol and its nitrogen or selenium congeners.16,25,26, 53,72 Scheme 15

X=NH, S or Se X= NH, S, Se; R1= H<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> R = H or CH2OBn X= NH, S; R1= CH2OH<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> R2= H or Bn

4.1. 1 Preparation of starting materials In preliminary experiments investigating the reactivity of the cyclic sulfate 71b, the inventors found that, for complex amine nucleophiles having only secondary alcohols as additional functional groups, protection of hydroxyl groups was unnecessary, but that any primary alcohol functional groups may be alkylated in competition with amines.

Scheme 16 a. Et3SiH, HOAc b. i) NaOMe/MeOH ; ii) BnBr/NaH/DMF c. Na2S/DMF d. NaSeB (OEt) 3/EtOH

Accordingly, the unprotected anhydroxylitol imine (72) was prepared by the literature method75 while deoxynojirimycin was prepared as its tetra-O-benzyl derivative (73). The tetrahydrothiapyran derivative 74 was prepared (Scheme 16) by deacetylation and benzylation of the known tri-acetate 77. 75 The benzylated tetrahydrothiapyran 75 was similarly prepared from the known anhydro-5-thio-D- glucitol tetra-acetate (78) 28 by protecting group interchange. Compound 77 was obtained, in turn, either by reduction of tetra-O-acetyl-5-thio-D-xylopyranose (79) 39 or, more conveniently, from reaction of acetylated 1,5-dibromoxylitol (80) with sodium sulfide. 75 The selenium heterocyle 81 was prepared by substituting NaSeB (OEt) 3 (obtained in situez by reduction of Se with NaBH4/EtOH) for sodium sulfide in the reaction with acetylated 1, 5-dibromoxylitol (80) (Scheme 16).

Subsequent exchange of the acetates for benzyl protecting groups gave the desired tetrahydroselenapyran derivative 76, whose preparation has been reported by an unrelated method. 78 4.1. 2 Target ammonium compounds Compound 72 was reacted with the D-cyclic sulfate 71b in MeOH containing K2CO3 (Scheme 17). Isolation of the more polar product gave the ammonium salt 84 in 43% yield. An abundant side-product (83) resulting from opening of the cyclic sulfate by the methanol solvent could be isolated from the early chromatographic fractions. A similar reaction with the L-cyclic sulfate 71a gave somewhat less of this side product and the desired coupled product 82 was obtained in slightly higher yield (56%). The IH NMR spectra of compounds 82 and 84 exhibited sharp resonances for methylene groups a to the amine in D20 (made basic with K2CO3), but neutral or acidic D20 solutions gave downfield shifts and much broader resonances for these methylene resonances. The inventors attribute these observations to exchange, at an intermediate rate relative to the chemical-shift NMR time scale, of the conjugate-acid RIS ammonium salts, with nitrogen inversion taking place via the free amines that exist in equilibrium with their conjugate acids at acidic pH.

Scheme 17

66a 66b Removal of the benzylidene protecting groups by hydrolysis in aqueous acetic acid gave the target compounds 66a (73%) and 66b (72%) after purification by chromatography on silica gel. These ammonium salts gave severely exchange-broadened NMR spectra and were more productively characterized by adding base to the NMR samples to produce the conjugate amine bases. Prolonged treatment with strong base should be avoided, however, due to the possibility of sulfate ester hydrolysis, as noted below. As expected for enantiomers, the NMR data for 66a and 66b were virtually identical although small differences in chemical shifts between different samples for both identical and enantiomeric compounds were noted.

These differences were attributed to the concentration and temperature dependence of

the NMR chemical shifts between samples. The tendency of zwitterionic compounds to exist as aggregates in solution is the likely origin of these effects.

The coupled products 85 and 86, derived from the benzyl-protected deoxynojirimycin, were obtained by reaction of compound 73 with the cyclic sulfates 71a and 71b in acetone/K2C03 in yields of 80% and 65%, respectively (Scheme 18).

The'H NMR resonances for compounds 85 and 86 were extremely broad in CDC13 but sharpened in CD30D (made basic with NaOD), thus indicating that the coupled products were obtained as an equilibrating mixture of the desired ammonium salts with the corresponding conjugate bases. Simultaneous removal of both the benzyl and benzylidene protecting groups was achieved by hydrogenolysis in aqueous acetic acid to give the target compounds 67a and 67b. ocnemeis 73-f-71a 73 +71b acetone/K2C03 acetone/K2CO3 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph _ Bn0 NH OS03 Bn0 NH + OS03 OBn AB) n Obi on OBn OBn 85 86 H2/Pd H2/Pd OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH HO 3 HO NH OS03 NOW OH OH 67a OH 67b OH I/pH>10 HO N OH HO t'OH OH

87 Analysis by'H NMR spectroscopy indicated that these products were contaminated by KOAc. Nevertheless, other than a resonance at 8 1.8 in the spectrum that was attributed to the acetate impurity, the target compounds were essentially pure and all resonances in both the 1H and 13C spectra were assigned by two-dimensional techniques. Prolonged storage of the NMR sample of compound 67b in Da0/NaOD at pH>10 produced a slow loss of the 3'-sulfate group as evidenced by an upfield shift of the H-3'resonance. After 2 days at ambient temperature the sulfate ester had been

completely hydrolyzed to yield cleanly the tertiary amine compound 87 and inorganic sulfate salts.

The'H NMR data for all of the amine compounds in D20 (pH>8) indicated that the predominant conformation of the piperidin ring was 4Cl (carbohydrate numbering) and that this conformational preference did not appear to change upon protonation (pH<3). Similar conclusions were reached in a previous conformational study of alkylated deoxynojirimycin derivatives. 74 4.1. 3 Target sulfonium compounds The syntheses of sulfonium salts 68 and 69 (Schemes 19 and 20) were achieved in a similar fashion to those of the ammonium salts. Thus, compound 74 was initially reacted with the D-cyclic sulfate 71b in acetone at 65°C. Slow formation of two more-polar products was observed by TLC analysis. Isolation of the mixture of products gave 88b and 89b in approximately 37% yield. On changing the solvent to 1, 1, 1, 3,3, 3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), the yield improved to 87%. The dramatically beneficial effect of HFIP solvent on the yields for sulfonium salt formation has been noted above. The ratio of the major product 88b to the minor product 89b was 2: 1. Pure samples of the two components were obtained by chromatography and characterized separately by NMR techniques. Scheme 19 74 +71a 74 + 71b HFIP HFIP t Y Ph O O O O - _ _ S + OS03 + S + OSOg S OSOg--. S OS03 Bno"'"OBn BnU'**""OBn BnU*".,"OBn BnU".."'0 [3n OBn OBn OBn OBn 88a 89a 88b 89b major minor major minor H2/Pd H2/Pd 80% HOAC 80% HOAC OH OH OU OH OH OH OH OH +- ( _ _ S OSO s OS03 3 S'+ SQ S + SO 3 3 HO)"OH HO Q'OH HO Ç"OH HO 09 OH OH OU OH""OH OH

R-68a S-68a S-68b R-68b Initially, 1D 1H NMR spectra were obtained which revealed that the two compounds were isomers, having the same number of hydrogen atoms. The similarity of the spectra of the two compounds suggested that the compounds differed in stereochemistry only at the stereogenic sulfur atom. COSY spectra permitted the assignment of the proton signals for the tetrahydrothiapyran ring and for the erythritol side chain in both compounds. Notably, it was found that all of the ring proton signals were shifted downfield relative to the parent tetrahydrothiapyran 17. This was anticipated since the positive sulfonium center is electron withdrawing. Furthermore, although it was initially expected that the three benzyloxy groups at C-2, C-3 and C-4 would favor the sterically less-hindered equatorial positions, analysis of vicinal

coupling constants showed that J2, 3 and J3, 4 = 3.5-3. 9 Hz. These values are much smaller than those (. 72, 3 3, 4 # 8. 9 Hz) observed for the axial-axial vicinal coupling constants in the precursor 17. Thus, the inventors reasoned that compounds 88b and 89b preferred a'C4 conformation, placing the three benzyloxy groups in axial positions and accounting for the small vicinal coupling constants. This conformational preference can be explained by the fact that the axial substituents at C-2 and C-4 provide stabilizing gauche electrostatic interactions of the polar benzyloxy groups with the sulfonium ion center; the group at C-3 can also provide stabilizing electrostatic interactions. 28 The results are reminiscent of the inventors' previous work with the sulfonium analogue of castanospermine. 28 The configuration at the sulfonium center was next established by means of a NOESY experiment. The NOESY spectrum for the major diastereomer showed H-lb'correlations to H-lax/H-leq/H-5ax as well as H-la'and correlations to H-5eq/H-5ax. This isomer was thus assigned to structure 88b with the erythritol side chain occupying the equatorial orientation. The absolute configuration at sulfur was thus established as being S.

The NOESY spectrum for the minor diastereomer showed a correlation between H-la'and the isochronous signal assigned to H-lax/H-leq, as well as a correlation between H-lb'and H-5eq. No correlation with H-5ax was observed. This isomer was thus assigned to structure 89b, the diastereomer with the erythritol side chain in an axial orientation. The absolute configuration at sulfur was thus established as being R. Each of the diastereomers 88b and 89b was deprotected by hydrogenolysis to give sulfonium salts S-68b and R-68b, which were obtained in 81 and 95% yields, respectively. Vicinal coupling constants indicated that deprotection was accompanied in both cases by a change in the preponderant ring conformation from lC4 to 4CI (-68b , 3 3, 4 # 7.2 Hz, R-68b. J2, 3 #J3,4 # 9.0 Hz). Transient one- dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) difference experiments confirmed that there was no configurational inversion at the sulfonium center upon removal of the benzyl and benzylidene protecting groups. Thus, the major isomer S- 68b, upon irradiation of the H-4'b/H-l'a multiplet showed no NOE with the ring axial protons (Fig. 1). Irradiation of H-lax/H-5ax showed NOEs on the H-leq/H-Seq/H-3 and H-2/H-4 multiplets only. No NOEs with the erythritol side chain protons were observed. These experiments provide evidence for the erythritol side chain occupying the axial position at sulfur, on the 8-face and opposite to H-lax., and confirm the S configuration at the sulfonium center for the major isomer S-68b, as was previously assigned for the protected precursor 88b.

Preferred conformations of 88b, 89b, S-68b and R-68b

S-68b R-68b The minor isomer R-68b showed, upon irradiation of the H-4'b/H-l'b multiplet, NOE with the H-lax/H-5ax protons (Fig. 2). Irradiation of the H-lax/H- 5ax multiplet showed NOEs with the H-4'b/H-l'b multiplet as well as to the H-2/H- 4/H-4'a/H-l'a multiplet, in addition to NOEs to the ring protons. These experiments provide evidence for the erythritol side chain being present on the same face as H- lax, occupying the a-equatorial position at sulfur, thus confirming the R configuration of the minor isomer R-68b at the sulfonium center, as was previously assigned for the protected precursor 89b.

The synthesis of the sulfonium salts from the L-cyclic sulfate 71a was examined next (Scheme 19). Compound 74 was reacted with 71a at 70°C in HFIP solvent to give two products 88a and 89a in a 5: 2 ratio (84% yield). The major diastereoisomer 88a, in which the erythritol side chain is cis to the C-3 benzyloxy

group, was separated from the minor diastereoisomer 89a, with the erythritol side chain trans to the C-3 benzyloxy group. The'H NMR spectra were virtually identical to those of the enantiomers 88b and 89b except for small variations due to concentration, as noted above. Each of the diastereomers 88a and 89a was deprotected via hydrogenolysis to give the target compounds R-68a and S-68a.

Entry into the 5-thio-D-glucitol analogues began by treatment of 1,5- anhydro-2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-0-benzyl-5-thio-D-glucitol 75 with the D-cyclic sulfate 71b.

The reaction afforded an inseparable mixture of compounds 90b and 91b with an approximate 2: 1 isomer ratio in 70% yield (Scheme 20). As in the xylitol series, the protected glucitol derivative 90b displayed an unusual IC4 conformational preference, as indicated by the coupling constants. This places the three benzyloxy groups at C-2, C-3 and C-4 as well as the benzyloxymethyl group at C-5 in an axial orientation.

Scheme 20 75 + 71a 75+71b HFIP HFIP " Ph ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph _ _+'-_ + _ BnO S OSO+ BnO g OS03 Bn0 S OS03+ Bn S OS03 + BnO/ S + BnO 03 BnX'OBn BnO""Bn BnO-Bn BnO''Bn OBn OBn OBn OBn 90a gig 90b 91b major minor major minor H2/Pd I H2/Pd 80% HOAC 80% HOAC OH OH ON HO 6S03 HO OS03 HO"Y''bH H (y'"Y\H OH OH

69a 69b The stereochemistry at the stereogenic sulfonium center for the major isomer 90b was established by means of a NOESY experiment. A strong NOESY correlation was observed between the H-lb'proton and the H-5 proton, thus confirming that the benzylidene-protected erythritol side chain was cis to H-5. NOEs to H-lax and to H-6a/H-6b were not observed. Thus, the absolute configuration at the sulfonium center in the major isomer was S. Alkylation of the sulfur must occur preferentially from the a-face of 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4, 6-tetra-O-benzyl-5-thio-D-glucitol 75 due to shielding of the P-face by the adjacent C-5 benzyloxymethyl group.

The mixture consisting of compounds 90b and 91b was then subjected to hydrogenolysis to give primarily 1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2R, 3R)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy)-butyl]-episulfoniumylidene]-D-glucitol inner salt S-69b in 81% yield

(Scheme 20). Treatment of 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4, 6-tetra-O-benzyl-5-thio-D-glucitol (75) with the L-cyclic sulfate 71a afforded an inseparable mixture of compounds 90a and 91a with an approximate 3: 1 isomer ratio in 68% yield (Scheme 20). Whereas the achiral anhydro xylitol compound 74 generated enantiomers upon reaction with the enantiomeric D-and L-cyclic sulfates, this was not the case for the chiral compound 75. For this reaction, the products 90a and 90b are diastereomers rather than enantiomers.

The stereochemistry at the stereogenic sulfonium center for the major isomer 90a was again established by means of a NOESY experiment. A strong NOE correlation was observed between the H-l'a proton and H-5. In addition, there was also an NOE correlation between H-2'and H-5, confirming that the benzylidene protected erythntol side chain was on the same side as H-5. NOEs to H-lax and to H- 6a/H-6b were not observed. Thus, the absolute configuration at the sulfonium center for compound 90a was R ; that is, the same stereochemistry at sulfur previously found for the diastereoisomer 90b. (Note: The change in RIS configuration between 90a and 90b due to sequence rules does not imply a change in stereochemistry at sulfur in this case). Therefore, independent of the configuration (71a or 71b) of the cyclic sulfate reagent, in both cases, alkylation at sulfur occurred preferentially from the least hindered ß-face of compound 75.

The mixture containing 90a and 91a was then subjected to hydrogenolysis to give primarily 1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5- [ [ (2R, 3R)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy)-butyl]-R-episulfonium-ylidene]-D-glucitol inner salt R-69a in 67 % yield (Scheme 20).

Upon removal of the protecting groups, compounds R-69a and S-69b adopted a 4CI conformation, as indicated by the vicinal proton coupling constants.

This places all of the ring substituents in an equatorial orientation, as observed for the xylitol series.

4.1. 4 Target selenonium compounds The tetrahydroselenapyran 76 was coupled to the D-cyclic sulfate 71b in HFIP solvent and afforded an inseparable mixture of two compounds, 92b and 93b

in a 1: 4 ratio in 96% yield (Scheme 21). These two compounds are diastereoisomers at the stereogenic selenium center. Alkylation can occur on selenium to give, as with sulfur, the benzylidene protected erythritol side chain either cis to the C-3 benzyloxy group or trans to the C-3 benzyloxy group. It was found by comparison of the NMR data to those of the sulfonium analogues 88b/89b, and by analysis of the NOESY spectrum (see below), that the major product, 93b, was that in which the benzylidene- protected erythritol side chain was trans to the benzyloxy group at C-3. The minor product, 92b, was that in which the benzylidene protected erythritol side chain was cis to the C-3 benzyloxy group. Curiously, the ratio was opposite to the results obtained with the tetrahydrothiapyran products 88b and 89b for which the major isomer was the cis isomer. The predominant conformations observed in both compounds 92b and 93b were, as with the corresponding thio analogues, those which placed all three benzyloxy groups in an axial arrangement, thus favoring lC4 conformations, as evidenced by the coupling constants. The major isomer 93b in its preferred lC4 conformation places the selenonium alkyl group in the axial position. The longer C- Se bonds in compounds 92b/93b compared to the thio analogues must result in less severe gauche steric interactions between the selenonium alkyl group and C-2 and C- 4.

The mixture consisting of compounds 92b and 93b was then deprotected via hydrogenolysis to give mostly one diastereoisomer of 70b, in 39 % yield (Scheme 21). The low yield was due to catalyst poisoning by decomposition products and the reaction could not be brought to completion. This major compound was characterized by NMR techniques and found to be 1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2R, 3R)- 2, 4-dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy)-butyl] R-episelenoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt R-70b.

Reaction of the selenoether 76 with the L-cyclic sulfate 71a was also performed. The product was an inseparable mixture of two diastereoisomers at the stereogenic selenium center, 92a and 93a, in a 1: 3 ratio. (Scheme 21).

The configuration at the stereogenic selenonium centers for the enantiomers 93a and 93b was confirmed by means of NOESY experiments performed on the mixtures of the compounds containing their minor diastereomers. The major isomer in each case was found to be that in which the erythritol side chain occupied the axial position in the preferred lC4 conformation. This was evidenced by correlations between H-lb'and H-Seq as well as correlations between H-l'a and H- leq. An axial preference would imply correlations between H-1a/H-1'b and H-5eq, Scheme 21 hip HIP IF t V Ph Ph Ph ph Ph Ph Ph Ph 1 + _- : + _--_ + + + Se 0 03 e OS03 - I- BnO''-Bn BnO''-Bn BnO''-Bn BnO'Y\Bn OBn OBn OBn OBn 92a 93a 92b 93b minor major minor major H2/Pd H2/Pd 80% HOAC 80% HOAC OH OH ! u 'OH OH .,. _ SeA OSO3 Se + OSO3 HO Y'OH HO Y'OH OH OH 70a 70b

and H-l'a/H-l'b and H-leq only, since free rotation about the C-l'-Se bond would not permit the H-l'a and H-l'b protons to interact with the axial C-1 and C-5 protons as these are on the opposite side of the selenoether ring. Therefore, NOEs would not be expected between H-l'a/H-l'b and H-lax/H-leq. On the other hand, an equatorial preference would imply correlations between H-l'a/H-l'b to H-lax and H-5ax as well as possibly to H-leq and H-5eq. Thus, for compound 93b the absolute configuration at the selenium center is R and that for the enantiomeric 93a is S. In both cases, the erythritol side chain is cis to the benzyloxy groups at C-2 and C-4 and trans to the C-3 benzyloxy group.

The mixture consisting of 92a and 93a was then deprotected by hydrogenolysis to afford mostly one diastereoisomer of 70a in 25% yield (Scheme 21). The major compound was characterized by NMR techniques and found to be the desired 1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[(25, 35)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)-butyl]-S- episelenoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt S-70a, the enantiomer of compound R-70b.

4.2 Chain Extended Homologues of Salacinol The synthesis of Salacinol and some of its enantio-and diastereo- isomers is described above. In addition, the inventors have developed a strategy for synthesizing Salacinol homologues having an extended alditol side chain. In one embodiment, the side chain may have 5 or 6 carbons. Four Salcinol homologues 94- 97 are shown below.

94 95

In principle, the desired compounds could be obtained from the sulfonium-sulfate disaccharide analogues 98-101; such analogues are representatives of a new class of carbohydrate derivatives and may have interesting properties in and of themselves. They are disaccharide analogues in which a permanent positive charge resides on the non-reducing ring and linkage heteroatom simultaneously. As such, they may be mimics of the partial positive charge that is generated on analogous atoms at the transition state stage of enzyme catalyzed glycoside hydrolysis.

98 99 100 101

The inventors'synthetic strategy was similar to that used to the inventors'advantage for related structures as described above. This involves opening of a 1, 3-cyclic sulfate ring by nucleophilic attack of a sulfide. In this case the target structures were chosen partly due to the availability of appropriate cyclic sulfate derivatives. A literature survey, searching for 1,3-cyclic sulfates of carbohydrate derivatives, returned the glucopyranoside 4, 6-O-cyclic sulfates 10237 and 10338 as well as the xylose derivative 10439 and the galactose derivative 105. 4° 102R=H 103 R = Bz 104 105

These derivatives have been shown to react with oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur nucleophiles selectively at the primary carbon. The methyl pyranosides 102 and 103 were rejected due to the probable harsh conditions necessary for hydrolysis of the glycoside bond during the deprotection of the proposed, and possibly sensitive, sulfonium intermediates. Compounds 104 and 105 were deemed to be more suitable and could be prepared by the literature methods. Three other cyclic sulfates could be prepared by new methods. Benzyl glucopyranoside 4,6-cyclic sulfate 107 could be prepared by the Sharpless method8l from known benzyl glucopyranoside 10641 and similar treatment of the methyl or benzyl arabinofuranosides 10842 and 109 would yield cyclic sulfates 110 and 111 (Scheme 22).

Schemes for the synthesis of the target chain-extended homologue compounds are shown in the schemes that follow and the testing of the general strategy is described for the reaction of the cyclic sulfate 105.

Scheme 22 106 107

108 R = CH3<BR> <BR> 109R=Bn 110R=CH3<BR> <BR> 111 R = Bn Scheme 23

109 116 Sulfide 117 was available from earlier work25 and could be prepared more conveniently by a method analogous to that developed for the corresponding selenium derivative. 26 Compound 117 was reacted with cyclic sulfate 105 to give protected sulfonium sulfate compound 119 (Scheme 24). The solvent was the unusual solvent 1,1, 1,3, 3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) which the inventors have found to offer significant advantages in reactions to form sulfonium salts as mentioned above.

Compound 119 was deprotected by hydrogenolysis with Ha over a Pd catalyst to give hemiacetal derivative 99 as a mixture of anomers. Reduction of the mixture with sodium borohydride yielded compound 95, a chain extended analogue of Salacinol.

Scheme 24 121 R = CH3 122 R = Bn<BR> <BR> <BR> 5 Scheme 25

5. 0 Examples The following examples will further illustrate the invention in greater detail although it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to the specific examples.

5.1 Experimental Methods Optical rotations were measured at 20° C. lH and 13C NMR spectra were recorded at 400.13 and 100.6 MHz for proton and carbon respectively. All assignments were confirmed with the aid of two-dimensional'H,'H (COSYDFTP) or 'H, 13C (INVBTP) experiments using standard Bruker pulse programs. MALDI-TOF mass spectra were obtained for samples dispersed in a 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid matrix using a Perseptive Biosystems Voyager-DE instrument. Silica gel for chromatography was Merck kieselgel 60. High resolution mass spectra were LSIMS (Fab), run on a Kratos Concept H double focussing mass spectrometer at 10000 RP.

5.2 Preparation of Intermediates 5.2. 1 Example 1-Preparation of Cyclic Sulfate (7) (Scheme 2 Step I-2, 4-O-Benzylidene-D-erythritol (5).

Compound (5) was prepared from 4, 6-O-benzylidene-D-glucose (4) according to standard procedures. 9 l0 Compound (5) has been mentioned by MacDonald et al., lo without characterization, which is therefore dealt with here. Mp 138-139°C ; [a] D- 44° (c 1.0, MeOH) ; 1H NMR (CD30D): 8 7.53-7. 28 (5H, m, Ar), 5.53 (1H, s, H-5), 4.2 (1H, dd, J= 10.1, 3.6 Hz, H-4a), 3.92 (1H, dd, J= 12. 1,1. 7 Hz, H-la), 3.74 (1H, dd, J= 12.1, 5.7 Hz, H-lb), 3.67-3. 55 (3H, m, H-3, H-2, H-4b); 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD30D) : 8 139.52 (Cipso) 129. 77 (para), 128.99, 127.49 (4Cortho+meta), 102.36 (C-5), 84.22 (C-3), 72.21 (C-4), 62.76 (C-1), 62.59 (C-2); MALDI-TOF MS: m/e 211 (M+ + H), 233 (M+ + Na). Anal. Calcd for CllHl404 : C, 62. 83 ; H, 6.72. Found: C, 62.96 ; H, 6.55.

Step 2-2, 4-O-Benzylidene-D-erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfite (6).

A solution of the diol (5) (4. 5g, 21 mmol) and Et3N (11mL, 4equiv) in dry CH2C12 (90mL) was added dropwise to a solution of SOC12 (2.4mL, 1. 5equiv) in dry CH2Cl2 (60mL), with stirring in an ice-bath under an N2 atmosphere. Stirring was continued at 0°C, until TLC (hex: EtOAc, 4: 1) showed complete disappearance of the starting material. The mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (150mL) and washed with Ha0 (150mL) and brine (150mL). The organic solution was dried (Na2S04) and concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The product was purified by flash chromatography [hex: EtOAc, 4: 1 + 0. 1% Et3N] to give a mixture of two diastereomers (4. 5g, 82%). One of the isomers was selectively recrystallized from EtOAc: hex. Mp 137-139°C ; [a] o +32° (c 1.0, CH2Cl2) ; 1H NMR (CD2C12) : 8 7.48- 7.36 (5H, m, Ar), 5.68 (1H, s, H-5), 5.04 (1H, ddd, J= 10.4, 9.5, 5.0 Hz, H-3), 4.80 (1H, dd, J= 10.4, 10.4 Hz, H-la), 4.24 (1H, dd, J = 10.5, 5.0 Hz, H-4e), 4.18 (1H, ddd, J= 10.4, 9.5, 4.8 Hz, H-2), 4.06 (1H, dd, J= 10.4, 4.8 Hz, H-le), 3.89 (1H, dd, J = 10.5, 10.4 Hz, H-4a) ; 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD2C12) : 8 137.14 (also), 129.74 (para), 128. 65,126. 50 (4Cortho+meta), 102.72 (C-5), 73.56 (C-2), 68.16 (C-4), 63.90 (C- 3), 60.18 (C-1). Anal. Calcd for CllHI205S : C, 51.55 ; H, 4.72. Found: C, 51.80 ; H, 4.66.

Step 3-2, 4-O-Benzylidene-D-erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfate (7).

The cyclic sulfite (6) (3. 5g, 14mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of MeCN (50mL) and CCl4 (50mL), and NaI04 (4.1g, 1. 5equiv) and RuCl3-H2O (50mg) were added followed by H20 (50mL). The mixture was stirred vigorously at rt until TLC (hex: EtOAc, 4: 1) showed complete disappearance of the starting material. The mixture was diluted with Et20 (200mL) and washed with H20 (200mL) and brine (200mL). The organic solution was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The product was purified by flash chromatography [hex: EtOAc, 4: 1 + 0.1% Et3N] to yield a white solid (3. 5g, 95%). A portion of the product was recrystallized from EtOAc: hex. Mp 115-125°C (dec) ; [a] D +4° (c 1.0, CHCl3) ; 1H NMR (CD2C12) : 8 7.48-7. 37 (5H, m, Ar), 5.65 (1H, s, H-5), 4. 86 (1H, ddd, J= 10.2, 9.8, 5.0 Hz, H-3), 4.76 (1H, dd, J= 10.7, 10.5 Hz, H-la), 4.65 (1H, dd, J= 10.5, 5.0 Hz, H-le), 4.44 (1H, dd, J= 10. 5,5. 0 Hz, H-4e), 4.25 (1H, ddd, J= 10.7, 9.8, 5. 0 Hz, H-2), 3.97 (1H, dd, J = 10.5, 10.2 Hz, H-4a) ; 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD2C12) : 8 136. 32 (Cipso), 130. 03 (Cpara), 128. 74,126. 52 (4Cortho+meta), 102. 98 (C-5), 75.74 (C-3),

73.19 (C-1), 71.68 (C-2), 67.64 (C-4) ; MALDI-TOF MS: m/e 273 (M+ + H), Anal.

Calcd for CIIH1206S : C, 48.52 ; H, 4.45. Found: C, 48.43 ; H, 4.39.

5.2. 2 Example 2-Preparation of thio-arabinitol (Scheme 4 1, 4-Anhydro-2,3, 5-tri-0-benzyl-4-thio-D-arabinitol (12).

A mixture of 1, 4-anhydro-3-0-benzyl-4-thio-D-arabinitol (l. Og, 4. 2mmol) and 60% NaH (0.85g, 5equiv) in DMF (20mL) was stirred in an ice-bath for lh. A solution of benzyl bromide (1. 9mL, 3. 8equiv) in DMF (5mL) was added and the solution was stirred at rt for 3h. The mixture was added to ice-water (150mL) and extracted with Et20 (150mL). The organic solution was dried (Na2S04) and concentrated. The product was purified by flash chromatography [hex: EtOAc, 4: 1] to give a syrup (1.6g, 90%). [a] D +5° (c 1.6, CHC13) ;'H NMR (CDC13) : 8 7.38-7. 23 (15H, m, Ar), 4.64- 4.45 (6H, m, CH2Ph), 4.19 (1H, dd, J= 8.9, 4.6 Hz, H-2), 4.11 (1H, dd, J= 7.2, 3. 8 Hz, H-3), 3.69 (1H, dd, J= 8. 8,7. 6 Hz, H-5a), 3.57 (1H, ddd, J= 7. 5,6. 4,3. 6 Hz, H- 4), 3.50 (1H, dd, J = 8. 9,6. 3 Hz, H-5b), 3.08 (1H, dd, J= 11.4, 5.1 Hz, H-la), 2.91 (1H, dd, J = 11.4, 4.6 Hz, H-lb).'3C NMR (100.6 MHz, CDC13) : 8 138.16, 138.06, 137. 88 (3Cjpso), 128.40-127. 59 (15CAr), 85.08 (C-3), 85.04 (C-2), 73.01 (CH2Ph), 72.34 (C-5), 71.85, 71.50 (2CH2Ph), 48.99 (C-4), 33.10 (C-1). Anal.

Calcd for C26H2803S : C, 74.25 ; H, 6.72. Found: C, 74.18 ; H, 6.53.

5.2. 3 Example 3-Preparation of seleno-arabinitol (Scheme 6) 1, 4-Anhydro-2,3, 5-tri-O-benzyl-4-seleno-D-arabinitol (20).

Selenium metal (1. lg, 14mmol) was added to liquid NH3 (60mL) in a-50°C bath and small pieces of Na (0. 71g) were added until a blue color appeared. A small portion of selenium (20mg) was added to remove the blue color. NH3 was removed by warming on a water bath and DMF was added and removed under high vacuum to remove the rest of NH3. A solution of the mesylated compound (18) (7.4g, 12. 7mmol) in DMF (lOOmL) was added and the mixture was stirred under N2 in a 70°C bath for 3 h. The mixture was cooled and the solvent was removed on high vacuum. The product was partitioned between CH2C12 (150mL) and water (50mL), and the organic solution was washed with water (50mL) and brine (50mL) and dried (MgS04). The product was

purified by flash chromatography (hex : EtOAc, 3: 1) to give a yellow oil (4.74g, 80%).

[a] D +22° (c 1.3, CHCl3) ; 1H NMR (CDC13) : 8 7.22-7. 48 (15H, m, Ar), 4.67, 4.61 (2H, 2d, J= 11.8 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.56, 4.48 (2H, 2d, J = 12.1 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.53, 4.50 (2H, 2d, CH2Ph), 4.22 (1H, dd, J= 10.1, 5.1 Hz, H-2), 4.07 (1H, dd, J= 4. 6,4. 6 Hz, H-3), 3.85 (1H, dd, J= 9. 2,7. 6 Hz, H-5a), 3.77 (1H, ddd, J= 7.5, 6.9, 4.5 Hz, H-4), 3.53 (1H, dd, J= 9.1, 6.8 Hz, H-5b), 3.11 (1H, dd, J= 10.4, 5.1 Hz, H-la), 2.96 (1H, dd, J= 10.4, 5.3 Hz, H-lb). 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CDC13) : 8 138.24, 138.21, 138.06 (3Cipso), 128. 40-127.60 (15CAr), 85.93 (C-2), 85.63 (C-3), 72.96 (C-5, CH2Ph), 72.14, 71.50 (2CH2Ph), 42.59 (C-4), 23.96 (C-1). Anal. Calcd for C26H2803Se : C, 66.65 ; H, 6.03. Found: C, 66.49 ; H, 6.05.

5.2. 4 Example 4-General procedure for the synthesis of the protected sulfonium, selenonium and ammonium sulfates (21), L22), (24), (26), (27), (28), (30), (31) (Schemes 7-14).

The thio, aza or selenosugar (3mmol) and the cyclic sulfate (1. 2equiv) were dissolved in dry acetone (in the case of (21), (22), (24), (26), (27) and (28) ) or dry methanol (in the case of (30) and (31)) (0. 5mL) and anhydrous K2CO3 (7mg) was added. The mixture was stirred in a Caries tube in an oil-bath (75°C) overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the product was purified by column chromatography.

1-((1', 4'-Anhydro-2', 3', 5'-tri-O-benzyl-4'-thio-D-arabinitol)-4'-S-yl)-2, 4-0- benzylidene-l-deoxy-L-erythritol-3-sulfate (21).

Column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1 + 0. 1% Et3N] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (33%). [a] D-11. 9° (c 1.7, CH2C12) ; lH NMR (CD2C12) : 8 7.49-7. 12 (20H, m, Ar), 5.54 (1H, s, H-5), 4.59 (1H, ddd, J= 9.9, 5.4, 4.5 Hz, H-3), 4.55-4. 33 (8H, m, 4CH2Ph, H-2', H-4a, H-la, H-3'), 4.29 (1H, dt, J= 9.5, 3.0 Hz, H- 2), 4.25 and 4.15 (2H, 2d, J= 11.9 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.04 (1H, m, H-l'a) 4.02-3. 95 (2H, m, H-4', H-lb), 3. 78 (1H, dd, J= 10.7, 10.7 Hz, H-4b), 3.74 (1H, dd, J= 13.6, 3.8 Hz, H-l'b), 3.62 (1H, dd, J= 9.9, 8.6 Hz, H-5'a), 3.54 (1H, dd, J= 9.9, 7.2 Hz, H-5'b); 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD2Cl2) : # 137.34, 137.24, 136.56, 136.39 (4Cipso), 129.73-

126.62 (20CAr), 101.95 (C-5), 83.75 (C-3'), 82.82 (C-2'), 76.80 (C-2), 73.73, 72.84, 72.52 (3CH2Ph), 69.54. (C-4), 67.01 (C-5'), 66.48 (C-3), 65.27 (C-4'), 49.67 (C-1), 48.28 (C-1') ; MALDI-TOF MS: m/e 693 (M+ + H). Anal. Calcd for C37H4oO9S2 : C, 64.14 ; H, 5.82. Found: C, 63. 88 ; H, 5.83.

1- ( (l', 4'-Anhydro-2', 3', 5'-tri-O-benzyl-4'-thio-D-arabinitol)-4'-S-yl)-2, 4-O- benzylidene-1-deoxy-D-erythritol-3-sulfate (22).

Column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1 + 0. 1% Et3N] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (79%). [a] D -46. 9° (c 0.65, CH2C12) ; 1H NMR (CD2C12) : 8 7.43-7. 10 (20H, m, Ar), 5.49 (1H, s, H-5), 4.62-4. 34 (11H, m, CH2Ph, H-3, H-4a, H- 2', H-la, H-3'), 4.30-4. 21 (2H, m, H-2, H-4'), 3.96 (1H, dd, J= 9.7, 6.2 Hz, H-5'a), 3.90 (1H, dd, J= 13. 3,3. 4 Hz, H-lb), 3.82 (1H, dd, J= 9.8, 9.8 Hz, H-5'b), 3.79-3. 71 (2H, m, H-1'a, H-4b), 3.51 (1H, dd, J= 13.2, 3.9 Hz, H-l'b) ; 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD2C12) : 8 137.62, 137.27, 136.48, 136.29 (4Cjpso), 129.80-126. 56 (20CAr), 102.16 (C- 5), 84. 25 (C-3'), 82.56 (C-2'), 77.07 (C-2), 74.02, 72.74 (3CH2Ph), 69.75 (C-4), 67.19 (C-5'), 66. 82 (C-3), 65.76 (C-4'), 50.41 (C-1), 49.60 (C-1') ; MALDI-TOF MS: m/e 693 (M+ + H). Anal. Calcd for C37H40O9S2 : C, 64.14 ; H, 5.82. Found: C, 64.16 ; H, 5.73.

1-((1', 4'-Anhydro-2', 3', 5'-tri-O-benzyl-4'-thio-L-arabinitol)-4'-S-yl)-2, 4-O- benzylidene-l-deoxy-D-erythritol-3-sulfate (24).

Column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1 + 0. 1% Et3N] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (40%). [a] D +14. 3° (c 1.4, CH2CI2) ; 1H NMR (CD2C12) : 8 7.49-7. 12 (20H, m, Ar), 5.55 (1H, s, H-5), 4.60 (1H, ddd, J= 9.8, 5.5, 4.5 Hz, H-3), 4.55-4. 44 (5H, m, 3CH2Ph, H-2', H-4a), 4.42 (1H, dd, J= 13.3, 2.3 Hz, H-la), 4.39- 4.34 (2H, m, CH2Ph, H-3'), 4.28 (1H, dt, J= 9.8, 2.9 Hz, H-2), 4.24 and 4.14 (2H, 2d, J= 11.9 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.10 (1H, d, J= 13.4 Hz H-l'a), 3.98-3. 90 (2H, m, H-4', H- lb), 3.78 (1H, dd, J= 10.5, 10.5 Hz, H-4b), 3.67 (1H, dd, J= 13.4, 3.8 Hz, H-l'b), 3.62 (1H, dd, J= 9.9, 8. 7 Hz, H-5'a), 3.53 (1H, dd, J= 9.9, 7.2 Hz, H-5'b); 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD2C12) : 8 137.32, 137.26, 136.48, 136.25 (4Cipso) 129.79-126. 64 (20CAr), 102.06 (C-5), 83. 96 (C-3'), 82.74 (C-2'), 76.93 (C-2), 73.81, 72.97, 72.57

(3CH2Ph), 69.59. (C-4), 67.07 (C-5'), 66.36 (C-3), 66.31 (C-4'), 49.96 (C-1), 48.52 (C- 1'). Anal. Calcd for C37H4009S2 : C, 64.14 ; H, 5.82. Found: C, 64.13 ; H, 5.74. <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <P>1- ( (l', 4'-Anhydro-3'-O-benzyl-4'-thio-D-arabinitol)-4'-S-yl)-2, 4-O-benzylidenel- deoxy-L-erythritol-3-sulfate (26).

Column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1 + 0. 1% Et3N] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (32%). ; 1H NMR (CD2C12) : 8 7.49-7. 26 (10H, m, Ar), 6.22 (1H, d, J= 4.4 Hz, 2'-OH), 5.54 (1H, s, H-5), 4.96 (1H, br-s, H-2'), 4.64 (1H, d, J = 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.64-4. 62 (1H, m, 5'-OH), 4.56 (1H, d, J = 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.54- 4.48 (1H, m, H-3), 4.46 (1H, dd, J = 10. 5,5. 4 Hz, H-4a), 4. 33-4. 25 (3H, m, H-3', H-2, H-l'a), 4.12 (1H, dd, J= 13.5, 2.6 Hz, H-la), 4.12-4. 09 (1H, m, H-4'), 4.01 (1H, dd, J = 13.5, 3.4 Hz, H-lb), 3.92-3. 82 (2H, m, H-5'a, H-5'b), 3.78 (1H, dd, J = 10.5, 10.1 Hz, H-4b), 3.67 (1H, dd, J= 13.5, 3.9 Hz, H-l'b) ; 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD2C12) : 8 136.92, 136.73 (2Cipso), 129.97-126. 61 (10CAr), 102.32 (C-5), 88.45 (C-3'), 76.61 (C- 2), 76.22 (C-2'), 72.96 (CH2Ph), 71.24 (C-4'), 69.27 (C-4), 66.96 (C-3), 60.51 (C-5'), 52.43 (C-1'), 48.30 (C-1) ; MALDI-TOF MS: m/e 513 (M+ + H). Anal. Calcd for C23H2809S2 : C, 53.89 ; H, 5.51. Found: C, 53.64 ; H, 5.34.

1-((1', 4'-Anhydro-2', 3', 5'-tri-O-benzyl-4'-seleno-D-arabinitol)-4'-Se-yl)-2, 4-O- benzylidene-1-deoxy-L-erythritol-3-sulfate (27).

Column chromatography [CHC13 : MeOH, 15: 1] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (86%). NMR showed the presence of two isomers (7: 1) at the stereogenic selenium center which were separated on analytical HPLC [acetonitrile/H20]. Anal. Calcd for C37H4o09SSe : C, 59.99 ; H, 5.45. Found: C, 59.91 ; H, 5.44.

1-((1', 4'-Anhydro-2', 3', 5'-tri-O-benzyl-4'-seleno-D-arabinitol)-4'-Se-yl)-2, 4-O- benzylidene-1-deoxy-D-erythritol-3-sulfate (28).

Column chromatography [CHC13 : MeOH, 15: 1] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (96%). NMR showed the presence of two isomers (3: 1) at the stereogenic selenium center which were separated on analytical HPLC

[acetonitrile/H2O]. Anal. Calcd for C37H4o09SSe : C, 59.99 ; H, 5.45. Found: C, 59.91 ; H, 5.37. <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <P>1-((1', 4'-Dideoxy-1', 4'-imino-D-arabinitol)-4'-N-yl)-2, 4-O-benzylidenFl-deoxy- L-erythritol-3-sulfate (30).

A mixture of 1, 4-Dideoxy-1, 4-imino-D-arabinitol (19) (100mg, 0.7mmol) and 2, 4-O- benzylidene-L-erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfate (10) (235mg, 1. 2equiv) were dissolved in dry MeOH (0. SmL) and anhydrous K2C03 (15mg) was added. The mixture was stirred in a Caries tube in an oil-bath (75°C) overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and column chromatography [CHxCMeOH, 4.5 : 1] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (219mg, 72%). 1H NMR (CD30D) : 8 7.53- 7.30 (5H, m, Ar), 5.61 (1H, s, H-5), 4.53 (1H, dd, J= 11.1, 5.2 Hz, H-4a), 4.25 (1H, m, H-2), 4.20 (1H, ddd, J= 9.8, 5.2, 4.4 Hz, H-3), 4.11 (1H, br-s, H-2'), 3.99-3. 84 (4H, m, H-la, H-3', H-5'a, H-5'b), 3.82 (1H, dd, J= 10.7, 9.8 Hz H-4b) 3.58 (1H, m, H-l'a), 3.55-3. 42 (2H, m, H-l'b, H-4'), 3.38 (1H, m, H-lb) ; 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD30D) : # 138.72 (Cipso), 130.12 (Cpan,), 129.21, 127.39 (4Cortho+meta), 102.33 (C-5), 78.01 (C-4', C-3', C-2), 76.31 (C-2'), 70.29 (C-4), 69.02 (C-3), 62.64 (C-1'), 60.51 (C-5'), 58.46 (C-1) ; MALDI-TOF MS: m/e 428 (M+ + Na), 406 (M+ + H); HRMS.

Calcd for C16H23O9SN (M + H) : 406.1179. Found: 406.1192. <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <P>1-((1', 4'-Dideoxy-1', 4'-imino-L-arabinitol)-4'-N-yl)-2, 4-O-benzylidenOl-deoxy- D-erythritol-3-sulfate (31).

A mixture of 1, 4-Dideoxy-1, 4-imino-L-arabinitol (16) (80mg, 0. 6mmol) and 2, 4-O- benzylidene-D-erythritol-1,3-cyclic sulfate (7) (190mg, 1. 2equiv) were dissolved in dry MeOH (0. SmL) and anhydrous K2CO3 (lOmg) was added. The mixture was stirred in a Caries tube in an oil-bath (75°C) overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and column chromatography [CH2Cl2 : MeOH, 5: 1] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (175mg, 72%). 1H NMR (CD30D) : 8 7.52- 7.31 (5H, m, Ar), 5.62 (1H, s, H-5), 4.53 (1H, dd, J= 10.9, 5.2 Hz, H-4a), 4.28 (1H, m, H-2), 4.20 (1H, ddd, J= 9.7, 5.1, 4.6 Hz, H-3), 4.14 (1H, br-s, H-2'), 4.03 (1H, m, H-la), 3.98-3. 84 (3H, m, H-3', H-5'a, H-5'b), 3. 81 (1H, dd, J= 10.9, 10 Hz H-4b) 3.63 (1H, m, H-l'a), 3.55-3. 42 (2H, m, H-l'b, H-4'), 3.38 (1H, m, H-lb) ; 13C NMR

(100.6 MHz, CD30D) : 8 138.66 (Cipso), 130.15 (Cpara), 129.23, 127.40 (4Cortho+meta), 102.34 (C-5), 77.81 (C-4'), 77.52 (C-3', C-2), 76.19 (C-2'), 70.27 (C-4), 68.92 (C-3), 62. 68 (C-1'), 60.41 (C-5'), 58.61 (C-1) ; MALDI-TOF MS: m/e 428 (M+ + Na), 406 (M+ + H).

5.2. 4.1 Example 4. 1-General procedure for the alternative synthesis of Salacinol (1) (Schemes 10(a) to 10(c)).

2,3, 5-Tri-O-benzyl-1, 4-dideoxy-1, 4- [ [ (2S, 3S) -2, 4-di-(benzyloxy)-3-sulfoxy)butyl]- episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol Inner Salt (42).

A mixture of the thioether 3325 (270 mg, 0.64 mmol) and 2, 4-Di-O-benzyl-1, 3-cyclic sulfate (41) 15,26 (280 mg, 0.77 mmol) in either acetone or HFIP (0.5 mL), containing anhydrous K2C03 (16 mg, 0.10 mmol) was stirred in a sealed tube in an oil-bath (75- 80 °C) for 14h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography using (CH2Cl2 : MeOH, 10: 1) as eluant to give the title compound 42, as an amorphous solid (29 mg, 5%) in acetone and (229 mg, 45%) in HFIP. Rf 0.40 (CH2Cl2 : MeOH, 10: 1); Mn-26° (c 1.3, CHC13) ; 1H NMR (CDC13) : # 7.38-7. 05 (25H, m, Ar), 4.67 and 4.45 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 8 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.60 and 4.45 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 9.5 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.59 and 4.44 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.58 (1H, dt, J2, 3' = 5.0 Hz, H-3'), 4.42 and 4.28 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4. 36 6(1H, m, H-2), 4.32 (1H, ddd, J = 1. 7, 4.1, 6.3 Hz, H-2'), 4. 30 and 4.20 (2H, 2d, JAB = 11.7 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.23 (1H, m, H-3), 4.13 (1H, dd, J1'a,1'b = 13.4, J1'a,2' = 2. 0 Hz, H-l'a), 4.05 (1H, d, J2,3 = 13.3 Hz, H-la), 4.00 (1H, dd, J4a, 4lb = 11.1, J3',4'a = 2.7 Hz, H-4'a), 3.86 (1H, dd, J3, 4b = 2. 4, J4'a,4'b = 11.3 Hz, H-4'b), 3.71 (1H, brt, J= 9.2 Hz, H-4), 3.69 (1H, dd, J1'b,2' = 3.8, J1'b,1'a = 9.2 Hz, H-l'b), 3.60 (1H, dd, Jla, lb = 13.5, Jlb, 2 = 3. 8 Hz, H-lb), 3.51 (1H, dd, Jsa, 5b = 13.6, J4, 5a = 9.7 Hz, H-5a), 3.49 (1H, dd, J4, 5b = 9.7 Hz, H-5b) ; 13C NMR (CDC13) : 8 137.97, 136.77, 136.71, 136.05 and 135. 77 (5#Cipso Ph), 128.81-127. 66 (25C, Ph), 83.14 (C-3), 81.65 (C-2), 74.59 (C-3'), 73.81, 73.53, 3.39, 72.12, 71.84 (5xCH2Ph), 73.10 (C-2'), 68.79 (C-4'), 66.62 (C-5), 65.53 (C-4), 50.89 (C-1'), 48. 07 (C-1). MALDI-TOF MS: m/e 785.41 (M++H), 808. 32 (M++Na). Anal. Calcd for C44H4809S2 : C, 67.32 ; H, 6.16. Found: C, 67.36 ; H, 6. 10.

2,3, 5-Tri-O-benzyl-1, 4-dideoxy-1, 4- [ [ (2S, 3S) -2, 4-0-benzylidene-3 (sulfooxy) butyl]-episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol (35).

A mixture of the thioether 3325 (260 mg, 0.62 mmol) and 2, 4-Di-O-benzylidene-1, 3- cyclic sulfate (34) 25 (200 mg, 0.74 mmol) in either acetone or HFIP (0.5 ml) containing K2CO3 (13 mg, 0.09 mmol) was treated as described above to yield the title compound 3525 as an amorphous solid (252 mg, 59% in acetone) and (406 mg, 94% in HFIP).

1, 4-Anhydro-2,3, 5-tri-O- (p-methoxybenzyl)-4-thio-D-arabinitol (43).

To an ice cold mixture of 1, 4-anhydro-4-thio-D-arabinitol 3825 (0.98 g, 6.52 mmol) and 60% NaH (1.56 g, 39.15 mmol, 6 equiv. ) in THF (15 mL), a solution of p- methoxybenzyl chloride (4.59 g, 29.34 mmol, 4.5 equiv. ) in THF (10 mL) was added over 30 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to attain room temperature and further stirred for lh before heating to 55 °C for 12h. The reaction mixture was cooled and poured in to ice-water (150 mL) and extracted with Et20 (150 mL). The organic solution was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The product was purified by column chromatography [hexanes: EtOAc, 7: 3] to give a colorless syrup (2.96 g, 87%). [a] D + 6° (c 1, CHC13) ; 1H NMR (CDC13) : 8 7.20-6. 80 (12H, m, Ar), 4.55 (2H, s, CH2Ph), 4.48 and 4.45 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 7 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.42 and 4.39 (2H, 2d, JA,B = 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.13 (1H, dd, Jla2 = 4.6, J2, 3 = 9.1 Hz, H-2), 4.05 (1H, dd, J23 = J3, 4 = 3. 7 Hz, H-3), 3.81 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.79 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.64 (1H, dd, J5a,5b = 8.9, J4,5a = 7. 5 Hz, H-5a), 3.50 (1H, ddd, J4, sb = 6.3 Hz, H-4), 3.45 (1H, dd, H- 5b), 3.04 (1H, dd, J1a,1b = 11.4, Jla, 2 = 5.2 Hz, H-la), 2.85 (1H, dd, H-lb). 13C NMR (CDC13) : 8 159.24, 159.16 (3Cpa,), 130.31, 130.19, 130.01 (3Cipso), 129.48, 129.28, 129. 22 (6 Ortho), 113.80, 113.74 (6 Cmeta), 84. 77 (C-3), 84.70 (C-2), 72.66, 71.49, 71.20 (3xCH2Ph), 72.15 (C-5), 55.24 (3xOCH3), 48.96 (C-4), 33.07 (C-1). Anal.

Calcd for C29H3406S : C, 68.21 ; H, 6.71. Found: C, 67.99 ; H, 6.69.

2,3, 5-Tri-O-p-Methoxybenzyl-1, 4-dideoxy-1, 4-[[(2S, 3S)-2, 4-benzylidenedioxy-3- (sulfooxy) butyl]-episulfoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol Inner Salt (44).

A mixture of the thioether 43 (1.50 g, 2.94 mmol), and the cyclic sulfate 34 (0.96 g, 1.2 equiv) in HFIP (2.5 mL) containing anhydrous K2C03 (30 mg) was stirred in a

sealed tube in an oil-bath (55°C) overnight. TLC analysis (CH2Cl2 : MeOH, 10: 1) showed that the thioether 43 was completely consumed. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the product was purified by column chromatography (gradient of CH2C12 to CH2Cl2 : MeOH, 10: 1) to give compound 13 (2.3 g, 100%) as a colorless foam. [a] D-10. 5° (c 1.1, CH2Cl2) ; 1H NMR (CD2C12) : 8 7.51-6. 81 (17H, m, Ph), 5.53 (1H, s, C6H5CH), 4.57 (1H, ddd, J2',3' = J3,4'ax = 10. 0, J3', 4'eq = 5. 5 Hz, H- 3'), 4.49 (1H, dd, J4'ax,4'eq = 10.8 Hz, H-4'eq), 4.44 (2H, s, CH2Ph), 4.42-4. 39 (1H, m, H-2), 4.39 and 4.29 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 4 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.33 (1H,. dd, Jlta, lt = 13. 4, a, 2' = 2.6 Hz, H-l'a), 4.29-4. 26 (1H, m, H-3), 4.26 (1H, ddd, H-2'), 4.19 and 4.09 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.5 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.03 (1H, br d, J1a,2 <1 Hz, H-la), 3.96-3. 89 (2H, m, H-4, H- 1'b), 3.80 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.79 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.77 (1H, dd, H- 4'ax), 3.63 (1H, dd, Jla, lb = 13.3, J1b,2 = 3.8 Hz, H-lb), 3.58 (1H, dd, Jsa, sb = 9.9, J4 sa = 8.5 Hz, H-5a), 3.49 (1H, dd, J4, 5b = 7.3 Hz, H-5b) ; 13C NMR (CD2C12) : 8 160.30, 160.23, 159.97, 137.20 and 130.27-126. 61 (21XC, Ph), 114.45, 114.36 and 114.18 (3#Cipso, OMBn), 101.96 (PHCH), 83. 29 (C-3), 82.37 (C-2), 76.76 (C-2'), 73.36, 72.43, and 72.14 (3xCH2Ph), 69.50 (C-4'), 66.71 (C-5), 66.55 (C-4), 66.45 (C-3'), 55.61 (3C, 3#OCH3), 49.55 (C-1'), 48.48 (C-1). Anal. Calcd for C4oH46012S2 : C, 61.36 ; H, 5.92. Found: C, 61.13 ; H, 6.00.

1, 4-Dideoxy-1, 4-[[(2S,3S)-2,4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)butyl]-episulfoniumyli dene]- D-arabinitol Inner Salt (1). Compound 13 (2.30 g, 2.94 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (24 mL) and while stirring, water (2.4 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the gummy residue was washed with CH2C12 (3 x 20 mL).

Water (15 mL) was added to dissolve the crude product, and then evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the traces of acid left. Salacinol 1 (0.67 g, 68%) was crystallized from MeOH. The mother liquor was concentrated and purified by column chromatography (EtOAc: MeOH: H20, 7: 3: 1) to give more Salacinol 1 as a white solid (0.18 g, 18%).

5.2. 5 Example 5-General procedure for the deprotection of the protected sulfonium sulfates (Schemes 7-10) and ammonium sulfates (Schemes 13-14)

The protected compound was dissolved in AcOH : H20, 4: 1 (3mL) and stirred with Pd- C (80mg) under H2 (52 psi). After 60h the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, which was consequently washed with MeOH. The combined filtrates were concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography.

1-((1', 4'-Anhydro-4'-thio-D-arabinitol)-4'-S-yl)-1-deoxy-L-erythrit ol-3-sulfate (1).

Column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH: H20,7 : 3: 1] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (67%). [a] D +2. 1° (c 0.48, MeOH) ; 1H NMR (pyridine-d5): 8 5.25 (1H, ddd, J= 7.4, 3.8, 3.6 Hz, H-3), 5.14-5. 09 (2H, m, H-3', H-2'), 5.00 (1H, m, H-2), 4.78 (1H, dd, J= 13.0, 4.9 Hz H-la), 4.70 (1H, m, H-4'), 4.63 (1H, dd, J= 13.0, 4.0 Hz H-lb), 4.61 (1H, dd, J= 11.8, 3.7 Hz H-4a) 4.53 (2H, m, H-5'a, H-5'b), 4.38 (1H, dd, J= 11.8, 3.8 Hz H-4b), 4.32 (2H, br-s, H-1'a, H-l'b) ; 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, pyridine-d5): 8 79.14 (C-3), 79.06 (C-3'), 78.18 (C-2'), 72.30 (C-4'), 67.44 (C-2), 62.05 (C-4), 59. 98 (C-5'), 52.46 (C-1), 50.35 (C-1'). HRMS. Calcd for CgH18O9S2 (M + H) : 335.0471. Found: 335.0481.

1-((1', 4'-Anhydro-4'-thio-D-arabinitol)-4'-S-yl)-1-deoxy-D-erythrit ol-3-sulfate (23).

Column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH: H20, 7: 3: 1] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (59%). [a] D-35. 6° (c 0. 86, MeOH) ; 1H NMR (pyridine-d5) : 8 5.19 (1H, ddd, J= 8.0, 4.1, 3.6 Hz, H-3), 5.17-5. 12 (2H, m, H-2', H-3'), 5.00 (1H, ddd, J= 8.0, 5.3, 4.1 Hz, H-2), 4.83 (1H, dd, J= 13.0, 5.1 Hz H-la), 4.78 (1H, m, H-4'), 4.65 (1H, dd, J = 11.9, 3.8 Hz H-4a), 4.64-4. 57 (2H, m, H-5'a, H-5'b), 4.53 (1H, dd, J= 13.0, 4.1 Hz H-lb), 4.40 (1H, dd, J = 11.9, 3.8 Hz H-4b), 4.29 (1H, dd, J = 12.7, 3.9 Hz H-l'a), 4.17 (1H, dd, J= 12.7, 2.6 Hz H-l'b) ; 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, pyridine- d5): 8 79.46 (C-3), 79. 38 (C-3'), 78.94 (C-2'), 71.94 (C-4'), 67.52 (C-2), 62.02 (C-4), 60.26 (C-5'), 52.64 (C-1), 51.01 (C-1'). HRMS. Calcd for CgHisOgSz (M + H): 335.0471. Found: 335.0486.

1-((1', 4'-Anhydro-4'-thio-L-arabinitol)-4'-S-yl)-1-deoxy-D-erythrit ol-3-sulfate (25).

Column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH: H20, 7: 3: 1] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (80%). [a] D +1. 1° (C 1.5, MeOH) ; 1H NMR (pyridine-d5) : 8 5.23 (1H, ddd, J= 7.4, 3.8, 3.7 Hz, H-3), 5.11 (1H, m, H-3'), 5.10 (1H, m, H-2'), 4.98 (lH, m, H-2), 4.76 (1H, dd, J= 11.7, 3.7 Hz H-la), 4.70 (1H, m, H-4'), 4.63 (1H, dd, J = 11.7, 3.8 Hz H-lb), 4.60 (1H, dd, J= 11.8, 3.7 Hz H-4a) 4.51 (2H, m, H-5'a, H- 5'b), 4.35 (1H, dd, J= 11.8, 4.0 Hz H-4b), 4.31 (2H, m, H-l'a, H-1'b); 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, pyridine-d5) : 8 79. 38 (C-3, C-2'), 78.41 (C-3'), 72.51 (C-4'), 67.63 (C- 2), 62.23 (C-4), 60.21 (C-5'), 52.60 (C-1), 50.57 (C-1'). HRMS. Calcd for C9His09S2 (M + H): 335. 0471. Found: 335. 0466. <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <P>1-((1', 4'-Dideoxy-1', 4'-imino-D-arabinitol)-4'-N-yl)-1-deoxy-L-erythritol-3-sulfa te (2).

Column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH: H20, 7: 3: 1] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (64%). 1H NMR (CD30D): 8 4.26-4. 20 (2H, m H-2, H-3), 4.15 (1H, m, H-2'), 3. 98 (lH, br-s, H-3'), 3.94-3. 87 (3H, m, H-5'a, H-5b', H-4a), 3.81 (1H, dd, J = 12.0, 3.5 Hz H-4b), 3.74-3. 62 (2H, m, H-la, H-l'a), 3.49-3. 42 (1H, m, H-l'b), 3.40- 3.35 (1H, m, H-4'), 3.15 (1H, m, H-lb); 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD30D) : 5 8 1. 17 (C- 3), 78.27 (C-3'), 77.86 (C-4'), 76.19 (C-2'), 68. 07 (C-2), 62.57 (C-1'), 61.67 (C-4), 60.72 (C-l, C-5'). HRMS. Calcd for C9H18O9SN (M + H): 318.0859. Found: 318.0863.

1-((1',4'-Dideoxy-1',4'-imino-L-arabinitol)-4'-N-yl)-1-de oxy-D-erythritol-3-sulfate (32).

Column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH: H20,7 : 3: 1] of the crude product gave an amorphous solid (77%). 1H NMR (CD30D) : 8 4.25 (1H, m H-2), 4.23 (1H, m, H-3), 4.16 (1H, br-s, H-2'), 3.99 (lH, br-s, H-3'), 3.94-3. 87 (3H, m, H-5'a, H-5b', H-4a), 3.81 (1H, dd, J= 12.1, 3.6 Hz H-4b), 3.77-3. 64 (2H, m, H-la, H-l'a), 3.55-3. 39 (2H, m, H- 1'b, H-4'), 3.22 (1H, m, H-lb) ; 13C NMR (100.6 MHz, CD30D): 8 81.18 (C-3), 78.23 (C-3', C-4'), 76.10 (C-2'), 68.05 (C-2), 62.66 (C-1'), 61. 88 (C-4), 60.49 (C-1, C-5').

HRMS. Calcd for CgH1809SN (M + H): 318.0859. Found: 318.0856.

5.2. 6 Example 6-General procedure for the alternative synthesis of Blintol (3)<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> (Schemes 12a-12f).

1, 2,3, 5-Tetra-O-acetyl-L-xylofuranose (49) L-Xylose (5.00 g, 33.3 mmol), boric acid (4.50 g, 73.2 mmol), and glacial acetic acid (100 mL) were added into a 250 mL round bottom flask. The mixture was stirred at 80 °C until L-xylose and boric acid were dissolved in acetic acid. Acetic anhydride (50 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 75 °C for 4 h. Analysis by TLC (EtOAc: MeOH : H2O, 10: 3: 1) showed that the L-xylose had been completely consumed. MeOH was then added to the reaction mixture, and the reaction mixture was concentrated to give a dark, orange-brown syrup. To this syrup, acetic anhydride (50 mL) and pyridine (50 mL) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The orange-brown mixture was pour into crushed ice and was extracted with Et2O (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHC03 (50 mL), aqueous HCl, water, and saturated NaCl, dried over MgS04 and concentrated to a yellow syrup. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (Hexane: EtOAc, 2: 1) yielded the tetra-O-acetylxylofuranose 49 (9.01 g, 85 %) as a colorless syrup (oc : p ratio 1: 23). Data for the (3 (major) isomer.

'H NMR (CDC13) : 8 6.08 (1H, s, H-1), 5.35 (1H, dd, J2, 3 = 1. 7, 3, 4 = 5.6 Hz, H-3), 5.18 (1H, d, Je, 2 < 1 Hz, H-2), 4.62 (1H, dd, J4, 5a < 1, J4,5b = 12. 1 Hz, H-4), 4.22 (2H, m, H-5a, H-5b), 2.10, 2.09, 2.08, and 2.04 (12H, 4 s, COCH3). 13C NMR (CDC13) : d 170.71, 169.69, 169.52, 169.43 (4 x C=O, OAc), 99.01 (C-1), 80.03 (C-2), 79.58 (C- 3), 74.43 (C-4), 62. 54 (C-5), 21,33, 20.97, 20. 82, 20.68 (4 x CH3, OAc). Anal. Calcd for C13HI809 : C, 49.06 ; H, 5.70. Found: C, 48.93 ; H, 5.84.

4-Pentenyl-2,3, 5-tri-O-acetyl-L-xylofuranoside (50) Tetra-O-acetylxylofuranose 49 (5.00 g, 17.7 mmol), CH2Cl2 (100 mL), 4-penten-1-ol (9.1 mL, 88 mmol), and crushed molecular sieves (4A, 2 g) were added to a 250 mL round bottom flask and cooled to 0 °C. Boron trifluoride (11 mL, 88 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h. The temperature was raised to room temperature and the mixture was stirred for 1 h.

Analysis by TLC (Hexane: EtOAc, 2: 1) showed that the majority of the starting

material had been consumed. The reaction mixture was poured into ice/NaHCO3 mixture, extracted with Et2O (100 mL), and dried over MgS04. The reaction mixture was concentrated to a dark, orange-brown syrup. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (Hexane: EtOAc, 2: 1) yielded the pentenyl glycosides 50 (3.28 g, 60 %) as a colorless syrup (a : ß ratio 1: 23).

Data for the ß (major) isomer. 1H NMR (CDC13) : 8 5.78 (1H, dddd, J4 sb = 23.6, J4',5a' = 17.1, J3a',4' = 3.6, J3b',4' = 13.3 Hz, H-4'), 5. 30 (1H, dd, J2, 3 = 1. 5, J3, 4 = 6. 0 Hz, H-3), 5.07 (1H, s, Jl, 2 < 1 Hz, H-2), 4.99 (1H, 2 ddd, I3'a, 5'a = 1. 7, J3b, sta = 1. 7, J5'b,5'a = 3. 5 Hz, H-5a'), 4.94 (1H, s, H-1), 4.93 (1H, m, H-5'b), 4.55 (1H, ddd, J4, sa = 5.3, J4,5b = 7.3 Hz, H-4), 4.24 (1H, dd, J5a,5b = 11.5, H-5a), 4.18 (1H, dd, H-Sb), 3.69 (1H, ddd, la, 2a = 6. 7, Jura, 2b = 6. 7, Jra. nb = 13.3 Hz, H-l'a), 3.40 (1H, ddd, Jib, 2a = 6. 4, J1'b, 2'b = 6.4 Hz, H-l'b), 2.07 (6H, s, 2 x COCH3), 2.04 (3H, s, COCH3), 2.04 (2H, m, H-3'a, H- 3'b), 1.65 (2H, m, H-2'a, H-2'b). 13C NMR (CDC13) : 8 170.72, 170.11, and 169.74 (3 x C=O, OAc), 138. 22 (C-4'), 115.13 (C-5'), 106.08 (C-1), 80.92 (C-2), 78.17 (C-4), 75.11 (C-3), 67.77 (C-1'), 63.42 (C-5), 30.34 (C-3'), 28.78 (C-2'), 20.99, 20.93, and 20.81 (3 x CH3, OAc). Anal. Calcd for C16H2408 : C, 55.81 ; H, 7.02. Found: C, 55.99 ; H, 7.19.

4-Pentenyl-L-xylofuranoside (51) The pentenyl glycoside 50 (3.28 g, 9.52 mmol) was dissolved into MeOH (50 mL) in a 250 mL round bottom flask. NaOMe in MeOH (0.02 M) was added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Analysis by TLC (CH2Ck : MeOH, 10: 1) showed the starting material had been consumed. Rexyn 101 (H) resin was added to the reaction mixture to adjust the PH to 7. The reaction mixture was then filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give a light brown syrup.

Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (CH2Cl2 : MeOH, 10: 1) yielded the pentenyl glycosides 51 (1.97 g, 95 %) as a colorless syrup (a : ß ratio 1: 23).

Data for the (3 (major) isomer. 1H NMR (CD30D) : 8 5.75 (1H, m, H-4'), 5.03 (1H, m, H-5'a), 4.96 (1H, m, H-5'b), 4. 86 (1H, s, JI, 2 < 1 Hz, H-1), 4.24 (1H, ddd, J4, 5a = 5. 0, J4, sb = 6.6, J3,4 = 5. 1 Hz, H-4), 4. 08 (1H, dd, J2,3 = 2.0, H-3), 4.03 (1H, br. s, H-2), 3.83 (1H, dd, Jsa, sb = 11.6, H-5a), 3.79 (1H, m, H-l'a), 3.74 (1H, m, H-5b), 3.43 (1H, m, H-

1'b), 2.17 (2H, m, H-3'a, H-3'b), 1.68 (2H, m, H-2'a, H-2'b). 13C NMR (CD30D) : # 138. 23 (C-4'), 114.17 (C-5'), 109.62 (C-1), 82.71 (C-4), 81.01 (C-2), 76.31 (C-3), 67.42 (C-1'), 61.49 (C-5), 32.20 (C-3'), 28. 78 (C-2'). Anal. Calcd for CloHl805 : C, 55.03 ; H, 8. 31. Found : C, 55.30 ; H, 8. 44.

4-Pentenyl-2, 3, 5-tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-L-xylofuranoside (52) In a 250 mL flask NaH (4. 38 g, 0.11 mol) and DMF (80 mL) were added and cooled to 0 °C. The pentenyl glycoside 51 (3.00 g, 13.7 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (10 mL) and the solution was added dropwise to the NaH/DMF mixture. After the addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h. The temperature was then raised to room temperature and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. p-Methoxybenzyl chloride (15 mL, 0.11 mol) dissolved in DMF (10 mL) was then added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h after the addition. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice water, extracted with EtaO (100 mL), washed with H20 (8 x 20 mL portions), and dried over MgSO4. The mixture was concentrated to give a orange-brown syrup. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (Hexane: EtOAc, 4: 1) yielded the pentenyl glycosides 52 (7.30 g, 92 %) as a colorless syrup (a : ß ratio 1: 23).

Data for the ß (major) isomer. 1H NMR (CDC13) : 8 7.25-6. 85 (12H, m, Ar), 5.83 (1H, dddd, J4',5b' = 6.6, J4 sa' = 16. 9, @ J3a, 4' = 6. 8, J3'b, 4' = 10.4 Hz, H-4'), 5.03 (1H, dddd, J3'a,5'a = 1. 7, J3bsa = 5. 5, Ja = 3.5 Hz, H-5a'), 4.98 (1H, br. s, J1, 2 = 1.8 Hz, H-1), 4.97 (1H, m, H-5'b), 4.49 (6H, m, 3 x CH2Ph), 4.41 (1H, m, H-4), 4.02 (1H, dd, J23 = 2. 3, J3,4 = 5. 8 Hz, H-3), 3.97 (1H, br. t, H-2), 3.81 (6H, s, 2 x OCH3), 3.80 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.76 (1H, m, H-l'a), 3.72 (1H, dd, J4, sa = 4. 7, Jsasb = 10.3 Hz, H-5a), 3.67 (1H, dd, J4, 5b = 7.3 Hz, H-5b), 3.42 (1H, m, H-l'b), 2.12 (2H, m, H-3'a, H-3'b), 1.68 (2H, m, H-2'a, H-2'b). 13C NMR (CDC13): 8 159.60-113. 91 (12 CAr), 138.51 (C-4'), 114.03 (C-5'), 107.38 (C-1), 87. 02 (C-2), 81. 83 (C-3), 80. 04 (C-4), 73.32, 71.93, 71.81 (3 x CH2Ph), 69.78 (C-5), 67.94 (C-1'), 55.52 (OCH3), 30.61 (C-3'), 28.98 (C- 2'). Anal. Calcd for C34H42O8: C, 70.57 ; H, 7.32. Found: C, 70.44 ; H, 7.48.

2,3, 5-Tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-L-oxlofuranose (53)

In a 500 mL round bottom flask pentenyl glycosides 52 (7.00 g, 12.1 mmol) were dissolved in CH3CN (180 mL). Ha0 (20 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0 °C. N-Bromosuccinimide (5.38 g, 30.2 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. Analysis by TLC (Hexane: EtOAc, 2: 1) showed that the starting material had been completely consumed.

Na2S203 5H20 (15 g, 60 mmol) dissolved in H20 (60 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred for 20 min. The mixture was then concentrated to give a dark orange syrup. The syrup was dissolved in EtOAc (150 mL), washed with H20, saturated NaCl, and dried over MgS04. The mixture was then concentrated to give a dark brown syrup. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (Hexane: EtOAc, 1: 1) yielded the p-methoxybenzyl xylofuranoses 53 (5.52 g, 90 %) as a colorless syrup (a: ß ratio 1: 2).

Data for the ß (major) isomer.'H NMR (CDCl3) : 8 7.25-6. 80 (12H, m, Ar), 5.20 (1H, br. s, Jet, 2 = 1.8 Hz, H-1), 4.55-4. 40 (6H, m, 3 x CH2Ph), 4.34 (1H, ddd, J4, = = 5. 0, J4, 5a = 4. 1, J3. 4 = 5.4 Hz, H-4), 4.05 (1H, dd, J23 = 2.8 Hz, H-3), 3.95 (1H, br. d, Je, 2 < 1 Hz H-2), 3.82, 3.81, 3.80 ( 9H, 3 x s, 3 x OCH3), 3.68 (2H, m, H-5a, H-5b). 13C NMR (CDC13) : 8 159.60-113. 50 (12 CAr), 101.68 (C-1), 86.24 (C-2), 80.91 (C-3), 79.83 (C-4), 73.32, 72.33, 71.48 (3 x CH2Ph), 68.31 (C-5), 55.22 (OCH3). Anal.

Calcd for C29H3408 : C, 68.22 ; H, 6.71. Found: C, 68. 17 ; H, 6.65.

2,3, 5-Tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-L-xylitol (54) Thep-methoxybenzyl xylofuranoses 53 (5.50 g, 10.8 mmol) were dissolved in THF (10 mL) and MeOH (50 mL) was then added. NaBH4 was added portionwise to the reaction mixture at room temperature until the TLC analysis (Hexane: EtOAc, 1: 1) showed that the starting material had been consumed. The mixture was concentrated to give a light yellow solid. This solid was dissolved in EtOAc (150 mL), washed with water, saturated aqueous NaCl, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated to give a light yellow syrup. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (Hexane: EtOAc, 1: 1) yielded the p-methoxybenzyl xylitol 54 as a colorless syrup (4.62 g, 84 %).

[a] D +7. 25 (c 2.8, CHC13). lH NMR (CDC13) : 8 7.20-6. 80 (12H, m, Ar), 4.58, 4.43 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.54 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.44, 4.39 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 7 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.02 (1H, ddd, J2, 3 = 1.9, Jura, 2 = 6.4, Jlb, 2 = 6.2 Hz, H-2), 3.80 (9H, s, 3 x OCH3), 3.75 (2H, m, H-4, H-5a), 3.66 (1H, dd,. I3, 4 = 6.4 Hz, H- 3), 3.63 (1H, m, H-5b), 3.46 (1H, dd, Jla, lb = 9.4 Hz, H-la), 3.37 (1H, dd, H-lb). 13C NMR (CDC13) : # 159.60-113. 50 (12 CAr), 78.32 (C-3), 77.01 (C-5), 73. 88, 73.08, 72.10 (3 x CH2Ph), 71.23 (C-1), 68. 79 (C-2), 60.81 (C-4), 55.53 (OCH3). Anal. Calcd for C29H3608 : C, 67.95 ; H, 7.08. Found: C, 67.85 ; H, 7.12.

2,3, 5-Tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-1, 4-di-O-methanesulfonyl-L-xylitol (55) In a 250 mL round bottom flask, methanesulfonyl chloride (5.3 mL, 68 mmol), pyridine (6 mL, 68 mmol), and CH2C12 (50 mL) were cooled to 0 °C. The p- methoxybenzyl xylitol (54,3. 50 g, 6.84 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) was then added dropwise to the methanesulfonyl chloride/pyridine mixture. After the addition was completed, the temperature was raised to room temperature and the mixture was stirred for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then poured onto crushed ice, extracted with EtOAc (150 mL), washed with water, saturated aqueous NaCl, dried over MgSO4, and was concentrated to give a. light yellow syrup. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (Hexane: EtOAc, 1: 1) yielded the methanesulfonyl xylitol 55 as a colorless syrup (3.28 g, 72 %).

[a] D-16. 2 (c 5.6, CHC13). lH NMR (CDC13): 8 7.20-6. 80 (12H, m, Ar), 4.92 (1H, ddd, J2, 3 = 9.2, J1a, 2 = 3. 6, Jib, 2 = 6.1 Hz, H-2), 4.60, 4.43 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.3 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.57 (2H, 2d, JA,B = 11. 3 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.41, 4.33 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.1 Hz, CH2Ph), 4. 36 (1H, dd, J4, sa = 5.6, J5a, sb = 11. 0 Hz, H-Sa), 4.31 (1H, dd, b == 4.2 Hz, H-5b), 3.83 (1H, m, H-4), 3. 80, 3.79, 3.78 (9H, 3s, 3 x OCH3), 3.78 (1H, m, H-3), 3.56 (1H, dd, Jla, lb = 11.2 Hz, H-la), 3.54 (1H, dd, H-lb), 2.99, 2.92 (6H, 2 s, 2 x OSO2CH3). 13C NMR (CDC13): 8 159.60-113. 50 (12 CAr), 80.32 (C-2), 75.63 (C-3), 75.24 (C-4), 74.11, 72. 83, 72.69 (3 x CH2Ph), 68.43 (C-5), 68.41 (C-1), 55.12 (OCH3), 38.5, 37.1 (2 x OS02CH3). Anal. Calcd for C3lH40012S2 : C, 55.67 ; H, 6.03.

Found: C, 55.45 ; H, 6.13.

1, 4-Anhydro-2,3, 5-tri-O-p-methoxybnzyl-4-seleno-D-arabinitol (56)

In a 250 mL round bottom flask, selenium metal (0.61 g, 7.7 mmol) and 95% EtOH (50 mL) were added. NaBH4 was then added portionwise at room temperature until the color of the reaction mixture changed from black to white. The dimesylate 55 (3. 28 g, 4.91 mmol) dissolved into THF (10 mL) was then added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was heated and stirred at 60 °C for 12 h. The mixture was then concentrated to give a dark orange-red syrup. This solid was dissolved into Et2O (100 mL), washed with water, saturated aqueous NaCl, dried over MgS04, and was concentrated to give a light yellow syrup. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (Hexane: EtOAc, 4: 1) yielded the selenoarabinitol 56 as a colorless syrup (2.27 g, 83 %).

[a] D +17. 83 (c 1.5, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDC13) : 8 7.20-6. 80 (12H, m, Ar), 4.58, 4.52 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 4 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.48, 4. 44 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.45, 4.42 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.7 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.16 (1H, ddd, J2, 3 = 5.2, Jla, 2 = 5. 1, Jib, 2 = 5.4 Hz, H-2), 4.00 (1H, dd, J3, 4 = 4.8 Hz, H-3), 3. 81 (1H, m, H-5a), 3. 81 (6H, s, 2 x OCH3), 3.80 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.72 (1H, m, H-4), 3.48 (1H, dd, J4sb = 7.2, Jsa, 5b = 9. 3 Hz, H-5b), 3.06 (1H, dd, H-la), 2.92 (1H, dd, H-lb).'3C NMR (CDCl3) : 8 159.20- 113.50 (12 CA,), 85.73 (C-2), 85. 33 (C-3), 72.89 (C-5), 72.83, 72.01, 71.42 (3 x CH2Ph), 55.22 (OCH3), 42.38 (C-4), 23.91 (C-1). Anal. Calcd for C29H3406Se : C, 62.47 ; H, 6.15. Found: C, 62. 39 ; H, 6.25.

2, 4-O-Benzylidene-L-erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfate (57) The cyclic sulfate 62, prepared according to literature procedures, 25 (13.5 g, 37.0 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (120 mL) in a 500 mL round bottom flask. Pd on activated carbon (200 mg, 10 % palladium) was added to the solution and H2 was bubbled through the solution with stirring at room temperature for 48 h. Periodic analysis by TLC (Hexane: EtOAc, 1: 1) showed that the reaction proceeded smoothly until the cyclic sulfate 62 had been consumed. The Pd was removed by filtration and the solvent was evaporated to yield the deprotected cyclic sulfate 63 as a white solid (6.82 g, quantitative yield). The cyclic sulfate 63 was used directly without further purification. The cyclic sulfate 63 and pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (500 mg) were dissolved in CH2Cl2 (20 mL) in a 250 mL round bottom flask and PhCH (OMe) 2 (37 mL, 0.26 mol) was added. The solution was heated to 60 °C on a rotary evaporator

under vacuum for 1 h. Analysis by TLC (Hexane: EtOAc, 1: 1) showed that the cyclic sulfate 57 had been consumed. The mixture was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaCI (20 mL), dried over MgS04, and was concentrated to give a colorless syrup. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (Hexane: EtOAc, 1: 1) yielded the cyclic sulfate 57 as a white solid (7.14 g, 71 %). This material was identical in all respects to that obtained previously25 using L-glucose.

1, 3-Di-O-benzyl-D-erythritol (60) -Alternative Procedure In a 250 mL flask, 2, 4-O-Benzylidene-1, 3-di-O-benzyl-D-erythritol (59,36. 6 g, 93.7 mmol) and 50% aqueous TFA solution (100 mL) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. Analysis by TLC (Hexane: EtOAc, 2: 1) showed the starting material had been consumed. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C and 50% aqueous KOH solution (50 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for additional 0.5 h, extracted with EtOAc (200 mL), and dried over Na2SO4. The mixture was concentrated to give a brown syrup. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (Hexane: EtOAc, 1: 1) yielded the erythritol 60 (17.6 g, 60%) as a colorless syrup. This material was identical in all respects to that obtained previously26 using aqueous acetic acid.

2,3, 5-Tri-O-p-Methoxybenzyl-1, 4-dideoxy-1, 4-[[(2S, 3S)-2, 4-benzylidenedioxy-3- (sulfooxy) butyl]-episelenoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol Inner Salt (64) The seleno-D-arabinitol 56 (3.11 g, 5.59 mmol), the cyclic sulfate 57 (1.33 g, 4.88 mmol) and K2CO3 (160 mg, 1.16 mmol) were added to 1, 1, 1, 3,3, 3-hexafluoro-2- propanol (8.0 mL) and the mixture was stirred in a sealed tube with heating at 60-65 °C for 7 h. Periodic analysis by TLC (EtOAc: MeOH, 10: 1) showed that the reaction proceeded smoothly until the selenoether had been consumed leaving some cyclic sulfate unreacted. The mixture was cooled and filtered through Celite with the aid of CH2Cl2. The solvents were removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient of EtOAc to EtOAc : MeOH, 10: 1). The selenonium salt 64 (3. 85 g, 95 % based on selenoether 14) was obtained as a colorless foam. Analysis of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra indicated that compound 64 was produced as a 7: 1 mixture of isomers at the stereogenic selenium center. The major isomer was assigned

to be the isomer with a trans relationship between C-5 and C-l'by analogy to the results obtained previously for the corresponding benzyl-protected selenonium salt.

For trans 64 :'H NMR (600 MHz, CD2C12) 8 7.45-6. 80 (17H, m, Ar), 5.58 (1H, s, C6H5CH), 4.51 (1H, dd, J2',3' = J3',4'AX = 9. 7, J3, 4eq = 5. 3 Hz, H-3'), 4.48 (1H, br s, H- 2), 4.46 (1H, dd, J4'ax, 4'eq = 10.5 Hz, H-4'eq), 4.41, 4.33 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 1 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.57 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 3 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.43 and 4.40 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 12. 0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.39 and 4.26 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.4 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.32 (1H, dd, J1'a,2' = 2. 2 Hz, H-l'a), 4.27 (1H, br d, J2,3 = 2.0 Hz, H-3), 4.25 and 4.19 (2H, 2d, JA,B = 10.8 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.21 (1H, ddd, H-2'), 4.04 (1H, br d, Jl, 2 < 1 Hz, H-la), 4.03 (1H, br dd, 3, 4 < 1 Hz, H-4), 3.90 (1H, dd, Ji. a, rb = 12.2, J1'b,2' = 3.6 Hz, H-4), 3. 78 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.77 (1H, dd, H-4'ax), 3.77 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.55 (1H, dd, J1a,1b = 12. 8, J1b,2 = 2.9 Hz, H-lb), 3.54 (1H, dd, Jsa, 5b = 9.7, Ja, sa = 6.7 Hz, H-Sa), 3. 48 (1H, dd, J4, 5b = 9.4 Hz, H-5b) ; 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDC12) : 8 160.34, 160.09, 136.58 and 130.14-126. 51 (21 CAr), 114.56, 114.47 and 114.70 (3 x CipSO, OMBn), 102.17 (PHCH), 84.31 (C-3), 83.00 (C-2), 77.30 (C-2'), 73.37, 72.49, and 72.10 (3 x CH2Ph), 69.67 (C-4'), 67.75 (C-3'), 66. 80 (2 x C, C-4, C-5), 55.67 (3 x C, 3 x OCH3), 48.73 (C-1'), 46.69 (C-1). Anal. Calcd for C4oH460i2SSe : C, 57.90 ; H, 5.59. Found: C, 57.87 ; H, 5.57.

1, 4-Dideoxy-1, 4- [[(2S,3S)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy) butyl] episelenoniumylidene]-D-arabinitol Inner Salt (Blintol, 3) The selenonium salts 64 (3.80 g, 4.58 mmol) were dissolved in cold trifluoroacetic acid (40 mL) to give a purple solution. Water (4.0 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was kept at room temperature for 0.5 h. The solvents were removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was triturated with CH2C12 (4 x 50 mL), with each portion of solvent being decanted from the insoluble gummy product. The crude product was dissolved in water (50 mL) and filtered to remove a small amount of insoluble material. The aqueous filtrate was concentrated to a syrupy residue (1. 84 g).

Analysis by NMR spectroscopy indicated that the product was an isomeric mixture (7: 1) of 3 with its stereoisomer at the selenium center. Recrystallization from MeOH gave pure 3 (1.09 g, 62%) in two crops. This material was identical in all respects to that obtained previously26 using hydrogenolysis to remove the benzyl protecting

groups. Purification of the mother liquor fractions by column chromatography (EtOAc: MeOH : H20, 6: 3: 1) gave a 3: 2 mixture of 3 with its isomer (0.25g, 14%) as a syrup.

5.2. 7 Example 7 Synthesis of Six-membered Ring Analogues (Schemes 15 to 21) General.

Optical rotations were measured at 23°C. Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on aluminum plates precoated with Merck silica gel 60F-254 as the adsorbent. The developed plates were air-dried, exposed to UV light and/or sprayed with a solution containing 1% Ce (S04) 2 and 1.5% molybdic acid in 10% aq H2SO4 and heated. Compounds were purified by flash chromatography on Kieselgel 60 (230-400 mesh). Rexyn 101 was obtained from Fischer. lH and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on: Bruker AMX-400 NMR spectrometer at 400.13 MHz, Bruker AMX-600 NMR spectrometer at 600.13 MHz and Varian INOVA 500 NMR spectrometer at 499.97 MHz for lH. Chemical shifts are given in ppm downfield from TMS for those measured in CDC13, CD30D and CD2C12 and from 2,2-dimethyl- 2-silapentane-5-sulfonate (DSS) for those spectra measured in D20. Chemical shifts and coupling constants were obtained from a first-order analysis of the spectra.

Assignments were fully supported by two-dimensional lH, lH (COSY), lH, lH (NOESY) and 1H, 13C (HMQC) experiments using standard Bruker or Varian pulse programs. Processing of the spectra was performed with standard UXNMR and WINNMR software (Bruker) or MestReC software (Varian).

The 1D-transient NOE experiments were performed by inverting the signal of interest with a 80 ms Gaussian selective pulse which was constructed from 1024 steps. Spectra were collected in difference mode by alternating the phase of the receiver gain during on-and off-resonance. The digitized signal was stored in a 32 K data set using a sweep width of 10 ppm, an acquisition time of 2.72 s, 128 scans, and 8 dummy scans. Processing of the spectra was accomplished by zero filling to 64 K followed by an exponential multiplication using a line width of 1 Hz. NOESY spectra were obtained with a mixing time of 500 or 800 ms.

MALDI mass spectra were obtained on a PerSeptive Biosystems, Voyager DE time-of-flight spectrometer for samples dispersed in a 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid matrix. High resolution mass spectra were liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS), run on a Kratos Concept double focussing mass spectrometer at 10 000 RP, using a glycerin matrix or, in the case of compound 88a, with meta-N02-benzyl alcohol as the matrix. Solvents were distilled before use and were dried, as necessary.

Solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure and below 50°C.

1, 5-Anhydro-2,3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-5-thioxylitol (74).

(a) Acetate Methanolysis: A mixture of 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4-tri-O-acetyl-5-thioxylitol 77 (0.125 g, 0.453 mmol) and 1M NaOMe in MeOH (0.6 mL, 0.6 mmol) in dry MeOH (10 mL) was stirred under N2 overnight. The mixture was neutralized with excess Rexyn 101. The resin was removed by filtration and the organic phase was concentrated to give 1, 5-anhydro-5-thioxylitol as a solid (59.6 mg, 88%). Mp 137- 140°C ; lHNMR (D20): 8 3.65 (2H, m, Jleq2 =J4seq = 4.5 Hz, Jlax2 =J4sax = 10.9 Hz, H-2 and H-4), 3.15 (1H, t, J23 = J34 = 9.1 Hz, H-3), 2.66 (2H, m, H-5eq and H-leq), 2. 56 (2H, dd, J5ax,5eq = J1ax,1eq = 13.6 Hz, H-5ax and H-lax) ; 13C NMR (D20) : # 81.20 (C-3), 75.75 (2C, C-2 and C-4), 34. 86 (2C, C-1 and C-5). Anal. Calcd for C5H10O3S : C, 39.99 ; H, 6.71. Found: C, 39. 68 ; H, 6.91.

(b) Benzylation: A mixture of 1, 5-anhydro-5-thioxylitol (0. 520 g, 3.47 mmol) and 60% NaH (0.744 g, 5 equiv) in DMF (50 mL) was stirred in an ice-bath for 1 h. A solution of BnBr (1.4 mL, 4 equiv) was added and the solution was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was quenched with MeOH (8 mL), H20 (100 mL) was added, and the solution was extracted with Et2O (3 x 150 mL). The organic solution was dried over Na2S04, concentrated, and the residue was purified by flash chromatography [hexanes: EtOAc, 20: 1] to give 74 as a white solid (0.928 g, 64%).

Mp 46-49°C ; 1H NMR (CDCl3) : 8 7.36-7. 24 (15H, m, Ar), 4.83 (2H, s, CH2Ph), 4.69 (2H, d, JA,B = 11. 4 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.65 (2H, d, JAB = 11. 6 Hz, CH2Ph), 3.63 (2H, m, J1eq, 2 = J4 seq = 4.2 Hz, Jiax, 2 = J4, sax = 11. 0 Hz, H-4 and H-2), 3.31 (1H, t, J2, 3 = 3, 4 = 8.9 Hz, H-3), 2.72 (2H, m, H-5eq and H-leq), 2.47 (2H, dd, Jsax seq = Jlax leq = 13.4 Hz, H-5ax and H-lax); 13C NMR (CDC13) : # 138.9, 138.37 (3Cipso), 128.42-127. 51 (15C, Ar), 86.76 (C-3), 82.26 (2C, C-2 and C-4), 76.33 (CH2Ph), 73.02 (2 CH2Ph),

31.49 (2C, C-1 and C-5). Anal. Calcd for C26H2803S : C, 74.25 ; H, 6.71. Found: C, 74.16 ; H, 6.91.

1, 5-Anhydro-2,3, 4, 6-tetra-O-benzyl-5-thio-D-glucitol (75).

(a) Acetate Methanolysis: To a solution of 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-5-thio- D-glucitol 78 (0.310 g, 0.89 mmol) in dry MeOH (20 mL) was added 1M NaOMe/MeOH (4 mL, 4 equiv), and the mixture was stirred under N2 overnight. The mixture was neutralized with excess Rexyn 101 ion-exchange resin, the resin was removed by filtration, and the organic phase was concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography [CHC13 : MeOH, 5: 2] to give 1, 5-anhydro-5-thio-D- glucitol as a white solid (0.125 g, 78%). Mp 110-115°C ; [a] D = +27.4 (c 1.2, MeOH) ;'H NMR (D20) : 8 3.90 (1H, dd, J5, 6a = 3.2 Hz, J6b, 6a = 11. 9 Hz, H-6a), 3.75 (1H, dd, Js, 6b = 6.4 Hz, H-6b), 3.64 (1H, m, H-2), 3.48 (1H, dd, J4, 5 = 10.2 Hz, H-4), 3.19 (1H, t, J2, 3 = j3, 4 = 9.1 Hz, H-3), 2. 88 (1H, m, H-5), 2.71 (1H, dd, Jleq2 = 4.6 Hz, Jleq, lax = 13.3 Hz, H-leq), 2.62 (1H, dd, Jlax, 2 =11. 0 Hz, H-lax).

(b) Benzylation: To a stirred solution of 1, 5-anhydro-5-thio-D-glucitol (0.194 g, 1.08 mmol) in dry DMF (60 mL) was added NaH (0.5 g, 12.5 mmol) and then BnBr (0.7 mL, 5.9 mmol), and the mixture was stirred overnight. Excess NaH was destroyed by the addition of MeOH. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure.

To the residue was added H20 (200 mL) and this was extracted with CH2Cl2 (5 x 100 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na2S04 and concentrated. The product was purified by flash chromatography [hexanes: EtOAc, 20: 1] to give a syrup that was recrystallized from EtOAc/hexanes to give compound 75 as a white solid (0.276 g, 58%). Mp 56-59°C ; [a] D = +15.1 (c 1.1, CHC13). The 1H NMR spectrum was consistent with the literature data.

1, 5-Anhydro-2,3, 4-tri-O-acetyl-5-selenoxylitol (81).

To a stirred suspension of selenium (1.48 g, 18. 7 mmol) in anhydrous EtOH (40 mL) at 0°C was added NaBH4 (0. 9 g, 23.8 mmol). An almost colorless solution resulted.

The ice bath was removed and 2,3, 5-tri-O-acetyl-1, 5-dibromo-1, 5-dideoxy-xylitol 80 (4.87 g, 12.0 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. H20 (200 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with Et2O (5 x 100 mL). The

solids were removed by filtration, the solution was concentrated, and the residue was purified by flash chromatography [hexanes: EtOAc, 1: 1] to give 81 as yellow crystals (2. 22 g, 57%). Mp 106-111°C ; 1H NMR (CDCl3) : # 5. 11 (2H, ddd, Jleq2=J4, seq=4. 5 Hz, J1ax, 2 = J4,5ax = 10.8 Hz, H-2, H-4), 4.96 (1H, t, J23 = J3, 4 = 9.7 Hz, H-3), 2.74 (2H, dd, H-leq, H-5eq), 2.67 (2H, t, Jsaxseq = Jlax, leq = 12.0 Hz, H-lax, H-5ax), 2.00 (3H, s, OAc), 1.99 (6H, s, OAc) ; 13C NMR (CDC13) : 8 169.79 and 169.65 (3C=O), 73.98 (C-3), 73.78 (2C, C-2 and C-4), 21.02 (2 OAc), 20.80 (2C, C-1 and C-5), 20.56 (OAc). Anal. Calcd for CIIH1606Se : C, 40.88 ; H, 4.99. Found: C, 40.76 ; H, 5.02.

1, 5-Anhydro-2,3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-5-selenoxylitol (76).

(a) Acetate Methanolysis: A mixture of 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4-tri-O-acetyl-5- selenoxylitol 81 (2.22 g, 6.87 mmol) and 1M NaOMe in MeOH (10 mL, 10 mmol) in dry MeOH (60 mL) was stirred under a N2 atmosphere overnight. The mixture was netralized with excess Rexyn 101, the resin was removed by filtration, and the organic phase was concentrated to give 1,5-anhydro-selenoxylitol as tan crystals (1.19 g, 88%). Mp 98-105°C ; 1H NMR (D20): 8 3.75 (2H, m, J1eq, 2 = ase = 4.6 Hz, Jiax, 2 = J4,5ax = 10.8 Hz, H-2, H-4), 3.11 (1H, t, J2,3 = J3, 4 = 9.2 Hz, H-3), 2.66 (2H, t, Jsax, 5eq = Jlax, leq = 11.8 Hz, H-5ax, H-lax), 2.60 (2H, dd, H-leq, H-5eq) ; 13C NMR (D20) : 8 81. 40 (C-3), 76.62 (2C, C-2 and C-4), 25.65 (2C, C-1 and C-5). Anal. Calcd for CsHio03se : C, 30.47 ; H, 5.11. Found: C, 30.29 ; H, 5.21.

(b) Benzylation: To 1, 5-anhydro-5-selenoxylitol 81 (0.289 g, 1.47 mmol) in dry DMF (20 mL) was added 60% NaH (0.516 g, 6 equiv) while stirring in an ice bath. The ice bath was removed and BnBr (0.9 mL, 4 equiv) was added. The mixture was stirred under N2 overnight. The reaction was then quenched with MeOH (5 mL), H20 (100 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with Et20 (3 x 50 mL). The organic solution was dried over Na2S04 and concentrated. The product was purified by flash chromatography [hexanes: EtOAc, 20: 1] to give the title compound 76 as a white solid (0.505 g, 74%). Mp 56-60°C ; 1H NMR (CDC13): 8 7.32-7. 24 (15H, m, ArH), 4.81 (2H, s, CH2Ph), 4.70 (2H, d, JA, B = 11. 6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.66 (2H, d, JA, B = 11.5 Hz, CH2Ph), 3.73 (2H, m, Jleq, 2 = J4, seq = 4. 2 Hz, Jla,, 2 = J4 sax = 11.2 Hz, H-2, H-4), 3.27 (1H, t, J2, 3 = J3, 4 = 8.9 Hz, H-3), 2.69 (2H, dd, Jsax, seq = Jlax, leq = 12.0 Hz, H-5eq, H- leq), 2. 58 (2H, t, H-5ax, H-lax); 13C NMR (CDC13) : 138. 89 (Cipso), 138.44 (2Cipso),

128.39-127. 46 (15C, Ar), 86.98 (C-3), 83.17 (2C, C-2 and C-4), 76.34 (CH2Ph), 72.97 (2 CH2Ph), 22.11 (2C, C-1 and C-5). Anal. Calcd for C26H2803Se : C, 66.80 ; H, 6.04. Found: C, 66. 88 ; H, 6.22.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[N-(2R, 3R)-2, 4-O-benzylidene-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)- butylliminooniuml-xylitol (84).

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-iminoxylitol 72 (0.161 g, 1.21 mmol) and 2, 4-O-benzylidene-D- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfate 71b (0.360 g, 1.32 mmol) were dissolved in reagent grade MeOH (2 mL). Anhydrous K2CO3 (0.015 g, 0.11 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred in a sealed tube at 65°C for 3.5 h, at which point TLC showed that the cyclic sulfate had been consumed. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc: MeOH: H20,8 : 2: 1) to give the product 84 as a yellow oil (0.209 g, 43%): [a] D-50 (c 0. 48, H20) ; NMR data in Tables 1 and 3.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[1N-(2R, 3R)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)-butyl] iminoonium]- xylitol (66b).

Aqueous 60% HOAc (25 mL) was added to compound 84 (0.209 g, 0.515 mmol) and the mixture was stirred while warming in an open flask for 20 h at 70°C. The mixture was cooled and concentrated and the crude product was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc: MeOH: H20, 6: 4: 1) to give compound 66b (0.118 g, 72%) as a colorless, hard foam: [ D-9 (c 0.57, H20) ; NMR data in Tables 2 and 4; MALDI MS m/e 339.99 (M+ + Na), 238. 12 (M+ + H-SO3).

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[N-(2S, 3S)-2, 4-O-benzylidene-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)- butyl] iminoonium]-xylitol (82).

1, 5-Didexy-1, 5-iminoxylitol 72 (0. 158 g, 1.19 mmol) and 2, 4-O-benzylidene-L- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfate 71a (0.347 g, 1.27 mmol) were dissolved in reagent grade MeOH (2 mL). Anhydrous K2CO3 (0. 018 g, 0.15 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred in a sealed tube at 65°C for 4 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc: MeOH: H20, 8: 2: 1) to give the product 82 as a yellow oil (0.273 g, 56%). [a] D +55 (c 0.65, H20) ; 1H and 13C NMR

data were virtually identical with those of the enantiomer 84 (see Tables 1 and 3); MALDI MS m/e 428.09 (M+ + Na), 406.11 (M+ + H), 326.15 (M+ + H-SO3).

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5- [N-(2S, 3S)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)-butyl] iminoonium]- xylitol (66a).

Aqueous 60% HOAc (25 mL) was added to compound 82 (0.273 g, 0.673 mmol) and the mixture was stirred while warming in an open flask for 14 h at 75°C. The mixture was cooled and concentrated and the crude product was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc: MeOH: H20, 6: 4: 1) to give compound 66a (0.156 g, 73%) as a colorless, hard foam. [a] D +11 (c 0.56, H20) ; IH and 13C NMR data were virtually identical to those of the enantiomer 66b (see Tables 2 and 4); MALDI MS m/e 399.99 (M+ + Na), 318.28 (M+ +H), 238.12 (M+ + H-S03).

2,3, 4, 6-Tetra-O-benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[N-(2R, 3R)-2, 4-O-benzylidene-2, 4- dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy)-butylliminoonium]-D-glucitol (86).

Tri-O-benzyldeoxynojirimycin 73 (0.241 g, 0.460 mmol) and 2, 4-O-benzylidene-D- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfate 71b (0.143 g, 0.525 mmol) were dissolved in reagent grade acetone (2 mL). Anhydrous K2C03 (0.020 g, 0.15 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred in a sealed tube at 70°C for 20 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography (CHC13 : MeOH, 5: 1) to give the product 86 as a colorless gum (0.240 g, 65%). [a] D-5. 4 (c 0.9, CHC13) ; NMR data in Tables 1 and 3.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[N-(2R, RS)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)-butyl] iminoonium]-D- glucitol (67b).

Compound 86 (0.209 g, 0.263 mmol) was dissolved in 80% aqueous acetic acid (20 mL) and the solution was stirred with 10% Pd/C catalyst (0.42 g) under 1 atm of H2 for 20 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a small plug of silica gel, and washed with water (50 mL). The filtrate was evaporated and the gummy residue was freed of acetic acid by dissolving in water and re-concentrating (2 x 50mL). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc: MeOH : H2O, 6: 3: 1)

to give compound 67b (0.096 g, containing 0.56 equiv. or 13% by weight of KOAc by lH NMR, 91% after correcting for acetate content). NMR data in Tables 2 and 4.

2,3, 4, 6-Tetra-O-benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[N-(2S, 35)-2, 4-O-benzylidene-2, 4- dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)-butyl] iminoonium]-D-glucitol (85).

Tri-O-benzyldeoxynojirimycin 73 (0.223 g, 0.426 mmol) and 2, 4-O-benzylidene-L- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic sulfate 71a (0.123 g, 0.4535 mmol) were dissolved in reagent grade acetone (2 mL). Anhydrous K2CO3 (0.020 g, 0.15 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred in a sealed tube at 70°C for 20 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography (CHC13 : MeOH, 5: 1) to give the product 85 as a colorless amorphous solid (0.271 g, 80%): [a] D +36 (e 0.8, CHCl3); NMR data in Tables 1 and 3.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[N-(2R, 3R)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)-butyl] iminooniuml-D- glucitol (67a).

Compound 85 (0.205 g, 0.263 mmol) was dissolved in 80% aqueous acetic acid (20 mL) and the solution was stirred with 10% Pd/C catalyst (0.41 g) under 1 atm of H2 for 20h. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a small plug of silica gel, and washedwith water (50 mL). The filtrate was evaporated and the gummy residue was freed of acetic acid by dissolving in water and re-concentrating (2 x 50mL). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc: MeOH : H20,6 : 3: 1) to give compound 67a (0.094 g, containing 0.77 equiv. or 18% by weight of KOAc by 'H NMR, 89% after correcting for acetate content). See Tables 2 and 4 for'H and 13C NMR data.

2,3, 4-Tri-O-benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5- [[(2R, 3R)-2, 4-O-benzylidene-2, 4-dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy) butyl]-(S)-episulfoniumylidenel-xylitol inner salt (88b) and 2,3, 4-tri-O- benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5- [(2R, 3R)-2, 4-0-benzylidene-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy) butyl]-(R)-episulfoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (89b).

To 1, 1, 1, 3,3, 3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (0.5 mL) were added 2, 4-O-benzylidene-D- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic-sulfate 71b (0.565 g, 2.08 mmol), 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4-tri-O- benzyl-5-thioxylitol 7 (0.677 g, 1.61 mmol) and anhydrous KCOs (70 mg). The

mixture was stirred in a sealed tube in a 70°C oil bath overnight, after which an extra 40 mg of anhydrous K2C03 was added. The solvents were removed and the residue was chromatographed [CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1] to give 88b and 89b in a 2: 1 ratio (0.975 g, 87%).

Major isomer 88b: mp 186-189°C ; [a] D +2.1 (c 1.2, CH2C12) ; NMR data in Tables 1 and 3; HRMS Calcd for C37H4009S2 (M + H): 693.2192. Found: 693.2209. Anal.

Calcd for C37H4009S2 : C, 64.14 ; H, 5.82. Found: C, 64.39 ; H, 5. 94.

Minor isomer 89b: mp 169-172°C ; [a] D-49. 1 (c 0.8, CH2C12) ; NMR data in Tables 1 and 3; Anal. Calcd for C37H4009S2 : C, 64.14 ; H, 5.82. Found: C, 63.84 : H, 5.96.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2R, 3R)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy) butyl]-(S)- episulfoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (S-68b).

To compound 88b (0.33 g, 0.48 mmol) dissolved in 80% AcOH (12 mL) was added Pd (OH) 2 (0.2 g). The mixture was stirred under H2 (110 psi) for 48 h and then filtered through Celite with MeOH. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography [EtOAc: MeOH: H20, 7: 3: 1]. Compound S-68b was obtained as a syrup (0.13 g, 81%); [a] D-21. 8 (c 1. 1, H20); NMR data in Tables 2 and 4; HRMS Calcd for C9H, 909S2 (M + H) : 335.0470. Found: 335.0454. Anal.

Calcd for CoHl809S2 : C, 32.33 ; H, 5.43. Found: C, 32.03 ; H, 5.59.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2R,3R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)butyl]-(R)- episulfoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (R-68b).

Compound 89b (0.249 g, 0.36 mmol) was deprotected by hydrogenolysis using the procedure described above for S-68b to give the title compound as a syrup (0.13 g, 95%); [a] D-16. 2 (c 0.9, H20) ; NMR data in Tables 2 and 4; HRMS Calcd for C9H1909S2 (M + H): 335.0470. Found: 335.0478. Anal. Calcd for C9H1809S2 : C, 32.33 ; H, 5.43. Found: C, 31.88 ; H, 5.21.

2,3, 4-Tri-O-benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2S,3S)-2,4-O-benzylidene-2, 4-dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy) butyl]- (R)-episulfoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (88a) and 2,3, 4-tri- O-benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2S,3S)-2,4-O-benzylidene-2,4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy) butyl]- (S)-episulfoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (89a).

To 1, 1, 1, 3,3, 3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (0.5 mL) were added 2, 4-O-benzylidene-L- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic-sulfate 71a (0.265 g, 0.97 mmol), 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4-tri-O- benzyl-5-thioxylitol 74 (0.328 g, 0. 78 mmol) and anhydrous K2CO3 (24 mg). The mixture was stirred in a sealed tube in a 70°C oil bath for 5 days. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1] to give 88a and 89a in a 5: 2 ratio as a white solid (0.465 g, 86%). Pure samples were obtained by rechromatography.

Major isomer 88a: Mp 175-180°C ; [a] D-3. 7 (c 0.9, CH2Ck) ; 1H and 13C NMR data were virtually identical to those of the enantiomer 88b. Anal. Calcd for C37H40O9S2: C, 64.14 ; H, 5.82 ; Found: C, 63.81 ; H, 5.68.

Minor isomer 89a: Mp 163-170°C ; [a] D +41.8 (c 1.1, CH2C12) ; 1H and 13C NMR data were virtually identical to those of the enantiomer 89b. Anal. Calcd for C37H4009S2 : C, 64.14 ; H, 5.82. Found: C, 64.42 ; H, 5.75.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2S, 3S)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy) butyl]-(R)- episulfoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (R-68a).

To compound 88a (0.304 g, 0.44 mmol) dissolved in 80% AcOH (10 mL) was added Pd/C (0.5 g). The mixture was stirred under 120 psi H2 for 96 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite with MeOH, and the solvent removed. The residue was then redissolved in 80% AcOH (10 ml). To the solution was added Pd (OH) 2 (0.2 g) and the solution was stirred under 120 psi H2 for 48h. The mixture was filtered through Celite with MeOH, the solvent evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography [EtOAc: MeOH: H20,7 : 3: 1] to give the title compound as a syrup (0.08 g, 55%); [a] D +21.7 (c 0. 8, H2O). 1H and 13C NMR data were virtually identical to those of the enantiomer S-68b (see Tables 1 and 3). HRMS Calcd for CgHI8OoS2Na (M + Na): 357.0290. Found: 357.0284.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[1 (2S, 3S)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy) butyl]-(S)- episulfoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (S-68a).

Compound 89a (0.240 g, 0.35 mmol) was deprotected by hydrogenolysis using the procedure described above for S-68b to give the title compound as a syrup (0.08 g,

67%); [a] D +19.5 (c 0.7, H20). lH and 13C NMR data were virtually identical to the enantiomer R-68b (see Tables 2 and 4) HRMS Calcd for CgH1909S2 (M + H): 335.0470. Found: 335.0477.

2,3, 4, 6-Tetra-O-benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2R,3R)-2,4-O-benzylidene-2, 4- dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy) butyl]- (S/R)-episulfoniumylidene]-D-glucitol inner salts (90b) and (91b).

To 1, 1, 1, 3,3, 3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (0.5 mL) were added 2, 4-O-benzylidene-D- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic-sulfate 71b (0.115 g, 0.42 mmol), 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4, 6-tetra-0- benzyl-5-thio-D-glucitol 75 (0.174 g, 0.32 mmol) and anhydrous K2CO3 (30 mg). The mixture was stirred in a sealed tube in a 70°C oil bath for 5 days. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1] to give an inseparable mixture of 90b and 91b in a 2: 1 ratio as a white solid (0. 182 g, 70%); Me = +2.1 (c 1.3, CH2CI2)-Major isomer 90b: See Tables 1 and 2 for'H and 13C NMR data. Anal. Calcd for C45H48O10S2: C, 66.48 ; H, 5.96. Found: C, 66.36 ; H, 6.08.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[2R,3R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)butyl]-(S)- episulfoniumylidene]-D-glucitol inner salt (69b).

To a mixture of compounds 90b and 91b (0.1639 g, 0.20 mmol) dissolved in 80% AcOH (10 mL) was added Pd (OH) 2 (0.17 g). The mixture was stirred under 120 psi H2 for 48 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite with MeOH, the solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by column chromatography [EtOAc: MeOH: H20, 7: 3: 1]. Compound 69b was obtained as a syrup (0.06 g, 81%); [a] D =-20.4 (c 0.8, H20). See Tables 2 and 4 for'H and 13C NMR data. HRMS.

Calcd for CloH2IOlOS2 (M + H): 365.0576 Found: 365.0574.

2,3, 4, 6-Tetra-O-benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5- [ [ (2S, 3S)-2, 4-D-benzylidene-2, 4- dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy) butyl]-(R/S)-episulfoniumylidene]-D-glucitol inner salts (90a) and (91a).

To 1, 1, 1, 3,3, 3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (0.5 mL) were added 2, 4-O-benzylidene-L- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic-sufate 71a (0.148 g, 0.54 mmol), 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4, 6-tetra-0-

benzyl-5-thio-D-glucitol 75 (0.240 g, 0.44 mmol) and anhydrous K2CO3 (33 mg).

The mixture was stirred in a sealed tube in a 69-70°C oil bath for 84 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography [CHC13 : MeOH, 10: 1] to give an inseparable 3: 1 mixture of 90a and 91a as a white solid (0. 25g, 68%); [a] D = +48.8 (c 1.6, CH2C12). Major isomer 90a: See Tables 1 and 2 for 1H and 13C NMR data. Anal. Calcd for C45H4801OS2 : C, 66.48 ; H, 5.95.

Found: C, 66.19 ; H, 6.07.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2S, 35)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy) butyl]-(R)- episulfoniumylidene]-D-glucitol inner salt (69a).

To a mixture of compounds 90a and 91a (0.180 g, 0.22 mmol) dissolved in 80% AcOH (10 mL) was added Pd (OH) 2 (0.20 g), and the mixture was stirred under 120 psi H2 for 6 days. The mixture was filtered through Celite with MeOH, the solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography [EtOAc: MeOH: H2O, 7: 3: 1]. Compound 69a was obtained as a syrup (0. 05g, 67%); [a] D = +10.3 (c 0.6, H20). See Tables 2 and 4 for 1H and 13C NMR data. HRMS Calcd for CloH2101oS2 (M + H): 365.0576. Found: 365.0577.

2,3, 4-Tri-O-benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2R, 3R)-2, 4-O-benzylidene-2, 4-dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy) butyl]-(S/R)-episelenoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (92b and 93b).

To 1, 1, 1, 3,3, 3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (0.5 mL) were added 2, 4-O-benzylidene-D- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic-sufate 71b (0.272 g, 1.00 mmol), 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4-tri-O-benzyl- 5-selenoxylitol 76 (0.362 g, 0.78 mmol) and anhydrous K2CO3 (50 mg). The mixture was stirred in a sealed tube in a 70°C oil bath for 48 h. The solvent was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1] to give an inseparable mixture of 92b and 93b in a 1: 4 ratio (0.20 g, 96%). [a] D-45. 7 (c 1. 1, CH2C12). For the major isomer 36b: See Tables 1 and 2 for'H and 13C NMR data.

Anal. Calcd for C37H4o09SSe : C, 59.99 ; H, 5.45. Found: C, 59.73 ; H, 5.36.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2R, 3R)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy) butyl]-(R)- episelenoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (70b).

To the mixture of compounds 92b and 93b (0.295 g, 0.40 mmol) dissolved in 80% AcOH (10 mL) was added Pd (OH) 2 (0.29 g), and the mixture was stirred under 120 psi H2 for 5 days. TLC revealed one major product and two minor products. The mixture was filtered through Celite, concentrated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography [EtOAc: MeOH: H20,7 : 3: 1] to give the major product, compound 70b as a syrup (0.06 g, 39%) ; [tl] D-16. 6 (c 0.9, H2O). See Tables 2 and 4 for lH and 13C NMR data. HRMS Calcd for CgH, 909SSe (M + H): 382.9915. Found: 382.9916. Anal. Calcd for C9H1809SSe : C, 28.35 ; H, 4.76. Found: C, 28.44 ; H, 4.71.

2,3, 4-Tri-O-benzyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2S,3S)-2,4-O-benzylidene-2, 4-dihydroxy-3- (sulfooxy) butyl]-(R/S)-episelenoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salts (92a and 93a).

To 1,1, 1,3, 3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (0.5 mL) were added 2, 4-O-benzylidene-L- erythritol-1, 3-cyclic-sufate 71a (0.226 g, 0.83 mmol), 1, 5-anhydro-2,3, 4-tri-O-benzyl- 5-selenoxylitol 76 (0.308 g, 0.66 mmol) and anhydrous K2CO3 (20 mg). The mixture was stirred in a sealed tube in a 70°C oil bath for 72 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography [CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1] to give an inseparable 1: 3 mixture of 92a and 93a as a white solid (0.42 g, 85%). [a] D-44. 0 (c 0.9, CH2C12). For the major isomer 93a, the'H and 13C NMR data were virtually identical to those of the enantiomer (compound 93b, see Tables 1 and 2) except for small chemical shift differences due to concentation effects. Anal. Calcd for C37H4009SSe : C, 59.99 ; H, 5.45. Found: C, 59.85 ; H, 5. 58.

1, 5-Dideoxy-1, 5-[[(2S, 35)-2, 4-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy) butyl]-(S)- episelenoniumylidene]-xylitol inner salt (70a).

To a mixture of compounds 92a and 93a (0.406 g, 0.55 mmol) dissolved in 80% AcOH (10 mL) was added Pd (OH) 2 (0.50 g), and the mixture was stirred under 120 psi H2 for 8 days. TLC revealed one major product and two minor products. The mixture was filtered through Celite with MeOH, the solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by column chromatography [EtOAc/MeOH/H20,7 : 3: 1].

Compound 70a was obtained as a syrup (0.05 g, 25%) ; [a] o +14.1 (c 0.4, H20). For compound 70a, the'H and 13C NMR data were virtually identical to the enantiomer (compound 70b, see Tables 1 and 2) except for small chemical shift differences due to concentration effects. HRMS Calcd for C9H1809SSeNa (M + Na): 404.9734. Found: 404.9735. Anal. Calcd for C9H18O9SSe : C, 28.35 ; H, 4.76. Found: C, 28.56 ; H, 4.54.

Table 1. 1H NMR Data for Compounds 84,85, 86,88b, 89b, 90a, 90b and 93b. Compound 84 a 85 b 86 z 88b d 89b e 90a f 90b g 93b ht 3.18-3.13 3.47 (dd) 3.33 (dd) 3.59 (dd) 3.38 (d) 3.82 (dd) 3.40 (dd) 3.36 (dd) (m) (J1eq,2, (4,9#0) (4.8,#0) (4.4,2.4) (2.9,#0) (4.5,#01) (4.5,#0) (3.2,#0) (nd, nd) J1eq,5eq) H-1ax {J1ax,eq, 2.32 (dd) 2.34 (dd) 2.58 (dd) 3.38 (dd) 3.38 (d) 3.57 (dd) 3.31 (dd) 3.18 (dd) (9.1, 9.1) (11.5,11.0) (11.1, 10.6) (12.5,2.1) (nd, 2.9) (14.9,2.7) (14.7,3.2) (13.3,4.0) J1ax,2) H-2 3.61-3. 53 3. 62 (ddd) 3.58 (ddd) 3.89 (dddd) 3.84 (ddd) 4.20 (ddd) 3.92 (ddd) 3.86 (ddd) (in) 3, #0) (9.0, #0) (3.6, 1.8) (#2, #0) (4.3, #0) (4.5, #0) (4.2, #0) (J2,3, J2,4) (10.9, nd) H-3 3.22 (dd) 3. 38 dd) 3.39 dd) 3. 79 (dd) 3.92 (dd) 3.87 (dd) 3.85 (dd) 3.91 (dd) (10.9) (9.0) (9.0) (3.6) (<1) (4.3) (4.5) (4.2) 3.61-3.53 H-4 3.55 (ddd) 3.54 (dd) 4.05 (dddd) 4.02 (ddd) 3.79 (dd) 4.02 (dd) 3.98 (ddd) (m) (na, 9.5) (na, 9.5) (4.1, 1.9) (3.5, 2.6) (4.3, na) (5. 1, na) (4.5, 2.9) H-5eq 3.18-3.13 na na 3.93 (ddd) 3.76 (dd) 3.90 (ddd) 4.09 (ddd) 3.56 (ddd) H-5ax 2.32 (dd) 2.40 (ddd) 2.55 (ddd) 3. 54 (dd) 3.64 (dd) 3. 66 (dd) (J5eq,5ax) (9.1) (na) (na) (12.6) (15.1) na na (13.4) H-6a 3.90 (dd) 3.85 (dd) 3. 72 (dd) 4.03 (dd) na (J6a,6b, J5,6a) na (10. 7,2. 2) (10.2, 2. 4) a na (11.1, 7.3) (10.5, 5. 7) H-6b 3. 68 (dd) 3. 78 (dd) 3. 63 (dd) 3. 95 (dd) na (J5,6b) na (1.6) (2.0) na na (5.1) (5.3) na 3.12 (d) 3.56 (d) 3.67 (d) 4.28 (dd) 4. 99 (dd) 4.67 (dd) 4. 70 (dd) 4.82 (dd) (J1'a,1'b, J1'a,2') (14.2, <1) (15.1, <1) (15.6, <1) (13.5, 3.1) (14.2, 3.7) (13.9, 3.7) (13.9, 4.1) (12.8, 4.0) 2. 83 (dd) 2.78 (dd) 2.93 (dd) 3.67 (dd) 4.27 (dd) 4.32 (dd) 4. 32 (dd) 4. 30 (dd) (8.3) (8.0) (7.9) (3.9) (1.5) (1.8) (1.9) (1.7) l J 4. 14 (dd) 4. 05 (dd) 4.07 (dd) 4.32 (ddd) 4.21 (ddd) 4.21 (ddd) 4.22 (ddd) 4.18 (ddd) (J2',3') (9.7) (10.0) (9.7) (10.0) (10.1) (9.7) (9.6) (9.6) H-3'4. 21 (ddd) 4.11 (ddd) 4.16 (ddd) 4.62 (ddd) 4.66 (ddd) 4.66 (ddd) 4.62 (ddd) 4.54 (ddd) (J3', 4'eq) (5.2) (5.4) (5.3) (5.4) (5.5) (5.5) (5.5) (5.3) H-4'eq 4. 50 (dd) 4. 55 (dd) 4.60 (dd) 4. 49 (dd) 4. 47 (dd) 4. 50 (dd) 4. 51 (dd) 4.45 (dd) (J4'eq,4'ax) (11.0) (10.6) (11.0) (10.9) (10.8) (10.5) (10.7) (10.6) H-4'ax 3. 89 (dd) 3. 77 (dd) 3.82 (dd) 3. 77 (dd) 3. 74 (dd) 3. 74 (dd) 3. 74 (dd) 3.76 (dd) (J3',4'ax) (9.8) (9.8) (9.7) (10.3) (10.1) (10.9) (10.2) (10.1)

Footnotes for Table 1 a 500 MHz, pH=8, D20. Others : 7.51-7. 43 (5H, m, Ar), 5.72 (1H, s, benzylidene CH). b 500 MHz, pH=10, CD30D. Others: 7.44-7. 03 (25H, m, Ar), 5.55 (1H, s, benzylidene CH), 4.89 and 4.73 (2H, 2d, JA,B = 11. 2 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.75 and 4.41 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 0 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.62 and 4.55 (2H, 2d, JAB = 11.5 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.57 and 4.43 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 12. 2 Hz, CH2Ar).

'500 MHz, pH=10, CD30D. Others: 7.50-7. 00 (25H, m, Ar), 5.61 (1H, s, benzylidene CH), 4.88 and 4.74 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 3 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.74 and 4.38 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 10.8 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.70 and 4.46 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.7 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.62 and 4.57 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.9 Hz, CH2Ar). d 600 MHz, CD2C12. Others : 7.45-7. 10 (20H, m, Ar), 5.55 (1H, s, benzylidene CH), 4.69 and 4.49 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 5 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.49 and 4.43 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.8 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.46 and 4.44 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 6 Hz, CH2Ar). e 600 MHz, CD2Ck. Others : 7.45-7. 05 (20H, m, Ar), 5.52 (1H, s, benzylidene CR), 4.64 and 4.58 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 4 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.49 and 4.46 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.9 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.40 (2H, s, CH2Ar). f 500 MHz, CD2C12. Others: 7.46-7. 01 (25H, m, Ar), 5.52 (1H, s, benzylidene CR), 4.65 and 4.54 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 5Hz, CH2. Ar), 446 and 4.41 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.7 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.46 and 4. 43 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 4 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.32 and 4.29 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 9 Hz, CH2Ar). g 400 MHz, CD2C12. Others : 7.44-7. 06 (25H, m, Ar), 5.52 (1H, s, benzylidene CR), 4.66 and 4.50 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.6Hz, CH2 Ar), 4.61 and 4.55 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.4 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.48 and 4.44 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 7 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.40 (2H, s, CH2Ar). h 600 MHz, CD2C12. Others : 7.40-7. 10 (20H, m, Ar), 5.55 (1H, s, benzylidene CR), 4.63 and 4.57 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 4 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.50 and 4.47 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.8 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.47 and 4.42 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.8 Hz, CH2Ar).

*Assignments for diastereotopic H-1/H-5 and H-2/H-4 pairs may be reversed. na = not applicable, n. d. = not determined Table 2. 13C NMR Data for Compounds 84,85, 86,88b, 89b, 90a, 90b and 93b. Compound 84 a* 85 b 86 c 88b d* 89b e* 90a f 90b g 93b h* C-1 57. 89 56.62 56.96 42.08 32.90 32. 49 34.69 30.17 C-2 69.92 79. 27 79. 48 71. 61 70.99 72.52 73.49 72.16 C-3 78.72 88. 10 88. 17 70.94 70.31 73.84 76.87 72.48 C-4 69.92 79.71 79.70 71.72 70.72 73. 16 73.66 72.08 C-5 58.07 66.55 64.35 39.24 33.41 52.36 53.46 30.73 C-6 na 66.16 66.05 na na 65.89 65. 33 na C-1'57. 77 54.19 53.95 46.00 43.31 44.94 45.38 43.37 C-2'77.78 79. 81 77.28 76.75 77.44 77.10 77.23 77.47 C-3'69.18 69.53 69.34 66. 88 65. 73 65.80 66.63 67.41 C-4'69. 06 70.56 70.61 69.51 69.51 69.50 69.59 69.51

Footnotes for Table 2 al25 MHz, D20. Others : 136.85 (Cipso, Ar), 130.34, 129.28, 126.66 (5C, Ar), 101.44 (benzylidene CH) b125 MHz, CD30D. Others: 140.32, 139. 82, 139.76and 139.36 (2C) (5 #Cipso, Ar), 129.93-127. 27 (25C, Ar), 101.97 (benzylidene CH), 76.19 (2C), 74.34 and 73.23 (4 x CH2Ar). c 125 MHz, CD30D. Others: 140.35, 139.88, 139.71, 139.506 and 139.41 (5 xCipsO, Ar), 130.12-127. 27 (25C, Ar), 101.69 (benzylidene CH), 76.23 (2C), 74.25 and 73.34 (4 x CH2Ar). d 100 MHz, CD2CI2. Others: 137. 35, 136. 96, 136. 92 and 136. 85 (4 x Cipson Ar), 128. 84-126. 54 (20C, Ar), 102.07 (benzylidene CH), 73.68, 72.17 and 72.00 (3 x CH2Ar). e 100 MHz, CD2CI2. Others: 137.38, 137.11, 137. 00 and 136. 80 (4 x CipsoS Ar), 129. 80-126. 48 (20C, Ar), 102.19 (benzylidene CH), 73.59, 72.64 and 72.10 (3 x CH2Ar). f 100 MHz, CD2Cl2. Others : 137.18, 137.07, 137.00, 136.85 and 136. 75 (5 x Cipson Ar), 129.71-126. 65 (25C, Ar), 102.11 (benzylidene CH), 73.70, 73.51, 73.40 and 71. 85 (4 x CH2Ar). g 100 MHz, CD2Cl2. Others: 137.54, 137.44, 137.35, 137.17 and 136.85 (5 x CPSO Ar), 129.80-126. 54 (25C, Ar), 101.95 (benzylidene CH), 74.48, 74.13, 73.99 and 72.35 (4 x CH2Ar). h100 MHz, CD2C12. Others: 137.39, 137. 29, 137. 13 and 137. 09 (4 x Cipso, Ar), 129. 74-126. 49 (25C, Ar), 102.04 (benzylidene CH), 73.37, 72.83 and 72.255 (3 x CH2Ar).

* Assignments for diastereotopic C-1/C-5 and C-2/C-4 pairs may be reversed.

Table 3. 1H NMR Data Compounds 66b, 67a, 67b, S-68b, R-68b, 69a, 69b and 70b. Compound 66b a* 67a b 67b c S-68b d* R-68b e* 69a f 69b g 70b h* H-leq 3.08 dd) 3.57 (brd) 3. 16 (dd) 3.70 (dd) 3.38-3. 72 (m) 3.85 (dd) 3.89 (dd) 3.36 (dd) (J1eq,2) (4.8) (4. 8) (4.9) (3.5) (3.8) (3.6) (3.9) (3.2, <1) H-1ax 2.18 (dd) 2.93 (br dd) 2.49 (dd) 3.54 (dd) 3.36 (d) 3.52 (dd) 3.45 (dd) 3.18 (dd) (J1ax,1eq, (11.0, 11.0) (11.8, 10.8) (11.7, 11.1) (13.9, 7.2) (11.8, 11.8) (11.5, 11.5) (11.5, 11.5) (13.3, 4.0) (I1. 0, 11. 0) (11. 8,10. 8) (11.7, 11.1) (13.9, 7.2) (11.8, 11.8) (11. 5,11. 5) (11.5, 11.5) (13.3, 4.0) flax, 2) H-2 3.58 (ddd) 3.80 (ddd) 3.55 (ddd) 4.29 (ddd) 4.01-3. 93 (m) 3.91 (ddd) 3.97 (ddd) 3.86 (ddd) (J2,3) (9.2) (9.4) (9.3) (7.2) (9.0) (8. 5) (9. 1) (4. 2, <1) H-3 3.20 (dd) 3.47 dd) 3. 30 dd) 3.75 (dd) 3.51 (dd) 3.51 (dd) 3. 54 (dd) 3.91 (dd) (J3,4) (9.2) (9.4) (9.5) (7.2) (9.0) (8.5) (9.1) (4.2) H-4 3.55 (ddd) 3.62 (dd) 3.44 (dd) 4.28 (ddd) 4.01-3. 93 (m) 3.80 (dd) 3.86 (dd) 3.98 (ddd) (J4,5eq,J4,5ax) (4.7,11. 0) (na, 9.8) (na, 9.5) (3.5, 7.2) (3.5, 11. 8) (na, 10.5) (na, 10.8) (2. 9, 4. 5) H-5eq 3. 073 (dd) na na 3. 71 (ddd) 3. 38-3. 72 (m) na na 3.66 (ddd) (J5eq,6a) na (na) (na) (na) H-5ax 2. 13 (dd) 3.07 (br m) 2.37 (ddd) 3.55 (dd) 3. 36 (dd) 3.75 (ddd) 3.76 (ddd) 3.56 (dd) (11. 0) (na,) (na,) (13. 8) (11. 8) (na) (na) (13. 4) (J5eq,5ax) H-6a 4.08 (dd) 3. 93 (dd) 4. 21 (dd) 4. 21 (dd) (J6a, 6b, J5,6a)) na (12.7, 2.9) (12.6, 2. 4) na na (12.8, 3.7) (13.2, 3. 8 H-6b 4. 03 (dd) 3.86 (dd) 4. 12 (dd) 4. 11 (dd) (J5,6b) na (2. 8) (2. 4) na na (2.8) (2. 6) na H-l'a 2.78 (dd) 3.57 (br d) 2.92 (d) 3.86 (dd) 3.93 (dd) 4.15 (dd) 3.98 (dd) 4.82 (dd) (il'a, I'b, ilia, 2') (13. 7,2. 8) (14.1, 2.2) (13.5, 2.6) (14.4, 3.6) (12.8, 3.7) (13.9, 3.4) (13.3, 6. 3) (12.8, 4.0) H-l'b 2.57 (dd) 3. 15 (brdd) 2.88 (dd) 3.74 (dd) 3.83 (dd) 3. 70 (dd) 3.85 (dd) 4.30 (dd) (J1'b,2') (8.8) (9.3) (8.7) (7.6) (7.5) 8.5) (3.2) (1.7) H-2' 4.12 (ddd) 4.35 (ddd) 4.19 (ddd) 4.45 (ddd) 4.41 (ddd) 4.40 (ddd) 4.39 (ddd) 4.18 (ddd) (5.7) (6.8) (6.0) (7.5) (7.5) (7.1) (6.3) (9.6) (J2',3') H-3' 4.23 (ddd) 4.29 (ddd) 4.24 (ddd) 4.39 (ddd) 4.32 (ddd) 4.27 (ddd) 4.35 (ddd) 4.54 (ddd) (J3., 4'a) (3.5) (3.4) (3.4) (3.6) (3.4) (3.6) (2.7) (5.3) H-4'a 3. 87 (dd) 3. 97 (dd) 3. 91 (dd) 3. 99 (dd) 4. 94 (dd) 3. 96 (dd) 3. 97 (dd) 4. 45 (dd) (J4'a,4'b) (12.6) (12.7) (12.2) (12.9) 1 (12. 6) (12.5) (12.6) (10.6) (J4'a,4'b) H-4'b 3.80 (dd) 3.88 (dd) 3.85 (dd) 3.88 (dd) 3.84 (dd) 3.84 (dd) 3.84 (dd) 3.76 (dd) (4.6) (3.8) (4.3) (3.3) (3.4) (3.5) (3.4) (10.1) (J3',4'b)

Footnotes for Table 3 a 500 MHz, pH=10, D2O. b 500 MHz, pH=8, Temp. =25°C, D2O. c 500 MHz, pH=8, Temp. =40°C, D2O. d 600 MHz, D2O. e 600 MHz, D2O. f 500 MHz, D2O. g 400 MHz, D2O. h 600 MHz, D2O.

*Assignments for diastereotopic H-1/H-5 and H-2/H-4 pairs may be reversed. na = not applicable, n. d. = not determined Table 4. 13C NMR Data Compounds 66b, 67a, 67b, S-68b, R-68b, 69a, 69b and 70b. Compound 66b a* 67a b 67b b | S-68b c* R-68b c 69a c 69b o 70b c* C-1 58.19 55.85 56.48 41.25 43.24 43.62 41.76 39.29 C-2 69.96 67.67 78.62 69.09 69.85 69.69 69.64 70. 64 C-3 78.77 77.60 78.14 74.05 78.10 78.57 78.58 78.42 C-4 70.00 79.04 69.68 69.05 69.81 70.95 70.91 70.64 C-5 57.64 66.90 66.29 41.01 43.13 61.19 60. 88 39.10 C-6 na 56.57 56.91 na na 58. 69 58.63 na C-1'59. 38 54.65 54.98 45.44 50.39 49.41 49.01 50.20 C-2'67.82 66.90 65.99 67.97 69.09 68.54 67.04 68.02 C-3'81.92 81.15 81. 55 82. 29 62.33 83. 15 83.03 83.03 C-4' 60. 20 60.03 60.16 62.01 62.04 62.10 62.11 62.30

Footnotes for Table 4 a 125 MHz, pH=10, D2O. b 125 MHz, pH=8, D2O. c 100 MHz D2O.

* Assignments for diastereotopic C-1/C-5 and C-2/C-4 pairs may be reversed. na = not applicable 5.2. 8 Example 8 Synthesis of Chain-Extended Homologues of Salacinol (Schemes 22 to 25) General procedure A mixture of sulfide 117 and cyclic sulfate 105 in HFIP (1.0-3. 0 mL/mmol of sulfide 117) was placed in a sealed reaction vessel and warmed with stirring for the indicated time at the temperature given below. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis of aliquots (developing solvent CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1).

When the limiting starting compound had been essentially consumed, the mixture was

cooled, then diluted with CH2Cl2 and evaporated to a syrupy residue. Purification by column chromatography (CHC13 to CHCl3 : MeOH, 10: 1) gave the purified sulfonium salt 119.

Benzyl 2, 3-Di-O-benzyl-4-O-sulfoxy-6-deoxy-6-[2, 3, 5-tri-O-benzyl-1, 4-dideoxy- 1, 4-episufoniumylidene-D-arabinitol]-ß-D-galactopyranose Inner Salt (119).

Reaction of sulfide 117 (431 mg, 1.02 mmol) with cyclic sulfate 105 (588 mg, 1.15 mmol) in HFIP (3.0 mL) for 42 h at 70°C gave compound 119 as a colorless gummy solid (571 mg, 60%). [a] D-7. 6° (c 1.1, CHCl3). See Tables 5 and 6 for NMR data.

MALDI MS m/e 955.39 (M'+ Na), 853.42 (M+ + H-SO3). Anal. Calcd for C53H56011s2 C, 68.22 ; H, 6.05. Found: C, 68.48 ; H, 6.09.

1, 4-Dideoxy-1, 4-[[2R, 3R, 4R, 5S-2, 4,5, 6-tetrahydroxy-3- (sulfooxy) hexyl] episufonium-ylidene]-D-arabinitol (95).

The protected sulfonium salt 119 (460 mg, 0.493 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and stirred at rt with 10% Pd/C catalyst (580 mg) under 1 atm. of H2 for 24 h.

Analysis by TLC (EtOAc: MeOH: H20, 6: 3: 1) showed formation of a single product (rf 0.10). The catalyst was removed by filtration, using additional MeOH, through Celite and the filtrate was evaporated to give the crude hemiacetal compound 4-0- sulfoxy-6-deoxy-6- [1, 4-dideoxy-1, 4-episufoniumylidene-D-arabinitol]-a/(3-D- galactopyranose inner salt (99, a : ß = 1: 1) as a colorless foam (184 mg, 95%). See Tables 7 and 8 for NMR data of 99. MALDI MS m/e 414.89 (M+ + Na), 392.93 (M+ + H), 312.93 (M+ + H-S03).

Reduction of hemiacetal 99 (430 mg, 1.10 mmol) with NaBH4 as described above for compound 98 gave sulfonium sulfate 95 (232 mg, 54%) as a colorless glass. [a] D +18° (c 0.72, MeOH). See Tables 9 and 10 for NMR data of 95. MALDI MS m/e 416.94 (M+ + Na), 315.03 (M+ + H-SO3) ; HRMS. Calcd for CllH22OIIS2Na (M+Na): 417.0501. Found: 417.0498.

Table 5 1H NMR Data for Compound 119 Compound 119" H-la 4.07 (br d) (fla, 1b, J1a, 2) (13.3, <1) H-lb 3.59 (dd) (Jlb, 2) (3.7) H-2 4.27 (br d) (J2. 3) H-3 4.32 (br s) (J3,4) (< H-4 3.91 (dd) (J4,5a) (6.3) H-5a 3.80 (dd) (J5a,5b) (9.6) H-5b 3.63 (t) (J4,5b) (9.8) H-1'4. 45 (d) (7. 6) H-2'3. 80 (dd) (9.6) H-3'3.55 (dd) (3. 4) H-4'5. 00 (dd) (J4t, 5 a) (1.2) H-5'a (J5'a, 5'b) H-5'b _ (J4', 5'b) H-5'3.99 (br m) (J5,'6'a) (2.3) H-6'a 4.35 (dd) (J6'a,6'b) (13.0) H-5'b 3.94 (dd) (J5',6'b) (5.6)

Footnote for Table 5 a Others : 7.45-7. 02 (30H, m, Ar), 5.03 and 4.56 (2H, 2d, JA, s = 12. 0 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.78 and 4.55 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 12. 2 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.76 and 4.71 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11.3 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.54 and 4.52 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 12. 2 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.33 and 4.20 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 11. 8 Hz, CH2Ar), 4.25 and 4.19 (2H, 2d, JA, B = 12.0 Hz, CH2Ar).

Table 6 13C NMR Data for Compounds 119 Compound 119a C-1 47.65 C-2 81.94 C-3 83.16 C-4 65. 81 C-5 66.72 C-1' 103. 20 C-2'77.52 C-3'78.28 C-4'72.98 C-5'69.21 C-6'50. 09

Footnote for Table 6 a Others : 138. 61,138. 55,137. 25,136. 86,136. 22 and 135.83 (6 #Cipso, Ar), 128.87-127. 15 (30C, Ar), 75.37, 73.51, 72.34, 71.68, 71.59 and 71.36 (6 x CH2Ar).

Table 7 1H NMR Data for Compounds 99a and 99p Compound 99αa 99ßa H-la 3.87 (m) 3.87 (m) (J1a, lb) Jla, 2) (n. d., 3.9) (n. d., 3.9) H-lb 3.87 (m) 3.87 (m) (Jib, 2) (3.9) (3.9) H-2 4.73 (ddd) 4.73 (ddd) (J2, 3) (3.9) (3.7) H-3 4.44 (dd) 4.44 (dd) (J3, 4) (3. 7) (3.7) H-4 4.06 (dd) 4.08 (dd) (J4, sa) (5.0) (5.0) H-5a 4.11 (dd) 4.13 (dd) (Jsa, 5b) (11.8) (12.2) H-5b 3.95 (dd) 3.96 (dd) (J4, 5b) (n. d. ) (n. d.) H-1' 5. 32 (d) 4.65 (d) (Jl', 2') (3.9) (7.9) H-2'3.83 (dd) 3.52 (dd) (J2, 3) (10.4) (10.1) H-3'4.02 (dd) 3.81 (dd) (J3', 4') (3.3) (3. 3) H-4'4.74 (d) 4.68 (dd) (J4',5'a) (<1) (0.9) H-5'a (J5'a,5'b) H-5'b (J4',5'b) - - H-5' 4.67 (m) 4.30 (ddd) (J5'6'a) (n. d. ) (7.6.) H-6'a 3.95 (dd) 3.97 (dd) (J6'a,6'b) (n. d. ) (12.2.) H-5'b 3.92 (dd) 3.94 (dd) (J5',6'b) (n. d.) (4. 0.)

Footnotes for Table 7 n. d. not determined, a Temperature 313 K, D20, Table 8 13C NMR Data for Compounds 99a and 99ß Compound 99αb 99ßb C-1 49.27 49.27 C-2 78. 35' 78. 29' C-3 79.26 79. 06 C-4 71.43 71. 26 C-5 60.62 60.62 C-1'94. 07 98.17 C-2'69. 35 72 85 C-3'69.17 72.85 C-4'79. 63 78.65 C-5'66.88 60. 91 C-6'48.73 48. 30

Footnotes for Table 8 aTemperature 308 K, D2O, b Temperature 313K, D20, e f g h i j k I m n Assignments may be interchanged for resonances with the same superscript letter.

Table 9 1H NMR Data for Compound 95 Compound 95a H-1a 3. 92 (d) J1a,1b, J1a,2) (n.d. 3. 6) H-lb 3.92 (d) (Jlb. 2) (3. 6) H-2 4.78 (dt) (J2,3) (3. 6) H-3 4.47 (dd) J3,4) (2.9 H-4 4.11 (ddd) (J4. 5a) (4. 8) H-5a 4.16 (dd) J5a,5b) (11.2 H-5b 3.91 (dd) J4,5b) (8.1 H-la'3. 99 (dd) J1'a,1'b, J1'a',2') (13.3 9. 8) H-l'b 3.92 (dd) J1'b,2') (3.6 H-2'4.63 (ddd) J2' 3' (1. 3) H-3'4.45 (dd) (J3'. 4-a) (9. 2) H-4'3.98 (dd) J4',5a') (1.0 H-4'b J4'a,4'b,J3',4'b) - H-5'a (J5'a,5'b) - H-5'b J4' 5'b) H-5'4.03 (t) J5',6'a) (6.6 H-6'a 3.71 (d) (J6'a, 6'b (n. d.) H-6'b 3.71 (d) (jus. 6 (6. 6)

Footnotes for Table 9 n. d. not determined'Temperature 318K, D20 Table 10 13C NMR Data for Compound 95 Compound 95a C-1 48.49 C-2 77. 58 C-3 78.32 C-4 70.40 C-5 59.85 C-1'51. 15 C-2'66.58 C-3'78. 89 C-4'769.36 C-5'70.12 C-6'63.40

Footnotes for Table 10 a Temperature 318K, D20 5.3 Example 9-Enzyme Inhibition Assays 5.3. 1 In Vitro Inhibition Assays of Non-Human Glycosidase Enzymes Various isomers of Salacinol, Blintol, Ghavamiol, and Acarbose were tested for their inhibition of three glycosidase enzymes, namely glucoamylase G2, l920 porcine pancreatic a-amylase (PPA), and barley a-amylase (AMY1). 23 The results are summarized in Table 11. Glucoamylase G2 was weakly inhibited by Salacinol (1) (Ki = 1. 7 mM) whereas a stereoisomer of Blintol was a better inhibitor of this enzyme, with a Ki value of 0.72 mM. Salacinol (1) inhibited AMY1 and PPA, with Ki values of 15 i 1 and 10 ~ 2 µM, respectively. Other compounds did not significantly

inhibit either AMY1 or PPA. It would appear then that Salacinol (1) and analogues of Salacinol (1) show discrimination for certain glycosidase enzymes, and are promising candidates for selective inhibition of a wider panel of enzymes that includes human small intestinal maltase-glucoamylase 17 and human pancreatic a-amylase.'8 The glucoamylase GZ form from Aspergillus niger was purified from a commercial enzyme (Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) as described. I9 20 The initial rates of glucoamylase G2-catalyzed hydrolysis of maltose was tested with 1 mM maltose as substrate in 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.5 at 45 °C using an enzyme concentration of 7.0 x 10-8 M and five inhibitor concentrations in the range 1 µm - 5 mM. The effect of the inhibition on rates of substrate hydrolysis were compared for the different compounds. The glucose released was analyzed in aliquots removed at appropriate time intervals using a glucose oxidase assay adapted to microtiter plate reading and using a total reaction volume for the enzyme reaction mixtures of 150 or 300 jjL. The values were calculated assuming competitive inhibition from 1/v = (1/Vmax) + [ (m)/ (Vmax [S] Ki)][I], where v is the rate measured in the presence or absence of inhibitor, [1] and [S] the concentrations of inhibitor and substrate, Km 1.6 mM and kcat 11.3 s-1, using ENZFITTER.22 Porcine pancreatic a-amylase (PPA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Sigma. Amylose EX-1 (DP17; average degree of polymerization 17) was purchased from Hayashibara Chemical Laboratories (Okayama, Japan). Recombinant barley a-amylase isozyme 1 (AMY1) was produced and purified as described. 23 An aliquot of the porcine pancreatic a-amylase (PPA) crystalline suspension (in ammonium sulfate) was dialyzed extensively against the assay buffer without BSA. The enzyme concentration was determined by aid of amino acid analysis as determined using an LKB model Alpha Plus amino acid analyzer. The inhibition of AMY1 (3 x 10'9 M) and PPA (9 x 10-9 M) activity towards DP17 amylose was measured at 37 °C in 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5, 5 mM CaCl2, 0.005 % BSA (for AMY1) and 20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.9, 10 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM CaCl2, 0.005 % BSA (for PPA). Six different final inhibitor concentrations were used in the range 1 µM - 5 mM. The inhibitor was pre-incubated with enzyme for 5 min at 37 °C before addition of substrate. Initial rates were

determined by measuring reducing sugar by the copper-bicinchoninate method as described. 2324 The Ki values were calculated assuming competitive inhibition, as described above for the case of glucoamylase, and a Km of 0.57 mg/ml and kcat of 165 s-1 for AMY1 and 1 mg/ml and 1200 s-l for PPA, as determined in the substrate concentration range 0.03-10 mg/ml using ENZFITTER. 22 For the K ; determinations, [S] = 0.7 mg/mL amylose DP 17 for the AMYL binding and [S] = 2.5 mg/mL amylose DP 17 for the PPA binding.

5.3. 2 In Vitro Inhibition Assays of Human Glycosidase Enzymes The in vitro inhibitory activities of Salacinol, Blintol, Ghavamiol, and Acarbose were tested against human glycosidase enzymes as described below.

5.3. 2.1 Enzyme Assays with Maltase Glucoamylase (MGA) Since recombinant MGA enzyme has not been expressed successfully, the assay for MGA activity measured effects on cell extracts. In the assays, COS cells transfected with MGA5' (maltase subunit clone 10) construct were used. Activity measurements were performed with cell extracts containing MGA. Maltose hydrolysis was monitored by measurement of the glucose released by a glucose oxidase colorimetric assay. Inhibition of this hydrolysis was measured as a reduction in OD reading. Since the assay deals with cell extracts, a standard inhibitor, e. g.

Salacinol, is always included in each new assay of a putative inhibitor.

In practice, an OD reading in the absence of the inhibitor was recorded, followed by a reading in the presence of the inhibitor. The percent reduction in OD reading upon administering a candidate inhibitor (see Table 11) was then correlated with a percent inhibition for a given concentration. For example: 1) at 200 nM (0.2 uM), Blintol inhibits 50% of MGA activity whereas Salacinol inhibits 50% of MGA activity at 2500 nM (2. 5 I1M) ; 2) Whereas Salacinol at 5 uM concentration inhibits 60% of the breakdown of maltose, Acarbose only inhibits 4% of the activity.

5.3. 2.2 Enzyme Assays with Human Pancreatic a-Amylase (HPA) These assays were performed with purified enzyme. The ability of candidate inhibitors to inhibit the hydrolysis of 2, 4-Dinitrophenyl maltotrioside was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy of the released 2,4-dinitrophenol.

5.3. 2.3 Summary of In Vitro Biological Activity 1) It appears that Acarbose acts principally by inhibiting human pancreatic a- amylase (HPA) and the breakdown of starch. Salacinol inhibits both HPA and MGA and Blintol appears to only MGA.

2) The selenium analogue of Salacinol, Blintol, shows inhibition of MGA at lower concentrations than Salacinol. More significantly, Blintol does not appear to inhibit HPA. Salacinol, on the other hand, inhibits both HPA and MGA, and Acarbose inhibits only HPA in these experimental assays.

3) Using similar monitoring of OD readings as in the MGA assay, the maltase activity in biopsies with live intestinal cells was monitored. At 5 uM concentration, Blintol inhibits 50% of maltase activity whereas Salacinol inhibits only 13% of the activity. Ksi mu Compound AMYla PPA HPAC GAd MGAe - I-S C104 Ho \ >5 >5 1. 32 OH OH OH YOH OH Ho 0. 015 0. 01 0. 075 1. 71, uM H H AG-1 OH OH , J.. S. OSOs Ho C, >5 >5 n. a. 2. 17 n. a. HO"H AG-2 OH -OH Soh + S OSO3 HOn >5 >5 n. a. 1. 06 mM HO OH AG-3 OH + z- NH OS03 HO^</>5 >5 n. a. >2. 5 mM HO OH AG-4

Table 11 : Summary of Activity of Salacinol Derivatives Against Human Glycosidases aAMY1 = Barley a-amylase b PPA = Porcine pancreatic a-amylase ° HPA = Human pancreatic a-amylase d GA = Glucoamylase e MGA = Human intestinal maltase glucoamylase n. a. = not active-= not tested Ki (mM) Compound AMyla PpAb HPAC GAd MGAe OH OH ,. NH OSOs Zu >5 0. 4 >8 n. a. H H AG-5 OH ». OH +s OS03 0. 109 0. 052 >5 y-7 Her H AG-6 OH OH Ho-) >5 >5->30 HO'OH AG-7 HO 'pH AG-7 OH OH +se oso3 >5 >5 >5 0. 72 nM Ho HO- OH BJ-24-77-3, BJ-24 - 78-1, BJ-24-79-1 OH mOH mO >5 >5 n. a. >9 n. a. Ho HO H BJ-24-92-1 Table 11 Continued Ki (mM) Compound AMYla PPA b HPA GAd MGAe CH 12H s oso 3 rS > OSO 3 > 5 n. a. -- >$-ri. a. HO *"OH OH Mus-02-159 OH OH S g OSO3 M rSm OSO 3 >5 mM HO"**")--"OH OH MS-02-153 QH f Se su 3 --- >S -ri. a. HO t < OH OH M S-02-145 OH OH . oh --"'-- Il. $. '3SO3 OH M S-03-119 Table 11 Continued Ki (mM) Compound AMYla ppAb HPA c GAd MGA OH OH +S 3 n. a. OH OH MS-03-125 OH ON + S _ 3 se i5so3 n. a. HO'l""'*"OH OH MS-03-163B OH OH ». OH 3 HO n. a. HO%'**' OH MS-03-175 OH zou S OS03 HO n. a. QH HOXT) ttOH OH MS-03-171 Table 11 Continued

5.3. 3 In Vivo Inhibition Studies of Blintol and Salacinol In this Example the efficacy of Blintol in inhibiting glucose absorption and lowering post-prandial glucose levels in vivo was compared to Salacinol and Acarbose.

Five week old Sprague-Dawley rats were housed singly under a 12: 12- h light-dark photoperiod and given free access to water and rat chow (Purina rodent chow). After one week of acclimation, chronic indwelling catheters were implanted.

Animals were anesthetized with a combination ofKetamine-Xylazine-Butorphanol (0.1 ml/lOOg im). Analgesic (Butorphenol, lmglkg sc) was administered following recovery from anesthesia and the following morning. Antibiotic was administered by one dose sc and in the drinking water for 4 days post-operative (Baytril, 5 mg/kg sc, Bayer, Toronto, Canada; Baytril, 50 mg/ml: 0.36 ml solution in 250 ml drinking water). A sterile catheter (Intramedic PE-50 with-3 cm beveled Silastic tip) was placed in the left carotid artery and the distal end of the catheter was tunneled subcutaneously, exteriorized, and anchored at the nape of the neck. The catheters were protected from chewing by a stainless steel tether connected to a swivel system which allowed free movement of the animal and easy access to the catheter by the investigator.

The animals were allowed to recover for 1 week. Experiments were performed on conscious, unrestrained animals that had been fasted overnight by removal of chow from the cage hoppers at 2100. At 0800 the following morning animals were weighed and Atropine (0. OSmg/lcg sc) was administered as a muscle relaxant. At baseline, animals were administered a bolus of maltose by oral gavage (1000 mg/kg body weight) with or without drug (25 mg/kg body weight for all agents). Blood samples (0. lmL) were taken via the implanted carotid line at-15 and- 5 min for the baseline and at 7,15, 30,60, 90,120, 210,300 min.

Blood samples were kept on ice in microcentrifuge tubes and then were centrifuged. The plasma was stored at-20°C until it was assayed. Plasma volume was triple replaced with heparinized saline (l0u/mL), but red blood cells were not reinfused. Plasma glucose was assayed with the glucose oxidase method (Trinder RAICHEM Division of Hemagen Diagnostics, Inc. San Diego, CA). Plasma insulin

concentrations were measured by rat insulin ELISA (Crystal Chem INC, Downers Grove, IL). Six experiments were performed for each treatment (control, Blintol, Acarbose, Salacinol).

The AUC (Area Under the Curve) was calculated for glucose, glucose absorption, and insulin by applying the trapezoidal method over the 0 to 90 minute time points. For glucose the AUC was calculated for the excursion from each sample above the basal value (average of the-5 and-15 minute samples), and for insulin and glucose absorption for the excursion above 0.

All data are presented as means i SE. The significance of changes in plasma glucose and insulin were tested by two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and were performed with the Statistical Analysis System for Windows (version 6.3, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). AUCs were compared using unpaired t-tests.

5.3. 3.1 Plasma glucose concentrations The plasma glucose profiles for all treatments were significantly lower than Control (P<0.0001 ; all treatments versus Control), and the Blintol group had a lower profile than Acarbose (P<0.01) but there was no difference between other treatments (see Fig. 3). Plasma glucose concentrations for all groups increased immediately following gavage (P<0.01), reaching a peak at 15 minutes. For the Control group, the 15 minute glucose excursion from basal was 98.0 + 12.4 mg/dL and this excursion was decreased with all treatments (Blintol: 29.3 6.5, Acarbose: 34.2 3.5, Salacinol : 26.0 i 5. 1; P<0.005). All groups exhibited an exponential glucose decay following the 15 minute peak. For the control group glucose values did not return to basal values until 210 minutes (P=0.46). Blintol (P=0.40) and Salacinol (P=0.43) groups returned to basal at 60 minutes, and Acarbose at 90 minutes (P=0. 19).

The Area Under the Curve was significantly decreased with all treatments. Blintol and Salacinol yielded slightly lower 90 minute AUC's than Acarbose, though the difference was not significant (Blintol: P=0. 16, Salacinol : P=0.6 ; versus Acarbose).

5. 3. 3. 2 Plasma insulin concentrations Plasma insulin profiles were decreased with all treatments versus Control (P<0.0001) (Fig. 4). Consistent with the peak glucose at 15 minutes, the insulin for all groups was also peaked between 7 and 15 minutes; however the insulin profile was more rounded and did not show an exponential decay for any group.

While the Control and Acarbose insulin values were different from basal for the 15 to 90 minute range, the Blintol and Salacinol insulin values were only different from basal at 15 minutes (P<0.05). The 90 minute insulin AUC was decreased with Blintol, Acarbose, and Salacinol treatments by 53%, 49%, and 65% respectively.

There was no statistical difference between treatment groups.

The results of this experiment show that Blintol, Acarbose, and Salacinol, at a 25mg/kg body weight dosage significantly lower post-prandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in normal, catheterized rats. Importantly, at this dosage, Blintol had a decreased glucose profile compared to Acarbose. The improvement in the glucose profile with all treatments seems to be directly attributable to an inhibited glucose absorption, consistent with the agents'expected mechanisms of action.

The inhibition of the post-prandial glucose peak observed with all treatments may contribute to a reduction in diabetic complications when these agents are used chronically. The reduced glucose levels decreased the demand on the insulin secreting (3-cells and chronically may contribute to a preservation of (3-cell mass and function. Moreover, the better controlled glucose levels may decrease a glucose-toxic effect which can kill or impair the function of the insulin-secreting P-cells. Chronic administration of drug studies will help elucidate if these factors are able to slow or prevent the onset of diabetes in a diabetes-prone animal model.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof.

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