YASMIN EILEEN (IN)
DHOLE SUNIL (IN)
WAGH TUSHAR (IN)
ARORA VINAY (IN)
WO2018194537A1 | 2018-10-25 |
IN202031021709A | 2021-11-26 |
CLAIMS We claim: 1. A process for generation of green hydrogen from ethanol reforming, comprising the steps of: a) reacting a base with a predetermined amount of a catalyst in a reaction vessel to obtain a first reaction mixture; b) adding preweighed amount of dry ethanol and distilled water under gaseous atmosphere to the reaction mixture of step (a) to obtain a second reaction mixture; c) heating the second reaction mixture obtained in step (b) in a pre-heated oil bath at a predetermined temperature for 36-48 hours and quantifying the gas by the use of burette; and d) analyzing the composition of the gas by gas chromatography (GC) and calculating the yields of gas and acetic acid; wherein, said catalyst is pincer group (VIII) complex catalyst; the predetermined amount of the catalyst of step (a) is 0.130 g, 1.158 mmol or 0.390 g, 3.48 mmol; the predetermined amount of base of step (a) is in a range of 0.2 -1.5mol% (0.0034g; 4.64 μmol); the gas atmosphere of step (b) is argon atmosphere and the preweighed amount of dry ethanol and distilled water of step (b) is 0.271 ml, 4.635 mmol and 0.042 ml, 2.317 mmol, respectively; and the pre-determined temperature of the oil-bath of step (c) is in a range of 110-130°C. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium tertiary butoxide, potassium tertiary butoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium carbonate, Cs2CO3, sodium, and NaHCO3. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the yield of hydrogen is in a range of 73%- 100%. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the yield of acetic acid is in a range of 73%- 100%. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the yield of acetic acid increase from 34.5% to 73%-100% upon increasing the base loading to 1.0 equivalent and 1.5 equivalent of KOtBu. 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said pincer group (VIII) complex catalyst for generation of green hydrogen from ethanol reforming is selected from: wherein, M is selected from group (VIII) elements including iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and hassium (Hs); X is selected from carbon, nitrogen or oxygen; E is nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus or arsenic; A is selected from hydrogen or hydroxide or alkoxide; L is selected from chlorine or triphenylphosphine; Y is selected from methylene, oxygen, amine group or sulphur; Z is selected from alky or aryl group; and R is selected from the group of tertiary butyl (tBu), isopropyl (iPr), cyclohexyl (Cy), hydrogen (H), methyl (CH3) or phenyl (Ph). |
wherein, M is selected from group (VIII) elements including iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and hassium (Hs); X is selected from carbon, nitrogen or oxygen; E is nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus or arsenic; A is selected from hydrogen or hydroxide; L is selected from chlorine or triphenylphosphine; Y is selected from methylene, oxygen, amine group or sulphur; Z is selected from alky or aryl group; and R is selected from the group of tertiary butyl, isopropyl, cyclohexyl, hydrogen, methyl or phenyl. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention is provided a series of new pincer group (VIII) complex catalyst, synthesized by using appropriate metal salt with R2 NNN ligand (R = t Bu, i Pr, Cy, H, Me, Ph) in presence of CH 3 CN as solvent, and all of these complexes were employed towards catalytic ethanol reforming for generation of green hydrogen. The proposed catalysts are as follows:
Here, R is selected from tertiary butyl ( t Bu), isopropyl ( i Pr), cyclohexyl (Cy), hydrogen (H), methyl (CH 3 ) or phenyl (Ph). In another embodiment, the present invention provides a mechanistic pathway for the reaction to generate hydrogen gas. Referring to Figure 1 of the present invention, a mechanistic pathway for the reaction is showed based on the evidence of NMR studies and formation of intermediate. The mechanistic pathway is as follows: The first step involves the loss of PPh 3 from the complex to afford 16-electron penta- coordinate species consisting of two chloride ligands. The dichloride species engages in salt- metathesis with ethanol and base to form Ru-methoxide species. The β-H elimination in Ru- methoxide species leads to the generation of acetaldehyde and Ru-H species. The acetaldehyde formed above then reacts with water to form ethanediol via a 6-membered transition state involving two water molecules. This is followed by the σ-bond metathesis of the O-H bond bound to the metal center and Ru-H bond, liberating the first molecule of H 2 . Further β-H elimination takes place that converts ethanediol to acetic acid giving back the Ru-H species. This intermediate then regenerates Ru-methoxide species via σ-bond metathesis with an additional ethanol molecule. EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out under purified Ar using a standard double manifold or a glove box. The solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), hexane and toluene were dried via double distillation over Na/Benzophenone prior to experiment. Ethanol was dried and distilled under argon. All other chemicals such as pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic acid, [RuCl 2 (p- cymene)] 2 , D 2 O and, CDCl 3 were purchased from MERCK or Sigma-Aldrich and used as such. All catalytic reactions were set up out under an argon atmosphere using dried glassware. General procedure for the aqueous ethanol reforming reaction. In a 5 ml pear shaped vessel attached to a condenser, KO t Bu (0.130 g, 1.158 mmol or 0.390 g, 3.48 mmol) and [M] (0.2 mol %; 0.0034 g; 4.64 μmol) were added inside the glove box. This was followed by addition of dry ethanol (0.271 ml, 4.635 mmol) and distilled water (0.042 ml, 2.317 mmol) under Ar atmosphere. The mixture was heated in a pre-heated oil bath at 120 o C and the gas was quantified by the use of burette, and the composition of the gas generated was analyzed by GC analysis. The reaction was run till the no more evolution of gas was observed (typically 36 h) and was then cooled down to room temperature. An aliquot (10 mg approx.) was withdrawn from reaction mixture and the NMR yield of the acetic acid was determined by 1 H NMR using D 2 O as solvent and dimethyl sulfoxide as internal standard (known amount added in the flask). Optimization of reaction conditions for ethanol reforming: For optimizing the reaction conditions, the influence of base on the product yield was first evaluated and the results are summarized in Table 1. In the initial optimization, EtOH and H 2 O (in 2:1 ratio) in presence of 0.5 equivalent base KO t Bu and 0.2 mol% of ( R2 NNN)RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) as catalyst (entry 1, table 1) were mixed. Lower yields were obtained with NaO t Bu (entry 2, table 1) and further, lower yields were obtained with KOH, NaOH, NaOEt, Na 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 (entries 2-7 and entry 9, table 1). The use of sodium metal as base gave lower yield as compared to KO t Bu (entry 1 vs entry 8, table 1). Upon increasing the base loading to 1.0 equivalent and 1.5 equivalent of KO t Bu, 34.5 % and 73% of acetic acid were obtained, respectively (entry 10 and entry 11, table 1). Table 1: Variation of base in ethanol reforming with ( R2 NNN)RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) a
Reaction condition for hydrogen generation: Ethanol (0.271 ml, 4.64 mmol), H 2 O (0.042 ml, 2.32 mmol), base (X equivalents), [M] (0.2 mol%) at 120ºC. Gas evolution was determined by burette measurements. Yield was calculated as n(H 2 )/n(H 2 O); (n(H 2 ) was calculated using ideal gas equation. The yield of acetic acid was calculated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy using dimethyl sulfoxide as an internal standard. Physical Measurements 1H, 2 H, 13 C{H}, 31 P NMR were recorded on a Bruker ASCEND 600 operating at 600 MHz for 1 H and 150 MHz for 13 C{H}or Bruker AVANCE 400 operating at 400 MHz for 1 H, 100 MHz for 13 C{H} or on a Bruker AVANCE 500 operating at 500 MHz for 1 H and 125 MHz for 13C{H}. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm, spin−spin coupling constant (J) are expressed in Hz, and other data are reported as follows: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, m = multiplet, q = quartet, and br s = broad singlet. GC analyses were performed on a Agilent 7820-GC instrument fitted with Agilent Front SS7 inlet N2 HP-PLOT Q column (30 m length x 530 μm x 40 μm) using the following method: Agilent 7820-GC back detector: TCD starting temperature: 40°C; Time at starting temp: 0 min; Ramp: 40°C/min. up to 250°C with hold time =10 min.; Flow rate (carrier): 25 mL/min (N 2 ); Split ratio: 195; Inlet temperature: 40°C; Detector temperature: TCD: 250°C, FID: 250°C. EXAMPLE 2 Results and Discussion An initial optimization of this reaction was carried out with a combination of pincer- ruthenium complexes and bases in order to achieve high yields and turnovers of H 2 gas. The results of the experiments are discussed in the Table 2. Table 2: H2 production from ethanol catalysed by pincer-ruthenium complexes Therefore, the present invention provides the generation of green hydrogen gas as a source of clean energy from ethanol in addition to quantitative yields of acetic acid, catalyzed by a range of group (VIII) complexes based on a variety of ligands. Herein, ethanol has been used an efficient and practical hydrogen storage material. Further, ethanol reforming to green hydrogen and acetic acid at ambient conditions. Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention set forth herein will readily occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.
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