Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO GRAFTABLE BIOCIDAL LINKERS AND POLYMERS AND USES THEREOF CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 63/381,683, filed October 31, 2022, and 63/483,165, filed February 3, 2023, the contents of all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. FIELD [002] The disclosure relates generally to graftable polymers containing hydrophilic sidechains and graftable linkers, such as alkyl(trialkoxy)silane moieties, having both biocidal and biocompatibility properties, methods of preparation of same, and methods of grafting same on surfaces to prevent and reduce the colonization and proliferation of germs (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and fungi) on surfaces. BACKGROUND [003] Biocidal polymers are becoming increasingly important in order to contain and control the spread of infectious pathogens in a variety of health and industrial applications. To this end, biocidal polymers have been developed for use in solution form as well as to incorporate biocidal activity onto materials via coatings or surface modifications. [004] It would be highly desirable to have a solution of a biocidal polymer having both biocidal and biocompatibility properties for a prolonged storage period. It is, therefore, advisable to have a ready-to-use biocidal product which prevents fast reticulation in volume and thereby prolonging storage period. SUMMARY [005] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I): (I), DB1/ 141740360.3 1 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0. [006] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising the at least one moiety of formula (I) includes a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride, polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl, polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide), poly(diallyldimethylammonium), and C ₃ -C ₂₂ alkyne. [007] In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises at least one monopodal silane moiety of formula (II): , wherein in formula (II): G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy; and DB1/ 141740360.3 2 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [008] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) is a moiety of formula (IIa): (IIa), wherein in formula (IIa) each R ³ is alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 1 to 5, 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3. [009] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is: . [0010] In some embodiments, comprises at least one dipodal silane moiety of formula (XII): , wherein in formula G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; DB1/ 141740360.3 3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [0011] In some embodiments, the at least one moiety of formula (XII) is a moiety of formula (XIIa): (XIIa), wherein in L1 is a single bond or linking group, optionally L1 is a single bond, optionally L1 is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted alkoxylene, -[CH ₂ O] _1-12 -, -[CH2CH2O]1-12-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-12-, optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; L2 is a single bond or linking group, optionally L2 is a single bond, optionally L2 is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-6-, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3; and DB1/ 141740360.3 4 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v′ is 3. [0012] In some embodiments, the at least one moiety of formula (XIIa) is a moiety of formula (XIIb): , wherein in L1 is a linking group one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-6-, optionally substituted heteroarylene, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v is 3; and DB1/ 141740360.3 5 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v′ is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v′ is 3. [0013] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII), formula (XIIa), or formula (XIIb) is a moiety of formula (2): . [0014] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (1): . [0015] In another aspect, the (PEI) polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (I): (I), wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; and DB1/ 141740360.3 6 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0. [0016] In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises at least one monopodal silane moiety of formula (II): (II), wherein: G is a single or group, is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [0017] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) is a moiety according to formula (IIa): (IIa), wherein: each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; and DB1/ 141740360.3 7 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3 [0018] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II): (I) wherein: subscript m is an 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [0019] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer further comprises at least one monopodal silane moiety of formula (II). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) is a moiety according to formula (IIa). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is: some embodiments, the PEI polymer further comprises at least one (XII). In some embodiments, the at least one moiety of formula (XII) is a moiety of formula (XIIa). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XIIa) is a moiety of formula (XIIb). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII), formula (XIIa), or DB1/ 141740360.3 8 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO formula (XIIb) is a moiety of formula (2). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) is a moiety of formula (1). [0020] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (I) and at least one monopodal silane moiety of formula (II): (I) wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, optionally wherein the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x), optionally DB1/ 141740360.3 9 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9 or about 0.2:0.8. [0021] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) is a moiety according to formula (IIa). [0022] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (III), or any substructure thereof: (III), each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl or independently optionally substituted C1- C ₆ alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl, or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, or propyl; each R ⁵ is independently a moiety of formula (I) or a moiety of formula (IIa): subscript m 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; DB1/ 141740360.3 10 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I), optionally wherein R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). [0023] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (IIIa), or any substructure thereof: (III), each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl or independently optionally substituted C ₁ - C6 alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or C1-C3 alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, or propyl; each R ⁵ is independently a moiety of formula (I) or a moiety of formula (IIa): (I) , subscript m is an m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; DB1/ 141740360.3 11 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I), optionally wherein R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). [0024] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (IIa) is: . In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) . [0025] In some embodiments, the PEI a of the number of moieties of formula (II) or formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1- x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) or formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) or formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.2:0.8. [0026] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (1) and at least one moiety of formula (2): , DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (2) to the number of moieties of formula (1) of about 0.1:0.9 or about 0.2:0.8. 29. A polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (I) and at least one dipodal silane moiety of formula (XII): (I) wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and DB1/ 141740360.3 13 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [0027] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) is a moiety of formula (Ia). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is a moiety of formula (1). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) is a moiety of formula (XIIa). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) or formula (XIIa) is a moiety of formula (XIIb). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII), formula (XIIa), or formula (XIIb) is a moiety of formula (2). [0028] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (XIII), or any substructure thereof: , each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl or independently optionally substituted C ₁ - C6 alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or C1-C3 alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, or propyl; and each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (I) or a dipodal silane moiety of formula (XII): DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO , wherein: subscript m is an m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, DB1/ 141740360.3 15 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety. [0029] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XIII) is a moiety of formula (XIIIa), or any substructure thereof: (XIIIa). [0030] In according to formula (Ia). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) has a structure according to formula (1). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) is a moiety of formula (XIIa). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) or formula (XIIa) has a structure according to formula (XIIb). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII), formula (XIIa), or formula (XIIb) is a moiety of formula (2). [0031] In some embodiments, the polymer of any one of formulae (I), has a molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x), optionally the molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties is about 0.1:0.9, optionally the molar DB1/ 141740360.3 16 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties is about 0.2:0.8. [0032] In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, v is 3. In some embodiments, v’ is 3. In some embodiments, G is or . [0033] In the disclosure provides a polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (1) and at least one dipodal silane moiety of formula (2): (1) (2), DB1/ 141740360.3 17 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein the polymer has a molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties of formula (2) to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of formula (1) of about 0.2:0.8. [0034] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XIIIa), or any substructure thereof: , each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (1) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (2): , DB1/ 141740360.3 18 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties of formula (2) to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of formula (1) of about 0.2:0.8. [0035] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XIIIa), or any substructure thereof: , wherein: each R ⁵ is independently a moiety of formula (1) or a moiety of formula (2): , wherein, the PEI of moieties of formula (2) to the number of moieties of formula (1) of about 0.1:0.9 or about 0.2:0.8. [0036] In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises at least one moiety of formula (IV): (IV), wherein: G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, DB1/ 141740360.3 19 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [0037] In some embodiments, wherein the moiety of formula (IV) is a moiety of formula (IVa): , wherein: each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3. [0038] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (Ia). In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises at least one moiety of formula (II). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) is a moiety of formula (IIa). In DB1/ 141740360.3 20 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO some embodiments, the polymer further comprises at least one moiety of formula (IV). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (IV) is a moiety of formula (IVa). [0039] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (Ia): , wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0.polumerthe moiety of formula (II) is a moiety according to formula (IIa). , wherein: each R ³ is optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3. DB1/ 141740360.3 21 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [0040] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (IV) is a moiety of formula (IVa). [0041] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IVa). In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (IV) is a moiety of formula (IVa). [0042] In some embodiments, the moieties of formula (IVa) and moieties of formula (Ia) are present in a molar ratio of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.2:(1-x). [0043] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (Ia) . [0044] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (IVa) . [0045] In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprises one of formula (V): , wherein in DB1/ 141740360.3 22 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3. [0046] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (V) is: . a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IVa). [0048] In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight in a range of about 15 kDa and about 900 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight in a range of about 20 kDa and about 250 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight in a range of about 300 kDa and about 850 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer has a molecular weight in a range of about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molecular weight of about 750 kDa. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer has a molecular weight in a range of about 10 kDa and about 160 kDa. In some embodiments, DB1/ 141740360.3 23 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO the PVP polymer has a molecular weight of about 60 kDa. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer has a molecular weight of about 160 kDa. [0049] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a surface having a polymer of the disclosure grafted thereon. In some embodiments, the surface comprises a material selected from metals such as titanium and titanium alloys, iron, and steel; metal oxides; ceramics; polymers such as polyethylene (low and high reticulation for use in biomedical implants, after prior plasma activation), teflon (after prior plasma activation), polyethylene terephthalate (after prior plasma activation), and polypropylene (low and high density, after prior plasma activation), silicones, rubbers, latex, plastics, polyanhydrides, polyesters, polyorthoesters, polyamides, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethanes, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylenetetraphthalate and polyphazenes; paper; leather; textiles or textile materials such as cotton, jute, linen, hemp, wool, animals hair and silk, synthetic fabrics such as nylon and polyester; textile material comprising fibers comprising fiber material such as acrylic polymers, acrylate polymers, aramid polymers, cellulosic materials, cotton, nylon, polyolefins, polyester, polyamide, polypropylene, rayon, wool, spandex, silk, and viscose; silicon; wood; glass; cellulosic compounds; and gels and fluids not normally found within the human body. [0050] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of controlling the growth of at least one bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or virus, the method comprising grafting a polymer of the disclosure onto a surface. In some embodiments, the bacteria is a gram-positive bacteria selected from the group consisting of M. tuberculosis (including multi drug resistant TB and extensively drug resistant TB), M bovis, M typhimurium, M bovis strain BCG, BCG substrains, M avium, M intracellulare, M africanum, M kansasii, M marinum, M ulcerans, M avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus (including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus equi, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, Bacillus anthraces, B. subtilis, Nocardia asteroides, and other Nocardia species, Streptococcus viridans group, Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species, Actinomyces israelii and other Actinomyces species, Propionibacterium acnes, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, other Clostridium species, and Enterococcus species. In some embodiments, the bacteria is a gram-negative bacteria selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas DB1/ 141740360.3 24 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO aeruginosa, other Pseudomonas species, Campylobacter species, Vibrio cholerae, Ehrlichia species, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, other Pasteurella species, Legionella pneumophila, other Legionella species, Salmonella typhi, other Salmonella species, Shigella species, Brucella abortus, other Brucella species, Chlamydi trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetti, Escherichia coli, Neiserria meningitidis, Neiserria gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, other Hemophilus species, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterolitica, other Yersinia species, Escherichia coli, Escherichia hirae, and other Escherichia species, as well as other Enterobacteriacae, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobascterium nucleatum, Provetella species, Cowdria ruminantium, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species. In some embodiments, the virus is selected from the group consisting of influenza, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), rhinovirus, polio, measles, Ebola, Coxsackie, West Nile, yellow fever, Dengue fever, lassa, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Junin, Machupo, guanarito, hantavirus, Rift Valley Fever, La Crosse, California encephalitis, Crimean- Congo, Marburg, Japanese Encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), parainfluenza, Tacaribe, and Pichinde viruses. [0051] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a coating comprising metal oxide nanoparticles and one or more polymers of the disclosure. In some embodiments, a plurality of the metal oxide nanoparticles is substantially in contact with a surface. In some embodiments, the one or more polymers of the coating are grafted onto the surface of one or more of metal oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the metal oxide nanoparticles comprise titanium oxide nanoparticles. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES [0052] FIG.1 shows an IR spectrum of 2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl methanesulfonate (methyl-triethyleneglycol mesylate), (C). [0053] FIG.2 shows an IR spectrum of the quaternized methylated polyethylenimine [750kDa] polymer product (A) containing 3-propyltrimethoxysilane moieties (10%) and hydrophilic triethylglycylmethylether sidechain moieties (C) (90%). DB1/ 141740360.3 25 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [0054] FIG.3 shows an IR spectrum of the quaternized polyvinylpyridine [60kDa] polymer product (B) containing 3-propyltrimethoxysilane moieties (10%) and hydrophilic triethylglycylmethylether sidechain moieties (C) (90%). [0055] FIG.4 shows images of control cotton (left), product (A)-treated cotton (center), product (B)-treated cotton (right) after a fluorescein test as described by Tiller et al. (J. C. Tiller, C. J. Liao, K. Lewis, A. M. Klibanov, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 5981). The replacement of the counterion in products (A) and (B) by sodium fluoresceinate revealed the presence of bound quaternary ammonium polymers on cotton. [0056] FIG.5 shows images of control cotton, paper, and polyethylene and cotton, paper, and polyethylene treated with fully methylated PEI polymer quaternized with TEG lateral chains (80%) and N-acetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine, after a fluorescein test as described by Tiller et al. (J. C. Tiller, C. J. Liao, K. Lewis, A. M. Klibanov, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 5981). [0057] FIG.6 shows images demonstrating resistance to hydrolysis of fully methylated PEI polymer quaternized with TEG lateral chains (80%) and N-acetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine compared to the corresponding monopodal polymer containing a propyltrimethoxysilane linker. [0058] FIG.7 shows images demonstrating the results of cotton treated with fully methylated PEI quaternized with TEG lateral chains (80%) and N-acetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine after a fluorescein test. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0059] Bacterial infections, especially when associated with biofilm, represent one of the most serious complications following the use of medical devices. Biofilm is an exopolysaccharidic matrix comprising bacteria with reduced antibiotic sensitivity and poor mechanical accessibility. Bacterial biofilm is strongly associated with failure of infection control, infection recurrence, surgical revisions, poor patient outcomes (morbidity and mortality), and the development of chronic infections. Preventing biofilm formation has been recognized as a central topic of interest in infectious diseases. Yet, no anti-biofilm strategy has been established to protect DB1/ 141740360.3 26 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO patients from developing medical device-related infections. Also, having a “permanent” implant such as a total hip or knee replacement, cardiac valve, or spine instrumentation, can be seen as a lifetime risk to live with: the risk of late-onset infections or hematogenous spread of infection is real. Any urinary tract infection, dental procedure, or pneumonia can become a life-changing event with serious and potentially fatal consequences. This is the rationale behind the clinical need for permanent antimicrobial surface modification for medical devices. [0060] In certain applications, conferring hydrophilic and antibacterial properties to materials leads to surfaces that kill germs on contact, prevent the adhesion of dead bacteria, and therefore reduce biofilm formation. Moreover, it is thought that biocompatibility is improved by hydrophilicity due to easier cell adhesion on biomaterials. For example, the hydrophilicity profile is crucial for vascular devices such as stents and catheters, urinary catheters, ocular implants, any silicone-based biomaterials such as breast implants, dental and orthopaedic implants. [0061] Moreover, certain non-medical applications also require excellent wettability and great absorption capacity. This is the case for certain textile applications for baby care (diapers and burp cloths), pet care (pet beds and cage liners), bed and bath (towels, mattress covers), entertainment (yoga towels, mats), etc. [0062] It has been generally believed that displaying hydrophobic groups was indispensable to achieve biocidal activity using grafted polycations; however, current hypotheses about the killing mechanism of surface-bound quaternary ammonium compounds need to be revisited. [0063] In one aspect, disclosed herein is a ready-to-graft, biocompatible, and hydrophilic polycation useful for biocidal surface modification of different substrates of interest via, for example, a grafting-to method. In embodiments, the grafting-to method is selected for its process simplicity and industrial scalability. [0064] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties. DB1/ 141740360.3 27 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO I. Definitions [0065] The terms “polymer backbone,” “copolymer backbone” or “backbone” are used interchangeably herein to refer to that portion of the polymer which is a continuous chain comprising the bonds formed between monomers upon polymerization. The composition of the polymer backbone can be described in terms of the identity of the monomers from which it is formed without regard to the composition of branches, or side chains or moieties, of the polymer backbone. [0066] The term “biocide”, as used herein, means a chemical compound, a chemical composition, a chemical formulation which can kill or render harmless a microorganism exemplified by bacterium, yeast, protozoa, and fungi. [0067] The term “statistical copolymer” as used herein is defined as a copolymer that is made up of more than one monomer, and in which the different monomer units are randomly distributed in the polymeric chain. [0068] As used herein, the terms “graft” and “grafting” refer to the attachment of moieties onto a surface by forming covalent linkages between functional groups on the surface and the moiety. [0069] Unless otherwise stated, the chemical structures depicted herein are intended to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced by deuterium or tritium, or wherein one or more carbon atoms is replaced by ¹³ C- or ¹⁴ C-enriched carbons, are within the scope of this invention. [0070] When ranges are used herein to describe, for example, physical or chemical properties such as, molecular weight, chemical formulae, molar ratios, etc., all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific embodiments therein are intended to be included. As used herein, the terms “about” and “around,” and the like, are used herein to modify a numerical value and indicate a defined range around that value. Use of the term “about” when referring to a number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical range referred to is an approximation within experimental variability (or within statistical experimental error), and thus the number or numerical range may vary. The variation is typically from 0% to 15%, preferably from 0% to 10%, more preferably from 0% to 5% of the stated number or numerical range. DB1/ 141740360.3 28 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [0071] The term “comprising” (and related terms such as “comprise” or “comprises” or “having” or “including”) includes those embodiments such as, for example, an embodiment of any composition of matter, method, or process that “consist of” or “consist essentially of” the described features. [0072] “Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to ten carbon atoms (e.g., (C1-10)alkyl or C1-10 alkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range - e.g., “1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the definition is also intended to cover the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is specifically designated. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, septyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl. The alkyl moiety may be attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, such as for example, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl (Pr), 1-methylethyl (isopropyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl) and 3-methylhexyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more of substituents which are independently heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , - OC(O)-R ^a , -N(R ^a )2, -C(O)R ^a , -C(O)OR ^a , -OC(O)N(R ^a )2, -C(O)N(R ^a )2, -N(R ^a )C(O)OR ^a , - N(R ^a )C(O)R ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , N(R ^a )C(NR ^a )N(R ^a ) ₂ , -N(R ^a )S(O) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), - S(O) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO3(R ^a )2 where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [0073] “Alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one triple bond, having from two to ten carbon atoms (i.e., (C2-10)alkynyl or C2-10 alkynyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “2 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range - e.g., “2 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkynyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. The alkynyl may be attached to the rest of the molecule by a single DB1/ 141740360.3 29 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO bond, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkynyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(O)-R ^a , - N(R ^a )2, -C(O)R ^a , -C(O)OR ^a , -OC(O)N(R ^a )2, -C(O)N(R ^a )2, -N(R ^a )C(O)OR ^a , - N(R ^a )C(O)R ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)N(R ^a )2, N(R ^a )C(NR ^a )N(R ^a )2, -N(R ^a )S(O)tR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), - S(O) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO ₃ (R ^a ) ₂ , where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [0074] “Aromatic” or “aryl” or “Ar,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to an aromatic ring system (e.g., aromatic radical) which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system which is carbocyclic (e.g., phenyl, fluorenyl, and naphthyl). Aryl groups can have any suitable number of carbon ring atoms and any suitable number of rings. Aryl groups can include any suitable number of carbon ring atoms, such as C ₆ , C ₇ , C ₈ , C ₉ , C ₁₀ , C ₁₁ , C ₁₂ , C ₁₃ , C14, C15 or C16, as well as C6-12, C6-10, or C6-l4. Bivalent radicals formed from substituted benzene derivatives and having the free valences at ring atoms are named as substituted phenylene radicals. Bivalent radicals derived from univalent polycyclic hydrocarbon radicals whose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the carbon atom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a naphthyl group with two points of attachment is termed naphthylidene. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “6 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “6 to 10 ring atoms” means that the aryl group may consist of 6 ring atoms, 7 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 10 ring atoms. Aryl groups can be monocyclic, fused (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of ring atoms) to form bicyclic (e.g., benzocyclohexyl) or tricyclic groups or polycyclic groups, or linked by a bond to form a biaryl group. Representative aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl and biphenyl. Other aryl groups include benzyl, having a methylene linking group. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently alkyl, heteroalkyl, DB1/ 141740360.3 30 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO acylsulfonamido, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxamate, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -S(O)tR ^a - (where t is 1 or 2), -OC(O)-R ^a , - N(R ^a )2, -C(O)R ^a , -C(O)OR ^a , -OC(O)N(R ^a )2, -C(O)N(R ^a )2, -N(R ^a )C(O)OR ^a , - N(R ^a )C(O)R ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , N(R ^a )C(NR ^a )N(R ^a ) ₂ , -N(R ^a )S(O) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), - S(O)tR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tOR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tN(R ^a )2 (where t is 1 or 2), or PO(OR ^a )2, where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [0075] “Aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” refers to an (aryl)alkyl-radical where aryl and alkyl are as disclosed herein, and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the substituents described as suitable substituents for aryl and alkyl respectively. [0076] “Carboxyl” refers to a -(C=O)OH radical. [0077] “Cyano” refers to a -CN radical. [0078] “Cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic radical that contains only carbon and hydrogen, and may be saturated, or partially unsaturated. Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms (i.e., (C3-10)cycloalkyl or C3-10 cycloalkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range - e.g., “3 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the cycloalkyl group may consist of 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to the following moieties: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, norbornyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, acylsulfonamido, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxamate, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, - OR ^a , -SR ^a , -S(O)tR ^a - (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tR ^a - (where t is 1 or 2), -OC(O)-R ^a , - N(R ^a ) ₂ , -C(O)R ^a , -C(O)OR ^a , -OC(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -C(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -N(R ^a )C(O)OR ^a , - N(R ^a )C(O)R ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , N(R ^a )C(NR ^a )N(R ^a ) ₂ , -N(R ^a )S(O) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), - DB1/ 141740360.3 31 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO S(O)tR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tOR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tN(R ^a )2 (where t is 1 or 2), or PO(OR ^a ) ₂ , where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [0079] The term “alkoxy” refers to the group -O-alkyl, including from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy and cyclohexyloxy. “Lower alkoxy” refers to alkoxy groups containing one to six carbons. [0080] The term “substituted alkoxy” refers to alkoxy wherein the alkyl constituent is substituted (i.e., -O-(substituted alkyl)). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the alkyl moiety of an alkoxy group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(O)-R ^a , -N(R ^a ) ₂ , -C(O)R ^a , -C(O)OR ^a , -OC(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , - C(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -N(R ^a )C(O)OR ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)R ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , N(R ^a )C(NR ^a )N(R ^a ) ₂ , - N(R ^a )S(O)tR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tOR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO ₃ (R ^a ) ₂ , where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [0081] “Amino” or “amine” refers to a -N(R ^a )2 radical group, where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification. When a -N(R ^a )2 group has two R ^a substituents other than hydrogen, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring. For example, -N(R ^a ) ₂ is intended to include, but is not limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amino group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(O)-R ^a , - DB1/ 141740360.3 32 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO N(R ^a )2, -C(O)R ^a , -C(O)OR ^a , -OC(O)N(R ^a )2, -C(O)N(R ^a )2, -N(R ^a )C(O)OR ^a , - N(R ^a )C(O)R ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , N(R ^a )C(NR ^a )N(R ^a ) ₂ , -N(R ^a )S(O) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), - S(O)tR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tOR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tN(R ^a )2 (where t is 1 or 2), or PO3(R ^a )2, where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [0082] The term “substituted amino” also refers to N-oxides of the groups -NHR ^a , and NR ^a R ^a each as described above. N-oxides can be prepared by treatment of the corresponding amino group with, for example, hydrogen peroxide or m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. [0083] “Amide” or “amido” refers to a chemical moiety with formula -C(O)N(R)2 or -NHC(O)R, where R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon), each of which moiety may itself be optionally substituted. The R2 of -N(R)2 of the amide may optionally be taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amido group is optionally substituted independently by one or more of the substituents as described herein for alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl. An amide may be an amino acid or a peptide molecule attached to a compound disclosed herein, thereby forming a prodrug. The procedures and specific groups to make such amides are known to those of skill in the art and can readily be found in seminal sources such as Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 ^rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [0084] “Ester” refers to a chemical radical of formula -COOR, where R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon). The procedures and specific groups to make esters are known to those of skill in the art and can readily be found in seminal sources such as Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 ^rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an ester group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, DB1/ 141740360.3 33 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(O)- R ^a , -N(R ^a )2, -C(O)R ^a , -C(O)OR ^a , -OC(O)N(R ^a )2, -C(O)N(R ^a )2, -N(R ^a )C(O)OR ^a , - N(R ^a )C(O)R ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)N(R ^a )2, N(R ^a )C(NR ^a )N(R ^a )2, -N(R ^a )S(O)tR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), - S(O) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO3(R ^a )2, where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [0085] “Halo,” “halide,” or, alternatively, “halogen” is intended to mean fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. The terms “haloalkyl,” “haloalkenyl,” “haloalkynyl,” and “haloalkoxy” include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and alkoxy structures that are substituted with one or more halo groups or with combinations thereof. For example, the terms “fluoroalkyl” and “fluoroalkoxy” include haloalkyl and haloalkoxy groups, respectively, in which the halo is fluorine. [0086] “Heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic” or “HetAr” or “Het” refers to a 5- to 18-membered aromatic radical (e.g., C ₅ -C ₁₃ heteroaryl) that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and which may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “5 to 18” refers to each integer in the given range - e.g., “5 to 18 ring atoms” means that the heteroaryl group may consist of 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms. Bivalent radicals derived from univalent heteroaryl radicals whose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical - e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of attachment is a pyridylidene. A N-containing “heteroaromatic” or “heteroaryl” moiety refers to an aromatic group in which at least one of the skeletal atoms of the ring is a nitrogen atom. The polycyclic heteroaryl group may be fused or non-fused. The heteroatom(s) in the heteroaryl radical are optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized. The heteroaryl may be attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s). Examples of heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, benzo[b][1,4]oxazinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, DB1/ 141740360.3 34 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl(benzothiophenyl), benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, cyclopenta[d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H- benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyridazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furazanyl, furanonyl, furo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10- hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridazinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridinyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, 5,8-methano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl, 1,6- naphthyridinonyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a- octahydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3- d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidiny l, 5,6,7,8- tetrahydropyrido[4,5-c]pyridazinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiapyranyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(O)- R ^a , -N(R ^a )2, -C(O)R ^a , -C(O)OR ^a , -OC(O)N(R ^a )2, -C(O)N(R ^a )2, -N(R ^a )C(O)OR ^a , - N(R ^a )C(O)R ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)N(R ^a ) ₂ , N(R ^a )C(NR ^a )N(R ^a ) ₂ , -N(R ^a )S(O) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), - S(O)tR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tOR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)tN(R ^a )2 (where t is 1 or 2), or PO3(R ^a )2, where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. DB1/ 141740360.3 35 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [0087] Substituted heteroaryl also includes ring systems substituted with one or more oxide (-O-) substituents, such as, for example, pyridinyl N-oxides. [0088] “Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic ring radical that comprises two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 18” refers to each integer in the given range - e.g., “3 to 18 ring atoms” means that the heterocycloalkyl group may consist of 3 ring atoms, 4 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocycloalkyl radical is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems. The heteroatoms in the heterocycloalkyl radical may be optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized. The heterocycloalkyl radical is partially or fully saturated. The heterocycloalkyl may be attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s). Examples of such heterocycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2- oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4- piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, and 1,1-dioxo- thiomorpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycloalkyl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(O)- R ^a , -N(R ^a )2, -C(O)R ^a , -C(O)OR ^a , -OC(O)N(R ^a )2, -C(O)N(R ^a )2, - N(R ^a )C(O)OR ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)R ^a , -N(R ^a )C(O)N(R ^a )2, N(R ^a )C(NR ^a )N(R ^a )2, -N(R ^a )S(O)tR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO ₃ (R ^a ) ₂ , where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [0089] “Heterocycloalkyl” also includes bicyclic ring systems wherein one non-aromatic ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, contains at least 2 carbon atoms in addition to 1-3 heteroatoms DB1/ 141740360.3 36 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing heteroatoms; and the other ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, optionally contains 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen and is not aromatic. [0090] “Oxa” refers to the -O- radical. [0091] “Oxo” refers to the =O radical. [0092] “Moiety” refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule. [0093] A “leaving group or atom” is any group or atom that will, under selected reaction conditions, cleave from the starting material, thus promoting reaction at a specified site. Examples of such groups, unless otherwise specified, include halogen atoms and mesyloxy, p- nitrobenzensulphonyloxy and tosyloxy groups. [0094] “Protecting group” is intended to mean a group that selectively blocks one or more reactive sites in a multifunctional compound such that a chemical reaction can be carried out selectively on another unprotected reactive site and the group can then be readily removed or deprotected after the selective reaction is complete. A variety of protecting groups are disclosed, for example, in T. H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). [0095] “Substituted” means that the referenced group may have attached one or more additional groups, radicals or moieties individually and independently selected from, for example, acyl, alkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, carbohydrate, carbonate, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halo, carbonyl, ester, thiocarbonyl, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, oxo, perhaloalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, phosphate, silyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonate, urea, and amino, including mono- and di-substituted amino groups, and protected derivatives thereof. The substituents themselves may be substituted, for example, a cycloalkyl substituent may itself have a halide substituent at one or more of its ring carbons. The term “optionally substituted” means optional substitution with the specified groups, radicals or moieties. DB1/ 141740360.3 37 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [0096] For the avoidance of doubt, it is intended herein that particular features (for example integers, characteristics, values, uses, diseases, formulae, compounds, or groups) described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the invention are to be understood as applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. Thus, such features may be used where appropriate in conjunction with any of the definition, claims or embodiments defined herein. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of the features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. The invention is not restricted to any details of any disclosed embodiments. The invention extends to any novel one, or novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed. [0097] Moreover, as used herein, the term “about” means that dimensions, sizes, formulations, parameters, shapes and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art. In general, a dimension, size, formulation, parameter, shape or other quantity or characteristic is “about” or “approximate” whether or not expressly stated to be such. It is noted that embodiments of very different sizes, shapes and dimensions may employ the described arrangements. [0098] Furthermore, the transitional terms “comprising”, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of”, when used in the appended claims, in original and amended form, define the claim scope with respect to what unrecited additional claim elements or steps, if any, are excluded from the scope of the claim(s). The term “comprising” is intended to be inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude any additional, unrecited element, method, step or material. The term “consisting of” excludes any element, step or material other than those specified in the claim and, in the latter instance, impurities ordinary associated with the specified material(s). The term “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified elements, steps or material(s) and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the DB1/ 141740360.3 38 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO claimed invention. All embodiments of the invention can, in the alternative, be more specifically defined by any of the transitional terms “comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” and “consisting of.” II. General [0099] The moieties (e.g., catechol moieties) known for ensuring covalent bonds with the majority of hydroxylated substrates have been utilized as a linker. However, the use of some moieties (e.g., catecholamine) have several drawbacks, such as, rapid polymerization at a basic pH and spontaneous oxidation. [00100] As depicted in reaction sequence A of Scheme 1 below, reactions between a surface and a volume (e.g., a solution comprising the bromide compound) usually occur according to an SN2 mechanism with the nucleophile almost always localized on the surface while the electrophile is located in the volume. Scheme 1 [00101] electrostatic repulsions. The only super nucleophiles capable of displacing Br are the N ₃ ⁻ and thiocyanate (SCN ⁻ ) groups. Using compositions and methods described herein, the reaction sequence B becomes possible due to the particular reactivity of the C−Cl bond because of the enhanced reactivity of the C−Cl bond due to the presence of the electron withdrawing group (CO) in the alpha position. [00102] In aspects, the disclosure includes a series of moieties useful for grafting a large variety of compositions, such as polymers, onto a variety of surfaces. In some embodiments, the moieties are derived from polyethers and silanes. [00103] In aspects, the disclosure also includes novel ready-to-graft biocidal polymers that can be covalently attached to surfaces. These polymers can be used in biocidal and antimicrobial DB1/ 141740360.3 39 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO compositions that are useful to combat healthcare-acquired infections (HAI) and virtually any type of environmental surface treatment. The biocidal polymers of the disclosure can be used to contain and control the spread of infectious pathogens in a variety of health and industrial applications. [00104] In aspects, substrates, such as nanoparticles, antibodies, enzymes, and compositions and polymers comprising the moieties of the disclosure are easily graftable and provide bonds with improved stability and less sensitivity to hydrolysis than other moieties. [00105] In one aspect of the disclosure, the polymers are prepared by covalently linking the chemical moieties to the polymer to produce polymers that can be easily grafted onto a variety of surfaces, including metal and wood. In some embodiments, the polymers are prepared in a one- pot synthesis. When grafted, functional groups on the chemical moieties of the moieties described herein form covalent bonds with functional groups on the surface. [00106] Over the past decade, there has been a tremendous need for self-cleaning surfaces that was exacerbated following the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, transient solutions such as disinfecting wipes are labor-intensive, costly, and not sustainable in the long term. In order to address the shortcomings of existing temporary solutions, numerous surface coating strategies were developed to confer long-lasting antimicrobial properties to environmental surfaces. [00107] While metal-ion-based coatings have been shown to be effective, they raise concerns of durability, toxicity, and sustainability. In contrast, quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) have long been known as potent and stable antimicrobial products when used as surface coatings. In the category of QAC, polymers were shown to be superior to monomers (classically C ₁₈ quaternized alkyl chain such as 3-(trihydroxysilyl) propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride). The latter class of molecules was described in the early 1970s and sold by Dow- Corning from the late 1970s. The main reason for the low effectiveness of quaternary ammonium monomers is likely due to a surface charge density difference between monomers and polymers. Indeed, quaternary ammonium polymers can be turned into high-density QACs, exceeding 10 ¹⁵ charges/cm ² , which is the most commonly described threshold to achieve biocidal activity of surfaces. These compounds kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi even as a monolayer, provided that DB1/ 141740360.3 40 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO the charge density threshold is reached. This is not the case with simple quaternary alkyl- ammonium compounds. [00108] The numerous products currently marketed as spray-on coatings almost always contain 3-(trihydroxysilyl) propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride, or any similar compound that is a C ₁₈ quaternized alkyl chain, as the active ingredient. It is now well established in the literature that these compounds are poorly effective. On a monolayer, they typically display only a bacteriostatic effect due to their low charge density. In order to overcome their weak efficiency on surfaces, they are often used in volume such as in blending techniques which typically ensure that the compounds are found throughout the entire thickness of the substrate. Coatings with thick multilayers of C18 quaternized alkyl chains can kill bacteria due to their increased charge densities. In contrast, biocidal polymers typically kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi regardless of the coating thickness due to their spatial conformation as a polymer brush. III. Polymers [00109] In one aspect, the disclosure describes a polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I): , wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00110] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) is a hydrophilic chain moiety. [00111] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, a monopodal silane moiety refers to a moiety comprising one silyl group capable of forming a covalent bond with other atoms and/or moieties (e.g. hydroxyl groups on a surface). DB1/ 141740360.3 41 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00112] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I). In some embodiments, a dipodal silane moiety refers to a moiety comprising two silyl groups capable of forming a covalent bond with other atoms and/or moieties (e.g. hydroxyl groups on a surface). [00113] In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), n is an integer from 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), n is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is an integer from 0 to 11, 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is 0. [00114] In some embodiments, in formula (I), subscript m is 1, subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 4, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 5, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00115] In some embodiments, in formula (I), subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 2, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00116] In some embodiments, in formula (I), subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, DB1/ 141740360.3 42 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 4. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 6. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 7. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 8. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 9. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 10. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 11. [00117] In some embodiments, in formula (I), wherein subscript m is 1, 2, or 3; subscript n is 2, 3, 4, or 5; and subscript p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2 or 3; subscript n is 3, 4 or 5; and subscript p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2 or 3; subscript n is 3, 4 or 5; and subscript p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2 or 3; subscript n is 3 or 4; and subscript p is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 0. DB1/ 141740360.3 43 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00118] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) has a structure according to formula (Ib): (Ib), wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 4, optionally m is 1 to 3, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; and subscript n is an integer from 1 to 4, optionally n is 1 to 3, 2 to 4, or 3 to 4, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3. [00119] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (Ib) is a hydrophilic chain moiety. [00120] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and wherein the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (Ib). [00121] In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), n is 3. [00122] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) in any of the polymers described herein is: . [00123] In some is a hydrophilic chain moiety. [00124] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure DB1/ 141740360.3 44 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO according to formula (I) and wherein the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to . the disclosure describes a polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia): , wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00126] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (Ia) is a hydrophilic chain moiety. [00127] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (Ia). [00128] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (Ia). [00129] In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), n is an integer from 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), n is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), p is an integer from DB1/ 141740360.3 45 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO 0 to 11, 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), p is 0. [00130] In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), subscript m is 1, subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 3, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 4, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 5, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00131] In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 2, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00132] In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 4. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 6. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 7. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 8. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 9. In some embodiments, in DB1/ 141740360.3 46 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 10. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 11. [00133] In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), wherein subscript m is 1, 2, or 3; subscript n is 2, 3, 4, or 5; and subscript p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2 or 3; subscript n is 3, 4 or 5; and subscript p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2 or 3; subscript n is 3, 4 or 5; and subscript p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2 or 3; subscript n is 3 or 4; and subscript p is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 3, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 3, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 3, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 3, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 3, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 3, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (Ia), m is 2, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 0. [00134] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (Ia) in any of the polymers described herein is: . [00135] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (Ia) is a hydrophylic chain moiety. DB1/ 141740360.3 47 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00136] Any polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is contemplated for use within the disclosure, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is a random copolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) has a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride, polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl, polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt- succinimide) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and C ₃ -C ₂₂ alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) has a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride, polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl, polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide), and poly(diallyldimethylammonium). In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) has a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone, a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) comprises a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) comprises a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone. [00137] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) further comprises an optionally substituted C4-C22 alkyl group. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C3-C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ -C ₂₂ terminal alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer is partially quaternized. [00138] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) has a molecular weight in a range of about 50 Da and about 10 kDa, about 1 kDa and about 150 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 200 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 160 kDa, about 10 DB1/ 141740360.3 48 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO kDa and about 450 kDa, about 15 kDa and about 900 kDa, about 20 kDa and about 250 kDa, about 35 kDa and about 350 kDa, about 300 kDa and about 850 kDa, or about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa, or about 700 kDa and about 2500 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) has a molecular weight of about 1 kDa, about 1 kDa, about 50 Da, about 100 Da, about 150 Da, about 200 Da, about 250 Da, about 300 Da, about 350 Da, about 400 Da, about 450 Da, about 500 Da, about 550 Da, about 600 Da, about 650 Da, about 700 Da, about 750 Da, about 800 Da, about 850 Da, about 900 Da, about 950 Da, about 1 kDa, about 5 kDa, about 10 kDa, about 15 kDa, about 20 kDa, about 25 kDa, about 30 kDa, about 35 kDa, about 40 kDa, about 45 kDa, about 50 kDa, about 55 kDa, about 60 kDa, about 65 kDa, about 70 kDa, about 75 kDa, about 80 kDa, about 85 kDa, about 90 kDa, about 95 kDa, about 100 kDa, about 110 kDa, about 120 kDa, about 130 kDa, about 140 kDa, about 150 kDa, about 160 kDa, about 170 kDa, about 180 kDa, about 190 kDa, about 200 kDa, about 210 kDa, about 220 kDa, about 230 kDa, about 240 kDa, about 250 kDa, about 260 kDa, about 270 kDa, about 280 kDa, about 290 kDa, about 300 kDa, about 310 kDa, about 320 kDa, about 330 kDa, about 340 kDa, about 350 kDa, about 360 kDa, about 370 kDa, about 380 kDa, about 390 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 410 kDa, about 420 kDa, about 430 kDa, about 440 kDa, about 450 kDa, about 460 kDa, about 470 kDa, about 480 kDa, about 490 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 510 kDa, about 520 kDa, about 530 kDa, about 540 kDa, about 550 kDa, about 560 kDa, about 570 kDa, about 580 kDa, about 590 kDa, about 600 kDa, about 610 kDa, about 620 kDa, about 630 kDa, about 640 kDa, about 650 kDa, about 660 kDa, about 670 kDa, about 680 kDa, about 690 kDa, about 700 kDa, about 710 kDa, about 720 kDa, about 730 kDa, about 740 kDa, about 750 kDa, about 775 kDa, about 800 kDa, about 825 kDa, about 850 kDa, about 875 kDa, about 900 kDa, about 925 kDa, about 950 kDa, about 975 kDa, about 1000 kDa, about 1100 kDa, about 1200 kDa, about 1300 kDa, about 1400 kDa, about 1500 kDa, about 1600 kDa, about 1700 kDa, about 1800 kDa, about 1900 kDa, about 2000 kDa, about 2100 kDa, about 2200 kDa, about 2300 kDa, about 2400 kDa, or about 2500 kDa. [00139] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) DB1/ 141740360.3 49 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the ratio of quaternized amines to non-quaternized amines (i.e., the N ⁺ /N ratio) is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio is about 30% to about 50%. [00140] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the ratio of quaternized amines to non- quaternized amines (i.e., the N ⁺ /N ratio) is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio is about 30% to about 50%. [00141] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) further comprises at least one moiety of formula (II): , wherein: G is a single bond or linking group; DB1/ 141740360.3 50 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. [00142] In some embodiments, formula (II) is a monopodal dilane moiety. [00143] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) or formula (Ia), and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (II). [00144] In some embodiments, in formula (II), G is a single bond. In some embodiments, in formula (II), G is a linking group. The linking group, G, can be any organic moiety, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, in formula (II), G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene (e.g., -[CH ₂ ] _1-12 - or haloalkylene), optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl (i.e., optionally substituted arylene), optionally substituted cycloalkyl (i.e., optionally substituted cycloalkylene), optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroaryl (i.e., optionally substituted heteroarylene), optionally substituted heterocyclyl (i.e., optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene), -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. In some embodiments, in formula (II), G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from alkylene, amino, arylene, cycloalkylene, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, heteroarylene, heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, -C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. [00145] In some embodiments, in formula (II), G is a linking group selected from the group consisting of -[CH2]0-12-C(O)NH-, -[CH2]0-12-NHC(O)-, -[CH2]0-12-C(O)-, -[CH2]0-12-C(O)O-, -[CH2]0-12-O(O)C-, -[CH2]0-12-NH-, -[CH2]0-12-C(O)S-, -[CH2]0-12-S(O)C-, -[CH2]0-12-O-, -[CH ₂ ] _0-12 -S-, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -C(O)NH-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -NHC(O)-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -C(O)NH-, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -NHC(O)-, -C(O)-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-C(O)-, -C(O)O-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-C(O)O-, -O(O)C-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -O(O)C-, -NH-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -NH-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -C(O)S-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -C(O)S-, DB1/ 141740360.3 51 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO -S(O)C-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-S(O)C-, -O-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-O-, -S-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, and -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -S-. [00146] In some embodiments, in formula (II), G is a linking group selected from the group consisting of: , , alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (II), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (II), each R ³ is C1-C10 alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (II), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C8 alkoxy, optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (II), each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (II), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, and octoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (II), subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, in formula (II), subscript v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 10. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 9. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 8. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 7. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 6. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 4. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 3. DB1/ 141740360.3 52 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00148] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) is a moiety according to formula (IIa): (IIa), wherein: each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. [00149] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) is a monopodal silane moiety. [00150] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) or formula (Ia), and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (IIa). [00151] In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and butoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is propoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is ethoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), v is an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 4, 3 to 10, 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), v is 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), v is 6. DB1/ 141740360.3 53 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), v is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), v is 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), v is 3. [00152] In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy and v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy and v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy; and v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy and v is an integer from 3 to 10. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy and v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and butoxy; and v is 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n- butoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy; and v is 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy; and v is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is propoxy and v is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is ethoxy and v is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is methoxy and v is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IIa), each R ³ is methoxy and v is 3. [00153] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) in any of the polymers described herein is: . [00154] In some is a monopodal silane moiety. [00155] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) or formula (Ia), and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according . DB1/ 141740360.3 54 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00156] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is a random copolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) has a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride, polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl, polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and C ₃ -C ₂₂ alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) has a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride, polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl, polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide), and poly(diallyldimethylammonium). In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) has a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone, a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) comprises a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) comprises a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone. [00157] In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C4-C22 alkyl group. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C3- C ₂₂ alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ - C ₂₂ terminal alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is partially quaternized. DB1/ 141740360.3 55 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00158] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the ratio of quaternized amines to non-quaternized amines (i.e., the N ⁺ /N ratio) in the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio in the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is about 30% to about 50%. [00159] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is partially DB1/ 141740360.3 56 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa), and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the ratio of quaternized amines to non-quaternized amines (i.e., the N ⁺ /N ratio) in the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio in the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is about 30% to about 50%. [00160] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) further comprises at least one moiety of formula (XII): , wherein G is a single bond or bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [00161] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) is a dipodal silane moiety. DB1/ 141740360.3 57 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00162] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) or formula (Ia), and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XII). [00163] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) has a structure according to formula (XIIa): (XIIa), wherein: L ₁ is a single L ₁ is a single bond, optionally L ₁ is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted alkoxylene, -[CH ₂ O] _1-12 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-12 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-12 -, optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; L ₂ is a single bond or linking group, optionally L ₂ is a single bond, optionally L ₂ is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene, optionally substituted C1-C12 alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-6-, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v′ is 3. [00164] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XIIa) is a dipodal silane moiety. [00165] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure DB1/ 141740360.3 58 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO according to formula (I) or formula (Ia), and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XIIa). [00166] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v′ is 3. [00167] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) or formula (XIIa) has a structure according to formula (XIIb): (XIIb), wherein: L ₁ is a linking groups selected from optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene, optionally substituted C1-C12 alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-6-, optionally substituted heteroarylene, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v′ is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v′ is 3. [00168] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XIIb) is a dipodal silane moiety. [00169] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) or formula (Ia), and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XIIb). [00170] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIb), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XIIb), v′ is 3. DB1/ 141740360.3 59 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00171] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) or formula (XIIa) or formula (XIIb) is a moiety according to formula (20): . [00172] In some embodiments, a dipodal silane moiety. [00173] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) or formula (Ia), and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (20). [00174] Any polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety (e.g. formula (I), formula (Ib), formula (1)) and at least one monopodal silane moiety (e.g. formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (2)) and/or dipodal silane moiety (e.g. formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (20)) is contemplated for use within the disclosure, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. [00175] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety is a random copolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety has a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC), polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl (PVB), polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide), poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and C3-C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety has a DB1/ 141740360.3 60 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone, a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety comprises a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety comprises a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone. [00176] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety is a random copolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC), polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl (PVB), polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide), poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and C3-C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone, a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety comprises a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety comprises a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone. [00177] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of monopodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x), optionally the molar ratio of the number of monopodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties is about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of monopodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the DB1/ 141740360.3 61 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO number of monopodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.1:0.9. [00178] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x), optionally the molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties is about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.1:0.9. [00179] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (II): wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; DB1/ 141740360.3 62 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, - ; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, optionally wherein the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x), optionally the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9, optionally the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.2:0.8 [00180] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II). [00181] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XII): DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [00182] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (XII). [00183] In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), n is an integer from 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), n is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is an integer from 0 to 11, 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is 0. [00184] In some embodiments, in formula (I), subscript m is 1, subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, n is an DB1/ 141740360.3 64 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 4, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 5, n is an integer from 1 to 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00185] In some embodiments, in formula (I), subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 2, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 5, and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00186] In some embodiments, in formula (I), subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 4. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 6. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 7. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 8. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 9. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 10. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is an integer from 1 to 5, subscript n is 1 to 5, and subscript p is 11. DB1/ 141740360.3 65 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00187] In some embodiments, in formula (I), wherein subscript m is 1, 2, or 3; subscript n is 2, 3, 4, or 5; and subscript p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2 or 3; subscript n is 3, 4 or 5; and subscript p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2 or 3; subscript n is 3, 4 or 5; and subscript p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2 or 3; subscript n is 3 or 4; and subscript p is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 3, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 4, and subscript p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 1. In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2, subscript n is 3, and subscript p is 0. [00188] In some embodiments, in formula (XII), G is a single bond. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), G is a linking group. The linking group, G, can be any organic moiety, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene (e.g., -[CH2]1-12- or haloalkylene), optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl (i.e., optionally substituted arylene), optionally substituted cycloalkyl (i.e., optionally substituted cycloalkylene), optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroaryl (i.e., optionally substituted heteroarylene), optionally substituted heterocyclyl (i.e., optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene), -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. In some embodiments, in formula (II), G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from alkylene, amino, arylene, cycloalkylene, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, heteroarylene, heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, -C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. DB1/ 141740360.3 66 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00189] In some embodiments, in formula (XII), G is a linking group selected from the group consisting of -[CH ₂ ] _0-12 -C(O)NH-, -[CH ₂ ] _0-12 -NHC(O)-, -[CH ₂ ] _0-12 -C(O)-, -[CH ₂ ] _0-12 -C(O)O-, -[CH2]0-12-O(O)C-, -[CH2]0-12-NH-, -[CH2]0-12-C(O)S-, -[CH2]0-12-S(O)C-, -[CH2]0-12-O-, -[CH2]0-12-S-, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -C(O)NH-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -NHC(O)-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -C(O)NH-, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -NHC(O)-, -C(O)-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-C(O)-, -C(O)O-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-C(O)O-, -O(O)C-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-O(O)C-, -NH-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -NH-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -C(O)S-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -S(O)C-, -O-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -O-, -S-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, and -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-S-. [00190] In some embodiments, in formula (XII), G is a linking group selected from the group consisting of: , , [00192] In some embodiments, in formula (XII), G is or . [00193] In some embodiments, in formula (XII), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), each R ³ is C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C8 alkoxy, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C1-C4 alkoxy. In some DB1/ 141740360.3 67 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO embodiments, in formula (XII), each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert- butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, and octoxy. [00194] In some embodiments, in formula (XII), subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), subscript v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 10. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 9. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 8. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 7. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 6. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 4. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 3. [00195] In some embodiments, in formula (XII), subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), subscript v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 10. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 9. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 8. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 7. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 6. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 4. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 3. [00196] In some embodiments, the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (Ib): (Ib), wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 4, optionally m is 1 to 3, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; and subscript n is an integer from 1 to 4, optionally n is 1 to 3, 2 to 4, or 3 to 4, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3. DB1/ 141740360.3 68 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00197] In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), n is 3. [00198] In some embodiments, the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (1): . [00199] In some embodiments, one moiety according to formula (1) and at least one moiety according to formula (20): , wherein the polymer has a molar (20) to the number of moieties of formula (1) of about 0.2:0.8. [00200] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety (e.g. formula (I), formula (Ib), formula (1)) and at least one monopodal silane moiety (e.g. formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (2)) further comprises an optionally substituted C ₄ -C ₂₂ alkyl group. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ -C ₂₂ alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C3-C22 terminal alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the ratio of quaternized amines to non-quaternized amines (i.e., the N ⁺ /N ratio) is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, DB1/ 141740360.3 69 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO the N ⁺ /N ratio is about 30% to about 50%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio is about 60% to about 100%. [00201] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety (e.g. formula (I), formula (Ib), formula (1)) and at least one dipodal silane moiety (e.g. formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (20)) further comprises an optionally substituted C ₄ -C ₂₂ alkyl group. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C3-C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ -C ₂₂ terminal alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the ratio of quaternized amines to non-quaternized amines (i.e., the N ⁺ /N ratio) is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio is about 30% to about 50%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio is about 60% to about 100%. [00202] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety (e.g. formula (I), formula (Ib), formula (1)) and at least one monopodal silane moiety (e.g. formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (2)) has a molecular weight in a range of about 50 Da and about 10 kDa, about 1 kDa and about 150 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 200 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 160 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 450 kDa, about 15 kDa and about 900 kDa, about 20 kDa and about 250 kDa, about 25 kDa and about 300 kDa, about 25 kDa and about 800 kDa, about 35 kDa and about 350 kDa, about 300 kDa and about 850 kDa, or about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa, or about 700 kDa and about 2500 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 25 kDa and about 1000 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 400 kDa and about 900 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 700 kDa and about 850 kDa. [00203] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety (e.g. formula (I), formula (Ib), formula (1)) and at least one dipodal silane moiety (e.g. formula DB1/ 141740360.3 70 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (20)) has a molecular weight in a range of about 50 Da and about 10 kDa, about 1 kDa and about 150 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 200 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 160 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 450 kDa, about 15 kDa and about 900 kDa, about 20 kDa and about 250 kDa, about 25 kDa and about 300 kDa, about 25 kDa and about 800 kDa, about 35 kDa and about 350 kDa, about 300 kDa and about 850 kDa, or about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa, or about 700 kDa and about 2500 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 25 kDa and about 1000 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 400 kDa and about 900 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 700 kDa and about 850 kDa. [00204] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety (e.g. formula (I), formula (Ib), formula (1)) and at least one monopodal silane moiety (e.g. formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (2)) has a molecular weight of about 5 Da, about 25 Da, about 50 Da, about 100 Da, about 150 Da, about 200 Da, about 250 Da, about 300 Da, about 350 Da, about 400 Da, about 450 Da, about 500 Da, about 550 Da, about 600 Da, about 650 Da, about 700 Da, about 750 Da, about 800 Da, about 850 Da, about 900 Da, about 950 Da, about 1 kDa, about 5 kDa, about 10 kDa, about 15 kDa, about 20 kDa, about 25 kDa, about 30 kDa, about 35 kDa, about 40 kDa, about 45 kDa, about 50 kDa, about 55 kDa, about 60 kDa, about 65 kDa, about 70 kDa, about 75 kDa, about 80 kDa, about 85 kDa, about 90 kDa, about 95 kDa, about 100 kDa, about 110 kDa, about 120 kDa, about 130 kDa, about 140 kDa, about 150 kDa, about 160 kDa, about 170 kDa, about 180 kDa, about 190 kDa, about 200 kDa, about 210 kDa, about 220 kDa, about 230 kDa, about 240 kDa, about 250 kDa, about 260 kDa, about 270 kDa, about 280 kDa, about 290 kDa, about 300 kDa, about 310 kDa, about 320 kDa, about 330 kDa, about 340 kDa, about 350 kDa, about 360 kDa, about 370 kDa, about 380 kDa, about 390 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 410 kDa, about 420 kDa, about 430 kDa, about 440 kDa, about 450 kDa, about 460 kDa, about 470 kDa, about 480 kDa, about 490 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 510 kDa, about 520 kDa, about 530 kDa, about 540 kDa, about 550 kDa, about 560 kDa, about 570 kDa, about 580 kDa, about 590 kDa, about 600 kDa, about 610 kDa, about 620 kDa, about 630 kDa, DB1/ 141740360.3 71 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO about 640 kDa, about 650 kDa, about 660 kDa, about 670 kDa, about 680 kDa, about 690 kDa, about 700 kDa, about 710 kDa, about 720 kDa, about 730 kDa, about 740 kDa, about 750 kDa, about 775 kDa, about 800 kDa, about 825 kDa, about 850 kDa, about 875 kDa, about 900 kDa, about 925 kDa, about 950 kDa, about 975 kDa, about 1000 kDa, about 1100 kDa, about 1200 kDa, about 1300 kDa, about 1400 kDa, about 1500 kDa, about 1600 kDa, about 1700 kDa, about 1800 kDa, about 1900 kDa, about 2000 kDa, about 2100 kDa, about 2200 kDa, about 2300 kDa, about 2400 kDa, or about 2500 kDa. [00205] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety (e.g. formula (I), formula (Ib), formula (1)) and at least one dipodal silane moiety (e.g. formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (20)) has a molecular weight of about 5 Da, about 25 Da, about 50 Da, about 100 Da, about 150 Da, about 200 Da, about 250 Da, about 300 Da, about 350 Da, about 400 Da, about 450 Da, about 500 Da, about 550 Da, about 600 Da, about 650 Da, about 700 Da, about 750 Da, about 800 Da, about 850 Da, about 900 Da, about 950 Da, about 1 kDa, about 5 kDa, about 10 kDa, about 15 kDa, about 20 kDa, about 25 kDa, about 30 kDa, about 35 kDa, about 40 kDa, about 45 kDa, about 50 kDa, about 55 kDa, about 60 kDa, about 65 kDa, about 70 kDa, about 75 kDa, about 80 kDa, about 85 kDa, about 90 kDa, about 95 kDa, about 100 kDa, about 110 kDa, about 120 kDa, about 130 kDa, about 140 kDa, about 150 kDa, about 160 kDa, about 170 kDa, about 180 kDa, about 190 kDa, about 200 kDa, about 210 kDa, about 220 kDa, about 230 kDa, about 240 kDa, about 250 kDa, about 260 kDa, about 270 kDa, about 280 kDa, about 290 kDa, about 300 kDa, about 310 kDa, about 320 kDa, about 330 kDa, about 340 kDa, about 350 kDa, about 360 kDa, about 370 kDa, about 380 kDa, about 390 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 410 kDa, about 420 kDa, about 430 kDa, about 440 kDa, about 450 kDa, about 460 kDa, about 470 kDa, about 480 kDa, about 490 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 510 kDa, about 520 kDa, about 530 kDa, about 540 kDa, about 550 kDa, about 560 kDa, about 570 kDa, about 580 kDa, about 590 kDa, about 600 kDa, about 610 kDa, about 620 kDa, about 630 kDa, about 640 kDa, about 650 kDa, about 660 kDa, about 670 kDa, about 680 kDa, about 690 kDa, about 700 kDa, about 710 kDa, about 720 kDa, about 730 kDa, about 740 kDa, about 750 kDa, about 775 kDa, about 800 kDa, about 825 kDa, about 850 kDa, about 875 kDa, about 900 kDa, about 925 kDa, about 950 kDa, about 975 kDa, about 1000 kDa, about 1100 kDa, about 1200 kDa, about 1300 kDa, about 1400 kDa, about 1500 kDa, about 1600 kDa, about 1700 kDa, DB1/ 141740360.3 72 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO about 1800 kDa, about 1900 kDa, about 2000 kDa, about 2100 kDa, about 2200 kDa, about 2300 kDa, about 2400 kDa, or about 2500 kDa. [00206] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) further comprises at least one moiety of formula (IV): , wherein: G is a single bond or linking group; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. [00207] In some embodiments, in formula (IV), G is a single bond. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), G is a linking group. The linking group, G, can be any organic moiety, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene (e.g., -[CH2]1-12- or haloalkylene), optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl (i.e., optionally substituted arylene), optionally substituted cycloalkyl (i.e., optionally substituted cycloalkylene), optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroaryl (i.e., optionally substituted heteroarylene), optionally substituted heterocyclyl (i.e., optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene), -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from alkylene, amino, arylene, cycloalkylene, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, heteroarylene, heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, -C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. DB1/ 141740360.3 73 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00208] In some embodiments, in formula (IV), G is a linking group selected from the group consisting of -[CH ₂ ] _0-12 -C(O)NH-, -[CH ₂ ] _0-12 -NHC(O)-, -[CH ₂ ] _0-12 -C(O)-, -[CH ₂ ] _0-12 -C(O)O-, -[CH2]0-12-O(O)C-, -[CH2]0-12-NH-, -[CH2]0-12-C(O)S-, -[CH2]0-12-S(O)C-, -[CH2]0-12-O-, -[CH2]0-12-S-, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -C(O)NH-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -NHC(O)-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -C(O)NH-, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -NHC(O)-, -C(O)-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-C(O)-, -C(O)O-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-C(O)O-, -O(O)C-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-O(O)C-, -NH-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, -NH-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -C(O)S-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -S(O)C-, -O-[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -, -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -O-, -S-[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-, and -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-S-. [00209] In some embodiments, in formula (IV), G is a linking group selected from the group consisting of: , , alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), each R ³ is C1-C10 alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert- butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, and octoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), subscript DB1/ 141740360.3 74 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO v is an integer from 1 to 16, 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), subscript v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), v is 10. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), v is 9. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), v is 8. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), v is 7. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), v is 6. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), v is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), v is 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IV), v is 3. [00211] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (IV) is a moiety according to formula (IVa): , wherein: each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. [00212] In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and butoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy. In some embodiments, in formula DB1/ 141740360.3 75 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO (IVa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is propoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is ethoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), v is an integer from 3 to 10, 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), v is 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), v is 6. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), v is 5. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), v is 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), v is 3. [00213] In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy and v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy and v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy; and v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy and v is an integer from 3 to 10. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy and v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and butoxy; and v is 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n- butoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy; and v is 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy; and v is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is propoxy and v is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is ethoxy and v is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is methoxy and v is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, in formula (IVa), each R ³ is methoxy and v is 3. DB1/ 141740360.3 76 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00214] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) in any of the polymers described herein is: . [00215] In some embodiments, the at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is a random copolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) has a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride, polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl, polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and C3-C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) has a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride, polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl, polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide), and poly(diallyldimethylammonium). In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) has a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone, a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) comprises a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) comprises a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone. DB1/ 141740360.3 77 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00216] In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C4-C22 alkyl group. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ - C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C3- C22 terminal alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is partially quaternized. [00217] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the ratio of quaternized amines to non-quaternized amines (i.e., the N ⁺ /N ratio) in the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio in the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is about 30% to about 50%. [00218] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some DB1/ 141740360.3 78 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone and/or a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia), at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa), and a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer backbone is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the ratio of quaternized amines to non-quaternized amines (i.e., the N ⁺ /N ratio) in the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio in the polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is about 30% to about 50%. [00219] In another aspect, the disclosure describes a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I): , wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00220] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I). DB1/ 141740360.3 79 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00221] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I). [00222] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (I) of the PEI polymer, subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. [00223] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00224] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II): (II), wherein: G is a single bond or linking group; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. [00225] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (II). DB1/ 141740360.3 80 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00226] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (II) of the PEI polymer, G is a single bond or linking group. In some embodiments, G is a single bond. In some embodiments, G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. In some embodiments, v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [00227] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) of the PEI polymer is a moiety according to formula (IIa): (IIa), wherein: each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. [00228] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (IIa). [00229] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (IIa) of the PEI polymer, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, DB1/ 141740360.3 81 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. [00230] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (XII): , wherein G is a single bond or bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [00231] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XII). [00232] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) of the PEI polymer is a moiety according to formula (XIIa): , DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein: L1 is a single bond or linking group, optionally L1 is a single bond, optionally L1 is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted alkoxylene, -[CH2O]1-12-, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-12 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-12 -, optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; L2 is a single bond or linking group, optionally L2 is a single bond, optionally L ₂ is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-6-, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v′ is 3. [00233] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v′ is 3. [00234] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XIIa). [00235] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) or formula (XIIa) of the PEI polymer is a moiety according to formula (XIIb): , DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein: L1 is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-6-, optionally substituted heteroarylene, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v′ is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v′ is 3. [00236] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XIIb). [00237] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIb), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XIIb), v′ is 3. [00238] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XII) or formula (XIIa) or formula (XIIb) of the PEI polymer is a moiety according to formula (20): . [00239] In some embodiments, comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain DB1/ 141740360.3 84 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (20). [00240] In another aspect, the disclosure describes a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II): (I) (II), wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; G is a single bond or linking group; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. [00241] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monoodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (II). [00242] In some embodiments, in the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II), subscript m is an integer to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, DB1/ 141740360.3 85 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, G is a single bond or linking group. In some embodiments, G is a single bond. In some embodiments, G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [00243] In some embodiments, in the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II), the moiety of formula (II) is a moiety according to formula (IIa): , wherein: each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. [00244] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one monoodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (IIa). [00245] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (IIa) of the PEI polymer, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy; and subscript v is an integer DB1/ 141740360.3 86 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO from 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. [00246] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00247] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) or formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) or formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) or formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is fully quaternized with methyl moieties. [00248] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (III), or any substructure thereof: , DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein: each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted alkyl; each R ⁵ is independently a moiety of formula (I) or a moiety of formula (II): (I) (II), subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; G is a single bond or linking group; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, each R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.2:0.8. [00249] In some embodiments, in formula (III) of the PEI polymer, each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety DB1/ 141740360.3 88 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (II). [00250] In some embodiments, in formula (III) of the PEI polymer, (III), each R ⁴ is a moiety of formula (I) or a moiety of formula (II): subscript m is an integer 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; G is a single bond or linking group; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl or independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl, or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is methyl. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, G is a DB1/ 141740360.3 89 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO single bond. In some embodiments, G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH2)1-12O]1- 50-), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In some embodiments, each R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (III) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (II) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.2:0.8. [00251] In some embodiments, in formula (III) of the PEI polymer, each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (II). [00252] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (III), or any substructure thereof: , DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein: each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted alkyl; each R ⁵ is independently a moiety of formula (I) or a moiety of formula (IIa): (I) (IIa), subscript m is an subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, each R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.2:0.8. [00253] In some embodiments, in formula (III) of the PEI polymer, each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety DB1/ 141740360.3 91 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (IIa). [00254] In some embodiments, in formula (III) of the PEI polymer, (III), each R ⁴ is a moiety of formula (I) or a moiety of formula (IIa): subscript m is an integer n an 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl or independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl, or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is methyl. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted DB1/ 141740360.3 92 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO C1-C6 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. In some embodiments, each R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (III) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, each R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.2:0.8. [00255] In some embodiments, in formula (III) of the PEI polymer, each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (IIa). [00256] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (III), or any substructure thereof: (III), wherein: each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted alkyl; each R ⁵ is independently a moiety of formula (I) or a moiety of formula (IIa): DB1/ 141740360.3 93 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO (I) subscript m subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I) and at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (IIa). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.2:0.8. [00257] In some embodiments, in formula (III) of the PEI polymer, each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (IIa). [00258] In some embodiments, in formula (III) of the PEI polymer, (III), each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted alkyl; each R ⁵ is independently a moiety of formula (I) or a moiety of formula (IIa): DB1/ 141740360.3 94 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO (I) subscript m is an integer 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I) and at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (IIa). In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl or independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl, or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is methyl. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, in formula (III) of the PEI polymer, each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (IIa). DB1/ 141740360.3 95 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00259] In some embodiments, a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer of the disclosure comprises one or more substructures of formula (III). Non-limiting examples of substructures of formula (III) include: . some a . some a of formula (II). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (IIa). In some embodiments, R ⁴ is In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl or independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl, or C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is methyl. [00260] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (III) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (III) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00261] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (III) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (III) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (III) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (III) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (III) is fully quaternized with methyl moieties. DB1/ 141740360.3 96 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00262] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (IIIa), or any substructure thereof: (IIIa), wherein: each R ⁵ is independently a moiety of formula (I) or a moiety of formula (IIa): subscript m subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I) and at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (IIa). In some embodiments, each R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.2:0.8. [00263] In some embodiments, in formula (IIIa) of the PEI polymer, each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety DB1/ 141740360.3 97 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (IIa). [00264] In some embodiments, in formula (IIIa) of the PEI polymer, (IIIa), each R ⁵ is (IIa): subscript m is an integer n an 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I) and at least one R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (IIa). In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. In some embodiments, each R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer has a molar ratio of the number of DB1/ 141740360.3 98 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) is about 0.2:0.8. [00265] In some embodiments, in formula (IIIa) of the PEI polymer, each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a monopodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the monopodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (IIa). [00266] In some embodiments, a polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer of the disclosure comprises one or more substructures of formula (IIIa). Non-limiting examples of substructures of formula (IIIa) include: . In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I) R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a moiety of formula (IIa). [00267] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (IIIa) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (IIIa) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00268] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (IIIa) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x). In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (IIIa) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (IIIa) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IIa) to the number of moieties of formula (I) of about DB1/ 141740360.3 99 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (IIIa) is fully quaternized. [00269] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) in any of the PEI polymers described herein is: . [00270] In some embodiments, the or formula (IIa) in any of the PEI polymers described herein is: . [00271] In another aspect, the (PEI) polymer comprising at least one moiety according to formula (I) and at least one moiety according to formula (XII): wherein: subscript m is an 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, DB1/ 141740360.3 100 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [00272] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XII). [00273] In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), n is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v′ is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (II), G is or . [00274] some the moiety of formula (I) of the PEI polymer is a moiety according to formula (Ib): , wherein: subscript m is an to 3, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; and subscript n is an integer from 1 to 4, optionally n is 1 to 3, 2 to 4, or 3 to 4, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3. [00275] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (Ib) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XII). DB1/ 141740360.3 101 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00276] In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), n is 3. [00277] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ib) of the PEI polymer is a moiety according to formula (1): . [00278] In some embodiments, polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (1) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XII). [00279] In some embodiments, the dipodal silane moiety of the PEI polymer is a moiety according to formula (XIIa): , wherein: L ₁ is a single bond, optionally L ₁ is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted alkoxylene, -[CH ₂ O] _1-12 -, -[CH2CH2O]1-12-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-12-, optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; L ₂ is a single bond or linking group, optionally L ₂ is a single bond, optionally L ₂ is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene, optionally substituted C1-C12 alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH ₂ O] _1-6 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-6 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-6 -, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is DB1/ 141740360.3 102 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v′ is 3. [00280] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XIIa). [00281] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v′ is 3. [00282] In some embodiments, the dipodal silane moiety of the PEI polymer has a structure according to formula (XIIb): (XIIb), wherein: L ₁ is a linking group one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-6-, optionally substituted heteroarylene, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v′ is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v′ is 3. [00283] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain DB1/ 141740360.3 103 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XIIb). [00284] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIb), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XIIb), v′ is 3. [00285] In some embodiments, the dipodal silane moiety of the PEI polymer has a structure according to formula (20): . [00286] In some embodiments, polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (20). [00287] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (XIII), or any substructure thereof: , DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein: each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkyl or independently optionally substituted C ₁ - C6 alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or C1-C3 alkyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, optionally each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, or propyl; and each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (I) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XII): (I) wherein: subscript m is an 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, DB1/ 141740360.3 105 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, with the proviso that at least one R ⁵ is a hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety. [00288] In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), n is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), G is or . [00289] the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer of the disclosure comprises one or more substructures of the moiety of formula (XIII). Non-limiting examples of substructures of the moiety of formula (XIII) include: embodiments, R ⁵ is a hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (Ib). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (1). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety of formula (XII). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety of formula (XIIb). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety of formula (XIIb). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety of formula (20). In some embodiments, in the substructures of the moiety of formula (XIII), each R ⁴ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl or independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or C1-C3 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is independently methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In some embodiments, each R ⁴ is methyl. [00290] In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XIII) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XIII) is fully quaternized with methyl moieties. DB1/ 141740360.3 106 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00291] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (XIII) of the PEI polymer is a moiety of formula (XIIIa), or any substructure thereof: (XIIIa). [00292] In the disclosure comprises one or more substructures of the moiety of formula (XIIIa). Non-limiting examples of substructures of the moiety of formula (XIIIa) include: . In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a hydrophilic chain embodiments, R ⁵ is a hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (I). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (Ib). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a hydrophilic chain moiety of formula (1). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety of formula (II). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety of formula (XIIb). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety of formula (XIIb). In some embodiments, R ⁵ is a dipodal silane moiety of formula (20). [00293] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XIII) and/or formula (XIIIa) of the PEI polymer, the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (Ib): (Ib), wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 4, optionally m is 1 to 3, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; and subscript n is an integer from 1 to DB1/ 141740360.3 107 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO 4, optionally n is 1 to 3, 2 to 4, or 3 to 4, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3. [00294] In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), n is 3. [00295] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XIII) and/or formula (XIIIa) of the PEI polymer, the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (1): . [00296] In some embodiments, in and/or formula (XIIIa) of the PEI polymer, the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XIIa): , wherein: L1 is a single bond, optionally L1 is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted alkoxylene, -[CH2O]1-12-, -[CH2CH2O]1-12-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-12-, optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; L2 is a single bond or linking group, optionally L2 is a single bond, optionally L2 is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH ₂ O] _1-6 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-6 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-6 -, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v DB1/ 141740360.3 108 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v′ is 3. [00297] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v′ is 3. [00298] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XIII) and/or formula (XIIIa) of the PEI polymer, the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XIIb): , wherein: L ₁ is a linking from optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene, optionally substituted C1-C12 alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-6-, optionally substituted heteroarylene, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v′ is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v′ is 3. [00299] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIb), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XIIb), v′ is 3. [00300] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XIII) and/or formula (XIIIa) of the PEI polymer, the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (20): DB1/ 141740360.3 109 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO . [00301] In some embodiments, at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x), optionally the molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties is about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments the PEI polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of about 0.1:0.9. [00302] In some embodiments, the polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (XIIIa), or any substructure thereof: , DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein: each R ⁵ is independently a hydrophilic chain moiety or a dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic chain moiety has a structure according to formula (1) and the dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (20): , wherein the PEI polymer has a dipodal silane moieties of formula (20) to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of formula (1) of about 0.2:0.8. [00303] In some embodiments, the PEI polymers described herein are branched, hyperbranched or linear. In some embodiments, the PEI polymers described herein are fully methylated. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer further comprises at least one optionally substituted C ₄ -C ₂₂ alkyl group. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C3-C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ -C ₂₂ terminal alkyne. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the PEI polymer is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the PEI polymer has a molecular weight in a range of about 10 kDa and about 450 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 200 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 160 kDa, about 160 kDa and about 750 kDa, or about 500 kDa to about 1000 kDa, or about 700 kDa to about 800 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the PEI polymer has a molecular weight of about 10 kDa, about 20 kDa, about 30 kDa, about 40 kDa, about 50 kDa, about 60 kDa, about 70 kDa, about 80 kDa, about 90 kDa, about 100 kDa, about 110 kDa, about 120 kDa, about 130 kDa, about 140 kDa, about 150 kDa, about 160 kDa, about 170 kDa, about 180 kDa, about 190 DB1/ 141740360.3 111 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO kDa, about 200 kDa, about 210 kDa, about 220 kDa, about 230 kDa, about 240 kDa, about 250 kDa, about 260 kDa, about 270 kDa, about 280 kDa, about 290 kDa, about 300 kDa, about 310 kDa, about 320 kDa, about 330 kDa, about 340 kDa, about 350 kDa, about 360 kDa, about 370 kDa, about 380 kDa, about 390 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 410 kDa, about 420 kDa, about 430 kDa, about 440 kDa, about 450 kDa, about 460 kDa, about 470 kDa, about 480 kDa, about 490 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 510 kDa, about 520 kDa, about 530 kDa, about 540 kDa, about 550 kDa, about 560 kDa, about 570 kDa, about 580 kDa, about 590 kDa, about 600 kDa, about 610 kDa, about 620 kDa, about 630 kDa, about 640 kDa, about 650 kDa, about 660 kDa, about 670 kDa, about 680 kDa, about 690 kDa, about 700 kDa, about 710 kDa, about 720 kDa, about 730 kDa, about 740 kDa, or about 750 kDa. [00304] In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PEI polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic chain moiety and at least one dipodal silane moiety wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00305] In another aspect, the disclosure describes a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I): , wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00306] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (I) of the PVP polymer, subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some DB1/ 141740360.3 112 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. [00307] In some embodiments, the polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00308] In another aspect, the disclosure describes a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia): , wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; and subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. [00309] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (Ia) of the PVP polymer, subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. DB1/ 141740360.3 113 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00310] In some embodiments, the polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00311] In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) further comprises at least one moiety of formula (II): (II), wherein: G is a single bond or linking group; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. [00312] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (II) of the PVP polymer, G is a single bond or linking group. In some embodiments, G is a single bond. In some embodiments, G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. In some embodiments, v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [00313] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (II) of the PVP polymer is a moiety according to formula (IIa): , wherein: DB1/ 141740360.3 114 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. [00314] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (IIa) of the PVP polymer, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. [00315] In some embodiments, the polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ib) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ib) and at least one moiety of formula (II) or formula (IIa) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00316] In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ia) further comprises at least one moiety of formula (IV): (IV), wherein: G is a single bond or linking group; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. DB1/ 141740360.3 115 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00317] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (IV) of the PVP polymer, G is a single bond or linking group. In some embodiments, G is a single bond. In some embodiments, G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. In some embodiments, v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [00318] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (IV) of the PVP polymer is a moiety according to formula (IVa): (IVa), wherein: each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. [00319] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (IVa) of the PVP polymer, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, DB1/ 141740360.3 116 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. [00320] In some embodiments, the polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ib) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (I) or formula (Ib) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00321] In another aspect, the disclosure describes a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV): wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; G is a single bond or linking group; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and DB1/ 141740360.3 117 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. [00322] In some embodiments, in the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV), subscript m is an integer 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; G is a single bond or linking group; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, G is a single bond. In some embodiments, G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, DB1/ 141740360.3 118 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 [00323] In some embodiments, in the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV), the moiety of formula (IV) is a moiety according to formula (IVa): , wherein: each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. [00324] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (IVa) of the PVP polymer, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. DB1/ 141740360.3 119 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00325] Thus, in another aspect, the disclosure describes a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IVa): wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. [00326] In some embodiments, in the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IVa), DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO , subscript m is an integer from 1 from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3 [00327] In some embodiments, the polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00328] In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) to the number of moieties of formula (Ia) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.2:(1-x). In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula DB1/ 141740360.3 121 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO (IVa) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) to the number of moieties of formula (Ia) of about 0.1:0.9. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) to the number of moieties of formula (Ia) of about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IV) or formula (IVa) is fully quaternized. [00329] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (Ia) in any of the PVP polymers described herein is: . [00330] In some embodiments, or formula (IVa) in any of the PVP polymers described herein is: . DB1/ 141740360.3 122 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00331] In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (V): (V), wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; and subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. [00332] In some embodiments, in the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (V), , subscript m is an subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, DB1/ 141740360.3 123 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. [00333] In some embodiments, the polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (V) is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (V) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00334] In some embodiments, the moiety of formula (V) in any of the PVP polymers described herein is: . [00335] In another a (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IVa): DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO , wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; subscript z is the molar ratio of formula (Ia) ranging from about 0.8 to about 0.95; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10; and subscript y is the molar ratio of formula (IVa) ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2, wherein the moieties of formula (IVa) and moieties of formula (Ia) are present in a molar ratio of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.2:(1-x). [00336] In some embodiments, in the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (Ia) and at least one moiety of formula (IVa), DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO , subscript m is an integer from 1 from 1 to 5; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11; subscript z is the molar ratio of formula (Ia) ranging from about 0.8 to about 0.95; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10; and subscript y is the molar ratio of formula (IVa) ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2; wherein the moieties of formula (IVa) and moieties of formula (Ia) are present in a molar ratio of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.2:(1-x). In some embodiments, m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, z is about 0.8 to about 0.94, about 0.82 to about 0.92, or about 0.84 to about 0.9. In some embodiments, z is about 0.8, about 0.81, about 0.82, about 0.83, about 0.84, about 0.85, about 0.86, about 0.87, about 0.88, about 0.89, about 0.9, about 0.91, about 0.92, about 0.93, about 0.94, or about 0.95. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently C1-C4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy. In some embodiments, each R ³ is methoxy. In some embodiments, v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, v is 3. In some embodiments, y is about 0.05 to about 0.18, about 0.05 to about 0.16, about 0.06 to about 0.14, or about 0.06 to about 0.12. In some embodiments, y is about 0.05, about 0.06, about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, about 0.10, about 0.11, about 0.12, about 0.13, about 0.14, about 0.15, about 0.16, about 0.17, about 0.18, about 0.19, or about 0.2. In some embodiments, the moieties of DB1/ 141740360.3 126 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO formula (IVa) and moieties of formula (Ia) are present in a molar ratio of about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.16:(1-x). [00337] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XIVa) and at least one moiety of formula (XIVb): (XIVa) (XIVb), A wherein: is a hydrophilic chain moiety according to formula (I) and is a dipodal silane moiety according to formula (XII): wherein: subscript m is an to m to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to DB1/ 141740360.3 127 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₀ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C4 alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. [00338] In some embodiments, in formula (I), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (I), n is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (I), p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (II), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), v′ is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XII), G is or . A [00339] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XIVa) of the PVP polymer, is a hydrophilic chain moiety according to formula (Ib): (Ib), wherein: subscript m is an integer from 1 to 4, optionally m is 1 to 3, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; and subscript n is an integer from 1 to 4, optionally n is 1 to 3, 2 to 4, or 3 to 4, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3. DB1/ 141740360.3 128 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00340] In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula (Ib), n is 3. A [00341] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XIVa) of the PVP polymer, is a hydrophilic chain moiety according to formula (1): . [00342] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XIVb) of the PVP polymer, is a dipodal silane moiety according to formula (XIIa): (XIIa), wherein: L1 is a single or group, L1 is a single bond, optionally L1 is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted alkoxylene, -[CH2O]1-12-, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-12 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-12 -, optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; L2 is a single bond or linking group, optionally L2 is a single bond, optionally L ₂ is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2O]1-6-, -[CH2CH2CH2O]1-6-, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v DB1/ 141740360.3 129 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, or 3 to 6, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, optionally v′ is 3. [00343] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XIIa), v′ is 3. [00344] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XIVb) of the PVP polymer, is a dipodal silane moiety according to formula (XIIb): , wherein: L1 is a linking from optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkoxylene, optionally substituted phenylene, -[CH ₂ O] _1-6 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-6 -, -[CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _1-6 -, optionally substituted heteroarylene, -NH-, -O-, and -S-; R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, or butoxy, optionally each R ³ is methoxy; subscript v is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v is 3; and subscript v′ is an integer from 3 to 8, optionally v′ is 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, or 3 to 5, optionally v′ is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, optionally v′ is 3. [00345] In some embodiments, in formula (XIIb), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (IIb), v′ is 3. [00346] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XIVb) of the PVP polymer, is a dipodal silane moiety according to formula (20): DB1/ 141740360.3 130 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO . [00347] In some embodiments, at least one moiety of formula (XIVa) and at least one moiety of formula (XIVb) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (XIVb) to the number of moieties of formula (XIVa) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x), optionally the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (XIVb) to the number of moieties of formula (XIVa) is about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XIVa) and at least one moiety of formula (XIVb) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (XIVb) to the number of moieties of formula (XIVa) of about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XIVa) and at least one moiety of formula (XIVb) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (XIVb) to the number of moieties of formula (XIVa) of about 0.1:0.9. [00348] In some embodiments, the polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (XIVa) and at least one moiety of formula (XIVb): DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO (XIVb), A wherein: is a hydrophilic chain moiety according to formula (1) and is a dipodal silane according to formula (20): , wherein the molar ratio of the of formula (20) to the number of hydrophilic chain moieties of formula (1) is about 0.2:0.8. [00349] In some embodiments, the PVP polymer further comprises at least one optionally substituted C ₄ -C ₂₂ alkyl group. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C3-C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ -C ₂₂ terminal alkyne. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (IVa) and at least one moiety of formula (IVb) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. DB1/ 141740360.3 132 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00350] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety, wherein the hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety has a structure according to formula (XV) and the quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a structure according to formula (XVI): wherein: L is a optionally L is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted phenylene, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered cycloalkylene, optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene, optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkylene, and -C(O)-; each R ⁶ is independently selected from optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _{1- 50} -CH ₃ ); subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1-50 -), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is DB1/ 141740360.3 133 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and R ⁷ is selected from optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH2)1-12O]1- 50-CH3). [00351] In some embodiments, in formula (XV), L is a single bond. In some embodiments, in formula (XV), L is or . In some embodiments, in formula (XV), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XV), p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (XVI), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XVI), v′ is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XVI), G is a single bond. In some embodiments, in formula (XVI), G is or . [00352] In some hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety has a structure according to formula (5): . [00353] In some has a structure according to formula (6): DB1/ 141740360.3 134 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO . [00354] Any polymer comprising moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety is contemplated for use within the disclosure, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety is a random copolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety includes a polymer backbone selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyridine (PVP), polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC), polyethylenimine (PEI), propynyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyallylamine, polyallylalcohol, polyvinylbenzyl (PVB), polyamine, polymethacrylate, polyether, poly(ethylene-alt-succinimide), poly(diallyldimethylammonium), and C3-C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC) polymer backbone, a polyvinylbenzyl (PVB) polymer backbone, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety comprises a polyvinylbenzyl (PVB) polymer backbone. [00355] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of quaternized dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic alkylammonium moieties of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x), optionally the molar ratio of the number of quaternized dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic alkylammonium moieties is about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one DB1/ 141740360.3 135 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of quaternized dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic alkylammonium moieties of about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a molar ratio of the number of quaternized dipodal silane moieties to the number of hydrophilic alkylammonium moieties of about 0.1:0.9. [00356] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety having a structure according to formula (5) and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety having a structure according to formula (6): wherein the polymer has a dipodal silane moieties of formula (6) to the number of hydrophilic alkylammonium moieties of formula (5) of about 0.2:0.8. [00357] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety further comprises an optionally substituted C4-C22 alkyl group. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ -C ₂₂ alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ -C ₂₂ terminal alkyne. In some embodiments, the polymer is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the polymer is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, DB1/ 141740360.3 136 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO the ratio of quaternized amines to non-quaternized amines (i.e., the N ⁺ /N ratio) is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio is about 30% to about 50%. In some embodiments, the N ⁺ /N ratio is about 60% to about 100%. [00358] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 50 Da and about 10 kDa, about 1 kDa and about 150 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 200 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 160 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 450 kDa, about 15 kDa and about 900 kDa, about 20 kDa and about 250 kDa, about 25 kDa and about 300 kDa, about 25 kDa and about 800 kDa, about 35 kDa and about 350 kDa, about 300 kDa and about 850 kDa, or about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa, or about 700 kDa and about 2500 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 25 kDa and about 1000 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 400 kDa and about 900 kDa. In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a molecular weight in a range of about 700 kDa and about 850 kDa. [00359] In some embodiments, the polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety and at least one quaternized dipodal silane moiety has a molecular weight of about 5 Da, about 25 Da, about 50 Da, about 100 Da, about 150 Da, about 200 Da, about 250 Da, about 300 Da, about 350 Da, about 400 Da, about 450 Da, about 500 Da, about 550 Da, about 600 Da, about 650 Da, about 700 Da, about 750 Da, about 800 Da, about 850 Da, about 900 Da, about 950 Da, about 1 kDa, about 5 kDa, about 10 kDa, about 15 kDa, about 20 kDa, about 25 kDa, about 30 kDa, about 35 kDa, about 40 kDa, about 45 kDa, about 50 kDa, about 55 kDa, about 60 kDa, about 65 kDa, about 70 kDa, about 75 kDa, about 80 kDa, about 85 kDa, about 90 kDa, about 95 kDa, about 100 kDa, about 110 kDa, about 120 kDa, about 130 kDa, about 140 kDa, about 150 kDa, about 160 kDa, about 170 kDa, about 180 kDa, about 190 kDa, about 200 kDa, about 210 kDa, about 220 kDa, about 230 kDa, about 240 kDa, about 250 kDa, about 260 kDa, about 270 kDa, about 280 kDa, about 290 kDa, about 300 kDa, about 310 kDa, about 320 kDa, about 330 kDa, about 340 kDa, about 350 kDa, about 360 kDa, about 370 kDa, about 380 kDa, DB1/ 141740360.3 137 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO about 390 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 410 kDa, about 420 kDa, about 430 kDa, about 440 kDa, about 450 kDa, about 460 kDa, about 470 kDa, about 480 kDa, about 490 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 510 kDa, about 520 kDa, about 530 kDa, about 540 kDa, about 550 kDa, about 560 kDa, about 570 kDa, about 580 kDa, about 590 kDa, about 600 kDa, about 610 kDa, about 620 kDa, about 630 kDa, about 640 kDa, about 650 kDa, about 660 kDa, about 670 kDa, about 680 kDa, about 690 kDa, about 700 kDa, about 710 kDa, about 720 kDa, about 730 kDa, about 740 kDa, about 750 kDa, about 775 kDa, about 800 kDa, about 825 kDa, about 850 kDa, about 875 kDa, about 900 kDa, about 925 kDa, about 950 kDa, about 975 kDa, about 1000 kDa, about 1100 kDa, about 1200 kDa, about 1300 kDa, about 1400 kDa, about 1500 kDa, about 1600 kDa, about 1700 kDa, about 1800 kDa, about 1900 kDa, about 2000 kDa, about 2100 kDa, about 2200 kDa, about 2300 kDa, about 2400 kDa, or about 2500 kDa. [00360] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a polyvinylbenzyl (PVB) polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XVIIa) and at least one moiety of formula (XVIIb): (XVIIa) (XVIIb), A' wherein: is a hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety according to formula (XV) and is a quaternized dipodal silane moiety according to formula (XVI): DB1/ 141740360.3 138 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein: L is a optionally L is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene, optionally substituted phenylene, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered cycloalkylene, optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene, optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkylene, and -C(O)-; each R ⁶ is independently selected from optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH2)1-12O]1- 5 ₀ -CH ₃ ); subscript m is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally m is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5, optionally m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally m is 2 or 3, optionally m is 2; subscript n is an integer from 1 to 5, optionally n is 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 3 to 5, optionally n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 2 or 3, optionally n is 3; subscript p is an integer from 0 to 11, optionally p is 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 7, or 0 to 5, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, optionally p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, optionally p is 0; G is a single bond or linking group, optionally G is a single bond, optionally G is a linking group comprising one or more groups selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., alkoxylene or -[(CH2)1-12O]1-50-), optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -O(O)C-, sulfonate, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, -C(O)S-, -S(O)C-, -O-, and -S-; each R ³ is independently optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally each R ³ is independently C ₁ -C ₈ alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy; subscript v is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 to 10, optionally v is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; subscript v′ is an integer from 1 to 16, optionally v′ is 1 to 14, 1 to 12, 1 to 5, 2 to 10, or 3 DB1/ 141740360.3 139 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO to 10, optionally v′ is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; and R ⁷ is selected from optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., alkoxy or -[(CH ₂ ) _1-12 O] _1- 50-CH3). [00361] In some embodiments, in formula (XV), L is a single bond. In some embodiments, in formula (XV), L is or . In some embodiments, in formula (XV), m is 2. In some embodiments, in formula 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XV), p is 0. In some embodiments, in formula (XVI), v is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XVI), v′ is 3. In some embodiments, in formula (XVI), G is a single bond. In some embodiments, in formula (XVI), G is or . A' [00362] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XVIIa) of the PVB is a hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety according to formula (5): . [00363] In some embodiments, in the moiety of formula (XVIIb) of the PVB is a quaternized dipodal silane moiety according to formula (6): . DB1/ 141740360.3 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00364] In some embodiments, the PVB polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XVIIa) and at least one moiety of formula (XVIIb) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (XVIIb) to the number of moieties of formula (XVIIa) of about 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or about 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.12:(1-x), optionally the molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (XVIIb) to the number of moieties of formula (XVIIa) is about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the PVB polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XVIIa) and at least one moiety of formula (XVIIb) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (XVIIb) to the number of moieties of formula (XVIIa) of about 0.2:0.8. In some embodiments, the PVB polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XVIIa) and at least one moiety of formula (XVIIb) has a molar ratio of the number of moieties of formula (XVIIb) to the number of moieties of formula (XVIIa) of about 0.1:0.9. [00365] In some embodiments, the polyvinylbenzyl (PVB) polymer comprises at least one moiety of formula (XVIIa) and at least one moiety of formula (XVIIb): (XVIIa) (XVIIb), A' wherein: is a hydrophilic alkylammonium moiety according to formula (5) and is a quaternized dipodal silane moiety according to formula (6): DB1/ 141740360.3 141 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wherein the molar ratio of the moieties of formula (6) to the number of hydrophilic alkylammonium moieties of formula (5) is about 0.2:0.8. [00366] In some embodiments, the PVP polymer further comprises at least one optionally substituted C4-C22 alkyl group. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C3-C22 alkyne. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer further comprises an optionally substituted C ₃ -C ₂₂ terminal alkyne. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer is partially quaternized. In some embodiments, the PVP polymer is fully quaternized. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the PVP polymer has a molecular weight in a range of about 1 kDa and about 100 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 150 kDa, about 30 kDa and about 250 kDa, about 40 kDa and about 350 kDa, about 50 kDa and about 600 kDa, about 10 kDa and about 100 kDa, about 25 kDa and about 80 kDa, or about 45 kDa and about 75 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the PVP polymer has a molecular weight of about 1 kDa, about 5 kDa, about 10 kDa, about 15 kDa, about 20 kDa, about 25 kDa, about 30 kDa, about 35 kDa, about 40 kDa, about 45 kDa, about 50 kDa, about 55 kDa, about 60 kDa, about 65 kDa, about 70 kDa, about 75 kDa, about 80 kDa, about 85 kDa, about 90 kDa, about 95 kDa, about 100 kDa, about 110 kDa, about 120 kDa, about 130 kDa, about 140 kDa, about 150 kDa, about 160 kDa, about 170 kDa, about 180 kDa, about 190 kDa, about 200 kDa, about 220 kDa, about 240 kDa, about 260 kDa, about 280 kDa, about 300 kDa, about 325 kDa, about 350 kDa, about DB1/ 141740360.3 142 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO 375 kDa, about 400 kDa, about 425 kDa, about 450 kDa, about 475 kDa, about 500 kDa, about 525 kDa, or about 550 kDa. [00367] In some embodiments, fully quaternized refers to a PVP polymer comprising at least one moiety of formula (XVIIa) and at least one moiety of formula (XVIIb) wherein at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% of nitrogen atoms are quaternized. [00368] The amount of a particular moiety or monomer, whether the relative amount or a quantitative amount, present in a polymer or copolymer as described herein, can be determined and described using methods as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the amount of each moiety present in a polymer or copolymer is described by its molar ratio. In some embodiments, the molar ratio is 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.11, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17.0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, or 0.50. In some embodiments, a polymer comprises two different moieties, and the moieties are present in a ratio of 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5:(1-x) or 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.2:(1-x). In some embodiments, x is 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17.0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, or 0.50. [00369] In some embodiments, the polymer is a random copolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylbenzyl chloride, or polyethylenimine. [00370] In one aspect, the disclosure describes compositions comprising at least one polymer of the disclosure. In one aspect, the disclosure describes compositions comprising at least one compound of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the composition is an antibacterial composition. In some embodiments, the composition is a biocidal composition. In some embodiments, the composition is an antiviral composition. In some embodiments, the composition is an antifungal composition. In some embodiments, the composition is an antiprotozoal composition. [00371] In one aspect, the disclosure describes a solution comprising an alcohol and at least one polymer of the disclosure. In one aspect, the disclosure describes a solution comprising an alcohol and at least one compound of the disclosure. Any alcohol can be used, as understood by DB1/ 141740360.3 143 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO one of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of alcohols include ethanol, methanol, n- propanol, isopropanol, t-butyl alcohol, and t-amyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the solution is an antibacterial solution. In some embodiments, the solution is a biocidal solution. In some embodiments, the solution is an antiviral solution. In some embodiments, the solution is an antifungal solution. In some embodiments, the solution is an antiprotozoal solution. In some embodiments, the solution is a ready-to-use solution for grafting. IV. Surfaces [00372] In one aspect of the disclosure, a polymer of the disclosure is grafted onto a surface. In some embodiments, the polymer is a polymer comprising at least one moiety of any one of formula (I), formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (III), formula (IIIa), formula (IV), formula (IVa), formula (V), formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (XIII), formula (XIIIa), formula (XIVa), formula (XIVb), formula (XV), formula (XVI), formula (XVIIa), formula (XVIIb), formula (1), formula (2), formula (5), formula (6), and formula (20). [00373] When grafted, functional groups attached to the surface are covalently linked to moieties of the polymer, such as alkylene(trialkoxy)silane moieties. Grafting provides a stronger interaction between the surface and the polymer or compound than coating because in a coating, the interaction between the surface and the coated substrate is limited to electrostatic interactions rather than covalent linkages. Scheme 2 below shows an example of a polymer of the disclosure grafted to a hydroxylated surface: Scheme 2 [00374] Any surface is contemplated by the disclosure, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In a non-limiting example, the surface comprises a nanoparticle. Any nanoparticle is DB1/ 141740360.3 144 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO contemplated by the invention, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In a non-limiting example, nanoparticles comprise any of Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, or other metal atoms. Non-limiting examples of surfaces include metals such as titanium and titanium alloys, iron, and steel; metal oxides; ceramics; polymers such as polyethylene (low and high reticulation for use in biomedical implants, after prior plasma activation), teflon (after prior plasma activation), polyethylene terephthalate (after prior plasma activation), and polypropylene (low and high density, after prior plasma activation), silicones, rubbers, latex, plastics, polyanhydrides, polyesters, polyorthoesters, polyamides, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethanes, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylenetetraphthalate and polyphazenes; paper; leather; textiles or textile materials such as cotton, jute, linen, hemp, wool, animals hair and silk, synthetic fabrics such as nylon and polyester; textile material includes fibers comprising fiber material such as acrylic polymers, acrylate polymers, aramid polymers, cellulosic materials, cotton, nylon, polyolefins, polyester, polyamide, polypropylene, rayon, wool, spandex, silk, and viscose; silicon; wood; glass; all cellulosic compounds; and gels and fluids not normally found within the human body. See, for example, US 2005/0249695, US 8,475,782, US 2007/0292486, US 4,282,366, US 4,394,378, DE 2222997, DE 2229580, DE 2408192, GB 882067, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. [00375] In some embodiments, the surface comprises labile hydrogen atoms like thiols, amines or hydroxyl groups. In some embodiments, the surface comprises radical groups. In some embodiments, the surface comprises hydroxyl groups. In some embodiments, the surface is naturally hydroxylated. Examples of naturally hydroxylated surfaces include, but are not limited to, cotton, linen, leather, paper, cardboard, and wood. Some surfaces do not naturally contain such labile hydrogen atoms, and the labile hydrogen atoms have to be generated in situ, by using standard activation methods as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Non- limiting methods of activation include treatment with acid, oxidant treatment, plasma treatment, and UV/ozone treatment. Non-limiting examples of substances where hydroxylation occurred through activation include plastics, silicone, glass, and metals. In some embodiments, the surface is activated to produce hydroxyl groups. [00376] In some embodiments, the cationic surface density of surfaces grafted with the polymers disclosed herein is measured. The cationic surface density is a measurement of the charge DB1/ 141740360.3 145 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO density of quaternary ammonium compounds present on the surface, and a cationic surface density above a certain threshold indicates that bacterial death will occur quickly, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the cationic surface density is between about 10 ¹⁴ /cm ² and about 10 ²⁰ /cm ² . In some embodiments, the cationic surface density is between about 10 ¹⁵ /cm ² and about 10 ¹⁷ /cm ² . In some embodiments, the cationic surface density is greater than about 10 ¹⁵ /cm ² . [00377] In another aspect of the disclosure, the polymers described herein can be used to change physical surface properties of materials. In a non-limiting example, the polymers described herein can modulate the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of a surface by varying the length of the lateral chain of the alkylene(trialkoxy)silane moiety. For example, alkyl chains more than four carbons in length (such as C ₅ -C ₂₂ alkyl chains) can be added to the polymers of the disclosure, thereby increasing their hydrophobicity. In a non-limiting example, the polymers described herein comprise quaternary nitrogens, wherein each quaternary nitrogen comprises a moiety of formula (I), formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (III), formula (IIIa), formula (IV), formula (IVa), formula (V), formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (XIII), formula (XIIIa), formula (XIVa), formula (XIVb), formula (XV), formula (XVI), formula (XVIIa), formula (XVIIb), formula (1), formula (2), formula (5), formula (6), and formula (20). [00378] In one aspect of the disclosure, moieties of formula (I), formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (III), formula (IIIa), formula (IV), formula (IVa), formula (V), formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (XIII), formula (XIIIa), formula (XIVa), formula (XIVb), formula (XV), formula (XVI), formula (XVIIa), formula (XVIIb), formula (1), formula (2), formula (5), formula (6), and formula (20) can be covalently attached to polymer backbones comprising COOH and/or NH2 moieties through an amidation reaction. The resulting polymer can then be directly grafted to surfaces without employing complex multi-step reactions. DB1/ 141740360.3 146 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO V. Applications [00379] In one aspect, the polymers and compositions of the disclosure are useful for grafting onto surfaces used in various applications to contain and control the spread of infectious pathogens. Non-limiting examples of applications include: 1) Transportation (e.g., airline, automobile, train, ferry, subway, bicycles): a. Automobile interiors (e.g., seats, screens, armrests, gearstick or selector) b. Airline interiors (e.g., seats, armrests, meal trays, screens, curtains, bathrooms) c. Train/subway interiors (e.g., seats, railings, bathrooms, waiting areas) d. Bicycles (e.g., handlebars, seats) e. Spaceship interiors, exploration robots, wastewater/urine filtration devices f. High-touch surfaces in public spaces (e.g., doorknobs, handles, elevator buttons, handrails, plexiglass or glass windows, tables and trays, keyboards, computer mice, computer screens, remote controls, light switches, crosswalk buttons, parking buttons, chairs, pens) 2) Commerce: a. Forms of Payment (e.g., bank bills, credit cards, bank checks) b. Card readers, ATMs c. Cash registers d. Checkout conveyors e. Paper or plastic consumer bags 3) Home: a. Computers (e.g tablet screens, keyboards and their protective screens) b. Doorknobs c. Light switches d. Water taps, sinks e. Flooring surfaces: woods, laminate, marble f. Carpets and rugs g. Curtains, walls, ceiling h. Toilets and toilet seats i. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) conduits DB1/ 141740360.3 147 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO j. Kitchen surfaces k. Appliances l. Cutlery, glassware, porcelain items m. Home furniture n. Bedding o. Draperies p. Cushions q. Leather, cotton, silk, and/or synthetic armchairs and couches r. Book covers s. Keys and keychains t. Painted walls 4) Work Place: a. Desks, tabletop surfaces b. Phones c. Notebooks d. Pens e. Speaker phones f. Bathrooms g. Lobby, elevator 5) Sporting equipment: a. Sports gear and equipment b. Yoga or fitness mats c. Racket grips d. Gym equipment 6) Petcare: a. Fountains and bowls b. Pet beds and baskets c. Crates and kennels 7) Consumer products: a. Clothing (e.g., T shirts, pants, underwear, shirts, coats, caps (both cotton-based and/or synthetics) DB1/ 141740360.3 148 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO b. Cell phones c. Laundry detergents d. Toys e. Baby care: baby bottles, diapers, pacifiers f. Scrubbing pads for cleaning surfaces for bathroom, kitchen, dishes, toilets 8) Beauty and Hygiene: a. Oral care (e.g., toothbrushes) b. Combs c. Cosmetics d. Jewelry (e.g., earrings, piercings) e. Shaver blades and handles f. Massage tables g. Tattoo equipment h. Saunas, bathtubs, spas, bidets 9) Public Spaces (e.g., in high-density communities): a. Restaurants (e.g., tables, menus, screens, cutlery, glassware, porcelain and ceramic dishes, napkins, tablecloths) b. Retail stores c. Theatres (e.g., seats, armrests, bathrooms) d. Airports (e.g., toilet surfaces, gate seating areas, community sharing stations, airplane ramp handrails) e. Stadiums (e.g., seats, armrests, concession stands) f. Government facilities (e.g., furniture and high-touch surfaces) g. Public toilets (e.g., hand dryers, soap dispensers, standard and waterless urinals, urinal mats, toilet paper dispensers) 10) Construction: a. Wood-based products (e.g., decks, interiors, pillars) b. Construction materials (e.g., lumber, metals, plastics, PVC, ceramics, paints) c. Floor and roof tiles d. Roofing products e. Flooring DB1/ 141740360.3 149 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO 11) Industrial: a. PVC piping b. Flooring c. Paints d. Filtration 12) Food applications: a. Food packaging b. Water jugs and dispensers 13) Healthcare: a. Hospitals (e.g., bedding, draperies, cushions, bed rails, floors, walls, medical equipment, such as blood pressure cuffs, IV catheters and pumps, ventilators, urinals, oximetry, etc.) b. Personal protective equipment (e.g., gowns, masks and respirators, gloves, jumpsuits, head covers) c. Medical clinics equipment d. Dentist office equipment e. Veterinary office equipment (e.g., catching equipment, ultrasound machine, surgical tools) f. Vision care (e.g., glasses, contact lenses) g. Wound care (e.g., bandages, wound dressings) h. Medical devices: i. Implants (e.g., orthopedic and dental implants, vascular, urinary, and nerve catheters, vascular endoprostheses/prostheses, breast implants, bone cement, stents, surgical drains, surgical meshes, port-a-cath, extraventricular derivation drains, jejunostomy kits, gastric tubes, pacemakers, corneal implants, implantable defibrillators, spinal cord stimulators, custom 3D implants) ii. External (e.g., thermometers, stethoscopes, dialysis machines, braces) iii. Operating room equipment (e.g intubation kits, endoscopes, imaging equipment surfaces and their plastic covers, light handles, surgical drapes, DB1/ 141740360.3 150 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO bovie scratch pads, incision drape), surgical instruments, and consumables (e.g., needles, sutures, staples) iv. Syringes and needles to prevent germ transmission in healthcare settings and to combat drug-abuse related infections (e.g., MRSA, HIV, HBV, HCV). 14) Defense: a. Guns, weapons b. Uniforms, boots c. Marine applications (e.g., boat/submarine interiors and hulls, radars) d. Satellites e. Combat medical equipment VI. Grafting [00380] In one aspect of the disclosure, methods for grafting polymers are provided. In some embodiments, the polymer is a polymer comprising at least one moiety of any one of formula (I), formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (III), formula (IIIa), formula (IV), formula (IVa), formula (V), formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (XIII), formula (XIIIa), formula (XIVa), formula (XIVb), formula (XV), formula (XVI), formula (XVIIa), formula (XVIIb), formula (1), formula (2), formula (5), formula (6), and formula (20). In some embodiments, the method for grafting a polymer onto a surface comprises depositing a polymer of the disclosure onto the surface; and heating the surface for a period of time. In some embodiments, the polymer is deposited in a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is an alcohol. In some embodiments, the solvent is water. Non-limiting examples of alcohols include ethanol, methanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, t-butyl alcohol, and t-amyl alcohol. [00381] Any method of deposition is contemplated for use herein, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of methods of deposition include spraying, dip coating, or spin-coating. [00382] Any temperature suitable for grafting is contemplated for use herein, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the surface is heated to a DB1/ 141740360.3 151 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO temperature ranging from about 50 °C to about 120 °C. In some embodiments, the surface is heated to a temperature of about 110 °C. [00383] As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, any temperature suitable for grafting is contemplated for use herein. In some embodiments, the surface is heated for a period of time ranging from about 15 minutes to about 12 hours. In some embodiments, the surface is heated for a period of time ranging from about 6 hours to about 12 hours. In some embodiments, the surface is heated for a period of time ranging from about 15 minutes to about 90 minutes. In some embodiments, the surface is heated for a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes. In some embodiments, if the polymer to be grafted comprises a catechol moiety, the surface is heated for a period of time ranging from about 15 minutes to about 12 hours. [00384] In some embodiments, the method further comprises washing the surface with a solvent. Non-limiting examples of solvents that can be used for washing include ether. [00385] In some embodiments, the method further comprises sonicating the surface. Sonication can be performed for periods of time including, but not limited to, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the surface is sonicated while in a solvent. In non-limiting examples, solvents useful for sonication include acetone, ethanol, and distilled water. [00386] In some embodiments, the surface is activated prior to grafting. Non-limiting examples of activation include plasma activation, acid activation, or UV/ozone activation. VII. Durable coatings [00387] In one aspect, the disclosure provides surface coatings comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure having that are long-lasting, resistant to minor or moderate abrasion, and have durable self-cleaning properties. [00388] In one aspect, the coatings are prepared by the sequential deposition of a sol-gel and a biocidal polymer solution. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprises a mixture of an acid and a sol. In some embodiments, the biocidal polymer solution comprises one or more polymers of the disclosure. In a non-limiting example, the sequential deposition of a titanium anatase sol-gel and an alcoholic biocidal coating solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure, DB1/ 141740360.3 152 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO such as a mixture of a random PEI copolymer or PVP copolymer, provides durable, long-lasting coatings that resisted immersion in various solvents, water, and abrasion. [00389] In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprising the mixture of the acid and the sol is deposited first, followed by the biocidal polymer solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the biocidal polymers solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure is deposited first, followed by the sol-gel comprising the mixture of the acid and the sol. In some embodiments, the sol comprises a source of titanium oxide. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprising the mixture of the acid and the sol comprises a mixture of peroxo-modified anatase sol and peroxo titanic acid. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprising the mixture of the acid and the sol is an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprising the mixture of the acid and the sol is diluted in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure is an alcoholic solution. In some embodiments, the biocidal polymer solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure comprises ethanol. [00390] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of preparing a coating. In some embodiments, the method comprises depositing a sol-gel, and depositing a biocidal polymer solution. In some embodiments, the method comprises depositing a sol-gel on a surface and depositing a biocidal polymer solution. In some embodiments, the method comprises depositing a biocidal polymer solution on a surface and depositing a sol-gel. In some embodiments, the sol- gel is deposited first, followed by the biocidal polymer solution. In some embodiments, the sol- gel forms a first layer, and the biocidal polymer solution forms a second layer. In some embodiments, the biocidal polymer solution is deposited first, followed by the sol-gel. In some embodiments, the biocidal polymer solution forms a first layer, and the sol-gel forms a second layer. In some embodiments, the second layer is in contact with the first layer. In some embodiments the sol-gel comprises a mixture of an acid and a sol. In some embodiments the sol- gel comprises a mixture of an acid and a sol, and the biocidal coating solution comprise one or more polymers of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the acid is peroxo titanic acid. In some embodiments, the sol comprises a peroxo-modified anatase sol. In some embodiments, the sol- gel comprises a mixture of peroxo-modified anatase sol and peroxo titanic acid. In some embodiments, the sol-gel is an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the sol-gel is diluted in DB1/ 141740360.3 153 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the biocidal polymer solution is an alcoholic solution. In some embodiments, the biocidal polymer solution comprises ethanol. In some embodiments, the first layer comprises metal oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the first layer comprises titanium oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the second layer comprises metal oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the second layer comprises titanium oxide nanoparticles. [00391] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of preparing a coating. In some embodiments, the method comprises depositing a first solution on a surface and depositing a second solution. In some embodiments, the first solution forms a first layer, and the second solution forms a second layer. In some embodiments, the first solution and/or the second solution is a sol-gel. In some embodiments, the second layer is in contact with the first layer. In some embodiments the first solution comprises a sol-gel comprising a mixture of an acid and a sol, and the second solution comprises a biocidal coating solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure. In some embodiments the first solution comprises a biocidal coating solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure, and the second solution comprises a sol-gel comprising a mixture of an acid and a sol. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprising the mixture of the acid and the sol comprises a mixture of peroxo-modified anatase sol and peroxo titanic acid. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprising the mixture of the acid and the sol is an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprising the mixture of the acid and the sol is diluted in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure is an alcoholic solution. In some embodiments, the biocidal coating solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure comprises ethanol. In some embodiments, the first layer comprises metal oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the first layer comprises titanium oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the second layer comprises metal oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the second layer comprises titanium oxide nanoparticles. [00392] In some embodiments, the method comprises waiting a suitable period of time for the first solution to dry. In some embodiments, the method comprises waiting a suitable period of time for the second solution to dry. In some embodiments, the method comprises waiting a suitable period of time for the sol-gel to dry. In some embodiments, the method comprises DB1/ 141740360.3 154 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO waiting a suitable period of time for the biocidal polymer solution to dry. In some embodiments, a suitable period of time for the first solution and/or second solution and/or sol-gel and/or biocidal polymer solution to dry ranges from about 1 minute to about 12 hours, about 1 minute to about 15 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes, about 6 hours to about 12 hours, or about 3 hours to about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the drying is performed at a temperature in a range from about 0 °C to about 250 °C, about 25 °C to about 100 °C, about 30 °C to about 75 °C. or about 20 °C to about 30 °C. In some embodiments, the drying is performed at room temperature, above room temperature, about 20 °C, about 25 °C, about 30 °C, about 50 °C, about 75 °C, about 100 °C, about 125 °C, about 150 °C, about 175 °C, or about 200 °C. In some embodiments, waiting a suitable period of time for the sol-gel and/or the sol-gel comprising the mixture of the acid and the sol to dry provides a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles substantially in contact with a surface. In some embodiments, the metal oxide nanoparticles are titanium oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the one or more polymers of the disclosure are grafted onto the surface of one or more of metal oxide nanoparticles. [00393] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a coating comprising metal oxide nanoparticles and one or more polymers of the disclosure. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a coating comprising metal oxide nanoparticles and one or more polymers comprising at least one moiety of any one of formula (I), formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (III), formula (IIIa), formula (IV), formula (IVa), formula (V), formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (XIII), formula (XIIIa), formula (XIVa), formula (XIVb), formula (XV), formula (XVI), formula (XVIIa), formula (XVIIb), formula (1), formula (2), formula (5), formula (6), and formula (20).In some embodiments, a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles is substantially in contact with a surface. In some embodiments, the one or more polymers of the disclosure are grafted on the surface of one or more metal oxide nanoparticles. [00394] In one aspect, the coating comprises a first layer in contact with a surface, and a second layer in contact with the first layer. In some embodiments, the first layer comprises metal oxide nanoparticles, and the second layer comprises one or more polymers of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the first layer comprises one or more polymers of the disclosure, and the second layer comprises metal oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the metal oxide nanoparticles comprise titanium oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the first layer comprises titanium DB1/ 141740360.3 155 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO oxide nanoparticles, and the second layer comprises one or more polymers comprising at least one moiety of any one of formula (I), formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (III), formula (IIIa), formula (IV), formula (IVa), formula (V), formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (XIII), formula (XIIIa), formula (XIVa), formula (XIVb), formula (XV), formula (XVI), formula (XVIIa), formula (XVIIb), formula (1), formula (2), formula (5), formula (6), and formula (20). [00395] In some embodiments, the coating comprises metal oxide nanoparticles. Non-limiting examples of metal oxide nanoparticles include titanium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, lanthanum oxide, tin oxide, tantalum oxide, and one or more combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the metal oxide nanoparticles comprise titanium oxide nanoparticles. [00396] In some embodiments, the coating comprising metal oxide nanoparticles is prepared using sol-gel application, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In a non- limiting embodiment, a sol is combined with an aqueous solution of an acid to prepare a solution that can be deposited on a surface to provide a coating comprising metal oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the sol comprises a source of metal oxide. Any source of metal oxide is contemplated by the present disclosure. Non-limiting examples of a source of metal oxide is anatase. In some embodiments, the anatase is peroxo-modified anatase. Any acid that can be combined with a source of metal oxide to prepare a sol is contemplated by the present disclosure. A non-limiting example of an acid is peroxo titanic acid. In some embodiments, the solution comprises a mixture of peroxo-modified anatase sol and peroxo titanic acid (titanium anatase). In some embodiments, the solution is an aqueous solution. [00397] In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprises the acid and the sol comprising a source of metal oxide in a ratio of about 1:10 by weight/volume, about 1:5 by weight/volume, about 1:4 by weight/volume, about 1:3 by weight/volume, about 1:2 by weight/volume, about 1:1 by weight/volume, about 2:1 by weight/volume, about 3:1 by weight/volume, about 4:1 by weight/volume, about 5:1 by weight/volume, or about 10:1 by weight/volume. [00398] In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprises a mixture of the sol and the acid in a range of about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 0.6 wt% to about 0.9 DB1/ 141740360.3 156 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO wt% by weight. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprises a mixture of the sol and the acid of about 0.1 wt%, about 0.2 wt%, about 0.3 wt%, about 0.4 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 0.6 wt%, about 0.7 wt%, about 0.8 wt%, about 0.9 wt%, about 1 wt%, 1.1 wt%, about 1.2 wt%, about 1.3 wt%, about 1.4 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.6 wt%, about 1.7 wt%, about 1.8 wt%, about 1.9 wt%, or about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprises a mixture of the sol and the acid of about 0.8 wt%. In some embodiments, the sol comprises a source of metal oxide. In some embodiments, the sol-gel comprises a mixture of peroxo-modified anatase sol and peroxo titanic acid (titanium anatase) of about 0.8% wt%. In some embodiments, the sol-gel is an aqueous solution. [00399] In some embodiments, the coating of the disclosure comprises one or more polymers of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the coating comprises one or more moieties selected from formula (I), formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (III), formula (IIIa), formula (IV), formula (IVa), formula (V), formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (XIII), formula (XIIIa), formula (XIVa), formula (XIVb), formula (XV), formula (XVI), formula (XVIIa), formula (XVIIb), formula (1), formula (2), formula (5), formula (6), and formula (20), and metal oxide nanoparticles. [00400] In some embodiments, the biocidal coating solution comprising one or more polymers of the disclosure is an alcohol solution. Any alcohol is contemplated by the disclosure. Non- limiting examples of alcohols include ethanol, methanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, t-butyl alcohol, and t-amyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the alcohol is ethanol. In some embodiments, the biocidal coating solution comprises one or more polymers comprising at least one moiety of any one of formula (I), formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (III), formula (IIIa), formula (IV), formula (IVa), formula (V), formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (XIII), formula (XIIIa), formula (XIVa), formula (XIVb), formula (XV), formula (XVI), formula (XVIIa), formula (XVIIb), formula (1), formula (2), formula (5), formula (6), and formula (20). [00401] In some embodiments, the biocidal coating solution comprises a mixture of two or more polymers described herein of different structures. In some embodiments, the biocidal coating solution comprises two polymers of different structures in a ratio of about 1:10 by weight/volume, about 1:5 by weight/volume, about 1:4 by weight/volume, about 1:3 by DB1/ 141740360.3 157 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO weight/volume, about 1:2 by weight/volume, about 1:1 by weight/volume, about 2:1 by weight/volume, about 3:1 by weight/volume, about 4:1 by weight/volume, about 5:1 by weight/volume, or about 10:1 by weight/volume. In some embodiments, the biocidal coating solution comprises two polymers described herein of different structures in a ratio of about 1:1 by weight/volume. [00402] In some embodiments, the biocidal coating solution comprises one or more polymers of the disclosure in a range of about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 0.6 wt% to about 0.9 wt% by weight. In some embodiments, the biocidal coating solution comprises one or more polymers of the disclosure at about 0.1 wt%, about 0.2 wt%, about 0.3 wt%, about 0.4 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 0.6 wt%, about 0.7 wt%, about 0.8 wt%, about 0.9 wt%, about 1 wt%, 1.1 wt%, about 1.2 wt%, about 1.3 wt%, about 1.4 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.6 wt%, about 1.7 wt%, about 1.8 wt%, about 1.9 wt%, or about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the solution comprises one or more polymers described herein of different structures at about 1 wt%. [00403] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a coating that is biocidal and hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and/or oleophobic. [00404] In some embodiments, the coating comprises: a) a siloxane-based polymer; b) metal oxide nanoparticles; c) an epoxy resin; d) a biocidal moiety; and e) one or more baking agents; wherein a plurality of the metal oxide nanoparticles is coated with a hydrophobic coating. [00405] Any siloxane-based polymer is contemplated by the disclosure. Non-limiting examples of siloxane-based polymers include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyvinyl siloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, dodecamethylpentasiloxane, and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane. In some embodiments, the siloxane-based polymer is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). DB1/ 141740360.3 158 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00406] In some embodiments, the coating comprises metal oxide nanoparticles. Non-limiting examples of metal oxide nanoparticles include titanium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, lanthanum oxide, tin oxide, tantalum oxide, and one or more combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the metal oxide nanoparticles comprise titanium oxide nanoparticles. In some embodiments, a plurality of the metal oxide nanoparticles is substantially in contact with a surface. [00407] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic coating comprises one or more hydrogenated and/or fluorinated alkyl chains, (hydrogenated n-alkyl chains between C ₁₂ and C ₂₂ or fluorinated n-alkyl chains between C ₆ and C ₁₂ ). In some embodiments, fluorinated n-alkyl the alkyl chain is C12 or shorter, since alkyl chains longer than C12 for fluorinated n-alkyl chains can exhibit poor solubility. [00408] Any epoxy resin is contemplated by the disclosure. Non-limiting examples of epoxy resins include bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA), diglycidyl ether bisphenol F (DGEBF), and Bisphenol E diglycidyl ether (DGEBE). [00409] In one aspect, the biocidal moiety is one or more moieties selected from formula (I), formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (II), formula (IIa), formula (III), formula (IIIa), formula (IV), formula (IVa), formula (V), formula (XII), formula (XIIa), formula (XIIb), formula (XIII), formula (XIIIa), formula (XIVa), formula (XIVb), formula (XV), formula (XVI), formula (XVIIa), formula (XVIIb), formula (1), formula (2), formula (5), formula (6), and formula (20). In some embodiments, the biocidal moiety is a metal the exhibits biocidal properties. Non- limiting examples of metals useful within the disclosure include silver and copper. [00410] Any baking agent (e.g., curing agent) is contemplated by the disclosure. Non-limiting examples of baking and/or curing agents include aliphatic amines, polyamides, cycloaliphatic amines, aromatic amines, anhydrides, imidazoles, and Lewis acids. [00411] In some embodiments, the siloxane-based polymer, metal oxide nanoparticles, epoxy resin, biocidal moiety, and one or more baking agents are combined and mixed to form a mixture. In some embodiments, the mixture applied to a surface. In some embodiments, a baking agent is added to and mixed with the siloxane-based polymer before being combined with the DB1/ 141740360.3 159 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO mixture. In some embodiments, a baking agent is added to and mixed with the epoxy resin before being combined with the mixture. [00412] In some embodiments, after the mixture is applied to a surface, the mixture is baked. In some embodiments, the mixture is baked at a temperature of about 40 °C to about 80 ° C, or about 50 °C to about 70 ° C. In some embodiments, the mixture is baked at a temperature of about 40 °C, about 45 °C, about 50 °C, about 55 °C, about 60 °C, about 65 °C, about 70 °C, about 75 °C, or about 80 °C. [00413] In some embodiments, the mixture is baked for a suitable time period for the coating to harden. In some embodiments, the mixture is baked for about 1 h to about 5 h, or about 2 h to about 4 h. In some embodiments, the mixture is baked for about 1 h, about 2 h, about 3 h, about 4 h, or about 5 h. [00414] The coatings may be applied to the surface using any method known in the art, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the coating is applied using an electrostatic sprayer. The use of electrostatic sprayers has the advantage of providing a homogeneous deposition of microdroplets onto targeted surfaces. Electrostatic sprayers have gained significant attraction during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially as useful tools for large sanitation of public areas such as stadiums, hospitals, airports, etc. In contrast to the durable and long-lasting coatings of the disclosure, most currently used compounds that are sprayed (hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, long chain quaternary ammonium compounds) present only transient efficacy and durability. In some embodiments, the coating is applied using a dipping process. [00415] The coatings described herein may be applied to any surface. Non-limiting examples of surfaces include metals such as cobalt, cobalt-chrome alloys, aluminum, titanium and titanium alloys, iron, steel and stainless steel; metal oxides; ceramics; polymers such as polyethylene, Teflon, polyethylene terephthalate, and polypropylene, silicones, rubbers, latex, plastics, polyanhydrides, polyesters, polyorthoesters, polyamides, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethanes, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylenetetraphthalate and polyphazenes, leather, textiles or textile materials (e.g. cotton), synthetic fabrics such as nylon and polyester; textile material comprising fibers comprising fiber material such as acrylic polymers, acrylate polymers, aramid polymers, DB1/ 141740360.3 160 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO nylon, polyolefins, polyester, polyamide, polypropylene, rayon, spandex, silk, viscose, silicon, and glass. In a non-limiting embodiment, the durability of the coatings was found to be particularly efficacious when the compositions and formulations were coated onto metallic substrates. In some embodiments, the surface is a metallic surface. In some embodiments, the surface is activated and/or naturally hydroxylated. VIII. Methods of Use [00416] In one aspect of the disclosure, methods for controlling the growth of at least one bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or virus are provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises grafting a graftable polymer of the disclosure on a surface. In some embodiments, the surface is activated prior to grafting. [00417] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for controlling the growth of at least one bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or virus associated with and/or caused by implantation of a medical device in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the medical device is an implant (e.g. orthopedic and dental implants, vascular, urinary, and nerve catheters, vascular endoprostheses/prostheses, breast implants, bone cement, stents, surgical drains, surgical meshes, port-a-cath, extraventricular derivation drains, jejunostomy kits, gastric tubes, pacemakers, corneal implants, implantable defibrillators, spinal cord stimulators, custom 3D implants). In some embodiments, the method comprising grafting a graftable substrate of the disclosure on a surface of the device. In some embodiments, the method comprises grafting a polymer of the disclosure onto a surface of the device. In some embodiments, the method comprises grafting a compound of the disclosure onto a surface of the device. In some embodiments, the method comprises grafting a polymer and/or compound of the disclosure onto a surface of a device. In some embodiments, the surface is activated prior to grafting. In some embodiments, the bacteria are associated with a biofilm. In some embodiments, methods for controlling the growth of at least one bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or virus further comprise the absence of and/or reduction in one or more of fibrosis, inflammation, necrosis and/or neoangiogenesis compared to a medical device that does not comprise and/or is not grafted with a substrate, polymer, and/or compound of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the method further comprises preventing or treating surgical-site infections (SSIs), periprosthetic joint injections (PJIs), healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs), and/or implant-related infections (IRIs). In some embodiments, the method DB1/ 141740360.3 161 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO further comprises preventing or treating infections associated with joint replacement, including but not limited to total knee replacement (TKR) and/or total hip replacement (THR). [00418] In some embodiments, the bacteria is a gram-positive bacteria selected from M. tuberculosis (including multi drug resistant TB and extensively drug resistant TB), M bovis, M typhimurium, M bovis strain BCG, BCG substrains, M avium, M intracellulare, M africanum, M kansasii, M marinum, M ulcerans, M avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus (including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus equi, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, Bacillus anthraces, B. subtilis, Nocardia asteroides, and other Nocardia species, Streptococcus viridans group, Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species, Actinomyces israelii and other Actinomyces species, Propionibacterium acnes, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, other Clostridium species, and Enterococcus species. [00419] In some embodiments, the bacteria is a gram-negative bacteria selected from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other Pseudomonas species, Campylobacter species, Vibrio cholerae, Ehrlichia species, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, other Pasteurella species, Legionella pneumophila, other Legionella species, Salmonella typhi, other Salmonella species, Shigella species, Brucella abortus, other Brucella species, Chlamydi trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetti, Escherichia coli, Neiserria meningitidis, Neiserria gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, other Hemophilus species, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterolitica, other Yersinia species, Escherichia coli, Escherichia hirae, and other Escherichia species, as well as other Enterobacteriacae, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobascterium nucleatum, Provetella species, Cowdria ruminantium, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species. [00420] In some embodiments, the virus is selected from avian influenza, human immunodeficiency virus, herpex simplex virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), rhinovirus, polio, rotavirus, measles, Ebola, West Nile, yellow fever, Dengue fever, lassa, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Junin, Machupo, guanarito, hantavirus, Rift Valley Fever, La Crosse, California encephalitis, Crimean- DB1/ 141740360.3 162 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO Congo, Marburg, Japanese Encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), parainfluenza, and Pichinde viruses. [00421] In another aspect, the disclosure describes a method of preventing digestion of cellulose by an organism. In some embodiments, the method comprising grafting a polymer of the disclosure onto a surface comprising cellulose. In some embodiments, surface comprises wood cellulose. In some embodiments, the organism is selected from a wood boring gribble, a shipworm, a woodlice, and a wood-boring insect. Non-limiting examples of wood-boring insects include termites, bark beetles, horntail larvae, moth larvae, beetles. In some embodiments, the insect is a xylophage. Non-limiting examples of xylophages include termites, bark beetles, horntail larvae, moth larvae, and beetles. EXAMPLES [00422] The embodiments encompassed herein are now described with reference to the following examples. These examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only and the disclosure encompassed herein should in no way be construed as being limited to these examples, but rather should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teachings provided herein. Example 1: Quaternized polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers with hydrophilic sidechains [00423] The following example describes the preparation of quaternized PEI polymers by substitution with various sidechains. [00424] Synthesis of methyl-triethyleneglycol mesylate (C). In a 200 mL flask containing 6 g (50 mmol) of anhydrous potassium carbonate was added methanesulfonyl chloride (3.85 mL, 50 mmol) dissolved in 50 mL of dichloromethane (DCM). Then, a solution of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (8 mL, 50 mmol) in 30 mL of DCM was slowly added through a dropping funnel at room temperature (20 °C). The mixture was stirred for 18 hours and filtered through a funnel to remove the inorganic salts. Evaporation of DCM resulted in the methyl- triethyleneglycol mesylate product (C) (2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl methanesulfonate, 70-80% yield), which was identified through its IR-ATR spectrum shown in FIG.1. The DB1/ 141740360.3 163 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO reaction sequence for the preparation of the methyl-triethyleneglycol mesylate sidechain is depicted in Scheme 1a below. Scheme 1a polymer backbone (1 g) in ethanol (100 mL) was added (3-iodopropyl)trimethoxysilane (IPTMS, 493 mg), and the reaction mixture was allowed to reflux for 4 hours to form the partially silanized methylated PEI polymer backbone intermediate. Subsequently, 4.5 g of (C) was added. After refluxing solution for 48 hours, the mixture was cooled down to room temperature and the volume of the reaction mixture was reduced to one third using rotary evaporation. The quaternized PEI polymer product (A) was precipitated by adding an excess of diethyl ether. The precipitate was separated by filtration, dried under air, and identified with an IR-ATR Spectrum shown in FIG.2. The spectrum exhibited several strong bands between 1250 and 1000 cm ^-1 , which are due to the C-O-C stretching of the triethylglycylmethylether lateral chain. The peak at 973 cm ^-1 is due to the C-N+ stretching bond, which may be overlapped by the strong absorbance of the C-O-C vibrations. [00426] An exemplary structure of quaternized PEI polymer product (A) containing both the 3-propyltrimethoxysilane moiety and the hydrophilic triethylglycylmethylether sidechain moiety (C) is shown in Scheme 2a below. DB1/ 141740360.3 164 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO Scheme 2a wherein at least one R ⁵ is -(CH2CH2O)3CH3 and at least one R ⁵ is -(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3 [00427] Additional quaternized PEI polymers with different sidechains were also prepared using the method described above. After partial silanization of the fully methylated PEI polymer backbone using IPTMS, quaternized PEI polymers (A1), (A2), and (A3) were prepared using the following sidechain moieties: (A1): mixture of 3-bromo-1-propanol (0.01 mol) and 1-bromobutane (0.01 mol); (A2): 4-bromo-1-butanol (0.02 mol); and (A3): mixture of 4-bromo-1-butanol (0.01 mol) and methyl-triethyleneglycol mesylate (C) (0.01 mol). Example 2: Quaternized polyvinylpyridine (PVP) polymers with hydrophilic sidechains [00428] The following example describes the preparation of quaternized PVP polymers by substitution with sidechains. [00429] Preparation of quaternized PVP polymers. To a solution of PVP polymer backbone (1 g) in methanol (100 mL) was added IPTMS (296 mg), and the reaction mixture was allowed to reflux for 4 hours to form the partially silanized PVP polymer backbone intermediate. Methyl-triethyleneglycol mesylate (C) (2.5 g) was then added to the reaction mixture and heated at reflux for another 48 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled down to about 20 °C, and the volume of the reaction mixture was reduced by removing about two thirds of methanol using rotary evaporation. Excess diethyl ether was then added to form a solid precipitate that was isolated as the quaternized PVP polymer product (B) precipitate, which was obtained by DB1/ 141740360.3 165 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO filtration, air drying, and identified through its IR-ATR spectrum shown in FIG.3. The complete disappearance of the 1600 cm ^-1 band, which corresponds to the C=N stretching of the non-quaternized pyridine groups, provides a yield of 100%. Moreover, absorbance at 1634 cm ^-1 indicates the presence of C=N+ (see, FIG.3). The spectrum exhibited several strong bands between 1250 and 1000 cm ^-1 due to the C-O-C stretching of the triethylglycylmethylether lateral chain. [00430] An exemplary structure of quaternized PVP polymer product (B) containing both the 3-propyltrimethoxysilane moiety and the hydrophilic triethylglycylmethylether sidechain moiety (C) is shown in Scheme 3a below. Scheme 3a Example 3: Grafting of quaternized polymers with hydrophilic sidechains [00431] The following example describes the grafting of quaternized polymers with hydrophilic sidechains onto various surfaces [00432] On glass. [00433] Glass preparation and activation. 4.84 cm ² glass coverslips (22 mm x 22 mm) were sonicated in acetone, ethanol, and distilled water. The coverslips were then plasma-activated using an atmospheric plasma device (piezobrush® PZ3, Relyon Plasma GmbH, Regensberg, Germany) for 1 minute to create Si-OH groups on the glass surface. All coverslips were subsequently rinsed with distilled water, sonicated in distilled water and air dried. [00434] Depositing and grafting. Product (A) and product (B) were respectively deposited on the activated glass coverslips by dip-coating. Samples were subsequently baked at 110 °C for 60 DB1/ 141740360.3 166 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO minutes. Samples were then retrieved and sonicated in ethanol for 5 minutes for adequate removal of any remaining physisorbed reagent. Samples were then sonicated for 5 minutes in distilled water, and rinsed with distilled water. [00435] Surface charge determination by fluorescein test. Surface cationic density (N ⁺ /cm ² ) was calculated using UV/Vis absorbance of fluorescein according to a method described by Tiller et al. (JProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 5981, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). The optical density of chemisorbed fluorescein was measured at 501 nm wavelength. As shown in Table 1 below, the calculated surface cationic densities for products (A) and (B) were 1.12E+17 and 3.01E+16, respectively. Table 1. Average quaternary ammonium compound surface charge density (the grafting ability efficacy for polymers on glass substrates tested with surface charge density). Substrate Polymer Charge Density (number of positive charges per cm ² ) [0 ] ese resu ts con rme t e e ect ve gra t ng o respectve y pro uct ( ) an pro uct (B) quaternary ammonium moieties on glass. [00437] On polyethylene. [00438] Polyethylene preparation and activation. 1 cm ² polyethylene squares were sonicated in acetone, ethanol, and distilled water. The samples were then plasma-activated using an atmospheric plasma device (piezobrush® PZ3, Relyon Plasma GmbH, Regensberg, Germany) for 1 minute to create Si-OH groups on the glass surface. All samples were subsequently rinsed with distilled water, sonicated in distilled water and air dried. [00439] Depositing and grafting. Product (A) and product (B) were respectively deposited on the activated polyethylene samples by dip-coating. Samples were subsequently baked at 80 °C for 2 hours. Samples were then retrieved and sonicated in ethanol for 5 minutes for adequate removal of any remaining physisorbed reagent. Samples were then sonicated for 5 minutes in distilled water, and rinsed with distilled water. DB1/ 141740360.3 167 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00440] Surface charge determination by fluorescein test. Surface cationic density (N ⁺ /cm ² ) was calculated using UV/Vis absorbance of fluorescein according to a method described by Tiller et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 5981, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). The optical density of chemisorbed fluorescein was measured at 501 nm wavelength. As shown in Table 2 below, the calculated surface cationic densities for products (A) and (B) were 3.22E+15 and 1.55E+16, respectively. Table 2. Average quaternary ammonium compound surface charge density (the grafting ability efficacy for polymers on polyethylene substrates tested with surface charge density). Substrate Polymer Charge Density (number of positive charges per cm ² ) [0 g g p y p p uct (B) quaternary ammonium moieties on polyethylene. [00442] Antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of product (A)-treated polyethylene and product (B)-treated polyethylene was assessed according to Test Method ISO 22196 (1-hour contact time) using a 5.05 log ₁₀ inoculum of S. epidermidis grown overnight. Product (A)- and product (B)-treated polyethylene samples displayed 2.80 log ₁₀ reduction and 1.80 log ₁₀ reduction, respectively, as shown in Table 3. Table 3. Logarithmic reduction of CFU of S. epidermidis on polyethylene samples treated with polymer product (A) or polymer product (B) (Test Method ISO 22196; 1 hour). Control Product (A) Product (B) l CFU l CFU l CFU ) [00443] On cotton discs. [00444] Depositing and grafting. Cotton was soaked in an alcoholic solution of product (A) or product (B). Cotton samples were baked at 80 °C for 30 minutes. Control cotton was soaked in DB1/ 141740360.3 168 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO distilled water. The samples were then sonicated in ethanol for 10 minutes to remove any excess of reagent. The samples were then sonicated for 10 minutes in distilled water, and then rinsed with distilled water. [00445] Visual fluorescein test. Samples were treated according to a visual fluorescein test. FIG.4 shows images of control cotton (left), product (A)-treated cotton (middle), and product (B)-treated cotton (right) cotton after vortexing, sonication and drying. The orange appearance of product (A)-treated and product (B)-treated cotton is due to the extremely high number of counter ion of the fluorescein dye bound to the quaternary amino groups of respectively products (A) and (B), which are covalently attached to the cotton. [00446] Absorbency Time of Treated Cotton Substrates via Test Method EN 14697. The hydrophilic nature of the polymer products (A) and (B) was demonstrated by testing the absorbency of 4 cm ² cotton samples (20 mm x 20 mm) in deionized water according to Test Method EN 14697. The cotton samples used in the absorbency test were product (A)- and product (B)-grafted cotton samples and a control cotton sample. As shown in Table 4, the product (A)-treated cotton sample was a more absorbent material than the product (B)-treated cotton sample. Table 4. Absorbency time of cotton substrate samples treated with polymer product (A) or polymer product (B) (Test Method EN 14697). Substrate Polymer Trial 1 Trial 2 Average s ^s [00447] Antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of product (A)-treated cotton and product (B)-treated cotton was assessed according to AATCC TM-100 (2-hour contact time) using a 5.86 log10 inoculum of S. epidermidis grown overnight. Both product (A) and product (B) displayed a minimum of 4.85 log ₁₀ reduction as shown in Table 5. DB1/ 141740360.3 169 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO Table 5. Logarithmic reduction of CFU of S. epidermidis on cotton samples treated with polymer product (A) or polymer product (B) (Test Method TM-100; 2 hours). Control Product (A) Product (B) (log10(CFU)) (log10(CFU)) (log10(CFU)) 4 Example 4: Dipodal Graftable Biocidal and Hydrophilic Polymers [00448] Visual fluorescein test. The following example describes the preparation of Dipodal Graftable Biocidal and Hydrophilic Polymers. [00449] Synthesis of N-Bromoacetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine.20 mmol (6.8g) of Bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine dissolved in 50 mL of dichloromethane was placed along with 20 mmol (7 mL) of N,N-Diisopropylethylamine in a two-neck round bottom flask. The mixture was stirred at room temperature while a solution of 20 mmol (2 mL) bromoacetyl bromide in 30 mL DCM was added through a dropping funnel into the flask. After stirring overnight, the mixture was successively extracted with a diluted HCl solution and water. The organic layer was collected dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The obtained residue was identified by its ATR spectrum. Table 6 shows a summary of reagents used and amount added. Table 6. Synthesis of N-Bromoacetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine Compound Amount Added DB1/ 141740360.3 170 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00450] The grafting method included a deposition of the liquid product onto naturally hydroxylated or activated substrates displaying hydroxy groups with subsequent heat curing to create siloxane moieties between the surface and the polymer. An exemplary reaction sequence for the preparation of the N-Bromoacetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine is depicted in Scheme 4a below. [00451] Scheme 4a [00452] Synthesis of fully methylated PEI quaternized with TEG lateral chains (80%) and N-acetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine.750 mg of N-Bromoacetyl bis(3- trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine was added to 1 g of fully methylated hyperbranched PEI dissolved in 100 mL of ethanol. The mixture was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. Subsequently, a solution of mesyl-TEG (5 g) was added and the reflux was maintained for 48 hours. The mixture was cooled down and the quaternized polymer was identified through its ATR Spectrum which exhibited several strong specific bands between 1250 and 1000 cm-1 due to the stretching modes of the TEG chain. “mesyl-TEG” is (2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl methanesulfonate; “TEG” is triethylglycylmethylether. Table 7 shows a summary of reagents used and amount added. Table 7. Synthesis of fully methylated PEI quaternized with TEG lateral chains (80%) and N- acetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine DB1/ 141740360.3 171 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO Compound Amount Added [00453] A non-limiting reaction sequence for the preparation of the fully methylated PEI quaternized with TEG lateral chains (80%) and N-acetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine is depicted in Scheme 5a below. [00454] Scheme 5a (CH ₃ ) ₃ ) ₂ [00455] Results of surfaces treated with the copolymer shown in Table 8 after fluorescein test are shown in FIG.5. The copolymer was tested on cotton, paper, and polyethylene. Table 8. Copolymers used for fluorescein test Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO Polyethylene (trial 1) PEI TEG Dipodal 5.11E+17 [0 0456] A corresponding monopodal polymer was tested to show a comparison of resistance to hydrolysis to a dipodal quaternized fully methylated PEI with a TEG lateral chain. The results of this fluorescein are shown in FIG.6. The fluorescein test displayed significant loss of dye with the monopodal polymer compared with the dipodal polymer after 2-hour immersion in water. This demonstrated significant resistance to hydrolysis of the dipodal compound compared to the monopodal compound. FIG.7 shows the results of cotton treated with fully methylated PEI quaternized with TEG lateral chains (80%) and N-acetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine after a fluorescein test. [00457] Table 9 shows the antibacterial activity of treated cotton treated with fully methylated PEI quaternized with TEG lateral chains (80%) and N-acetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine versus a control against Staphylococcus epidermidis using Test Method TM100. Table 9. Antibacterial Activity of treated Cotton Control Treated PEI-derivate bearing N- s [00458] Synthesis of Random PVP copolymer quaternized with N acetyl bis(3 trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine (20%) and TEG lateral chains (80%). PVP (MW 60,000) (1 g) by DB1/ 141740360.3 173 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO portions in methanol (50 mL) was disssolved in a 1-neck round-bottom flask followed by the addition of N-bromoacetyl bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine (924 mg) in methanol (50 mL) so as to quaternize 20% of the total nitrogens. The mixture was refluxed overnight and subsequently was added mesyl TEG (2.6 g) dissolved in methanol (50 mL). The mixture was maintained at the reflux temperature with stirring for 72 hours to complete the quaternization. The obtained random copolymer was identified by the specific band corresponding to the stretching of the C=N+ group at 1640 cm-1. Table 10 shows a summary of reagents used and amount added. Table 10. Synthesis of Random PVP copolymer quaternized with N acetyl bis(3 trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine (20%) and TEG lateral chains (80%). Compound Amount Added [00459] An exemplary reaction sequence for the preparation of the random PVP copolymer quaternized with N acetyl bis(3 trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine (20%) and TEG lateral chains (80%) is depicted in Scheme 6a below. [00460] Scheme 6a DB1/ 141740360.3 174 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO [00461] Synthesis of random copolymer obtained by reacting polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC) with bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-N-methylamine (20% of chloromethyl sites) and quaternized with dialkylaminoTEG (80% of chloromethyl sites). PVBC (10 mmol of the monomer unit) is dissolved in a mixture of THF and ethanol (50/50,v/v) (50 mL) in a 1-neck round-bottom flask followed by the addition of bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-N-methylamine (2 mmol). The mixture is refluxed overnight and subsequently is added dimethylaminoTEG (8 mmol) dissolved in ethanol (50 mL). The mixture is maintained at the reflux temperature with stirring for 72 hours to complete the quaternization. Table 11 shows a summary of reagents used and amount added. Table 11. Synthesis of random copolymer obtained by reacting polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC) with bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-N-methylamine (20% of chloromethyl sites) and quaternized with dialkylaminoTEG (80% of chloromethyl sites). C _ompound ^{Amount Added} DB1/ 141740360.3 175 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine 2 mmol [00462] An exemplary reaction sequence for the preparation of the random copolymer obtained by reacting polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC) with bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-N-methylamine (20% of chloromethyl sites) and quaternized with dialkylaminoTEG (80% of chloromethyl sites) is depicted in Scheme 7a below. [00463] Scheme 7a = = = a random copolymer). [00464] References 1. Kügler R., Bouloussa O., Rondelez F. Evidence of a Charge-Density Threshold for Optimum Efficiency of Biocidal Cationic Surfaces. Microbiology 2005 May;151(Pt 5):1341-1348. DB1/ 141740360.3 176 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO 2. Oh J.Y., Cho I. H., Lee H., Park K-J., Lee H., Park S.Y.2012, Bio-inspired catechol chemistry: a new way to develop a rer-moldable and injectable coacervate hydrogel. Chem. Comm.48:11895-11897. 3. Elena P., Miri K.2018, Formation of contact active antimicrobial surfaces by covalent grafting of quaternary ammonium compounds. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 169:195-205. 4. Kim S., Nam J.A., Lee S., In I., Park, S.Y.2014, Amtimicrobial activity of water resistant surface coating from catechol conjugated polyquaternary amine on versatile substrates. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.131:40708. 5. Kim S.H., Lee S., In I., Park, S.Y.2016, Synthesis and antibacterial activity of surface coated catechol-conjugated polymer with silver nanoparticles on versatile substrate. Surf. Interface Anal.9:995-1001. 6. 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Ichinose et al., “Properties of Anastase Films for Photocatalyst from Peroxotitanic Acid Solution and Peroxo-Modified Anatase Sol,” Journal of the Cermanic Society of Japan, International Edition, vol.104, No.10 (Oct.1996) pp.909-912. 11. Ichinose et al., “Synthesis of Peroxo-Modified Anatase Sol Peroxo Titanic Acid Solution,” Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, International Edition, vol.104, No.8 (Auyg. 1996) pp.697-700. 12. Cuthbert, T. J.; Hisey, B.; Harrison, T. D.; Trant, J. F.; Gillies, E. R.; Ragogna, P. J. Surprising Antibacterial Activity and Selectivity of Hydrophilic Polyphosphoniums DB1/ 141740360.3 177 Attorney Docket No.127116-5006-WO Featuring Sugar and Hydroxy Substituents. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2018, 57 (39), 12707– 12710. 13. Ghosh, S., Jolly, L. & Haldar, J. Polymeric paint coated common-touch surfaces that can kill bacteria, fungi and influenza virus. MRS Communications 11, 610–618 (2021). 14. LaPorte DM, Waldman BJ, Mont MA, Hungerford DS. Infections associated with dental procedures in total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br.1999;81:56–59. 15. Beyond Amphiphilic Balance: Changing Subunit Stereochemistry Alters the Pore-Forming Activity of Nylon-3 Polymers. Lei Liu, Kevin C. Courtney, Sean W. Huth, Leslie A. Rank, Bernard Weisblum, Edwin R. Chapman, and Samuel H. Gellman. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2021143 (8), 3219-3230. 16. Effective Antibacterial Hydrophilic Phosphonium Polymers With Low Hemolytic Activity. Tyler J. Cuthbert, John Frederick Trant, Elizabeth Rachel Gillies, Paul Joseph Ragogna. WO2018213939A1. WIPO (PCT). 17. Tiller et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 5981. [00465] A number of patent and non-patent publications are cited herein in order to describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. The entire disclosure of each of these publications is incorporated by reference herein. [00466] While certain embodiments of the present invention have been described and/or exemplified above, various other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing disclosure. The present invention is, therefore, not limited to the particular embodiments described and/or exemplified but is capable of considerable variation and modification without departure from the scope and spirit of the appended claims. DB1/ 141740360.3 178