GRAPHENE PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The disclosed technology relates to the production of graphene by exfo liation in the presence of a dispersant, and the composition of graphene produced thereby.

[0002] Graphene can be viewed as a two dimensional sheet composed of sp ² carbons in a six membered honeycomb structure. Graphene layers are the building blocks for all the other graphitic carbon allotropes. For example, graphite is com posed of layers of graphene stacked one on top of another with an interlayer spacing of approximately 3.4 Angstroms. As another example, carbon nanotubes can be viewed as graphene layers rolled into tubes.

[0003] Graphene has very attractive physical, optical and mechanical proper ties, including high charge carrier mobility, high thermal conductivity and stiffness. It can be used for a wide range of applications, for example, in the electronics indus try as well as for an additive in polymer production.

[0004] Various methods are known for the production of graphene. For exam ple, layers of graphene can be exfoliated from graphite using adhesive tape or ob tained by reducing layers of graphene oxide. Graphite can also be exfoliated in the liquid phase in an appropriate solvent. For example, US Patent No. 7,824,651 to Zhamu et al. (the“Zhamu patent”) describes a method of exfoliating a graphite ma terial by ultrasonication in the presence of a surfactant or dispersant. The disclosure in the Zhamu patent on surfactants and dispersants is mostly generic, but it does call out a specific series of fluoro-surfactants as well as sodium hexametaphosphate, so dium lignosulphonate, sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate, and sodium sulfonate. The Zhamu patent does not teach nor suggest the dispersants disclosed in this application below. Similarly, US Publication No. 2016/0009561 to Coleman et al. (the“Coleman publication”) describes a method of exfoliating a 3 -dimensional material, such as graphite, by shear force. The Coleman publication also mentions the use of surfac tants generically, and calls out specifically sodium cholate, sodium dodecylsulphate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate, lithium dodecyl sulphate, deoxycholate, taurode- oxycholate, polyoxyethylene (40) nonylphenyl ether, branched; and polyethylene glycol p-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether. As with Zhamu, Coleman does not teach nor suggest the dispersants disclosed in this application below. [0005] The inventors have discovered that the use of certain dispersants dis closed herein can improve the yield and characteristics of graphene compositions pro duced by exfoliation processes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The disclosed technology, therefore, solves the problem of graphene platelet yield and production efficiency by employing certain dispersants in the gra phene platelet exfoliation process.

[0007] The technology provides, among other things, a composition including a graphene platelet in an aqueous or polar solvent, along with a dispersant selected from at least one of

• carboxyl containing interpolymers

• derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant

• imide polymers of formula (1):

Formula (1)

• cycloaliphatic polyurethane resins wherein at least 60% by weight of the polyiso cyanate resin component is characterized as a cycloaliphatic isocyanate and wherein having a poly(glycol adipate);

• alkylene oxide polyurethane polymers;

• water-dispersible or soluble dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid or salt hav ing the formula II

Formula II. [0008] The graphene platelets can be mono-layer graphene, multi-layer gra phene, and/or graphite nano-platelets. In some embodiments, the graphene platelets can have a carbon to oxygen molar ratio of greater than 25: 1. In other embodiments, the graphene platelets can have a carbon to oxygen molar ratio of less than 20: 1.

[0009] The technology also provides a process to produce the graphene platelet composition described above. The process includes blending a mixture of graphene platelets, at least one of the aforementioned dispersants, and an aqueous or polar sol vent, and then subjecting the blend to mechanical or chemical exfoliation.

[0010] The mechanical exfoliation in the process can include shear mixing, ball milling, ultra- soni cation or a combination of two or more of these techniques.

[0011] The disclosed technology provides a higher yield of suspended graphene platelets in a time and energy efficient manner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] Various preferred features and embodiments will be described below by way of non-limiting illustration.

[0013] As used herein, the term“graphene platelets” covers material that is essentially composed of a single sheet of graphene plane, also referred to as mono- layer graphene, or multiple sheets of graphene stacked and bonded together, which also may be referred to as multi-layer graphene for platelets having from 2 to 10 layers, graphite nano-platelets for compositions having more than 10 layers of gra phene plane, or graphite for compositions having more than 100 layers of graphene plane.

[0014] Graphite is a well-known compound and may be employed in the pre sent technology in any of its various forms, including natural or synthetic, crystalline or amorphous. When used, graphite may be employed as flakes, powders, fibers or aggregates. The graphite may also be in the form of an intercalated compound having ions inserted between the oppositely charged carbon layers of the graphite. The graphite may also be in the form of a substituted graphite, such as graphene oxide or graphene fluoride

[0015] Substituted graphite, such as graphene oxide, is formed by the treat ment of graphite with a substituent, such as oxidizing agents, and intercalants or other substituting means and has a high substituent content. Graphene oxide for example can have carbon to oxygen molar ratios of between about 2: 1 and 25: 1, or 1.5: 1 and 20: 1, or 1.25: 1 and 15 : 1 or 1 : 1 and 5: 1 to 10: 1. As used herein, the term "carbon to oxygen ratio" refers to molar ratios of carbon to oxygen in the substituted graphite. Carbon to oxygen ratio is determined by elemental analysis and the resulting weight ratios are converted to molar ratios.

[0016] In some instances, it is preferred to employ a graphene platelet that is substantially free of substituents, such as oxygen, meaning a carbon to substituent ratio of 25: 1 or greater, and preferably completely free of substituent.

[0017] Each graphene plane encompasses a two-dimensional hexagonal struc ture of carbon atoms. Each plate has a length and a width parallel to the graphene plane and a thickness orthogonal to the graphene plane. The thickness of a graphene platelet can be 100 nanometers (nm) or smaller and more typically thinner than 10 nm with a single-sheet graphene platelet being as thin as 0.34 nm. The length and width of a graphene platelet is typically between 1 pm and 20 pm, but could be longer or shorter. For certain applications, both length and width may be smaller than 1 pm.

[0018] The present technology includes a method for the production of gra phene platelets. The process involves blending a graphene platelet, generally a graphite or graphite nano-platelet, but could also be a multi-layer graphene, in an aqueous or polar solvent with a dispersant, and subjecting the blend to an exfoliation process, either mechanical or chemical, to prepare a dispersion of graphene platelets, preferrably graphene, multi-layer graphene, or graphite nano-platelets, in water.

[0019] Exfoliation processes in general are also well known, as well as exfo liation of graphite in general. Example mechanical exfoliation processes include shearing (via stirring or shaking), milling, and sonication as well as supercritical fluid exfoliation. Chemical exfoliation may also be performed, for example, by chemical oxide reduction. Electro-chemical exfoliation may also be performed by applying an electrode to raw graphite in a solution with the dispersant, and applying a voltage.

[0020] The techniques disclosed herein are related to aqueous or polar disper sions, and any aqueous or polar solvent may be employed. The aqueous or polar solvent may, of course, be water, but may also be any polar solvent that may suspend graphene with the disclosed dispersants, such as for example alcohols, n-methyl pyr- rolidone, DMF, ketones, such as acetone, and ethers.

[0021] While the general process of obtaining graphene platelets via exfolia tion of a dispersion of graphite or graphene platelets may be generally known, it has been found that certain dispersants provide advantages in obtaining well-dispersed and exfoliated graphene platelets. [0022] A class of dispersants that provides improved graphene platelet pro duction are carboxyl containing interpolymers. Carboxyl containing interpolymers are prepared from monomers containing at least one activated >C=C< group and car boxyl group. Such polymers are homopolymers of an unsaturated, polymerizable car boxylic monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, maleic anhydride, and the like, and copolymers of polymerizable carboxylic mono mers with acrylate esters, acrylamides, olefins, vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, or styrenics. The carboxyl containing interpolymers have molecular weights greater than about 500 to as high as several million, usually greater than about 10,000 to 900,000 or more.

[0023] Typical materials are those described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,798,053. Co polymers, for example, include copolymers of acrylic acid with small amounts of polyalkenyl polyether cross-linkers that are gel-like polymers, which, especially in the form of their salts, absorb large quantities of water or solvents with subsequent substantial increase in volume. Other useful carboxyl containing interpolymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,940,351, directed to polymers of unsaturated carboxylic acid and at least one alkyl acrylic or methacrylic ester where the alkyl group contains 10 to 30 carbon atoms, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,486; 5,034,487; and 5,034,4087; which are directed to maleic anhydride copolymers with vinyl ethers. Other types of such copolymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,817 wherein the polymers de scribed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,940,351 contain additionally another alkyl acrylic or meth acrylic ester and the alkyl groups contain 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Carboxylic polymers and copolymers such as those of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid also may be cross- linked with polyfunctional materials as divinyl benzene, unsaturated diesters and the like, as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,340,1 10; 2,340, 111; and 2,533,635. The dis closures of all of these U.S. patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

[0024] The carboxylic monomers are the olefmically-unsaturated carboxylic acids containing at least one activated carbon-to-carbon olefmic double bond, and at least one carboxyl group; that is, an acid or function readily convened to an acid containing an olefmic double bond which readily functions in polymerization because of its presence in the monomer molecule, either in the alpha-beta position with re spect to a carboxyl group,— C=C— COOH; or as part of a terminal methylene group ing, CH2=C<. Olefmically-unsaturated acids of this class include such materials as the acrylic acids typified by the acrylic acid itself, alpha-cyano acrylic acid, beta methylacrylic acid (crotonic acid), alpha-phenyl acrylic acid, beta-acryloxy propionic acid, cinnamic acid, p-chloro cinnamic acid, l-carboxy-4-phenyl butadiene- 1,3, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, and tricarboxy ethylene. As used herein, the term "carboxylic acid" includes the polycarboxylic acids and those acid anhydrides, such as maleic anhydride, wherein the anhydride group is formed by the elimination of one molecule of water from two carboxyl groups located on the same carboxylic acid molecule. Maleic anhydride and other acid anhydrides useful herein have the general structure

wherein R and R' are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and cyanogen (— CºN) groups and alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, and cycloalkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, octyl, decyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.

[0025] The preferred carboxylic monomers are the monoolefinic acrylic acids having the general structure

wherein R ² is a substituent selected from the class consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and the cyanogen (— CºN) groups, monovalent alkyl radicals, monovalent aryl radicals, mon ovalent aralkyl radicals, monovalent alkaryl radicals and monovalent cycloaliphatic radi cals. Of this class, acrylic and methacrylic acid are most preferred. Other useful carboxylic monomers are maleic acid and its anhydride.

[0026] The interpolymers include both homopolymers of carboxylic acids or an hydrides thereof, or the defined carboxylic acids copolymerized with one or more other vinylidene monomers containing at least one terminal >CH2 group. The other vinylidene monomers are present in an amount of less than 30 weight percent based upon the weight of the carboxylic acid or anhydride plus the vinylidene monomer(s). Such monomers in clude, for example, acrylate ester monomers including those acrylic acid ester monomers such as derivatives of an acrylic acid represented by the formula wherein R ³ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms and R2 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, present in the copolymer in amount, for exam ple, from about 1 to 40 weight percent or more. Representative acrylates include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acry late, methyl methacrylate, methyl ethacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, octyl acrylate, heptyl acrylate, octyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, nonyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, and the like. Higher alkyl acrylic esters are decyl acrylate, isodecyl methacrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, behenyl acrylate and melissyl acrylate. Mixtures of two or three or more long chain acrylic esters may be suc cessfully polymerized with one of the carboxylic monomers. Other comonomers include olefins, including alpha olefins, vinyl ethers, vinyl esters, and mixtures thereof.

[0027] The interpolymers also may be cross-linked with any polyene, e.g. decadi- ene or trivinyl cyclohexane; acrylamides, such as methylene bis acrylamide; polyfunc tional acrylates, such as trimethylol propane triacrylate; or polyfunctional vinylidene mon omer containing at least 2 terminal CH2< groups, including for example, butadiene, iso- prene, divinyl benzene, divinyl naphthlene, allyl acrylates and the like. Particularly useful cross-linking monomers for use in preparing the copolymers are polyalkenyl polyethers having more than one alkenyl ether grouping per molecule. The most useful possess alkenyl groups in which an olefmic double bond is present attached to a terminal meth ylene grouping, CH2=C< They are made by the etherification of a polyhydric alcohol containing at least 2 carbon atoms and at least 2 hydroxyl groups. Compounds of this class may be produced by reacting an alkenyl halide, such as allyl chloride or allyl bromide, with a strongly alkaline aqueous solution of one or more polyhydric alcohols. The product may be a complex mixture of polyethers with varying numbers of ether groups. Analysis reveals the average number of ether groupings on each molecule. Efficiency of the poly ether cross-linking agent increases with the number of potentially polymerizable groups on the molecule. It is preferred to utilize polyethers containing an average of two or more alkenyl ether groupings per molecule. Other cross-linking monomers include for example, diallyl esters, dimethallyl ethers, allyl or methallyl acrylates and acrylamides, tetraallyl tin, tetravinyl silane, polyalkenyl methanes, diacrylates, and dimethacrylates, divinyl com pounds such as divinyl benzene, polyallyl phosphate, diallyloxy compounds and phosphite esters and the like. Typical agents are allyl pentaerythritol, allyl sucrose, trimethylolpro- pane triacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, trimethyl olpropane diallyl ether, pentaerythri tol triacrylate, tetramethylene dimethacrylate, ethylene diacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and the like. Allyl pentaerythritol, tri- methylolpropane diallylether and allyl sucrose provide excellent polymers. When the cross-linking agent is present, the polymeric mixtures usually contain up to about 5% or more by weight of cross-linking monomer based on the total of carboxylic acid monomer, plus other monomers, if present, and more preferably about 0.01 to 3.0 weight percent.

[0028] In one aspect, the carbonyl containing interpolymer is a crosslinked homo polymer polymerized from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and is generally referred to under the INCI name of Carbomer. Commercially available Carbomers include Carbopol ^® polymers 934, 940, 941, 956, 980, 981 and 996 available from Lubrizol Advanced Mate rials, Inc.

[0029] Other vinylidene monomers may also be used, including the acrylic nitriles.

The useful a, b-olefmically unsaturated nitriles are preferably the monoolefmically un saturated nitriles having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and the like. Most preferred are acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. The amounts used are, for example, for some polymers are from about 1 to 30 weight percent of the total mono mers copolymerized. Acrylic amides containing from 3 to 35 carbon atoms including monoolefmically unsaturated amides also may be used. Representative amides include acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-t-butyl acrylamide, N-cyclohexyl acrylamide, higher alkyl amides, where the alkyl group on the nitrogen contains from 8 to 32 carbon atoms, acrylic amides including N-alkylol amides of alpha, beta-olefmically unsaturated carboxylic acids including those having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms such as N-methylol acrylamide, N-pro- panol acrylamide, N-methylol methacrylamide, N-methylol maleimide, N-methylol maleamic acid esters, N-methylol-p-vinyl benzamide, and the like. Still further useful ma terials are alpha-olefins containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, more preferably from 2 to 8 carbon atoms; dienes containing from 4 to 10 carbon atoms; vinyl esters and allyl esters such as vinyl acetate; vinyl aromatics such as styrene, methyl styrene and chlorostyrene; vinyl and allyl ethers and ketones such as vinyl methyl ether and methyl vinyl ketone; chloroacrylates; cyanoalkyl acrylates such as a-cyanomethyl acrylate, and the a-, b-, and g-cyanopropyl acrylates; alkoxyacrylates such as methoxy ethyl acrylate; haloacrylates as chloroethyl acrylate; vinyl halides and vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and the like; divinyls, diacrylates and other polyfunctional monomers such as divinyl ether, diethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, methylene-bisacrylamide, allylpentae- rythritol, and the like; and bis (b-haloalkyl) alkenyl phosphonates such as bis^-chloro- ethyl) vinyl phosphonate and the like as are known to those skilled in the art.

[0030] In some embodiments, one is able to obtain an improved polymer which is easy to wet-out, disperse and handle, and yields good thickening efficiency by admixing a wetting additive with the interpolymer of a polycarboxylic acid and a steric stabilizing surfactant (or steric stabilizer). The steric stabilizer functions to provide a steric barrier which repulses approaching particles. A requirement for the steric stabilizer is that a seg ment of the dispersant (i.e., a hydrophobe) be very soluble in the solvent (the continuous phase in a nonaqueous dispersion polymerization process) and that another segment (i.e., a hydrophile) be at least strongly adhered to the growing polymer particle. Thus, the steric stabilizers of the present invention have a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group. The steric stabilizers are block copolymers comprising a soluble block and an anchor block having a molecular weight (i.e., chain length) usually well above 1000, but a hydrophobe length of more than 50 Angstroms, as calculated by the Law of Cosines. These dimensions are determined on the extended configuration using literature values for bond lengths and angles. Thus the steric stabilizers of the present invention are distinguishable from the prior art steric surfactants which may be block copolymers, but have hydrophobe lengths of less than 50 Angstroms. The steric stabilizer of the present invention has either a linear block or a comb configuration, and has a hydrophobe of sufficient length to provide a sufficient steric barrier.

[0031] When the steric stabilizer is a linear block copolymeric steric stabilizer, it is defined by the following formula:

Cw-(B-A-By)x-D _z

where A is a hydrophilic moiety, having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 1% or greater, a molecular weight of from about 200 to about 50,000, and selected to be covalently bonded to the B blocks; B is a hydrophobic moiety, having a molecular weight of from about 300 to about 60,000, a solubility of less than 1% in water at 25° C., capable of being covalently bonded to the A blocks; C and D are terminating groups which can be A or B; can be the same or different groups, and will depend upon the manufacturing process since they are present to control the polymer length, to add other functionality, or as a result of the man ufacturing process; w is 0 or 1; x is an integer of 1 or more, y is 0 or 1, and z is 0 or 1.

[0032] Examples of hydrophilic groups are polyethylene oxide, poly(l,3-diox- olane), copolymers of polyethylene oxide or poly(l,3-dioxolane), poly(2-methyl-2-oxazo- line polyglycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, polymethylene oxide, and the like, with polyethylene oxide being preferred. Examples of hydrophobic groups are polyesters, such as those derived from 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-hydroxycaproic acid, 10-hydroxydecanoic acid, 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid, 16- hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy) propionic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, 2-hydroxyvaleric acid, polylactones, such as caprolactone, butyrolactone, polylactams, such as those derived from caprolactam, polyurethanes, polyisobutylene, where the hydrophobe should provide a ste- ric barrier of greater than 50 Angstroms, preferably greater than 75 Angstroms, with greater than 100 Angstroms being also preferred, and the like, with polyhydroxy fatty ac ids, such as poly(12-hydroxystearic acid) being preferred. The steric barrier is the length of the hydrophobe in its fully-extended condition. Such steric stabilizers are commercially available under the brand name Hypermer® from Imperial Chemical Industries, Inc.

[0033] Steric stabilizer molecules comprise both hydrophilic and hydrophobic units. Hydrophobic polymer units or hydrophobic blocks may be prepared by a number of well known methods. These methods include condensation reactions of hydroxy acids, condensation of polyols (preferably diols) with polycarboxylic acids (preferably diacids). Other useful methods include polymerization of lactones and lactams, and reactions of polyols with polyisocyanates. Hydrophobic blocks or polymer units can be reacted with hydrophilic units by such reactions as are known to those skilled in the art. These reactions include condensation reactions and coupling reactions, for example. Subsequent to the ste ric stabilizer preparation, the stabilizers may be further reacted with modifying agents to enhance their utility. U.S. Pat. No. 4,203,877 to Alan S. Baker teaches making such steric stabilizers, and the entire disclosure thereof is incorporated herein by reference.

[0034] When the steric stabilizer is a random copolymeric comb steric stabilizer, it is defined by the following formula:

Rl-(Z)m-(Q)n-R2,

where Ri and R2 are terminating groups and may be the same or different and will be dif ferent from Z and Q, Z is a hydrophobic moiety having a solubility of less than 1% in water at 25° C., Q is a hydrophilic moiety, having a solubility of more than 1% in water at 25° C., m and n are integers of 1 or more, and are selected such that the molecular weight of the polymer is from about 100 to about 250,000.

[0035] Examples of the hydrophobic monomer unit or moiety are dimethyl silox- ane, diphenyl siloxane, methylphenyl siloxane, alkyl acrylate, alkyl methacrylate, and the like, with dimethyl siloxane being preferred.

[0036] Examples of the hydrophilic monomer unit or moiety are methyl-3 -poly- ethoxypropyl siloxane-Q-phosphate or sulfate, and the alkali metal or ammonium salts derived therefrom; traits derived from polyethoxy (meth)acrylate containing from 1 to 40 moles of ethylene oxide; acrylic acid; acrylamide; methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride; di methyl amino ethyl (meth)acrylate; or its salts with methyl chloride or dimethyl sulfate; dimethyl amino propyl(meth)acrylamide and its salts with methyl chloride or dimethyl sulfate, and the like, with methyl-3 -polyethoxypropyl siloxane-Q-phosphate being pre ferred.

[0037] Examples of terminating agents are monohalo silanes, mercaptans, haloal- kanes, alkyl aromatics, alcohols, and the like, which will produce terminating groups such as trialkyl silyl, alkyl, aryl alkyl, alcoholate, and the like, with the preferred terminating groups being trimethyl silyl.

[0038] An example of a random copolymeric comb steric stabilizer is a dimethi- cone copolyol phosphate which has the following formula:

where x and y are integers greater than 1, and z is an integer from 1 to 100. Such a copol ymeric comb steric stabilizer is available commercially under the trade name Pecosil from Phoenix Chemical, Somerville, N.J.

[0039] The steric stabilizers employed in the interpolymer have the potential for becoming part of a (meth)acrylic acid or anhydride-containing polymer as an interpolymer by several mechanisms, including a bonding mechanism, including graft-type polymeri zation, hydrogen bonding, olefmic unsaturation polymerization, or condensation reaction. The particular bonding mechanism theory is not relevant to the present invention, and is covered in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/935,616, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,814.

[0040] The wetting additive is preferably a low surface tension surfactant (or wet ting aid) can be a fluorine containing, silicone containing or hydrocarbon surfactant, as long as it has an ability to reduce the surface tension of water (which is 72 dynes per centimeter at 25° C.), preferably to less than 40 dynes/era at 25° C., with less than 30 dynes/cm being further preferred. By the term hydrocarbon surfactant we mean any sur factant which contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and does not contain fluorine or silicone molecules. The amount of low surface tension surfactant will usually be less than 10% by weight based upon the weight of the acrylic acid interpolymer or phr, although 0.001 phr to 5.0 phr is preferred. The exact amount will depend upon the surfactant which is selected and its ability to reduce the surface tension of water. Those surfactants which can be used at the least dosage, such as a fluorine containing surfactant are preferred. Fur ther, it was unexpectedly discovered that some of the surfactants are quite effective at very low dosages, such that the surfactant has no or little effect on the properties of the inter polymer in its use as a thickener, emulsifier, or thickening aid. Although not fully under stood, it is believed that some of the surfactants when used in greater doses will result in increased wetting times because the additional surfactant will provide an additional coat ing on the polymer particles and slow the wetting process.

[0041] The surfactants employed can be anionic, cationic, or nonionic with nonionic surfactants being preferred. When the surfactant is added pre-polymerization, the cationic and anionic nature of the surfactant can play a part in or influence the polymeri zation, while the nonionic surfactants remain relatively inactive, and continue to be present after the polymer is recovered and put into use.

[0042] The wetting additive can be added to the monomers in polymerizing the polycarboxylic acid interpolymer or after polymerization, or in the case of the low surface tension surfactants, it also can be added to the water into which the interpolymer is to be dispersed. It is preferred that the wetting additive be admixed after or post-polymerization. It is theorized that, when the surfactant is added during polymerization, it remains with the polymer as an admixture, but a portion of the surfactant is trapped in the interstices of the interpolymer, so the same amount added pre-polymerization will not be as effective as that amount added post-polymerization of the interpolymer. Further, there is nothing critical in the method of addition. For example, the surfactant can be added as a liquid to interpoly mer while it is still in the polymerization solvent and before drying or it can be sprayed on the dry polymer powder which can then be subject to further drying.

[0043] The glycol and polyhydric alcohol are most preferably admixed after polymerization, and provide little or no benefit when added to the water into which the interpolymer is to be dispersed. It is reasoned that the presence of the alcohol functionality will interfere or interact with the acid functionality of the acid polymer being formed. When added to the polymer post-polymerization, it is possible to control the conditions, such as excessive heat when drying, which could lead to interference or interaction.

[0044] The polyhydric alcohols are organic hygroscopic compositions, usually al cohols, which facilitate the wetting of the interpolymer particles in water. For the purpose of this disclosure, we mean the term "polyhydric alcohols" is to include all hygroscopic alcohol compositions including glycols, such as polyethylene glycol. The use of either a low surface tension surfactant or a polyhydric alcohol benefits the wetting of the polymer particles by aiding the wetting of the water by lowering the surface tension of the water and allowing it to penetrate the polymer particle or by drawing the particle to the water (or the water to the particle) via the hygroscopic mechanism. As will be seen either benefits the wetting of the polymer without detriment to the use of the polymer as, e.g., a thickener.

[0045] The preferred polyhydric alcohols are glycerin (or glycerol). The preferred glycol is low molecular weight polyethylene glycol. Other polyhydric alcohols (or polyols) or glycols can be employed.

[0046] The carboxyl containing interpolymer can also be a copolymer, terpolymer, or other interpolymer of alpha, beta-unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof, and one or more vinyl aromatic monomers having up to 12 carbon atoms. The derivatives of the dicarboxylic acid are derivatives which are polymerizable with a monoolefmic com pound, and as such, may be the anhydrides of the acids. Copolymers of maleic anhydride and styrene are especially suitable.

[0047] Suitable alpha, beta-unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, anhydrides thereof use- ful in the preparation of the interpolymers include those wherein a carbon-to-carbon dou ble bond is in an alpha, beta-position to at least one of the carboxy functions (e.g., itaconic acid, anhydride thereof) and preferably, in an alpha, beta-position to both of the carboxy functions of the alpha, beta-dicarboxylic acid, anhydride thereof (e.g., maleic acid, anhy dride thereof). Normally, the carboxy functions of these compounds will be separated by up to 4 carbon atoms, preferably 2 carbon atoms.

[0048] A class of preferred alpha, beta-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, anhydride thereof, includes those compounds corresponding to the formulae:

(including the geometric isomers thereof, i.e., cis and trans) wherein each R' is inde pendently hydrogen; halogen (e.g., chloro, bromo, or iodo); hydrocarbyl or halogen-sub stituted hydrocarbyl of up to about 8 carbon atoms, preferably alkyl, alkaryl or aryl; (pref erably, at least one R' is hydrogen); and each R" is independently hydrogen or lower alkyl of up to about 7 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl or heptyl). These preferred alpha, beta-unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, anhydrides thereof contain a total carbon content of up to about 25 carbon atoms, normally up to about 15 carbon atoms. Maleic anhydride and maleic acid are preferred. Maleic anhydride is most preferred. Interpolymers derived from mixtures of two or more of any of these can also be used.

[0049] Suitable vinyl aromatic monomers of up to about 12 carbon atoms which can be polymerized with the alpha, beta-unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, anhydrides thereof are well known. The vinyl aromatic compounds include styrene and substituted styrenes such as 4-methylstyrene, halostyrenes, para-tert-butyl styrenes and para-lower alkoxy sty rene. Styrene is the most preferred vinyl aromatic monomer. Interpolymers derived from mixtures of two or more of any of these can also be used.

[0050] Of the interpolymers of this invention, the styrene-maleic anhydride inter polymers are especially useful. They are obtained by polymerizing styrene with maleic anhydride at molar ratios from (5: 1) to (0.75: 1), with (2.5: 1) to (1 : 1) being preferred, -and (1 : 1) being most preferred.

[0051] A further embodiment may be obtained by polymerizing an additional comonomer with the vinyl aromatic monomer and the alpha, beta- unsaturated dicarbox ylic anhydride or acid. The additional comonomer may be: methacrylic acid; methacryla mide; itaconic acid and anhydride; citraconic acid and anhydride; isobutylene and its oli gomers; diisobutylene and methylstyrene isomers. Alpha-methylstyrene and methacrylic acid are preferred; methacrylic acid is most preferred. These comonomers are present in relatively minor portions, i.e., less than about 0.3 mole, usually less than 0.15 mole, per mole of either the olefin (e.g. styrene) or the alpha, beta-unsaturated acid or anhydride (e.g. maleic anhydride). Terpolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride are preferred. [0052] The interpolymer of alpha, beta-unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or deriva tives thereof, and one or more vinyl aromatic monomers may then be treated with a base to neutralize the acidic catalyst. A mineral base or an amino compound may be used to neutralize the acidic catalyst. Examples of the mineral base include sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and the like, with sodium hydroxide preferred. Example amino com pounds can include ammonium (NEE) and the like.

[0053] Another class of dispersants that provides improved graphene platelet pro duction are derivatized polycarboxylate dispersants, which are derivatized polymers com prising a backbone having moieties derived from (a) an unsaturated hydrocarbon; (b) at least one of a substituted carboxylic acid monomer, a substituted ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and maleic anhydride; and (c) optionally including an N-polyoxyalkylene suc- cinimide; and wherein derivative moieties are pendant to the backbone monomer by at least one ester linkage and at least one amide linkage. The derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant is a random copolymer of the general structural units shown below:

wherein:

the“b” structure is one of a substituted carboxylic acid monomer, a substituted eth ylenically unsaturated monomer, and maleic anhydride wherein an acid anhydride group (— CO— O— CO— ) is formed in place of the groups Y and Z between the car bon atoms to which the groups Y and Z are bonded respectively, and the“b” structure must include at least one moiety with a pendant ester linkage and at least one moiety with a pendant amide linkage;

X=H, CEE, C2 to Ce Alkyl, Phenyl, or Substituted Phenyl such as p-Methyl Phenyl, p-Ethyl Phenyl, Carboxylated Phenyl, Sulfonated Phenyl and the like;

Y=H,— COOM,— COOH, or W;

W=a hydrophobic defoamer represented by the formula R5— (CEECEEO^— (CEEC(CEC)E[0) _t— (CEECEEO), _! where s, t, and u are integers from 0 to 200 with the proviso that t>(s+u) and wherein the total amount of hydrophobic defoamer is present in an amount less than about 10% by weight of the derivatized polycarboxylate dis persant;

Z=H,— COOM,— OR3,— COOR3,— CH2OR3, or— CONHR3;

Ri=H, or CH3;

R2, R3, are each independently a random copolymer of oxyethylene units and oxy- propylene units of the general formula— (CH2C(Ri)HO) _m R4 where m=10 to 500 and wherein the amount of oxyethylene in the random copolymer is from about 60% to 100% and the amount of oxypropylene in the random copolymer is from 0% to about 40%;

R ₄ =H, Methyl, or C2 to Cs Alkyl;

R ₅ =C _I to Ci ₈ alkyl or C ₆ to Ci ₈ alkyl aryl;

M=Alkali Metal, Alkaline Earth Metal, Ammonia, Amine, Substituted Amine such as monoethanol amine, diethanol amine, tri ethanol amine, morpholine, imidazole and the like;

a=0.01-0.8, preferably 0.01-0.6, and most preferably 0.01-0.5;

b=0.2-0.99, preferably 0.3-0.99, and most preferably 0.4-0.99;

c=0-0.5, preferably 0-0.3, and most preferably 0-0.1; and

wherein a, b, c represent the mole fraction of each unit and the sum of a, b, and c, is 1

[0054] Preferably, the“a” structure includes a styrene moiety.

[0055] The alkali metal in the dispersant is preferably lithium, sodium, or po tassium. The alkaline earth metal in the dispersant is preferably magnesium or cal cium.

[0056] Representative monomers for the“a” component include, but are not limited to, styrene, ethylene, propylene, or sulfonated styrene. Representative mono mers for the“b” component include, but are not limited to, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, alkyl esters of acrylic acid, alkyl esters of methacrylic acid, alkoxypolyoxy- alkylene esters of acrylic acid, alkoxypolyoxyalkylene esters of methacrylic acid, maleic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, methoxypolyoxyalkylene vinyl ether, methoxypoly- oxyalkylene allyl ether, alkoxypolyoxyalkylene vinyl ether, or alkoxypolyoxy alkylene allyl ether. [0057] Component“c” can be formed from a post reaction from the grafting of the side chains onto the polymer backbone such as a polyacrylate or maleic anhy dride copolymer. The reaction to form component“c” is related to the temperature of the grafting reaction. If the temperature is high enough, the imide (succinimide) com ponent“c” is formed. Component“c” is formed from a single monomer which is a component“b” with Y as COOH and Z as CONHR ₃ . A condensation reaction occurs wherein water condenses and the ring closes to form component“c”.

[0058] The derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant preferably includes a hy drophobic substituent functioning as a defoamer. The hydrophobic defoamer is pre sent in an amount less than about 10% by weight of the derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant, and is preferably present in an amount less than about 5%. Besides being grafted or chemically linked onto the derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant by at taching via an ester linkage to a“b” group in the polymer structure above, the hydro- phobic defoamer can be formulated into a mixture with the derivatized polycarbox ylate dispersant. When grafted or chemically linked onto the defoamer is represented by the following formula (which is represented by“W” in the above polymer struc ture): R5— (CH ₂ CH ₂ 0) _S— (CH ₂ C(CH3)HO) _t— (CH ₂ CH ₂ 0) _u where s, t, and u are inte gers from 0 to 200 with the proviso that t>(s+u) and where R ₅ is a Ci to Ci ₈ alkyl or C ₆ to Ci ₈ alkyl aryl. The total of hydrophobic defoamer, which is either grafted or chemically linked onto the derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant or is formulated into a mixture with the derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant, is present in an amount less than about 10% by weight of the derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant.

[0059] The following defoamers are examples of hydrophobic defoamers that can be formulated into the polymer solution: polyoxyalkylene glycols, such as those sold under the trademark PLURONIC from BASF, acetylene glycols, and alkoxylated acetylene alcohols, such as those sold under the trademark SURFYNOL from Air Products, fatty acid alkoxylates, such as alkoxylated lauric or oleic acid, or alkox ylated fatty amines, such as an alkoxylated lauric or oleylamine formulated defoamers. These defoamers can be added alone or in combination.

[0060] Incorporation of amide or imide linkages between the copolymer, such as styrene-maleic main chain polymer, and the alkoxy polyoxyalkylene side chain can improve the chemical and performance stability of graft polymer solutions. In corporation of nitrogen based linkages between main chain and side chain stabilizes side chain degrafting that slowly occurs with maleic mono ester linkages during so lution storage. [0061] It is not necessary that all linkages between the side chain and polymer backbone be through an amide or imide nitrogen. On the contrary, it is preferred that the linkages be mixed between ester (or oxygen) and amide or imide. The combina tion of ester (or oxygen) and amide or imide linkages improves the long term perfor mance, for example stability, of the polymer solution and lowers the cost relative to the all amide or imide pendant linkages.

[0062] Example derivatized polycarboxylate dispersants include, but are in no way limited by, methoxy polyoxyalkylene glycols and methoxy polyoxyalkylene amine.

[0063] The polymers used in the derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant can be made by methods known in the art, such as those referenced in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,661,206; 5,393,343; 5, 158,996; 5,047,087; 4,972,025; 4,968,734; 4,463,406; and 4,471, 100 all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein as if fully written out below.

[0064] Specific nonlimiting examples of synthesizing the derivatized polycar boxylate dispersants are described below.

[0065] Derivatized Polycarboxylate Synthesis Example Number 1

[0066] Sixteen grams of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), SMA-1000 from

Atochem with a 2500 MW, was dissolved in 53.1 g of tetrahydrofuran (THF). Next, 39.6 g of methoxy polyoxyalkylene amine, XTJ-506 from Huntsman Corporation with a 1000 MW, and 4.8 g of triethyl amine were dissolved in 60.6 g of THF. The amine solution was drip fed into the stirring SMA solution over a period of about 30 minutes. The mixture was stirred for about 45 minutes at room temperature then heated to about 45° C. The mixture was reacted for about 2 hours. The THF solvent was removed from the mixture and the mixture was dried to a constant weight leaving polymer. The polymer was dissolved in an aqueous caustic solution and the resulting solution was adjusted to about 40% solids and a pH of about 7.0.

[0067] Derivatized Polycarboxylate Synthesis Example Number 2

[0068] One hundred grams of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), SMA-1000 from Atochem with a 2500 MW, was dissolved in 310 g of tetrahydrofuran (THF). Next, 321 g of methoxy polyoxyalkylene amine, XTJ-508 from Huntsman Corpora tion, was delivered to the stirring SMA solution over a period of about 45 to about 60 minutes under nitrogen pressure. The mixture was heated to about 45° C. and reacted for about 1 hour. The THF solvent was removed from the mixture and the mixture was dried to a constant weight leaving polymer. The polymer was dissolved in an aqueous caustic solution and the resulting solution was adjusted to about 40% solids and a pH of about 7.0.

[0069] Derivatized Polycarboxylate Synthesis Example Number 3

[0070] One hundred twenty-eight grams of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA),

SMA-1000 from Atochem with a 2500 MW, was dissolved in 128 g of methyl isobu tyl ketone (MIBK) under nitrogen pressure and stirring at 100° C. An addition of a mixture comprising 53 g of methoxy polyoxyethylene glycol (mPEG-OH) with a 1 100 MW and 1 g of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) was added to the stirring SMA solution. This addition was followed by 50.25 g of methoxy polyoxyalkylene amine, XTJ-508 from Huntsman Corporation with a 2000 MW, to the SMA solution. Three more identical additions of mPEG-OH/DMAP followed by methoxy polyoxyalkylene amine were added to the stirring SMA solution. The resulting mixture was reacted for about 4.5 hours. The MIBK solvent was removed from the mixture and the mix ture was dried to a constant weight leaving polymer. The polymer was dissolved in an aqueous caustic solution and the resulting solution was adjusted to about 40% solids and a pH of about 7.0.

[0071] Derivatized Polycarboxylate Synthesis Example Number 4

[0072] Six and four tenths grams of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), SMA-

1000 from Atochem with a 2500 MW, was dissolved in 9.4 g of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) under nitrogen atmosphere and stirring at 100° C. Next, 15.9 g of methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG-OH) with a 1 100 MW and 0.2 g of dimethyla minopyridine (DMAP) were added to the stirring SMA solution. The resulting mix ture was reacted for about 4.5 hours. The MIBK solvent was removed from the mix ture and the mixture was dried to a constant weight leaving polymer. The polymer was dissolved in an aqueous caustic solution and the resulting solution was adjusted to about 40% solids and a pH of about 7.0.

[0073] A further class of dispersants that provides improved graphene platelet pro duction are imide containing polymer polymers comprising a polymer chain having at least one fused aromatic imide pendant group, wherein the polymer is represented by formula (1) Formula (1)

wherein each variable may independently be:

Ri may be a substituent on Q ring in any position available for bonding to a substituent group and Ri is independently represented by at least one electron withdrawing group. Electron withdrawing groups are well known to a person skilled in the art of organic syn thesis. Examples of electron withdrawing groups include but are not limited to a halogen (such as -Cl, -Br, or -F), a nitrile, a carbonyl group, a nitro group, a sulphamoyl group, a sulphonate group, a hydroxy group, or an amino group. The electron withdrawing group may be either an activating group or a deactivating group. The activating group may in clude a hydroxy group, an amino group, or a halogen. Typically, the activating group may include halogen such as -Cl or -Br. The deactivating group may include a nitrile, a carboxyl group, a nitro group, a sulphamoyl group, or a sulphonate group. Typically, the deactivat ing group may include a nitro group, a carboxyl group or a sulphonate group. Typically, the electron withdrawing group may be deactivating group. Example electron withdrawing groups for Ri can include, but not be limited to -CN, -N0 ₂ ,-S0 ₂ NR'2, -C(0)R', -SO ₃ M, - C(0)OM, halo e.g., -Cl or -Br, -NH2> or -OR'). Typically, Ri may be -Cl, -SO ₃ M or -NO2; component“a” may be 1 or 2, or 1;

M may be H, a metal cation, -NR' ₄ ⁺ , or mixtures thereof;

R' may be -H or an optionally-substituted alkyl, typically, containing 1 to 20, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the substituents may be hydroxyl or halo (typically Cl) or mixtures thereof;

R2 may be a Cito C20, or Ci to C12, or Ci to C ₆ hydrocarbylene group or a Ci to C20, or Ci to C12 _, or Ci to C ₆ hydrocarbonyl ene group (when R2 contains more than 2 carbon atoms, the hydrocarbylene group or hydrocarbonylene group may be linear or branched), or mix tures thereof; Its may be H or Ci-50 (or Ci-20) -optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group that bonds to a terminal oxygen atom of the polymer chain forming a terminal ether or terminal ester group and may or may not contain a group capable of polymerization such as a vinyl group, or Ci-50 (or Ci-2o)-hydrocarbonyl group (i.e., a hydrocarbyl group containing a carbonyl group) that bonds to the oxygen atom of the polymer chain forming a terminal ester group or terminal urethane group and may or may not contain a group capable of polymerization such as a vinyl group, and the substituent may be halo, ether, ester, or mixtures thereof;

Pol may be a homopolymer chain of ethylene oxide or a copolymer chain of ethylene ox ide, wherein the ethylene oxide constitutes 40 wt % to 99.99 wt % of the copolymer chain; u may be 1 to 3, or 1 to 2, or 1;

v may be 1 to 2;

w may be 1 to 3 or 1 to 2, or 1;

v = 1 when W = Oxygen, Sulphur, or >NG;

G may be a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 200, or 1 to 100, or 1 to 30 carbon atoms; v = 2 when W = >NG; and

Q may be a fused aromatic ring containing 4n+2 p-electrons, wherein n = 2 or more, typi cally 2 to 5, or 2 to 4, or 2 to 3, or 2), and Q is bonded to the imide group in such a way to form a 5 or 6 membered imide ring (typically 6 membered).

[0074] In one embodiment, Pol may be a copolymer of ethylene oxide and at least one member of the group consisting of an alkylene glycol containing 3 or more carbon atoms (typically 3 to 24, or 3 to 8, or 3 to 4, or 3 carbon atoms, typically, propylene oxide), styrene oxide, a lactone, a hydroxy-C2-2o-alk(en)ylene carboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof. Pol based on a copolymer of ethylene oxide and a lactone, a hydroxy-C2-2o-alk(en)ylene carboxylic acid or a mixture thereof may be defined as a copolymer of a poly(ethylene oxide) and a poly(ester) or a copolymer of poly(ether) and poly(ester).

[0075] Examples of an alkylene glycol containing 3 or more carbon atoms in clude propylene glycol, butylene glycol, or mixtures thereof, (typically, propylene glycol).

[0076] Examples of a hydroxy-C2-2o-alk(en)ylene carboxylic acid include ric- inoleic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, 6-hydroxy caproic acid, 5 -hydroxy valeric acid, 12-hydroxy dodecanoic acid, 5-hydroxy dodecanoic acid, 5-hydroxy decanoic acid, 4-hydroxy decanoic acid, 10-hydroxy undecanoic acid, lactic acid glycolic acid, or mixtures thereof.

[0077] Examples of a lactone include b-propiolactone, g-butyrolactone, op tional alkyl substituted e-caprolactone and optionally alkyl substituted d-valerolac- tone. The alkyl substituent in e-caprolactone and d-valerolactone may be Cl -6-alkyl, or C 1-4-alkyl, and may be linear or branched. Examples of suitable lactones are e- caprolactone and the 7-methyl-, 2-methyl-, 3 -methyl-, 5-methyl-, 6-methyl-, 4- me thyl-, 5-tertbutyl-, 4,4,6-trimethyl- and 4,6,6-trimethyl-analogues thereof.

[0078] In one embodiment, the polymer (typically represented by formula (1)) may be obtained/ obtainable by a process comprising reacting an amine ended poly mer with a fused aromatic di-acid or anhydride or other acid-forming derivative (such as di-ester, di-amide, di-acid dichloride) to form a fused aromatic imide with a poly mer chain. The reaction to form the imide may be carried out at a sufficiently high temperature known to the skilled person to favor imide formation e.g., at least 100°C, or 150°C to 200°C.

[0079] In one embodiment, the polymer (typically represented by formula (1)) may be obtained/obtainable by a process comprising:

[0080] Step (1): reacting (i) amino acid or (ii) an aminoalcohol, or (iii) an aminothiol, or (iv) a diamine or polyamine, with a fused aromatic di-acid or anhy dride or other acid-forming derivative (such as di-ester, di-amide, di-acid dichloride) to form an acid-functionalized fused aromatic imide or a hydroxyl-functionalized fused aromatic imide, or a thiol- functionalized fused aromatic imide, or an amino- functionalized fused aromatic imide respectively. The first step of the reaction (to form the imide) may be carried out at a sufficiently high temperature known to the skilled person to favor imide formation e.g., at least 100 ^° C, or 150 ^° C to 200 ^° C;

[0081] Step (2): reacting the acid-functionalized fused aromatic imide or the hydroxyl-functionalized fused aromatic imide, or the thiol- functionalized fused aro matic imide, or the amino-functionalized fused aromatic imide with a polymer chain, or monomers that polymerize to form the polymer chain, wherein the polymer chain is a homopolymer chain of ethylene oxide or a copolymer chain of ethylene oxide, and wherein the ethylene oxide constitutes 40 wt % to 99.99 wt % of the copolymer chain.

[0082] The product of Step (1) may be used as a polymerization terminating agent if the polymer chain has been pre-formed before reaction in Step (2). [0083] The product of Step (1) may be used as a polymerization initiator if the polymer chain is grown from one or more monomers in Step (2).

[0084] When the product of Step (1) is further reacted in an alkoxylation re action, the reaction temperature may be 100°C to 200°C in the presence of a base catalyst such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.

[0085] When the product of Step (1) or Step (2) is further reacted in an ester ification reaction, the reaction temperature may be 50°C to 250°C or 150°C to 200°C, optionally in the presence of an esterification catalyst.

[0086] The esterification catalyst may be any previously known to the art and include tin(II) octanoate, tetra-alkyl titanate, for example, tetrabutyltitanate, zinc salt of an organic acid, for example, zinc acetate, zirconium salt of an aliphatic alcohol, for example, zirconium isopropoxide, toluene sulphonic acid or a strong organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, or phosphoric acid.

[0087] The polymer of formula (1) may be capped with an R3 group (other than H). The R3 group may be derived from a carboxylic acid, an acid derivative, an alcohol or an isocyanate. The acid, acid derivative, alcohol and isocyanate are de scribed herein below. The reaction conditions for capping the polymer chain to result in the polymer with an acid, an acid derivative, an alcohol or an isocyanate are reac tions known in the art.

[0088] The process may be carried out in an inert atmosphere provided by any inert gas of the Periodic Table but typically nitrogen. The process may be carried out in a melt, or in the presence or absence of solvent. The solvent may be a non- polar solvent (such as an aromatic or aliphatic compound), a polar organic solvent or water. The solvents are well known in the art.

[0089] The imide containing polymer dispersants described above may be em ployed at levels of from about 0.01 to about 2 wt%, or from about 0.05 to about 1.5 wt%, or even from about 0.1 to about 1 wt%. In some instances, the imide containing polymer may be employed at about 0.2 to about 0.5 wt%.

[0090] The dispersant can be a polyurethane prepolymer formed from at least one polyisocyanate, at least one active hydrogen-containing compound and, optionally, at least one water-dispersibility enhancing compound.

Definitions [0091] In this document, "polyurethane" is a generic term used to describe polymers including oligomers (e.g., prepolymers) which contain the urethane group, i.e.,

-0-C(=0)-NH-,

regardless of how the polymers are made. As well known, these polyurethanes can contain additional groups such as urea, allophanate, biuret, carbodiimide, oxazoli- dinyl, isocynaurate, uretdione, etc. (that were formed during the polymer synthesis) in addition to urethane groups.

[0092] "Wt.%" means the number of parts by weight of monomer per 100 parts by weight of polymer, or the number of parts by weight of ingredient per 100 parts by weight of composition or material of which the ingredient forms a part.

[0093] "Aqueous medium" means a composition containing a substantial amount of water. It may contain other water soluble and/or water dispersible ingre dients as well.

[0094] The "final polyurethane product" refers to the form of the polyurethane in an aqueous dispersion product or the polyurethane in the dried image. Where the polyurethane prepolymer is optionally chain extended, the final polyurethane product is this chain extended polymer. Where the polyurethane prepolymer is not chain ex tended, the final polyurethane product is the prepolymer itself. When the polyure thane is partially or fully crosslinked before or after exiting the ink jet nozzle, the polyurethane product can be the crosslinked polyurethane. In a preferred embodi ment, the polyurethane exists as a dispersed oleophilic phase within a water based medium. The dispersed phase is desirably colloidally stabilized by ionic segments on the polyurethane such as those derived from hydroxy-carboxylic acids.

[0095] "Substantial absence of water" refers to compositions formed without the intentional addition of any significant amount water, e.g., about 2 wt.% or so.

Polyisocyanate

[0096] Suitable polyisocyanates have an average of about two or more isocyanate groups, preferably an average of about two to about four isocyanate groups per molecule and include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic, and aromatic polyisocyanates, as well as products of their oligomerization, used alone or in mixtures of two or more.

[0097] Diisocyanates are more preferred. [0098] Specific examples of suitable aliphatic polyisocyanates include alpha, omega- alkylene diisocyanates having from 5 to 20 carbon atoms, such as hexamethylene- 1,6- diisocyanate, 1,12-dodecane diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocya nate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2-methyl-l,5-pentamethylene diisocya nate, and the like. Polyisocyanates having fewer than 5 carbon atoms can be used but are less preferred because of their high volatility and toxicity. Preferred aliphatic polyisocya nates include hexamethylene-1, 6-diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethyl- hexamethylene-diisocya- nate, and 2,4,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate.

[0099] Specific examples of suitable cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates include dicy- clohexylmethane diisocyanate, (commercially available as Desmodur™ W from Bayer Corporation), isophorone diisocyanate, 1 ,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate, 1,3-bis- (isocy- anatomethyl) cyclohexane, and the like. Preferred cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates include dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (most preferred) and isophorone diisocyanate. In one preferred embodiment, at least 50, more desirably at least 75, and preferably at least 85 mole % of the polyisocyanate used in reacting a polyisocyanate with an active- hydrogen containing compound to form a urethane polymer or prepolymer is a cycloaliphatic poly isocyanate and preferably dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate.

[0100] Specific examples of suitable araliphatic polyisocyanates include m- tetra- methyl xylylene diisocyanate, p-tetramethyl xylylene diisocyanate, 1 ,4-xylylene diisocy anate, 1,3-xylylene diisocyanate, and the like. A preferred araliphatic polyisocyanate is tetramethyl xylylene diisocyanate.

[0101] Examples of suitable aromatic polyisocyanates include 4,4'- diphenyl- methylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, their isomers, naphthalene diisocyanate, and the like. A preferred aromatic polyisocyanate is toluene diisocyanate.

[0102] Active Hydrogen-containing Compounds

[0103] Any compound that provides a source of active hydrogen for reacting with isocyanate groups via the following reaction: -NCO+H-X -> -NH-C(=0)-X, can be used as the active hydrogen-containing compound. Examples include but are not limited to pol yols, polythiols and polyamines.

[0104] "Polyol" in this context means any product having an average of about two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule. Examples include low molecular weight products called "extenders" with number average molecular weight less than about 500 Dalton such as aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic polyols, especially diols, having 2-20 carbon at oms, more typically 2-10 carbon atoms, as well as "macroglycols," i.e., polymeric polyols having molecular weights of at least 500 Daltons, more typically about 1,000-10,000 Daltons, or even 1,000-6,000 Daltons. Examples of such macroglycols include polyester polyols including alkyds, polyether polyols, polycarbonate polyols, polyhydroxy polyester amides, hydroxyl -containing polycaprolactones, hydroxyl -containing acrylic polymers, hydroxyl-containing epoxides, polyhydroxy polycarbonates, polyhydroxy polyacetals, polyhydroxy polythioethers, polysiloxane polyols, ethoxylated polysiloxane polyols, poly butadiene polyols and hydrogenated polybutadiene polyols, polyisobutylene polyols, pol yacrylate polyols, halogenated polyesters and polyethers, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The polyester polyols, polyether polyols, polycarbonate polyols, polysiloxane pol yols, and ethoxylated polysiloxane polyols are preferred. The polyester polyols are most preferred.

[0105] The polyester polyols typically are esterification products prepared by the reaction of organic polycarboxylic acids or their anhydrides with a stoichiometric excess of a diol or diols. Examples of suitable polyols for use in the reaction include poly(glycol adipate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate) polyols, polycaprolactone polyols, alkyd polyols, orthophthalic polyols, sulfonated and phosphonated polyols, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

[0106] The diols used in making the polyester polyols include alkylene glycols, e.g., ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycols, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, and 2,3-butylene gly cols, hexane diols, neopentyl glycol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, and other glycols such as bisphenol-A, cyclohexane diol, cyclohexane dimethanol (1,4-bis- hydroxymethyl - cycohexane), 2-methyl- 1 ,3-propanediol, 2,2,4-trimethyl- 1 ,3-pentanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, polybutylene glycol, dimerate diol, hydroxylated bisphenols, polyether glycols, halogenated diols, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Pre ferred diols include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexane diol, and neopentyl glycol.

[0107] Suitable carboxylic acids used in making the polyester polyols include di- carboxylic acids and tricarboxylic acids and anhydrides, e.g., maleic acid, maleic anhy dride, succinic acid, glutaric acid, glutaric anhydride, adipic acid, suberic acid, pimelic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, chlorendic acid, 1,2,4-butane-tricarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, the isomers of phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, fumaric acid, dimeric fatty acids such as oleic acid, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Preferred polycarboxylic acids used in making the polyester polyols include aliphatic or aromatic dibasic acids.

[0108] Particularly interesting polyols are the polyester diols, i.e., any compound containing the -C(=0)-0- group. Examples include poly(butanediol adipate), poly(caprolactone)s, acid-containing polyols, polyesters made from hexane diol, adipic acid and isophthalic acid such as hexane adipate isophthalate polyester, hexane diol neo pentyl glycol adipic acid polyester diols, e.g., Piothane 67-3000 HNA (Panolam Indus tries) and Piothane 67-1000 HNA; as well as propylene glycol maleic anhydride adipic acid polyester diols, e.g., Piothane 50-1000 PMA; and hexane diol neopentyl glycol fu- maric acid polyester diols, e.g., Piothane 67-500 HNF. Other preferred polyester diols in clude Rucofiex™. S 1015-35, S1040-35, and S-1040-110 (Bayer Corporation). In one pre ferred embodiment, at least 50, more desirably at least 75, and preferably at least 85 mole % of the active-hydrogen containing compound used in reacting a polyisocyanate with an active-hydrogen containing compound to form the urethane polymer or prepolymer is a polyester from aliphatic linear and branched diols reacted with adipic acid and preferably a copolymer of 1,6-hexane diol, neopentyl glycol, and adipic acid. In one embodiment the mole ratio of 1 ,6-hexane diol to neopentyl glycol in the copolymer is 90: 10 to 10:90, in another embodiment the ratio is 75:25 to 25:75. In one embodiment at least 90 mole % of the acid in said copolymer is adipic acid. In one embodiment at least 90 mole % of the diol in said copolymer is 1 ,6-hexane diol or neopentyl glycol.

[0109] The polyether polyols that can be used as the active hydrogen-containing compound contain the -C-O-C- group. They can be obtained in a known manner by the reaction of (A) the starting compounds that contain reactive hydrogen atoms, such as water or the diols set forth for preparing the polyester polyols, and (B) alkylene oxides, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, epichlo- rohydrin, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Preferred polyethers include polypropylene glycol), polytetrahydrofuran, and copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and polypropylene glycol).

[0110] Polycarbonate polyols include those containing the -0-C(=0)-0- group.

They can be obtained, for example, from the reaction of (A) diols such 1,3 -propanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, di ethylene glycol, tri ethylene glycol, tetraethyl ene glycol, and the like, and mixtures thereof with (B) diarylcarbonates such as diphenylcarbonate or phosgene. Aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polycarbonate polyols can also be used. In one preferred embodiment, at least 50, more desirably at least 75, and preferably at least 85 mole % of the active-hydrogen containing compound used in reacting a polyisocyanate with an active-hydrogen containing compound to form the urethane polymer or prepoly mer is a polycarbonate.

[0111] Useful polyhydroxy polyacetals include the compounds that can be pre pared from the reaction of (A) aldehydes, such as formaldehyde and the like, and (B) gly cols such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, ethoxylated 4,4'-dihydroxy- diphenyldimethylmethane, 1,6-hexanediol, and the like. Polyacetals can also be prepared by the polymerization of cyclic acetals.

[0112] Instead of or in addition to a polyol, other compounds may also be used to prepare the prepolymer. Examples include polyamines, polyester amides and polyamides, such as the predominantly linear condensates obtained from reaction of (A) polybasic sat urated and unsaturated carboxylic acids or their anhydrides, and (B) polyvalent saturated or unsaturated aminoalcohols, diamines, polyamines, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

[0113] Diamines and polyamines are among the preferred compounds useful in preparing the aforesaid polyester amides and polyamides. Suitable diamines and polyam ines include 1 ,2-diaminoethane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 2 -methyl- 1,5- pentanediamine,

2.2.4-trimethyl-l,6-hexanediamine, 1, 12-diaminododecane, 2- aminoethanol, 2-[(2-ami- noethyl)amino] -ethanol, piperazine, 2,5-dimethylpiperazine, 1- amino-3 -aminom ethyl-

3.5.5-trimethyl- cyclohexane (isophorone diamine or IPDA), bis- (4-aminocyclohexyl)- methane, bis-(4-amino-3-methyl-cyclohexyl)-methane, 1 ,4- diaminocyclohexane, 1 ,2- propylenediamine, hydrazine, urea, amino acid hydrazides, hydrazides of semicarbazido- carboxylic acids, bis-hydrazides and bis-semicarbazides, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine, N,N,N-tris-(2-ami- noethyl)amine, N-(2-piperazinoethyl)-ethylene diamine, N,N'-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-pipera- zine, N,N,N'-tris-(2-aminoethyl)ethylene diamine, N-[N- (2-aminoethyl)-2-amino- ethyl] -N ' -(2-aminoethyl)-piperazine, N-(2-aminoethyl)-N ' -(2- piperazinoethy- l)-ethylene di amine, N,N-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2- piperazinoethyl)amine, N,N-bis-(2-piperazi- noethyl)-amine, polyethylene imines, iminobispropylamine, guanidine, melamine, N-(2- aminoethyl)-l, 3 -propane diamine, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, poly- oxypropylene amines, tetrapropylenepentamine, tripropyl enetetramine, N,N-bis-(6-ami- nohexyl)amine, N,N'- bis-(3-aminopropyl)ethylene diamine, and 2,4-bis-(4'-aminoben- zyl)-aniline, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Preferred diamines and polyamines include l-amino-3- aminomethyl-3,5,5-tri- methyl-cyclohexane (isophorone diamine or IPDA), bis-(4- aminocyclohexyl)-m- ethane, bis-(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)-methane, eth ylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, and pentaethylene hexamine, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Other suitable diamines and polyamines include Jeffamine™. D-2000 and D-4000, which are amine-terminated poly propylene glycols, differing only by molecular weight, and which are available from Huntsman Chemical Company.

[0114] Another way to describe polyurethanes relates to weight percentage of hard and soft segments in the polyurethane. The hard segments in the polyurethane are typically characterized as the isocyanate component, and any low molecular weight (<500 Daltons) polyol chain extenders, diamines and polyamines (generally in the same molecular weight range), and the hydroxycarboxylic acids used as water dispersibility enhancing compo nents. The soft segments are the polymeric polyols of at least 500 Daltons (number average molecular weight). In one embodiment, the amount of soft segments is desirable from about 30 to about 85 wt.% of the polyurethane (with the components forming the hard segment being the complimentary amount), more desirably from about 35 to about 75 wt.% of the polyurethane, and preferably from about 40 to about 65 or 72 wt.% of the polyure thane (with the components forming the hard segments being the complimentary amount).

[0115] Water-Dispersibility Enhancing Compounds

[0116] Polyurethanes are generally hydrophobic (oleophilic) and not water- dis persible. In accordance with one embodiment, therefore, at least one water-dispersibility enhancing compound (i.e., monomer), which has at least one, hydrophilic, ionic or poten tially ionic group is optionally included in the polyurethane prepolymer to assist dispersion of the polyurethane prepolymer as well as the chain- extended polyurethane made there from in water, thereby enhancing the stability of the dispersions so made. Typically, this is done by incorporating a compound bearing at least one hydrophilic group or a group that can be made hydrophilic (e.g., by chemical modifications such as neutralization) into the polymer chain. These compounds may be of a nonionic, anionic, cationic or zwitteri- onic nature or the combination thereof. For example, anionic groups such as carboxylic acid groups can be incorporated into the prepolymer in an inactive form and subsequently activated by a salt-forming compound, such as a tertiary amine defined more fully herein after, in order to create a prepolymer having an acid number from about 1 to about 60, typically 1 or 5 to about 40, or 7 or 10 to 35, 12 to 30, or 14 to 25. Other water-dispersibility enhancing compounds can also be reacted into the prepolymer backbone through urethane linkages or urea linkages, including lateral or terminal hydrophilic ethylene oxide or ureido units.

[0117] Water dispersibility enhancing compounds of particular interest are those which can incorporate carboxyl groups into the prepolymer. Normally, they are derived from hydroxy-carboxylic acids having the general formula (HO) _x Q(COOH) _y , wherein Q is a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and x and y are 1 to 3. Examples of such hydroxy-carboxylic acids include dimethyl olpropanoic acid (DMPA), dimethylol butanoic acid (DMBA), citric acid, tartaric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, dihydroxymalic acid, dihydroxytartaric acid, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Dihydroxy-carboxylic acids are more preferred with dimethylolpropanoic acid (DMPA) being most preferred. [0118] Another group of water-dispersibility enhancing compounds of particular interest are side chain hydrophilic monomers. Some examples include alkylene oxide pol ymers and copolymers in which the alkylene oxide groups have from 2-10 carbon atoms (preferably having 2 carbon atoms per repeat unit) as shown, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 6,897,281, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0119] Other suitable water-dispersibility enhancing compounds include thiogly- colic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, sulfoisophthalic acid, polyethylene glycol, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Compounds Having at Least One Crosslinkable Functional Group

[0120] Compounds having at least one crosslinkable functional group can also be incorporated into the polyurethane prepolymers, if desired. Examples of such compounds include those having carboxylic, carbonyl, amine, hydroxyl, epoxy, acetoacetoxy, olefmic and hydrazide groups, blocked isocyanates, and the like, and mixtures of such groups and the same groups in protected forms which can be reversed back into the original groups from which they were derived.

[0121] Other suitable compounds providing crosslinkability include thioglycolic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

[0122] Catalysts

[0123] The prepolymer may be formed without the use of a catalyst if desired but may be preferred in some instances. Examples of suitable catalysts include stannous oc- toate, dibutyl tin dilaurate, and tertiary amine compounds such as triethylamine and bis- (dimethylaminoethyl) ether, morpholine compounds such as beta, beta- dimorpho- linodiethyl ether, bismuth carboxylates, zinc bismuth carboxylates, iron (III) chloride, po tassium octoate, potassium acetate, and DABCO® (diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), from Air Products. The preferred catalyst is a mixture of 2- ethylhexanoic acid and stannous octoate, e.g., FASCAT®. 2003 from Elf Atochem North America.

[0124] Ingredient Proportions

[0125] Normally, the prepolymer produced will be isocyanate-terminated. For this purpose, the ratio of isocyanate groups to active hydrogen groups in the prepolymer typi cally ranges from about 1.3/1 to about 2.5/1, preferably from about 1.5/1 to about 2.1/1, and more preferably from about 1.7/1 to about 2/1. This results in an isocyanate terminated prepolymer of limited molecular weight (due to the stoicheometry of active groups devi ating from 1 : 1). [0126] The typical amount of water-dispersibility enhancing compound chemi cally incorporated into the prepolymer will be up to about 50 wt.%, more typically from about 2 wt.%) to about 30 wt.%>, and more especially from about 2 wt.%> to about 10 wt.%> based on the total weight of the prepolymer. [0044] The amount of optional com pounds having crosslinkable functional groups in the prepolymer will typically be up to about 1 milliequivalent, preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.5 milliequivalent, and more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.3 milliequivalent per gram of final polyurethane on a dry weight basis.

[0127] The amount of catalyst used to form the prepolymer will typically be from about 5 to about 200 parts per million of the total weight of prepolymer reactants.

[0128] In this patent application, the term "consisting essentially of when describ ing the polyurethane or polyurethane dispersion will mean the polyisocyanate component, the active-hydrogen containing species (which will include the poly(glycol adipate) and the hydroxy-carboxylic acid that functions to create dispersibility in water for the prepol ymer or polyurethane, an optional chain extender for the prepolymer, and an optional pre polymer neutralizing agent. "Consisting essentially of shall exclude agents in amounts that materially affect the nature and performance of the polyurethane such as amounts of aro matic isocyanates that might affect the aliphatic isocyanate type polyurethane, active - hydrogen containing species in amount that will affect the nature of the urethane associated with the poly(glycol adipate), other dispersibility enhancing components in amounts that affect dispersibility such as nonionic or cationic dispersants, etc.

[0129] Prepolymer Manufacture

[0130] Aqueous dispersions of polyurethane composite particles are made by forming the polyurethane prepolymer in the substantial absence of water and then dispers ing this blend in an aqueous medium. This can be done in any fashion so long as a contin uous mass of the prepolymer (as opposed to discrete particles of the prepolymer) is formed in the substantial absence of water before the prepolymer is combined with water. Typi cally, prepolymer formation will be done by bulk or solution polymerization of the ingre dients for the prepolymer.

[0131] Bulk and solution polymerization are well known techniques and are de scribed, for example, in "Bulk Polymerization," Vol. 2, pp 500-514, and "Solution Polymerization," Vol. 15, pp 402-418, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, © 1989, John Wiley & Sons, New York. See, also, "Initiators," Vol. 13, pp. 355-373, Kirk- Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, © 1981, John Wiley & Sons, New York. The disclosures of these documents are also incorporated herein by reference. [0132] In those instances in which the prepolymer includes water-dispersibil ity enhancing compounds (chemically bound into the prepolymer) which produce pendant carboxyl groups, these carboxyl groups can be converted to carboxylate an ions for enhancing the water-dispersibility of the prepolymer.

[0133] Suitable neutralizing agents for this purpose include tertiary amines, metal hydroxides, ammonium hydroxide, phosphines, and other agents well known to those skilled in the art. Tertiary amines and ammonium hydroxide are preferred, such as triethyl amine (TEA), dimethyl ethanolamine (DMEA), N-methyl morpho line, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Neutralizing agents differ from chain exten sion agent by their function and the nature of association with the prepolymer. It is recognized that primary or secondary amines may be used in place of tertiary amines, if they are sufficiently hindered to avoid interfering with the chain extension process. Chain Extension

[0134] The aqueous prepolymer particle dispersions produced as described above can be used as is, if desired. Alternatively, they can be chain extended to con vert the prepolymers in the particles to more complex (higher molecular weight) pol yurethanes.

[0135] As a chain extender, at least one of water, inorganic or organic poly amines having an average of about 2 or more primary and/or secondary amine groups, polyalcohols, ureas, or combinations thereof are suitable for use.

[0136] Suitable organic amines for use as a chain extender include di ethylene triamine (DETA), ethylene diamine (EDA), meta-xylylenediamine (MXDA), ami- noethyl ethanolamine (AEEA), 2-methyl pentane diamine, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Also suitable for practice are propylene diamine, butylene diamine, hexa- methylene diamine, cyclohexylene diamine, phenylene diamine, tolylene diamine, 3,3- dichlorobenzidene, 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline), 3, 3-dichloro-4, 4-dia mino diphenylmethane, sulfonated primary and/or secondary amines, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Suitable inorganic amines include hydrazine, substituted hy drazines, and hydrazine reaction products, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Suitable polyalcohols include those having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, butane- diols, hexanediol, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Suitable ureas include urea and it derivatives, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Hydrazine is preferred and is most preferably used as a solution in water. The amount of chain extender typically ranges from about 0.5 to about 1.1 equivalents based on available isocyanate. [0137] Additional Ingredients and Features

[0138] The polyurethane prepolymers, the product polyurethanes produced therefrom, and the aqueous urethane dispersions as described above can be made with various additional ingredients and features in accordance with known polyurethane technology.

[0139] Polymer Branching

[0140] Branching of the ultimate polymer product, as well as the prepolymer, can be accomplished for the purpose of enhancing tensile strength and improving resistance to creep— that is, recovery to that of or near its original length after stretching. In this regard, see U.S. Patent No. 6,897,281, the disclosure of which has been incorporated herein by reference above.

[0141] Monofunctional Active Hydrogen-Containing Compounds

[0142] The prepolymers can also be made with monofunctional active hydro gen-containing compounds to enhance dispersibility of the prepolymer in an aqueous medium and impart other useful properties, for example, cross-linkability, as well as to adjust the morphology and rheology of the polymer when coated onto a substrate, as also described in the above-noted U.S. Patent No. 6,897,281.

[0143] Plasticizers

[0144] The polyurethane prepolymers and ultimate polyurethane products can be prepared in the presence of a plasticizer. The plasticizer can be added at any time during prepolymer preparation or dispersion or to the polyurethane during or after its manufacture. Plasticizers well known to the art can be selected for use according to parameters such as compatibility with the particular polyurethane and desired prop erties of the final composition. See, for example, WO 02/08327 Al, as well as the above-noted U.S. Patent No. 6,897,281.

[0145] In some instances it is preferred to employ the polyurethane prepoly mer dispersant with a graphene oxide, and particularly, with a graphene oxide having carbon to oxygen molar ratios of between about 2: 1 and 25 : 1, or 1.5: 1 and 20: 1, or 1.25: 1 and 15: 1 or 1 : 1 and 5: 1 or 10: 1.

[0146] A further polyurethane dispersant that may be employed includes pol yurethane polymers comprising from 35 to 90% by weight of poly (C2-4-alkylene ox ide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer wherein not less than 60% by weight of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is poly (ethylene oxide) and wherein at least 5% by weight of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the weight of the polyurethane polymer is incorporated in lateral chains and which contains from 10 to 180 milliequivalents of acid groups for each 100 gms polyurethane when the polyu rethane polymer contains from 35 to 45% by weight poly(alkylene oxide).

[0147] When the polyurethane polymer contains not less than 45% by weight of poly (alkylene oxide) it is also preferred that it contains from 10 to 180 milliequiv alents of acid groups for each 100 gm polyurethane polymer.

[0148] Preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20% and especially at least 30% of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the weight of the polyurethane polymer is incorporated in lateral chains.

[0149] It is also preferable that the acid groups in the polyurethane polymers are carboxylic acid groups.

[0150] The polyurethane polymer essentially comprises a linear backbone containing lateral poly (alkylene oxide) chains and optionally carboxylic acid groups. The polyurethane chains may also optionally carry terminal poly (C2-4-alkylene ox ide) chains. The polyurethane backbone is more hydrophobic in character than the lateral poly (alkylene oxide) chains. Without being bound to any specific mechanism involving the dispersion of particulate solids such as pigments in aqueous media it is thought that the relatively hydrophobic backbone of the polyurethane polymer inter acts with the surface of the particulate solid and that the lateral poly (alkylene oxide) chains stabilise the coated particulate solid in the aqueous medium.

[0151] Whereas some degree of branching of the polyurethane backbone may be tolerated such branching should not lead to cross-linked matrices which impair the ability of the polyurethane polymer to disperse the particulate solid throughout the aqueous medium.

[0152] Preferably, the amount of poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is not less than

40% and especially not less than 50% based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer. It is also preferred that the amount of poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is not greater than 80% and especially not greater than 70% based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer.

[0153] The amount of poly (ethylene oxide) in the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) which is located in the lateral and terminal chains, if present, of the polyurethane polymer is preferably not less than 70% and especially not less than 80% of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide). [0154] When the poly (alkylene oxide) chains contain repeat units other than ethyleneoxy, these may be propyleneoxy or butyleneoxy which may be arranged in random or block sequences.

[0155] Preferably the polyurethane polymer is unbranched.

[0156] The number average molecular weight of the poly (alkylene oxide) chains which are laterally or terminally attached to the polyurethane backbone is preferably not greater than 5,000, more preferably not greater than 3,000 and espe cially not greater than 2,500. The molecular weight of the poly (alkylene oxide) chain is also preferably not less than 350 and especially not less than 600. Good dispersants have been obtained where the number average molecular weight of the poly (alkylene oxide) chain is in the range of 350 to 2,500.

[0157] The amount of acid groups in the polyurethane polymer is preferably not greater than 1 10, more preferably not greater than 75 and especially not greater than 60 milliequivalents for each 100 gm of the polyurethane polymer. It is also pre ferred that the amount of carboxylic acid groups is not less than 20 milliequivalents for each 100 gm of polyurethane polymer. The acid groups may be present as the free acid or in the form of a salt. Preferably the salt is that of an alkali metal cation such as potassium, lithium or sodium, ammonia, amine or quaternary ammonium cation, including mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable amines are ethanolamine, diethan olamine and triethylamine. Examples of suitable quaternary ammonium salts are the C 1-8 alkyl quaternary ammonium salts. It is preferred that the acid is present as the salt of ammonia or other volatile amine.

[0158] The polyurethane polymers are obtainable by reacting together:

o a) one or more poly isocyanates having an average functionality of from 2.0 to 2.5;

o b) one or more compounds having at least one poly (C2-4-alkylene ox ide) chain and at least two groups which react with isocyanates which are located at the one end of the compound such that the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain(s) is lat erally disposed in relation to the polyurethane polymer backbone;

o c) optionally, one or more compounds having at least one acid group and at least two groups which react with isocyanates;

o d) optionally, one of more formative compounds having a number av erage molecular weight of from 32 to 3,000 which have at least two groups which react with isocyanates; o e) optionally, one or more compounds which act as chain terminators which contain one group which reacts with isocyanate groups.

o f) optionally, one or more compounds which act as chain terminators which contain a single isocyanate group.

[0159] Preferably component (c) is a compound having one acid group.

[0160] As noted hereinbefore the polyurethane polymers according to the in vention are essentially linear in character with respect to the polymer backbone. It is therefore preferred that the isocyanate which is component (a) has an average func tionality of from 2.0 to 2.1. Examples of isocyanates are diisocyanates such as toluene diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hexanediisocyanate (HDI), a, a'-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI) and dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (HMDI). Preferred diisocyanates are TDI, IPDI and HMDI.

[0161] The compound having a poly (alkylene oxide) chain which is compo nent (b) preferably contains two groups which react with isocyanates. There are a number of ways of incorporating a poly (alkylene oxide) lateral chain into an organic compound which contains these groups which react with isocyanates.

[0162] Thus, in the case where the two groups which react with isocyanates are both hydroxyl, the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain may be conveniently attached by isocyanates having a functionality of two or more. Compounds of this type are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,147 which involves sequentially reacting a mono- functional polyether with a polyisocyanate to produce a partially capped isocyanate intermediate and reacting the intermediate with a compound having at least one active amino hydrogen and at least two active hydroxyl groups.

[0163] One preferred class of compound of this type may be presented by the formula 1. wherein o R is Ci-20-hydrocarbyl;

o R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl of which not less than 60% is hydrogen; o R ² and R ³ are each, independently, Ci- ₈ -hydroxyalkyl; o Z is C2-4-alkylene;

X is— O— or— NH— ;

o Y is the residue of a polyisocyanate;

o m is from 5 to 150;

o p is from 1 to 4; and

o q is 1 or 2.

o R may be alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl

o When R is aralkyl, it is preferably benzyl or 2-phenyl ethyl o When R is cycloalkyl it is preferably C3-8-cycloalkyl such as cyclo hexyl.

o When R is aryl it is preferably naphthyl or phenyl

o When R is alkyl, it may be linear or branched and preferably contains not greater than 12, more preferably not greater than 8 and especially not greater than 4 carbon atoms. It is especially preferred that R is me thyl.

[0164] The C2-4-alkylene radical represented by Z may be ethylene, tri methylene, 1,2-propylene or butylene.

[0165] Preferably m is not less than 10. It is also preferred that m is not greater than 100 and especially not greater than 80.

[0166] When q is 2 it is possible to link two different polyurethane polymer chains but it is much preferred that q is 1.

[0167] When the polyisocyanate has a functionality which is greater than 2, the compound which is component (b) may carry more than one poly (alkylene oxide) chain. However, it is much preferred that p is 1, q is 1 and that Y is the residue of a diisocyanate.

[0168] When R ¹ is hydrogen and Z is ethylene and X is— O— the compound of formula l is a derivative of a mono-functional polyether such as polyethylene gly col monoalkyl ether.

[0169] When R ¹ is hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and methyl and Z is 1,2- propylene and X is— NH— the compound of formula 1 is a derivative of poly- alkylene glycol amine such as a Jeffamine M polyether available from Huntsman Corporation.

[0170] Preferably, R ³ and R ⁴ are both 2-hydroxyethyl. [0171] It is also preferred that X is O.

[0172] Compounds of formula 1 are typically prepared by reacting a mono- functional polyether with a polyisocyanate in an inert solvent such as toluene at a temperature of from 50 to 100° C. and preferably in the presence of an acid catalyst until the derived isocyanate value is reached. The temperature is then normally re duced to between 40 and 60° C. when the requisite secondary amine such as diethan olamine is added.

[0173] Useful compounds of formula 1 have been used as component (b) by reacting a poly (ethylene glycol) mono methyl ether or a Jeffamine M series polyether having a number average molecular weight of from 250 to 5,000 with a diisocyanate such as TDI followed by diethanolamine.

[0174] A second preferred type of compound which can be used as component

(b) is of formula 2.

2 wherein o R, R ¹ , Z and m are as defined hereinbefore;

o R ⁴ is an isocyanate reactive organic radical;

o R ⁵ is hydrogen or an isocyanate-reactive organic radical; and

O n is 0 or 1.

[0175] Compounds of formula 2 are disclosed in EP 317258.

[0176] The organic radical represented by R ⁴ and R ⁵ is an organic radical con taining an isocyanate-reactive group, such as— OH,— SH,— COOH,— PO3H2 and — NHR ⁶ in which R ⁶ is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. As specific examples of isocyanate-reactive radicals, there may be mentioned hydroxyalkyl, hydrox alkoxy alkyl, hydroxy (poly alkylene oxy) alkyl and hydroxy alkoxy carbonyl alkyl.

[0177] A preferred type of compound of formula 2 is where n is zero, Z is 1,2- propylene, R ⁴ is 2-hydroxyethyl and R ⁵ is hydrogen. Compounds of this type are ob tainable by the Michaels addition reaction of a poly (alkylene oxide) monoalkyl ether monoamine and a hydroxy functional acrylate such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate or hy- droxypropyl acrylate. A suitable source of poly (alkylene oxide) monoalkyl ether monoamine is the Jeffamine M series of polyethers available from Huntsman Corpo ration. The reaction between the poly (alkylene oxide) mono alkylether monoamine and 2-hydroxy functional acrylate is typically carried out in the presence of air and at a temperature of 50 to 100° C., optionally in the presence of a polymerisation inhibitor such as hydroquinone or butylated hydroxy toluene.

[0178] Another preferred type of compound of formula 2 is where n is zero, Z is 1,2-propylene and R ⁴ and R ⁵ are both 2-hydroxy ethyl. Compounds of this type may be prepared by reacting a poly(alkylene oxide) mono alkyl ether mono amine with ethylene oxide under acidic conditions.

[0179] Yet another preferred type of compound of formula 2 is where n is zero,

Z is 1,2-propylene and R ⁴ is 2-hydroxyethyl and R ⁵ is hydrogen. Compounds of this type may be prepared by reacting a poly(alkylene oxide) mono alkyl ether mono amine with about one stoichiometric equivalent of ethylene oxide under acidic con ditions.

[0180] A third preferred type of compound which may be used as component

(b) is of formula 3

3 wherein R, R ¹ and m are as defined hereinbefore and W is C2-6-alkylene and espe cially ethylene. Compounds of this type are obtainable by the Michael addition reac tion of a hydroxy amine and a poly (alkylene oxide) acrylate.

[0181] A fourth preferred type of compound which may be used as component

(b) is of formula 4.

4 wherein

• R, R ¹ , Z, m and n are as defined hereinbefore;

• R ⁷ represents hydrogen, halogen or Ci-4alkyl;

• Q is a divalent electron withdrawing group; and

• T is a divalent hydrocarbon radical which may carry substituents or contain hetero atoms. [0182] Examples of electron withdrawing groups which may be represented by Q include—CO——COO——SO—— S0 _2— ,— S0 ₂ 0— and— CONR ⁸ — in which R ⁸ is hydrogen or alkyl.

[0183] Hydrocarbon radicals which may be represented by T include alkylene, arylene and mixtures thereof, said radicals optionally carrying substituents or con taining hetero-atoms. Examples of suitable radicals represented by T are alkylene radicals containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, oxyalkylene and polyoxyalkylene rad icals of the formula— (CH ₂ CHR ¹ 0) _x wherein R ¹ is as defined hereinbefore and x is from 1 to 10, phenylene and diphenylene radicals and other arylene radicals such as wherein Y is— O— ,— S— ,— CH _2— ,— CO— or— S0 _2—

[0184] The compounds of Formula 4 are obtainable by the Michael addition reaction of two moles of a poly (alkylene oxide) monoalkyl ether monoamine with one mole of an unsaturated compound of the formula 5.

5

H ₂ C = C - Q - T - Q - C=CH

R R wherein Q, T and R ⁷ are as defined hereinbefore.

[0185] Examples of unsaturated compounds of Formula 5 are especially di acrylates and dimethacrylates wherein T is a C4-io-alkylene residue, a polyoxy alkylene residue or an oxyethylated Bisphenol A residue.

[0186] A fifth preferred type of compound which may be used as component

(b) is a compound of formula 6. wherein

o r is from 4 to 100. Preferably, r is not less than 10 and especially not less than 15. It is also preferred that r is not greater than 80, more preferably not greater than 60 and especially not greater than 40.

[0187] A specific example is Tegomer D 3403 (p is approximately 20) ex Tego

Chemie.

[0188] As disclosed hereinbefore, the acid compound which is component (c) of the polyurethane polymer is preferably a carboxylic acid. It is also preferred that component (c) is a diol and is especially a compound of formula 7.

7

wherein at least two of the groups R ⁸ , R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are Ci- ₆ -hydroxy alkyl and the re mainder is Ci- ₆ -hydrocarbyl, which may be linear or branched alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl, M is hydrogen or an alkaline metal cation, or quaternary ammonium cat ion. Preferred examples of carboxylic acid components are dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and dimethylolbutyric acid (DMBA).

[0189] The acid containing compound which is component (c) may contain other acid groups in addition to or instead of a carboxylic group(s), such as phos- phonic or sulphonic acid groups. Examples of such compounds are 1,3-benzene di- carboxylic acid-5-sulpho-l,3-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) ester (EGSSIPA) and a compound of formula

[0190] The formative compounds which are component (d) of the polyure thane are preferably difunctional in respect of reactivity with isocyanates although a small amount of higher functionality may be used where a small amount of branching of the polyurethane polymer backbone is desired. However, it is preferred that com ponent (d) is difunctional. Preferred reactive groups are amino and hydroxy and it is much preferred that component (d) is a diamine or especially a diol. Component (d), if present, is used primarily as a chain extender to alter the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the polyurethane polymer. It is much preferred that the polyurethane back bone is more hydrophobic than the lateral side chains and terminal side chains (when present). Component (d) optionally contains other amine moieties such as aliphatic tertiary amine, aromatic amine or cyclo aliphatic amine groups, including mixtures thereof.

[0191] Examples of suitable diamines are ethylene diamine, 1,4-butane dia mine and 1,6-hexane diamine.

[0192] Examples of suitable diols are 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedi- methanol (CHDM), 1,2-dodecane diol, 2-phenyl- 1,2-propanediol, 1,4-benzene di methanol, 1,4-butanediol and neopentyl glycol. The diol may also be a polyether such as a poly (C2-4-alkylene glycol). The polyalkylene glycol may be a random or block (co)polymer containing repeat ethyleneoxy, propyleneoxy or butyleneoxy groups, in cluding mixtures thereof. As noted hereinbefore, it is preferred that the polyurethane backbone is more hydrophobic than the lateral or terminal chains (when present). Consequently, in the case of copolymers involving ethylene oxide repeat units in component (d) it is preferred that the amount of ethylene oxide in component d is not greater than 40%, more preferably not greater than 20% and especially not greater than 10% by weight of the copolymer. It is particularly preferred that polyalkylene glycol is free from ethyleneoxide repeat units.

[0193] As noted hereinbefore, it is preferred that the polyurethane polymer backbone is essentially linear in character. However, some small amount of branch ing may be tolerated and this branching may conveniently be introduced by means of a higher functional polyol such as timethylol propane, trimethyl ol ethane or pentae- rythritol.

[0194] As disclosed hereinbefore the chain terminating compound which is component (e) is mono-functional with respect to the isocyanate. The monofunctional group is preferably an amino or hydroxy group. Preferred terminating groups are poly (C2-4-alkylene) mono alkyl ethers and mono alkyl ether amines similar to those used in the preparation of the lateral side chain compounds which are component (b) of the polyurethane.

[0195] An example of a monoisocyanate which acts as a chain terminating compound (component f) is phenyl Isocyanate.

[0196] It is much preferred that the amount of component (f) is zero.

[0197] Typical amounts of the aforementioned compounds from which the polyurethane polymers are obtainable are 15-50% component (a), 10-80% component (b), 0-24% component (c), 0-25% component (d), 0-50% component (e) and 0-20% component (f), all based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer. [0198] When component (e) is a monofunctional polyether, the total amount of component (b) with component (e) is preferably not less than 35% and where com ponent (e) is other than a monofunctional polyether the amount of component (b) is preferably not less than 35%.

[0199] The polyurethane polymers according to the invention may be prepared by any method known to the art. Typically, the polyurethane polymer is obtainable by reacting one or more isocyanates having a functionality of from 2.0 to 2.5 (com ponent (a)) with one or more compounds having a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain and at least two groups which react with isocyanates which are located at one end (component (b)) under substantially anhydrous conditions and in an inert atmosphere at a temperature between 30 and 130° C., optionally in the presence of an inert solvent and optionally in the presence of a catalyst. Optionally, the reaction may also be carried out in the presence of one or more compounds having at least one acid group (component (c)) and one or more formative compounds acting as chain extenders (component (d)) and optionally one or more compounds which act as chain terminat ing compounds which are components (e) and (f).

[0200] The inert atmosphere may be provided by any of the inert gases of the

Periodic Table but is preferably nitrogen.

[0201] The preparation of the polyurethane polymer/prepolymer may be car ried out in the presence of a catalyst. Particularly preferred catalysts are tin com plexes of aliphatic acids such as dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBTDL) and tertiary amines.

[0202] The essential feature of the polyurethane polymer according to the in vention is that it comprises a predominantly linear polyurethane polymer backbone containing the defined amount of lateral poly (alkyl ene oxide) side chains. There will thus be many variants which will be obvious to the skilled addressee regarding the ratio of isocyanate groups to isocyanate reactive groups including the formulation of prepolymers which have residual isocyanate functionality. In one case, the ratio of total isocyanate groups provided by component (a) is less than the total number of isocyanate reactive groups provided by component (b) and components (c) (d) and (e) when present. Any terminal isocyanate reactive groups may be reacted.

[0203] Alternatively, the ratio of total number of isocyanate groups provided by component (a) and optionally component (f) is greater that the total number of isocyanate reactive groups provided by component (b) and components (c), (d) and (e) when present. The resultant polyurethane is then a prepolymer containing residual isocyanate functionality. This prepolymer may then be reacted with other chain extenders such as component (d) which conjoin different prepolymer chains and/or with chain terminating compounds which are component (e) either prior to or during dissolution in water or other polar solvent.

[0204] The preparation of prepolymers can be useful since it is a means of controlling viscosity during the preparation of the polyurethane polymer, especially in circumstances where the reaction is carried out in the absence of any solvent.

[0205] When a prepolymer is formed which contains isocyanate functionality, chain extension may be carried out by water itself, or a polyol, amino-alcohol, a pri mary or secondary aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, araliphatic or heterocyclic polyam ine especially a diamine, hydrazine or a substituted hydrazine. Water-soluble chain extenders are preferred.

[0206] Examples of suitable chain extenders include ethylenediamine, diethy lene triamine, triethylene tetramine, propylenediamine, butylenediamine, hexameth- ylenediamine, cyclohexylenediamine, piperazine, 2-methyl piperazine, phenylenedi- amine, tolylene diamine, xylylene diamine, tris (2-aminoethy)amine, 3,3 '-dinitroben- zidine, 4,4'methylenebis (2-chloraniline), 3,3 '-dichloro-4,4'bi-phenyl diamine, 2,6- diaminopyridine, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, methane diamine, m-xylene dia mine, isophorone diamine, and adducts of diethylene triamine with acrylate or its hydrolyzed products. Also materials such as hydrazine, azines such as acetone azine, substituted hydrazines such as, for example, dimethyl hydrazine, 1,6-hexamethylene- bis-hydrazine, carbodihydreazine, hydrazides of dicarboxylic acids and sulphonic acid such as adipic acid mono- or dihydrazide, xalic acid dihydrazide, isophthalic acid dihydrazide, tartaric acid dihydrazide, 1,3-phenylene disulphonic acid dihydra zide, omega-aminocaproic acid dihydrazide, hydrazides made by reacting lactones with hydrazide such as gamma-hydroxylbutyric hydrazide, bis-semi-carbazide car bonic esters of glycols such as any of the glycols mentioned above.

[0207] Where the chain extender is other than water, for example, a diamine or hydrazine, it may be added to an aqueous dispersion of prepolymer or, alterna tively, it may already be present in an aqueous medium other than that in which the prepolymer is dispersed/dissolved.

[0208] The chain extension can be conducted at elevated, reduced or ambient temperatures. Convenient temperatures are from about 5° C. to 95° C.

[0209] When employing a prepolymer in the preparation of the polyurethane polymer, the amount of chain extender and chain terminating compound are chosen to control the molecular weight of the polyurethane polymer. A high molecular weight will be favored when the number of isocyanate-reactive groups in the chain extender is approximately equivalent to the number of free isocyanate groups in the prepolymer. A lower molecular weight of the polyurethane polymer is favored by using a combination of chain extender and chain terminator in the reaction with the polyurethane prepolymer.

[0210] An inert solvent may be added before, during or after formation of the polyurethane polymer/prepolymer in order to control viscocity. Examples of suitable solvents are acetone, methylethylketone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, di- glyme, N-methylprrolidone, ethylacetate, ethylene and propylene glycoldiacetates, alkyl ethers of ethylene and propylene glycol acetates, toluene, xylene and sterically hindered alcohols such as t-butanol and diacetone alcohol. Preferred solvents are ac etone, methyl ethylketone and N-methylpyrrolidone.

[0211] The number average molecular weight of the polyurethane polymer is pref erably not less than 2,000, more preferably not less than 3,000 and especially not less than 4,000. It is also preferred that the number average molecular weight of the polyurethane polymer is not greater than 50,000, more preferably not greater than 20,000 and especially not greater than 15,000.

[0212] Another class of dispersants that provides improved graphene platelet pro duction water-dispersible or soluble dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acids or salts having the formula II

Formula II

wherein Ri and R2 are different hydrocarbyl groups containing up to about 18 carbon at oms, n is an integer equal to the valence of X, and X ⁿ⁺ is a dissociating cation.

[0213] The hydrocarbyl groups Ri and R2 may be different aliphatic, different ar omatic, and/or mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic groups containing up to about 18 carbon atoms. More generally, the alkyl groups will contain from about 2 to about 12 carbon at oms, and the aryl groups will contain from about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms. Thus, in one embodiment, Ri and R2 are different aliphatic groups; in a second embodiment, Ri and R2 are different aromatic groups, and in a third embodiment, Ri may be an aliphatic group and R2 an aromatic group. As noted, X ⁿ⁺ may be any dissociating cation, and in one em bodiment X is hydrogen, an ammonium group, an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. Water- soluble collectors generally are preferred, and thus, X normally is an ammonium group, an alkali metal or certain Group II metals. The alkali metals, sodium and potassium are particularly preferred but can also include lithium, magnesium, calcium, ammonium or mixtures thereof.

[0214] The dihydrocarbyldithiophosphoric acids and salts represented by Formula

II are known compounds and may be prepared by the reaction of a mixture of hydroxy- containing organic compounds such as alcohols and phenols with a phosphorus sulfide such as P2S5. The dithiophosphoric acids generally are prepared by reacting from about 3 to 5 moles, more generally 4 moles of the hydroxy-containing organic compound (alcohol or phenol) with one mole of phosphorus pentasulfide in an inert atmosphere at tempera tures from about 50°C to about 150°C with the evolution of hydrogen sulfide. The reaction normally is completed in about 1 to 3 hours. The salts of the phosphorodithioic acids can be prepared also by techniques well known to those in the art including the reaction of the dithiophosphoric acid with ammonia, and various derivatives of alkali and Group II metals such as the oxides, hydroxides, etc. The formation of the salt typically is carried out in the presence of a diluent (e.g., alcohol, water, or diluent oil).

[0215] The composition of the phosphorodithioic acid obtained by the reaction of a mixture of hydroxy-containing organic compounds with phosphorus pentasulfide is ac tually a statistical mixture of phosphorodithioic acids wherein, with reference to Formula II derived from a mixture of two hydroxy compounds, RiOH and R2OH, Ri and R2 in one of the acids are different hydrocarbyl groups derived from the different alcohols, Ri and R2 in a second phosphorodithioic acid are identical and derived from one of the alcohols, and Ri and R2 in a third phosphorodithioic acid are identical but derived from the second alcohol of the alcohol mixture.

[0216] Monohydroxy organic compounds useful in the preparation of the dihydro- carbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts useful in the present invention include alcohols, phenol and alkyl phenols including their substituted derivatives, e.g., nitro-, halo-, alkoxy- , hydroxy-, carboxy-, etc. Suitable alcohols include, for example, ethanol, n-propanol, iso propanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-propanol, n-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3- pentanol, 2- methylbutanol, 3-methyl-2-pentanol, n-hex- anol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 4-methyl-2-pen- tanol, 2- methyl-3 -pentanol, cyclohexanol, chlorocylohexanol, methyl cy cl ohexanol, hep- tanol, 2-ethylhexanol, n-octanol, nononanol, dodecanol, etc. Phenols suitable for the dihy- drocarbylphosphorodithioic acids include alkyl phenols and substituted phenols such as phenol, chlorophenol, bromophenol, nitrophenol, methoxyphenol, cresol, naphthol, pro pyl- phenol, heptylphenol, octylphenol, decyl phenol, dodecyl phenol, 1 -naphthol, 2-naph- thol and commercially available mixtures of phenols. The aliphatic alcohols containing from about 4 to 6 carbon atoms are particularly useful in preparing the dihydro- carbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts, etc.

[0217] Typical mixtures of alcohols and phenols which can be used in the prepa ration of dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts of Formula II include: isobutyl and n-amyl alcohols; sec-butyl and n-amyl alcohols; propyl and n-hexyl alcohols; isobutyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol and 2-methyl- 1 -butanol; phenol and n-amyl alcohol; phenol and cresol, etc. In one embodiment, the alcohol can be 2-methyl-propanol to give a compound where Ri and R2 are both methyl-propyl groups. In embodiment, the alcohol can be cresol to give a compound where Ri and R2 are both cresol groups.

[0218] Several dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts are exemplified in the following examples.

[0219] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 1

[0220] To 804 parts of a mixture of 6.5 moles of isobutyl alcohol and 3.5 moles of mixed primary amyl alcohols (65%w n-amyl and 35%w 2-methyl -1 -butanol) is prepared, and there are added 555 parts (2.5 moles) of phosphorus pentasulfide while maintaining the reaction temperature between about 104-107°C. After all of the phosphorus pentasul fide is added, the mixture is heated for an additional period to insure completion of the reaction and filtered. The filtrate is the desired phosphorodithioic acid which contains about 11.2% phosphorus and 22.0% sulfur.

[0221] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 2

[0222] The general procedure of Example 1 is repeated at 90°C except that the alcohol mixture reacted with phosphorus pentasulfide comprises 40 mole percent of iso propyl alcohol and 60 mole percent of 4-methyl-s-amyl alcohol. The phosphorodithioic acid prepared in this manner contains about 10.6% of phosphorus.

[0223] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 3

[0224] A mixture of 246 parts (2 equivalents) of Cresylic Acid 33 (a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-substituted alkyl phenols containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl group commercially available from Merichem Company of Houston, Texas), 260 parts (2 equivalents) of isooctyl alcohol and 14 parts of caprolactam is heated to 55°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Phosphorus pentasulfide (222 parts, 2 equivalents) is added in portions over a period of one hour while maintaining the temperature at about 78°C. The mixture is maintained at this temperature for an additional hour until completion of the phosphorus pentasulfide addition and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture is filtered through a filter aid, and the filtrate is the desired phosphorodithioic acid. [0225] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 4

[0226] A mixture of 2945 parts (24 equivalents) of Cresylic Acid 57 (Merichem) and 1152 parts (6 equivalents) of heptylphenol is heated to 105°C under a nitrogen atmos phere whereupon 1665 parts (15 equivalents) of phosphorus pentasulfide are added in por tions over a period of 3 hours while maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 115-120°C. The mixture is maintained at this temperature for an additional 1.5 hours upon completion of addition of the phosphorus pentasulfide and then cooled to room tem perature. The reaction mixture is filtered through a filter aid, and the filtrate is the desired phosphorodithioic acid.

[0227] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 5

[0228] A mixture of 400 parts of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (5.7 equivalents) and 1137 parts of water is prepared, and a mixture of 90 parts (1.1 equivalents) of a 60/40 mixture of isobutyl alcohol/primary amyl alcohol mixture and 1424 parts (5 equivalents) of the phosphorodithioic acid of Example 1 is added dropwise while maintaining the reac tion temperature at about 40-45°C over a period of 4 hours. After the addition is completed, the mixture is stirred for 45 minutes, and an additional 56 parts of the 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution are added with stirring. The color of the mixture changes from dark green to yellow, and 287 parts of water is added with stirring. The mixture, after cooling, is filtered through a filter aid, and the filtrate is the desired sodium salt containing 10.5% sulfur (theory, 9.43) and 3.52% sodium (theory, 3.86).

[0229] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 6

[0230] A mixture of 176 parts of a 50% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide,

189 parts of the alcohol mixture of Example 1 and 40 parts of water is prepared, and 581.4 parts of the phosphorodithioic acid of Example 1 are added over a period of 2 hours while maintaining the temperature of the mixture at less than 50°C. After the addition is com pleted, the mixture is maintained at 50-55°C for 2 hours and filtered. The filtrate is the desired product containing 12.95% sulfur (theory, 12.98).

[0231] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 7

[0232] A mixture of 448 parts of zinc oxide (11 equivalents) and 467 parts of the alcohol mixture of Example 1 is prepared, and 3030 parts (10.5 equivalents) of the phos phorodithioic acid of Example 1 are added at a rate to maintain the reaction temperature at about 45-50°C. The addition is completed in 3.5 hours whereupon the temperature of the mixture is raised to 75°C for 45 minutes. After cooling to about 50°C, an additional 61 parts of zinc oxide (1.5 equivalents) are added, and this mixture is heated to 75°C for 2.5 hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mixture is stripped to 124°C at 12 mm. pressure. The residue is filtered twice through a filter aid, and the filtrate is the desired zinc salt containing 22.2% sulfur (theory, 22.0), 10.4% phosphorus (theory, 10.6) and 10.6% zinc (theory, 11.1).

[0233] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 8

[0234] A mixture of 160 parts of a 50% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, 40 parts of water and 200 parts of the alcohol mixture of Example 5 is prepared, and 626 parts of the phosphorodithioic acid of Example 2 are added dropwise over a period of 1.5 hours. The reaction is exothermic to 55°C, and after all of the phosphorodithioic acid is added, the temperature of the reaction mixture is increased to 65°C and maintained at this tem perature for 2 hours. An additional 9 parts of the 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution are added, and the mixture is maintained for an additional 2 hours at 55-65°C. The mixture is filtered through a filter aid, and the filtrate is the desired product as a 25% solution in the alcohol mixture. The product contains 12.92% sulfur (theory, 12.37).

[0235] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 9

[0236] A mixture of 146 parts (2.5 equivalents) of ammonium hydroxide and 40 parts of water is prepared. Beginning at room temperature, there is added 581.4 parts (2 equivalents) of the phosphorodithioic acid prepared in Example 1 over a period of 2.5 hours. The reaction is exothermic to 40°C, and after all of the phosphorodithioic acid is added, the reaction mixture is maintained at 50°C for 2 hours. An additional 59.4 parts (0.2 equivalents) of the phosphorodithioic acid are added and the mixture is maintained at about 50°C for 15 hours, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is the desired ammonium salt which is a clear liquid.

[0237] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 10

[0238] To 129 parts of ammonium hydroxide (2.3 equivalents) there is added

644.4 parts (2.0 equivalents) of the phosphorodithioic acid prepared in Example 2 over a period of 2 hours. The reaction is exothermic to 40°C. After stirring for 2 hours at this temperature, the mixture is cooled and 5 parts of ammonium hydroxide are added through a sub-surface inlet tube. The mixture is stirred at 40°C for one hour whereupon 78 parts of the isobutylamyl alcohol mixture described in Example 1 are added. The mixture is filtered through a filter aid, and the filtrate is the desired ammonium salt containing 15.84% sulfur (theory, 14.95).

[0239] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 11 [0240] A mixture of 63 parts (1.55 equivalents) of zinc oxide, 144 parts of mineral oil and one part of acetic acid is prepared. A vacuum is applied and 533 parts (1.3 equiva lents) of the phosphorodithioic acid prepared in Example 3 are added while heating the mixture to about 80°C. The temperature is maintained at 80-85°C for about 7 hours after the addition of the phosphorodithioic acid is complete. The residue is filtered, and the filtrate is the desired product containing 6.8% phosphorus.

[0241] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 12

[0242] A mixture of 541 parts (13.3 equivalents) of zinc oxide, 14.4 parts (0.24 equivalent) of acetic acid and 1228 parts of mineral oil is prepared, and a vacuum is applied while raising the temperature to about 70°C. The phosphorodithioic acid prepared in Ex ample 4 (4512 parts, 12 equivalents) is added over a period of about 5 hours while main taining the temperature at 68-72°C. Water is removed as it forms in the reaction, and the temperature is maintained at 68-72°C for 2 hours after the addition of phosphorodithioic acid is complete. To insure complete removal of water, vacuum is adjusted to about 10 mm., and the temperature is raised to about 105°C and maintained for 2 hours. The residue is filtered, and the filtrate is the desired product containing 6.26% phosphorus (theory, 6.09) and 6.86% zinc (theory, 6.38).

[0243] Dihydrocarbylphosphorodithioic acids and salts synthesis Example 13

[0244] A mixture of 78.7 parts (1.1 equivalents) of cuprous oxide and 112 parts of mineral oil is prepared, and 384 parts (1 equivalent) of the phosphorodithioic acid prepared as in Example 4 are added over a period of 2 hours while raising the temperature gradually to about 55°C. Upon completion of the addition of the acid, the reaction mixture is main tained at about 50°C for about 3 hours. A vacuum then is applied while raising the tem perature to about 80°C. The residue is filtered, and the filtrate is the desired cuprous salt which is a clear liquid containing 12% sulfur (theory, 11.5) and 12.0% copper (theory, 11.4).

[0245] In some instances it is preferred to employ the water-dispersible or sol uble dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid or salt dispersants with a graphene oxide, and particularly, with a graphene oxide having carbon to oxygen molar ratios of be tween about 2: 1 and 25 : 1, or 1.5 : 1 and 20: 1 , or 1.25 : 1 and 15 : 1 or 1 : 1 and 5 : 1 or 10: 1.

[0246] The dispersant can be a cationic or ampholytic polymer.

[0247] Suitable cationic polymers can be synthetically derived, or natural poly mers can be synthetically modified to contain cationic moieties. Several cationic polymers their manufacturers and general descriptions of their chemical characteristics are found in the CTFA Dictionary and in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Vol. 1 and 2, 5th Ed., published by the Cosmetic Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Inc. (CTFA) (1993), the pertinent disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0248] In one aspect, the cationic polymer can be selected from the group consist ing of cationic or amphoteric polysaccharides, polyethyleneimine and its derivatives, a synthetic polymer made by polymerizing one or more cationic monomers selected from the group consisting of N,N- dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methac rylate, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide, quaternized N, N dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl methac rylate, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoal- kylmethacrylamide, Methacryloamidopropyl-pentamethyl-l,3-propylene-2-ol-ammoniu m dichloride, N,N,N,N',N',N",N"-heptamethyl-N"-3-(l- oxo-2-methyl-2- propenyl)ami- nopropyl-9- oxo-8-azo-decane-l,4, 10-triammonium trichloride, vinylamine and its deriva tives, allylamine and its derivatives, vinyl imidazole, quaternized vinyl imidazole and di- allyl dialkyl ammonium chloride, methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium methyl- sulfate, and combinations thereof. The cationic polymer may optionally comprise a second monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, N,N-dialkyl acrylamide, methacrylamide, N,N-dialkylmethacrylamide, C1-C12 alkyl acrylate, C1-C12 hydroxyalkyl acrylate, polyalkylene glyol acrylate, C1-C12 alkyl methacrylate, C1-C12 hydroxyalkyl methacrylate, polyalkylene glycol methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl forma- mide, vinyl acetamide, vinyl alkyl ether, vinyl pyridine, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl imidaz ole, vinyl caprolactam, and derivatives, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, acrylamidopropylmethane sulfonic acid (AMPS ^® monomer) and their salts. The polymer may be a terpolymer prepared from more than two monomers. The polymer may optionally be branched or cross-linked by using branching and crosslinking monomers. Branching and crosslinking monomers include ethylene gly- coldiacrylate divinylbenzene, and butadiene. In one aspect, the cationic polymer may in clude those produced by polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers using a suitable initiator or catalyst, such as those disclosed in WO 00/56849 and US 6,642,200. In one aspect, the cationic polymer may comprise charge neutralizing anions such that the overall polymer is neutral under ambient conditions. Suitable counter ions include (in addition to anionic species generated during use) include chloride, bromide, sulfate, me- thylsulfate, sulfonate, methylsulfonate, carbonate, bicarbonate, formate, acetate, citrate, nitrate, and mixtures thereof.

[0249] In one aspect, the cationic polymer can be selected from the group consist ing of poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(acrylamide-co- methacryloyloxy ethyl trimethylammonium methyl sulfate) poly(acrylamide-co-methac- rylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride), poly(acrylamide-co-N,N-dimethyl ami- noethyl acrylate) and its quatemized derivatives, poly(acrylamide-co-N,N-dimethyl ami- noethyl methacrylate) and its quatemized derivative, poly(hydroxyethylacrylate-co-dime- thyl aminoethyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxpropylacrylate-co-dimethyl aminoethyl meth acrylate), poly(hydroxpropylacrylate-co-methacrylamidopropyltrimethylam monium chloride), poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid), poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid), poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride), poly(methyl acrylate-co-methacrylami- dopropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid), poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-dime- thylaminoethyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate-co-quatemized dimethylami- noethyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate-co- oleyl methacrylate-co-diethylami- noethyl methacrylate), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid), polyvi nyl pyrrolidone-co-quaternized vinyl imidazole), poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylami- dopropyl-pentamethyl-l,3-propylene-2-ol-ammonium dichloride), and copolymer of 1,3- dibromopropane and N,N-di ethyl -N’ ,N’ -dimethyl- 1 ,3-diaminopropane.

[0250] The foregoing cationic polymers may be further classified by their INCI

(International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients) names as Polyquaternium-1, Polyquaternium-5, Polyquatemium-6, Polyquaternium-7, Polyquatemium-8, Polyquater- nium-11, Polyquatemium-14, Polyquatemium-22, Polyquatemium-28, Polyquatemium- 30, Polyquaternium-32, Polyquaternium-33, Polyquatemium-34, Polyquatemium-39, Polyquaternium-47 and Polyquatemium-53.

[0251] The cationic polymer may include natural polysaccharides that have been cationically and/or amphoterically modified. Representative cationically or amphoteri- cally modified polysaccharides include those selected from the group consisting of cati onic and amphoteric cellulose ethers; cationic or amphoteric galactomannans, such as cat ionic guar gum, cationic locust bean gum and cationic cassia gum; chitosan; cationic and amphoteric starch; and combinations thereof. These polymers may be further classified by their INCI names as Polyquartemium-10, Polyquatemium-24, Polyquatemium-29, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Cassia Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride and Starch Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride.

[0252] Suitable cationic polymers are commercially available under the Mer- quat™ tradename, product designations 100, 106, 550, 550L, 550PR, S, 7SPR, 740, 2220, CG600, 280, 280SD, 281, 280NP, 295, PLUS 3330, PLUS 3331, 3330PR, 3331PR, 3330DRY, 3940, 2001, 2001N, 2003PR marketed by Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. [0253] In an embodiment, the dispersant can be a quaternary homopolymers or copolymers derived from dimethyl diallyl ammonium salts having an average molecular weight between 75,000 and 500,000. In an embodiment, the dispersant can be a copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium salts formed from dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and an acrylamide. In an embodiment, the dispersant can be a copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium salt and acrylic acid having a weight average molecular weight of between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000, as determined by gel permeation chromatography. In an em bodiment, the dispersant can be a methacrylamide alkyl quaternary ammonium salt acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymer. In an embodiment, the dispersant can be a copolymer of acrylic acid, acrylamide, and methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride. In an embodiment, the dispersant can be a copolymer of methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammo- nium chloride, dimethyl diallyl ammonium salt, an acrylic acid.

[0254] While the foregoing dispersants play a significant role in controlling the properties of the graphene platelet, the reaction time of the process can also play a role. For example, the number of layers of the graphene platelet may be affected by the time and parameters used in the exfoliation process. The reaction time may be controlled in conjunction with the dispersants to achieve desired layering and particle size of the gra phene platelets produced. In one embodiment, the reaction time for a single cycle is 60 minutes, or in some embodiments the single cycle can be 120 minutes. More than one cycle may be carried out.

[0255] The initial concentration of the graphene platelet can also play a role in obtaining optimal dispersed graphene nano-platelet concentrations. In some embodi ments, the original concentration of graphene nano-platelet may be from 0.1 to 5 g per 100 g of solution, or from 0.25 to 2.5 g per 100 g of solution, or even from 0.5 or 0.75 to 2 g per 100 g of solution, or from 1.25 to 1.75 g per 100 g of solution. The foregoing method can prepare a composition of graphene platelets, a dispersant, and aqueous or polar sol vent.

[0256] The graphene platelets produced from the exfoliation method described above may be separated using any suitable method. Examples include decanting, centrif ugation and filtration (e.g. membrane filtration). To separate the graphene platelets, a por tion of the mixture may be removed from the process, for example, after a particular reac tion time. In one embodiment, the sample may be continuously withdrawn from the pro cess, for example, via a holding tank. [0257] Following separation, the graphene platelets produced from the method may be dried using any suitable method. An example of a suitable drying method is vac uum drying.

[0258] The graphene platelets produced may have an average particle size of 100 nm or less, preferably 80 nm or less, more preferably 60 nm or less, for example, 20 nm or less. By particle size, it is meant the thickness of the graphene platelet particles rather than diameter. In one embodiment, the particle size (thickness) is 0.4 to 15 nm, preferably 0.4 to 10 nm, for example, 0.4 to 5 nm or 0.4 to 10 nm. The diameter of the particles may range from 5 to 50 microns, for example, 5 to 25 or 10 microns. In one embodiment, the graphene platelets produced have an average particle size (thickness) of 0.4 to 5 nm and a diameter of 5 to 10 microns. In another embodiment, the graphene platelets produced have an average particle size (thickness) of 0.4 to 10 nm and a diameter of 5 to 15 microns.

[0259] Particle size may be measured using any known method. For example, an electron dual beam microscopy or scanning probe microscopy may be used. Raman spec troscopy, X-ray diffraction or an atomic force microscope may also be used to measure the particle size. The resulting thickness of the graphene platelets is determined by treat ment time and type of solvent.

[0260] In one embodiment, a prevalence (up to 98%) of the particles have an av erage particle size (thickness) of 0.4 to 5 nm. In one embodiment, the effective particle diameter is 5 to 50 microns.

[0261] The graphene platelets produced or obtainable using the method described may be used for a wide range of applications. For example, the graphene platelets may be used as an additive for polymers, such as polyethylene and polystyrene. The graphene platelets may also be used for electrical or electronic applications, such as an electrode additive for, for example, lithium accumulators, or in the manufacture of supercapacitors. The graphene platelets may also be formulated into inks and coatings to achieve desired thermal and electrical properties.

[0262] Graphene platelets obtained using the described method may also be used in a thermal interface material, such as a thermal grease. The thermal conductivity of the thermal grease may be in the range of up to 300 WmV ¹ .

[0263] The method may allow graphene platelets to be produced in high yield in a relatively time and cost-efficient process.

[0264] The amount of each chemical component described is presented exclu sive of any solvent or diluent oil, which may be customarily present in the commercial material, that is, on an active chemical basis, unless otherwise indicated. However, unless otherwise indicated, each chemical or composition referred to herein should be interpreted as being a commercial grade material which may contain the isomers, by products, derivatives, and other such materials which are normally understood to be present in the commercial grade.

[0265] As used herein, the term "hydrocarbyl substituent" or "hydrocarbyl group" is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remain der of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include:

hydrocarbon substituents, that is, aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, and aromatic-, aliphatic-, and alicyclic- substituted aromatic substituents, as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is com pleted through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form a ring);

substituted hydrocarbon substituents, that is, substituents containing non-hy drocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon nature of the substituent (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hy droxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulfoxy);

hetero substituents, that is, substituents which, while having a predominantly hydrocarbon character, in the context of this invention, contain other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms and encompass substituents as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl and imidazolyl. Heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, and nitro gen. In general, no more than two, or no more than one, non-hydrocarbon substituent will be present for every ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, there may be no non-hydrocarbon substituents in the hydrocarbyl group.

[0266] It is known that some of the materials described above may interact in the final formulation, so that the components of the final formulation may be different from those that are initially added. For instance, metal ions (of, e.g., a detergent) can migrate to other acidic or anionic sites of other molecules. The products formed thereby, including the products formed upon employing the composition of the present invention in its intended use, may not be susceptible of easy description. Nevertheless, all such modifications and reaction products are included within the scope of the pre sent invention; the present invention encompasses the composition prepared by admix ing the components described above. [0267] As used herein, the term "about" means that a value of a given quantity is within ±20% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ±15% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ±10% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ±5% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ±2.5% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ±1% of the stated value.

[0268] Additionally, as used herein, the term "substantially" means that a value of a given quantity is within ±10% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ±5% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ±2.5% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ±1% of the stated value.

[0269] The invention herein is useful for preparing exfoliated graphene plate lets, which may be better understood with reference to the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Exfoliation by ultrasonication

[0270] From 0.1 to 0.85 wt% of the noted dispersant was di solved in deionized

(“DI”) water, or appropriate organic solvent. 2.5 g Angstrom Materials N006-P graphene nanoplatelet solids purchased from Global Graphene Group were added to 500 g of the dispersant solution. The mixtures were then sonicated using an ultrasonic probe (1200 W max power, 20 kHz frequency). The amplitude of the ultrasonication probe was set between 25-75% maximum. The sonication time for dispersion varied between 1 to 8 hours. After sonication, 75 mL of the dispersed graphene solution is placed in a 100 mL centrifuge tube and centrifged in a SX4750 Beckman Coulter centrifuge rotor at 3000 rpm (avg RCF 640, max RCF 931) for 30 min. The top 75% of the centrifuged sample was used for concentration analysis by UV-Vis. For the higher concentration dispersions, UV-Vis samples were diluted with appropriate sol vent prior to collecting spectra. Graphene concentrations were estimated using the UV absorption spectra with the estimated molar absorption coefficient of 2460 mL/mg/L @ 660 nm as reported in the literature.

[0271] Table 1 summarizes the solvent/dispersant systems and exfoliation/dispersion conditions that were used, and the final concentrations achieved. Table 1: Graphene dispersion conditions

[0272] It was noted that ultrasonic probe dispersion was more effective than bath sonication, and longer probe sonication times lead to slightly higher dispersion concentrations.

[0273] The effect of graphene platelet concentration was also tested according to the table below.

*imide containing polymer

**carboxyl containing interpolymer [0274] Each of the documents referred to above is incorporated herein by ref erence, including any prior applications, whether or not specifically listed above, from which priority is claimed. The mention of any document is not an admission that such document qualifies as prior art or constitutes the general knowledge of the skilled per son in any jurisdiction. Except in the Examples, or where otherwise explicitly indi cated, all numerical quantities in this description specifying amounts of materials, re action conditions, molecular weights, number of carbon atoms, and the like, are to be understood as modified by the word "about." It is to be understood that the upper and lower amount, range, and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined. Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the invention can be used to gether with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements.

[0275] As used herein, the transitional term“comprising,” which is synony mous with“including,”“containing,” or“characterized by,” is inclusive or open- ended and does not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps. How ever, in each recitation of“comprising” herein, it is intended that the term also encom pass, as alternative embodiments, the phrases“consisting essentially of’ and“consist ing of,” where“consisting of’ excludes any element or step not specified and“con sisting essentially of’ permits the inclusion of additional un-recited elements or steps that do not materially affect the essential or basic and novel characteristics of the com position or method under consideration.

[0276] A composition comprising

1) a graphene platelet

2) a dispersant selected from at least one of

i. carboxyl containing interpolymers

ii. derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant

iii. imide polymers comprising a polymer chain having at least one fused aromatic imide pendant group, wherein the polymer is repre sented by formula (1): Formula (1)

wherein each variable is independently

Ri is a substituent on Q ring in any position available for bond ing to a substituent group and Ri is independently represented by at least one electron withdrawing group;

a is 1 or 2, or 1 ;

W is oxygen, sulphur, >NH, or >NG;

R2 is a Ci to C20, or Cito C12, or Ci to C ₆ hydrocarbylene group;

R3 is H or Ci-50 (or Ci-20) -optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group that bonds to a terminal oxygen atom of the polymer chain forming a terminal ether or terminal ester group and may or may not contain a group capable of polymerization such as a vinyl group, or Ci-50 (or Ci-2o)-hydrocarbonyl group (i.e., a hy drocarbyl group containing a carbonyl group) that bonds to the oxygen atom of the polymer chain forming a terminal ester group or terminal urethane group and may or may not contain a group capable of polymerization such as a vinyl group, and the substituent is halo, ether, ester , or mixtures thereof;

Pol is a homopolymer chain of ethylene oxide or a copolymer chain of ethylene oxide, wherein the ethylene oxide constitutes 40 wt % to 99.99 wt % of the copolymer chain and where in the polymer chain is selected from the group consisting a poly(ether), poly(ester) and mixtures thereof;

u = 1 to 3 ;

v= 1 to 2; w= 1 to 3

v = 2 when W = >NG;

v = 1 when W = Oxygen, Sulphur, or >NG;

G is a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 200, or 1 to 100, or 1 to 30 carbon atoms; and

Q is a fused aromatic ring containing 4n+2 p-electrons, wherein n = 2 or more, and Q is bonded to the imide group in such a way to form a 5 or 6 membered imide ring

iv. cycloaliphatic polyurethane resins wherein said polyurethane resin is derived from reacting a polyisocyanate comprising a diisocyanate of formula

0=C=N-R-N=C=0

with an active-hydrogen containing compound to form a urethane polymer or prepolymer,

wherein at least 60% by weight of the polyisocyanate resin com ponent is characterized as a cycloaliphatic isocyanate because the R group includes only aliphatic moieties of 4 to 30 carbon atoms; and

wherein said active-hydrogen containing compound comprises a poly(glycol adipate);

v. alkyl ene oxide polyurethane polymers comprising from 35% to 90% by weight of a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer wherein not less than 60% by weight of the total poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is poly (ethylene ox ide) and wherein at least 5% poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer is incorporated in lateral chains, which lateral chains are characterized as poly(C2-4-alkylene oxide) chains with at least two groups, which react with isocyanates, which are located at the one end of the chain such that said chains are laterally disposed in relation to the polyurethane polymer back bone, wherein said polyurethane polymer has a number average mo lecular weight of not less than 2,000 and not greater than 50,000 g/mole and which polyurethane polymer contains from 10 to 180 milli-equivalents of acid groups for each 100 gm polyurethane when the polyurethane polymer contains from 35 to 45% by weight poly (alkylene oxide);

vi. water-dispersible or soluble dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid or salt having the formula II

X ⁿ +

Formula II

wherein Ri and R2 are hydrocarbyl groups containing up to about 18 carbon atoms, n is an integer equal to the valence of X, and X ⁿ⁺ is a dissociating cation, and

3) at least one aqueous or polar solvent.

[0277] The composition of the preceding paragraph, wherein the graphene platelets is in the form of at least one of: mono-layer graphene; multi-layer gra phene (2-10 layers); graphite nano-platelets (>10 layers).

[0278] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant consists essentially of, or consists of the at least one carboxyl containing inter polymer.

[0279] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the carboxyl con taining interpolymer comprises at least one olefmically unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride containing at least one activated carbon-to-carbon olefmic double bond and at least one carboxyl group, in an amount of more than 15% by weight based upon the weight of the interpolymer

[0280] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein said carboxy con taining interpolymer is a block copolymer of 12-hydroxystearic acid.

[0281] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein said polymer of

12-hydroxystearic acid is a block copolymer with polyethylene oxide.

[0282] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein said polymer of

12-hydroxystearic acid is an ABA block copolymer.

[0283] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the carboxylic acid of the carboxy containing polymer, has an olefmic double bond in the alpha-beta position with respect to a carboxyl group, or is part of a terminal methylene group. [0284] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the carboxylic acid of the carboxy containing interpolymer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and maleic acid.

[0285] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein said carboxylic acid of the carboxy containing interpolymer is an anhydride

[0286] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein said anhydride is maleic anhydride.

[0287] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the carboxylic acid or anhydride of the carboxy containing interpolymer is present in amounts greater than 40 weight percent based upon the weight of the interpolymer.

[0288] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein at least one ole- finically unsaturated monomer containing at least one CH2=C< group is copolymer ized with the carboxy containing interpolymer.

[0289] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the olefinically unsaturated monomer is an acrylamide or substituted acrylamide.

[0290] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein at least one Ci -

C5 alkyl vinyl ether is polymerized with the carboxy containing interpolymer.

[0291] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein at least one C2 -

C30 alpha olefin is polymerized with the carboxy containing interpolymer.

[0292] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein there is present in the carboxy containing interpolymer less than 5 weight percent based upon the weight of the carboxylic acid or anhydride of a polyfunctional crosslinking vinyli- dene monomer containing at least two terminal CH2< groups.

[0293] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein said crosslinking monomer is selected from the group consisting of allyl pentaerythritol, allyl sucrose and trimethylolpropane diallylether.

[0294] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the carboxy con taining interpolymer further includes at least one acrylic acid ester of the formula: wherein R ² is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ³ is an alkyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, in an amount of less than 30 weight percent based upon the weight of the carboxylic acid or anhydride plus the acrylic acid ester.

[0295] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein R ² is hydrogen or methyl and R ³ is an alkyl group containing 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0296] The composition of any preceding paragraph, comprising (1) at least one olefmically unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride containing at least one activated car- bon-to-carbon olefmic double bond and at least one carboxyl group, in an amount of more than 15% by weight based upon the weight of the interpolymer, and (2) at least one steric stabilizer having at least one hydrophilic moiety and at least one hydrophobic moiety, se lected from the group consisting of linear block copolymeric steric stabilizers, having a hydrophobic moiety having a length of more than 50 Angstroms, random copolymeric comb steric stabilizers, and mixtures thereof, having admixed therewith a wetting additive selected from the group consisting of a low surface tension surface active agent, a glycol, a polyhydric alcohol and mixtures thereof.

[0297] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said wetting addi tive is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 10.0% by weight based upon the weight of the interpolymer.

[0298] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said wetting addi tive is present in an amount about 0.001% to about 5.0% by weight based upon the weight of the interpolymer.

[0299] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said wetting addi tive is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 2.0% by weight based upon the weight of the interpolymer.

[0300] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said wetting addi tive is admixed with said interpolymer after said interpolymer is polymerized.

[0301] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said polyhydric al cohol is glycerine.

[0302] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said low surface tension surface active agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon, fluoro carbon and silicone surface active agents capable of reducing the surface tension of water to less than about 40 dynes per centimeter at 25° C.

[0303] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said low surface tension surface active agent is selected atom the group consisting of hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon and silicone surface active agents capable of reducing the surface tension of water to less than about 30 dynes per centimeter at 25° C.

[0304] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said steric stabilizer is present in an amount of 0.001 to 15% by weight based upon the weight of said carboxylic acid or said anhydride.

[0305] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein said linear block copolymeric steric stabilizer, it is defined by the following formula: C _w -(B-A-B _y ) _x -D _z wherein A is a hydrophilic moiety having a solubility in water at 25° C. of 1% or greater, a molecular weight of from about 200 to about 50,000, and selected to be covalently bonded to B; B is a hydrophobic moiety having a molecular weight of from about 300 to about 60,000, a solubility of less than 1% in water at 25° C., capable of being covalently bonded to A; C and D are terminating groups which can be A or B, can be the same or different groups, w is 0 or 1; x is an integer of 1 or more, y is 0 or 1, and z is 0 or 1.

[0306] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein said random co polymeric comb steric stabilizer, it is defined by the following formula: Ri-(Z) _m -(Q) _n -R ₂ where Ri and R ₂ are terminating groups and may be the same or different and will be dif ferent from Z and Q, Z is a hydrophobic moiety having a solubility of less than 1% in water at 25° C., Q is a hydrophilic moiety, having a solubility of more than 1% in water at 25° C., and m and n are integers of 1 or more, and are selected such that the molecular weight is from about 100 to about 50,000.

[0307] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said block copoly mer is a block copolymer of 12-hydroxystearic acid.

[0308] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said polymer of 12- hydroxystearic acid is a block copolymer with polyethylene oxide.

[0309] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said polymer of 12- hydroxystearic acid is an ABA block copolymer.

[0310] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein in said carboxylic acid, said olefmic double bond is in the alpha-beta position with respect to a carboxyl group, or is part of a terminal methylene group.

[0311] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and maleic acid.

[0312] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said anhydride is maleic anhydride. [0313] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said carboxylic acid or anhydride is present in amounts greater than 40 weight percent based upon the weight of the interpolymer.

[0314] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein at least one olefin- ically unsaturated monomer containing at least one CTh =C<group is copolymerized therewith.

[0315] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said olefmically unsaturated monomer is an acrylamide or substituted acrylamide.

[0316] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein at least one Ci -

C5 alkyl vinyl ether is polymerized therewith.

[0317] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein at least one C2 -

C30 alpha olefin is polymerized therein.

[0318] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein there is present less than 5 weight percent based upon the weight of the carboxylic acid or anhydride of a poly functional crosslinking vinylidene monomer containing at least two terminal CTh <groups.

[0319] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said crosslinking monomer is selected from the group consisting of allyl pentaerythritol, allyl sucrose and trimethylolpropane diallylether.

[0320] The composition of any preceding paragraph further including at least one acrylic acid ester of the formula: CH2=CR ² -CO-OR ³ wherein R ² is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ³ is an alkyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, in an amount of less than 30 weight percent based upon the weight of the acrylic acid or anhydride plus the acrylic acid ester.

[0321] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein R ² is hydrogen or methyl and R ³ is an alkyl group containing 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0322] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said comb steric stabilizer is a polymer of dimethicone copolyol phosphate.

[0323] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant consists essentially of, or consists of the at least one derivatized polycarboxylate dis persant.

[0324] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant comprises a backbone having moieties derived from (a) an unsaturated hydrocarbon; (b) at least one of a substituted carboxylic acid monomer, a substituted ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and maleic anhydride, and (c) op tionally including an N-polyoxyalkylene succinimide; and wherein derivative moie ties are pendant to the backbone monomer by at least one ester linkage and at least one amide linkage.

[0325] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant is a random copolymer of general structural units shown below:

wherein:

the“b” structure is one of a substituted carboxylic acid monomer, a substituted ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and maleic anhydride wherein an acid an hydride group (— CO— O— CO— ) is formed in place of the groups Y and Z between the carbon atoms to which the groups Y and Z are bonded respec tively, and the“b” structure must include at least one moiety with a pendant ester linkage and at least one moiety with a pendant amide linkage;

X=H, CH ₃ , C ₂ to C ₆ Alkyl, Phenyl, or Substituted Phenyl;

Y=H,— COOM,— COOH, or W;

W=a hydrophobic defoamer represented by the formula R5— (CT CT O^— (CH2C(CH3)HO) _t— (CH ₂ CH ₂ 0) _U where s, t, and u are integers from 0 to 200 with the proviso that t>(s+u) and wherein the total amount of hydrophobic defoamer is present in an amount less than about 10% by weight of the deri- vatized polycarboxylate dispersant;

Z=H,—COOM,— OR ₃ ,— COOR ₃ ,— CH2OR ₃ , or— CONHR ₃ ;

Ri=H, or CH ₃ ;

R ₂ , R ₃ , are each independently a random copolymer of oxyethylene units and oxypropylene units of the general formula— (CH2C(Ri)HO) _m R4 where m=10 to 500 and wherein the amount of oxyethylene in the random copolymer is from about 60% to 100% and the amount of oxypropylene in the random co polymer is from 0% to about 40%;

R ₄ =H, Methyl, or C2 to Cs Alkyl;

R ₅ =C _I to Ci ₈ alkyl or C ₆ to Ci ₈ alkyl aryl;

M=Alkali Metal, Alkaline Earth Metal, Ammonia, Amine, or Substituted Amine;

a=0.01-0.8;

b=0.2-0.99;

c=0-0.5; and

wherein a, b, c represent the mole fraction of each unit and the sum of a, b, and c, is 1.

[0326] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein a in the derivat- ized polycarboxylate dispersant is from 0.01 to 0.6.

[0327] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein a in the derivat- ized polycarboxylate dispersant is from 0.01 to 0.5.

[0328] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein b in the derivat- ized polycarboxylate is from 0.3 to 0.99.

[0329] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein b in the derivat- ized polycarboxylate dispersant is from 0.4 to 0.99.

[0330] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein c in the derivat- ized polycarboxylate dispersant is from 0 to 0.3.

[0331] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein c in the derivat- ized polycarboxylate dispersant is from 0 to 0.1.

[0332] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the“a” structure in the derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant includes at least one of a styrene moiety and a sulfonated styrene.

[0333] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein X in the derivat ized polycarboxylate dispersant is selected from the group consisting of p-Methyl Phenyl, p-Ethyl Phenyl, Carboxylated Phenyl and Sulfonated Phenyl. [0334] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein M in the derivat- ized polycarboxylate dispersant is selected from the group consisting of monoethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine, morpholine and imidazole.

[0335] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant consists essentially of, or consists of the at least one imide polymer.

[0336] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the polymer chain of the imide polymer is a Poly(ether) of either (i) a polyethylene oxide homopolymer, or (ii) a copolymer of ethylene oxide with either propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide or mixtures thereof.

[0337] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the fused aromatic ring or fused aromatic di-acid or anhydride or other acid-forming derivative of the imide polymer is based on 1,8 -naphthalene imide, or 1,2-naphthalene imide or mixtures thereof.

[0338] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the polymer chain of the imide polymer is a poly(ether) polymer chain represented by Formula (3a):

Formula (3a)

wherein each variable is independently

Ri is a substituent on Q ring in any position available for bonding to a substituent group and Ri is independently represented by at least one electron withdrawing group selected from— CN,— NO2,— SO2NR2, SO3M, halo— NFh, or— OR'; a is 1 or 2;

W is oxygen, sulphur, or >NG;

R' is independently— H, or an optionally-substituted alkyl, typically, containing 1 to 20, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the substituents is hydroxyl or halo (typically Cl), or mixtures thereof;

R2 is a Ci to C20 hydrocarbylene group or a Ci to C20 hydrocarbonyl ene group when R2 contains more than 2 carbon atoms, the hydrocarbylene group or hydrocarbon yl ene group is linear or branched; G is a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 200 carbon atoms;

R- ₃ is H or Ci-5o-optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group that bonds to a terminal oxygen atom of the polymer chain forming a terminal ether or terminal ester group and may or may not contain a group capable of polymerization such as a vinyl group, or Ci-so-hydrocarbonyl group that bonds to the oxygen atom of the polymer chain forming a terminal ester group or terminal urethane group and may or may not contain a group capable of polymerization such as a vinyl group, and the sub stituent is halo, ether, ester, or mixtures thereof;

R- ₄ is H when Pol is a homopolymer, and R4 is a mixture of H (in an amount suffi cient to provide ethylene oxide groups at 40 wt % to 99.99 wt %) and at least one of methyl, ethyl and phenyl, when Pol is a copolymer;

u is 1 to 3;

w is 1 to 3; and

m is 1 to 110.

[0339] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the electron with drawing group of the imide polymer is -Cl or -NO2 or -SO ₃ M, wherein M is H, a metal cation, -NR'4 ⁺ , or mixtures thereof.

[0340] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant consists essentially of, or consists of the at least one polyurethane polymer.

[0341] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the diisocyanate of formula 0=C=N-R-N=C=0 of the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin is chosen from the group consisting of H12 MDI (substantially aliphatic and cyclic) and IPDI (substantially aliphatic and cyclic).

[0342] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein at least 85 % of the diisocyanate of the cycloaliphatic polyurethane polymer is chosen from the group consist ing of H12 MDI (substantially aliphatic and cyclic), IPDI (substantially aliphatic and cy clic), and mixtures thereof.

[0343] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein at least 85 % of the diisocyanate of the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin is chosen from the group consisting of H12 MDI (substantially aliphatic and cyclic).

[0344] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the active-hydro- gen containing compound of the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin comprises a poly(glycol adipate) and said poly(glycol adipate) comprises the reaction of adipic acid with glycols selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycols, 1,2- , 1,3-, 1,4-, and 2,3-butylene glycols, hexane diols, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, and 1,8- octanediol.

[0345] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin is derived from an active hydrogen-containing compound comprising a polyester characterized as an adipate ester of 1,6-hexane diol and neopentyl glycol.

[0346] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the polyester char acterized as the adipate ester of 1,6- hexane diol and neopentyl glycol of the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin is characterized by a number average molecular weight of 500 to 10,000 Daltons.

[0347] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein the active hydro gen- containing compound of the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin comprises a mixture of two or more active hydrogen containing compounds comprising the same polymer (backbone) type but having different molecular weights.

[0348] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein at least 75 mole % of the active hydrogen containing compound of the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin used to form the urethane is a polyester from aliphatic linear and branched diols reacted with adipic acid.

[0349] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein at least 75 mole % of the active hydrogen containing compound of the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin used to form the urethane is a polyester from 1 ,6-hexane diol and neopentyl glycol reacted with adipic acid.

[0350] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein at least 85 mole % of the active hydrogen containing compound of the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin used to form the urethane is a polyester from aliphatic linear and branched diols reacted with adipic acid.

[0351] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin is derived from reacting a polyisocyanate comprising a diisocyanate of formula 0=C=N-R-N=C=0 with an active-hydrogen containing compound to form a ure thane polymer or prepolymer, initially forms a prepolymer with an acid number from about 1 to about 40 (more desirably about 10 to about 35) mgKOH/g polymer.

[0352] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin is derived from reacting a polyisocyanate comprising a diisocyanate of formula 0=C=N-R-N=C=0 with an active-hydrogen containing compound and with a hy droxy-carboxylic acid having the general formula

(HO) _x Q(COOH)y,

wherein Q is a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and x and y are 1 to 3.

[0353] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein said cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin consists essentially of the reaction product from reacting a) said diiso cyanate of formula 0=C=N-R-N=C=0 with b) said active-hydrogen containing com pound, c) a hydroxy-carboxylic acid having the general formula (HO) _x Q(COOH) _y , wherein Q is a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and x and y are 1 to 3, optionally d) a chain extender, and optionally e) a prepolymer pH neutralizing agent.

[0354] The composition of any preceding paragraph, comprising an active ionic colloidal stabilizing moiety in the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin selected from the group consisting of DMPA and DMBA.

[0355] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the cycloaliphatic polyurethane resin is chain extended with a di-functional or higher amine with solubility in the continuous water phase of at least 20 grams per liter.

[0356] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein said di-functional amine or higher amine is selected from the group consisting of: alkylene diamines; hydra zine; amino ethanol amines; and mixtures thereof.

[0357] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant consists essentially of, or consists of the at least one alkylene oxide polyurethane pol ymer comprising from 35% to 90% by weight of a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer.

[0358] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is located in lateral or terminal, if present chains and the amount of poly(ethylene oxide) is not less than 80% by weight of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) located in lateral or terminal, if present, chains.

[0359] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the amount of poly

(C2-4-alkylene oxide) is not less than 50% and not greater than 70% based on the total weight of the polymer. [0360] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the alkylene oxide polyurethane further optionally comprising terminally attached poly(alkylene oxide) chains, wherein the number average molecular weight of the poly (alkylene oxide) chains which are attached laterally or terminally to the polyurethane backbone is from 350 to 2,500 g/mole.

[0361] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the alkylene oxide polyurethane contains not less than 20 and not greater than 60 milliequivalents of acid groups for each 100 gm of the polyurethane polymer and wherein at least 10% by weight of the poly(alkylene oxide) is located in lateral chains.

[0362] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the alkylene oxide polyurethane comprises from 35% to 90% by weight of a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer wherein not less than 60% by weight of the total poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is poly (ethylene oxide) and wherein at least 5% poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer is incorporated in lateral chains, which lateral chains are characterized as poly(C2-4-alkylene oxide) chains with at least two groups, which react with isocyanates, which are located at the one end of the chain such that said chains are laterally disposed in relation to the polyurethane poly mer backbone, wherein said polyurethane polymer has a number average molecular weight of not less than 2,000 and not greater than 50,000 g/mole which is obtained by reacting together:

1) one or more polyisocyanates having an average functionality of from 2.0 to 2.5;

2) one or more compounds having at least one (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain and at least two groups, which react with isocyanates, which are located at the one end of the compound such that the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain is laterally disposed relative to the polyurethane polymer backbone;

3) optionally, one or more compounds having at least one acid group and at least two groups which react with isocyanates;

4) optionally, one or more formative compounds having a number average molecular weight of from 32 to 3,000 g/mole which have at least two groups which react with isocyanates;

5) optionally, one or more compounds which act as chain terminators which contain one group which reacts with isocyanate groups; and 6) optionally, one or more compounds which act as chain terminators which contain a single isocyanate group

wherein component (b) is selected from the group consisting of compound of formula 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6

wherein

R is Ci-20-hydrocarbyl;

R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl of which not less than 60% is hydrogen;

R ² and R ³ are each, independently, Ci- ₈ -hydroxy alkyl;

Z is C2-4-alkylene;

X is— O— or— NH— ;

Y is the residue of a polyisocyanate;

m is from 5 to 150;

p is from 1 to 4; and

q is 1 or 2

wherein

R ⁴ is an isocyanate-reactive organic radical;

R ⁵ is hydrogen or an isocyanate-reactive radical; and

n is 0 or 1

wherein

W is C2-6-alkylene 4

wherein

R ⁷ is hydrogen, halogen or Ci-4 alkyl;

Q is a divalent electron withdrawing group;

T is a divalent hydrocarbon radical which may contain heteroatoms;

6

wherein

r is from 4 to 100.

[0363] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein component (a) is a diisocyanate.

[0364] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein component (b) is a compound of formula 1

wherein

R is Ci-20-hydrocarbyl;

R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl of which not less than 60% is hydrogen;

R ² and R ³ are each, independently, Ci- ₈ -hydroxy alkyl;

Z is C2-4-alkylene;

X is— O— or— NH— ;

Y is the residue of a polyisocyanate;

m is from 5 to 150;

p is from 1 to 4; and

q is 1 or 2. [0365] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the alkylene oxide polyurethane wherein Z is ethylene, R ¹ is hydrogen and X is— O— and p and q are both 1

[0366] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein R ² and R ³ are both hydroxy ethyl.

[0367] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein component (b) is a compound of formula 2

2

wherein

R is Ci-20-hydrocarbyl;

R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl of which not less than 60% is hydrogen;

Z is C2-4-alkylene;

m is from 5 to 150;

R ⁴ is an isocyanate-reactive organic radical;

R ⁵ is hydrogen or an isocyanate-reactive radical; and

n is 0 or 1.

[0368] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein n is zero, Z is 1,2- propylene, R ⁴ is 2 -hydroxy ethyl and R ⁵ is hydrogen.

[0369] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein n is zero, Z is 1,2- propylene and R ⁴ and R ⁵ are both 2-hydroxy ethyl.

14. A polyurethane as described in any preceding paragraph wherein component (b) is a compound of formula 3

3

wherein

R is Ci-20-hydrocarbyl;

R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl of which not less than 60% is hydrogen;

m is from 5 to 150; and W is C2-6-alkylene.

[0370] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein component (b) is a compound of formula 4

4

wherein

R is Ci-20-hydrocarbyl;

R ¹ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl of which not less than 60% is hydrogen;

Z is C2-4-alkylene;

R ⁷ is hydrogen, halogen or Ci-4 alkyl;

Q is a divalent electron withdrawing group;

T is a divalent hydrocarbon radical which may contain heteroatoms; and n is 0 or 1.

[0371] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein component (b) is obtained by reacting two moles of a poly (alkylene oxide) monoalkyl ether monoamine with one mole of a compound of formula 5

5

wherein

R', Q and T are as defined in any preceding paragraph.

[0372] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein component (b) is a compound of formula 6

6

wherein

r is from 4 to 100.

[0373] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein component (c) is a compound of formula 7 7

wherein, at least two of the groups R ⁸ , R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are Ci- ₆ -hydroxy alkyl and the remainder is Ci- ₆ -hydrocarbyl and M is hydrogen, an alkali metal cation, ammonium or quaternary ammonium cation.

[0374] The composition of any preceding paragraph wherein the number average molecular weight of the alkyl ene oxide polyurethane is not less than 2,000 and not greater than 20,000 g/mole.

[0375] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant consists essentially of, or consists of the at least one dihydrocarbydithiophosphoric acid.

[0376] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein Ri and R2 of the dihydrocarbyldithiophosphoric acid or salt are the same and comprises at least one of 1 -naphthol, 2naphthol, phenol, chlorophenol, bromophenol, nitrophenol, methoxy- phenol, cresol, propylphenol, heptylphenol, octylphenol, decyl phenol, or dodecyl phenol.

[0377] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein Ri and R2 of the dihydrocarbyldithiophosphoric acid or salt are the same and comprises at least one of isobutyl and n-amyl alcohols; sec-butyl and n-amyl alcohols; propyl and n-hexyl al cohols; isobutyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, 2-methyl- 1 -propanol, and 2-methyl- 1 -buta nol.

[0378] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dihydro carbyldithiophosphoric acid or salt is a salt and X comprises sodium, potassium, lith ium, magnesium, calcium, ammonium or mixtures thereof.

[0379] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein n of the dihydro carbyldithiophosphoric acid or salt is equal to 2.

[0380] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic homopolymer.

[0381] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic copolymer.

[0382] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, an amphoteric homopolymer. [0383] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, an amphoteric copolymer.

[0384] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic polymer of a dialkyl diallyl ammonium salt.

[0385] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic polymer of a dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride.

[0386] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and an acrylamide.

[0387] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium salt and acrylic acid.

[0388] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium salt, acrylamide, and acrylic acid

[0389] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the cationic polymer has an average molecular weight of between 75,000 and 500,000 as determined by gel permeation chromatography.

[0390] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the cationic polymer has an average molecular weight of between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 as determined by gel permeation chromatography.

[0391] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic homopolymer of methacryla mide alkyl quaternary ammonium salt.

[0392] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic homopolymer of methac- ryl ami dopropyl trim ethyl ammmonium chi on de .

[0393] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic copolymer of methacrylami- dopropyltrimethylammmonium chloride and acrylic acid. [0394] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic copolymer of methacrylami- dopropyltrimethylammmonium chloride and acrylamide.

[0395] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic copolymer of a methacryla mide alkyl quaternary ammonium salt, acrylic acid and acrylamide.

[0396] The composition of any preceding paragraph, wherein the dispersant comprises, consists of, consists essentially of, a cationic copolymer of methacrylami- dopropyltrimethylammonium chloride, dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, and acrylic acid.

[0397] A process to produce the composition of any preceding paragraph, com prising,

a. blending a mixture of graphene platelets, at least one dispersant selected from at least one of the carboxyl containing interpolymer, derivatized polycarboxylate dispersant, imide polymer, polyurethane resin, dihy- drocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid, and water,

b. subjecting the blend to mechanical or chemical exfoliation.

[0398] The process of the preceding paragraph, wherein the exfoliation com prises shear force.

[0399] The process of the preceding two paragraphs, wherein the exfoliation comprises ultra-sonication.

[0400] While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the subject invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without de- parting from the scope of the subject invention. In this regard, the scope of the in vention is to be limited only by the following claims.