HAIR COMPOSITION WITH IMPROVED RHEOLOGY

The present invention relates to a hair treatment composition with improved rheology.

Conditioning compositions typically comprise rheology modifiers to maintain good sensorial properties during application. An example is Tinovis CD® which is commercially available from BASF. Low pH formulations offer enhanced claims for internal repair of damaged hair fibres. Unfortunately, this aspect of hair fibre repair treatment is not possible from compositions comprising the standard rheology modifier Tinovis CD® since the polymer is sensitive to increased levels of electrolyte. The sensitivity manifests itself as a drop in viscosity which has a detrimental effect on the quality of the product.

Accordingly, there remains a need for leave on treatments with improved rheology. The present invention, therefore, provides a hair treatment composition comprising a thickener which comprises a co-polymer derived from the polymerization of at least a non-ionic monomer (a) and at least a cationic monomer (b) , wherein the non-ionic monomer (a) is selected from the group consisting of methacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N- vinylformamide, N-vinylpyridine, N-vinylpyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethylacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate, and/or poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate.

Preferably the non-ionic monomer (a) is poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate, and/or poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate.

Most preferably, the non-ionic monomer (a) is PEG-methacrylate of the following structure corresponding to Formula I.

n is from 1 to 250 and Z is H or an alkyl group with 1 to 5 carbon atoms. The cationic monomer (b) is selected from the group consisting of

acryloyloxyethyltrialkylammonium and/or methacryloyloxyethyltrialkylammonium, quaternized or salified, diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride,

acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride, and/or

methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride.

Preferably, the cationic monomer (b) is acryloyloxyethyltrialkylammonium and/or methacryloyloxyethyltrialkylammonium , quaternized or salified.

Most preferably, the cationic monomer (b) is

methacryloyloxyethyltrialkylammonium salt of the following formula (II)

Preferably, non-ionic monomer represents from 0.1 to 15 mol% of the polymer, without taking into account the crosslinking agent or the chain transfer agent. Preferably, the cationic monomer represents from 85 to 99.9 mol% of the polymer, without taking into account the crosslinking agent or the chain transfer agent. Preferably, the polymer is crosslinked with an amount of crosslinking agent comprises between 50 to 5.000 ppm in weight compare to the total amount of cationic and non-ionic monomers.

The crosslinking agent is selected from the group comprising methylene

bisacrylamide (MBA), ethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol

dimethacrylate, diacrylamide, cyanomethylacrylate, vinyloxyethylacrylate or methacrylate, triallylamine, formaldehyde, glyoxal, compounds of the glycidylether type such as ethyleneglycol diglycidylether, or epoxy.

A chain transfer agent may be used in the polymerization of the co-polymer of the invention. The chain transfer agent is preferably selected from the group

comprising phosphate -type chain transfer agents, such as sodium

hypophosphite, lower alcohols, such as methanol or isopropanol, thiol based chain transfer agent, such as 2-mercaptoethanol and mixtures of the foregoing agents.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a copolymer derived from the polymerization of

(a) 0.1 to 15 mol% of PEG-methacrylate of the following structure

corresponding to Formula I.

n is from 1 to 250 and Z is H or an alkyl group with 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

And 85 to 99.9 mol% of methacryloyloxyethyltrialkylammonium salt of the following formula (II)

A more preferred embodiment of the present invention is a copolymer derived from the polymerization of

(a) 0.1 to 15 mol% of PEG-methacrylate of the following structure

corresponding to Formula I.

n is from 1 to 250 and Z is H or an alkyl group with 1 to 5 carbon atoms. And

85 to 99.9 mol% of methacryloyloxyethyltrialkylammonium salt of the following formula (II)

(c) 50 to 5.000 ppm (based on the total amount of non-ionic and cationic monomers) of crosslinking agent.

According to the invention, the water-soluble polymers used do not require the development of a particular polymerization method. They can be obtained by all polymerization techniques well known to a person skilled in the art (solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, gel polymerization, precipitation polymerization, emulsion polymerization (aqueous or reverse) followed or not by a spray drying step, suspension polymerization, micellar polymerization followed or not by a precipitation step).

According to one advantageous aspect of the invention, the polymer is made by reverse phase polymerisation for instance as is described generally in US

4,059,552.

An inverse emulsion polymerization process usually comprises the following steps:

A) forming a water-in-oil emulsion of an aqueous solution containing the monomers and/or the crosslinking agent and/or the transfert agent and an emulsifying agent, wherein said emulsifying agent preferably should have an HLB value in the range of 3 to 8 and more preferably in the range of 4 to 6, in a hydrophobic phase, like an oil selected form the group comprising mineral oils, synthetic oils, vegetable oils, silicone oils and mixtures thereof; and B) polymerizing said monomers to form a polymer emulsion, optionally, by using a free radical generating catalyst to initiate the reaction, and controlling the temperature of the reaction mixture. The resulting inverse emulsion polymer composition according to the present invention may have an active polymer concentration of about 25 to about 75 % by weight. The inverse emulsion composition according to the present invention may further comprise an inverting surfactant in a concentration of up to about 5 weight percent. The inverting surfactant may improve the polymer's dissolution in water. Suitable inverting surfactants are those with an HLB of at least about 10, preferably 10 to 20, with an HLB of about 10 to about 15 being most preferred. Especially suitable are the non-ionic inverting surfactants. Typical "inverting agents" include fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty acid esters-sorbitan-poly ethylene glycols-glycerol, alkyl polyglucosides, etc. Certain silicone compounds such as dimethicone copolyols can also be used. According to the present invention, it is also possible to concentrate (by heating under vacuum to remove excess water and organic solvent by distillation) or to isolate the polymer by all known techniques. In particular, there are many processes for obtaining a powder on the basis of soluble polymer emulsions or ones which swell in water. These processes involve the isolation of the active matter from other constituents of the emulsion. Such processes include:

precipitation in a non-solvent medium such as acetone, methanol, and other polar solvents : simple filtration then permits isolation of the polymer particle, azeotropic distillation in the presence of an agglomerating agent and stabilizing polymer which makes it possible to obtain agglomerates which are easily isolated by filtration before drying of the particle is undertaken, "Spray drying", or drying by atomization or pulverization, which consists of creating a cloud of fine droplets of emulsion in a stream of hot air for a controlled period.

While the present invention has been described with respect to specific

embodiments thereof, it will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications, enhancements, and/or changes can be achieved without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Preferably, the composition comprises from 0.01 to 5% wt. of the composition, more preferably from 0.1 to 1 % and most preferably from 0.15 to 0.3% wt. of the composition.

The compositions according to the invention are preferably leave-on conditioning compositions. By conditioning composition is meant compositions which have as their primary object conditioning keratinous fibre, such as hair, as opposed to compositions which have as their primary aim cleansing the hair while providing a conditioning benefit. Accordingly, it is preferred that the composition comprises less than 5% wt. anionic surfactant, more preferably less than 5% wt. cleansing surfactant. More preferably, the composition comprises less than 3% wt. anionic surfactant, still more preferably less than 3% wt. cleansing surfactant and especially preferably no anionic surfactant.

By leave-on composition is meant that the composition is applied to the hair and not rinsed-off. Typically, this is applied to the hair before the user goes to bed at night.

The composition according to the invention comprises from 0.001 to 5% wt. conditioning active, more preferably from 0.1 to 4.0% by wt. conditioning active. Preferably, the composition comprises a conditioning active selected from acid neutralized amidoamine surfactant, fatty alcohols and conditioning silicones.

Preferably, the acid neutralized amidoamine surfactant is of general formula:

R1 -C(O)-NH-R2-N(R3)(R4) wherein R1 is a fatty acid chain with from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, R2 is an alkylene group containing from one to 4 carbon atoms and R3 and R4 are, independently, an alkyl group having from one to four carbon atoms.

Preferably, the acid neutralized amidoamine surfactant is selected from

stearamidopropyl dimethylamine, stearamidopropyl diethylamine, stearamidoethyl dimethylamine, stearamidoethyl diethylamine, palimtamidopropyl dimethylamine, behenamidopropyl dimethylamine, myristamidopropyl dimethylamine,

oleoamidopropyl dimethylamine, ricinoleoamidopropyl dimethylamine and mixtures.

Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises less than 0.5% wt. cationic surfactant. More preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises less than 0.2% wt. cationic surfactant.

Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises less than 0.5% wt. and more preferably less than 0.2% wt. a cationic surfactant selected from

cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, behenyltrimethylammonium chloride,

cetylpyridinium chloride, tetramethylammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium chloride, octyltrimethylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, octyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, decyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, stearyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, didodecyldimethylammonium chloride, dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride, tallowtrimethylammonium chloride, cocotrimethylammonium chloride, and the corresponding hydroxides thereof. Further suitable cationic surfactants include those materials having the CTFA designations Quaternium-5, Quaternium-31 and

Quaternium-18. Conditioners of the invention advantageously incorporate a fatty alcohol material. The combined use of fatty alcohol materials and cationic surfactants in conditioning compositions is believed to be especially advantageous, because this leads to the formation of a lamellar phase, in which the cationic surfactant is dispersed.

Representative fatty alcohols comprise from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, more preferably 16 to 20. Examples of suitable fatty alcohols include cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol and mixtures thereof. The use of these materials is also advantageous in that they contribute to the overall conditioning properties of compositions of the invention.

The level of fatty alcohol material in conditioners of the invention is conveniently from 0.01 to 5%, preferably from 0.1 to 3% by weight of the composition.

Silicone is a particularly preferred ingredient in hair treatment compositions of the invention. In particular, conditioners of the invention will preferably also comprise emulsified particles of silicone, for enhancing conditioning performance. The silicone is insoluble in the aqueous matrix of the composition and so is present in an emulsified form, with the silicone present as dispersed particles. Suitable silicones include polydiorganosiloxanes, in particular

polydimethylsiloxanes which have the CTFA designation dimethicone. Also suitable for use compositions of the invention are polydimethyl siloxanes having hydroxyl end groups, which have the CTFA designation dimethiconol. Also suitable for use in compositions of the invention are silicone gums having a slight degree of cross-linking, as are described for example in WO 96/31 188. These materials can impart body, volume and stylability to hair, as well as good wet and dry conditioning.

The viscosity of the emulsified silicone itself (not the emulsion or the final hair conditioning composition) is typically at least 10,000 est. In general we have found that conditioning performance increases with increased viscosity.

Accordingly, the viscosity of the silicone itself is preferably at least 60,000 est, most preferably at least 500,000 est, ideally at least 1 ,000,000 est. Preferably the viscosity does not exceed 10 ⁹ est for ease of formulation.

Emulsified silicones for use in conditioners of the invention will typically have an average silicone particle size in the composition of less than 30, preferably less than 20, more preferably less than 10 microns. We have found that reducing the particle size generally improves conditioning performance. Most preferably the average silicone particle size of the emulsified silicone in the composition is less than 2 microns, ideally it ranges from 0.01 to 1 micron. Silicone emulsions having an average silicone particle size of≤ 0.15 microns are generally termed

microemulsions. Particle size may be measured by means of a laser light scattering technique, using a 2600D Particle Sizer from Malvern Instruments.

Suitable silicone emulsions for use in the invention are also commercially available in a pre-emulsified form.

Examples of suitable pre-formed emulsions include emulsions DC2-1766, DC2- 1784, and microemulsions DC2-1865 and DC2-1870, all available from Dow Corning. These are all emulsions/microemulsions of dimethiconol. Cross-linked silicone gums are also available in a pre-emulsified form, which is advantageous for ease of formulation. A preferred example is the material available from Dow Corning as DC X2-1787, which is an emulsion of cross-linked dimethiconol gum. A further preferred example is the material available from Dow Corning as DC X2- 1391 , which is a microemulsion of cross-linked dimethiconol gum. A further preferred class of silicones for inclusion in conditioners of the invention are amino functional silicones. By "amino functional silicone" is meant a silicone containing at least one primary, secondary or tertiary amine group, or a quaternary ammonium group.

Examples of suitable amino functional silicones include:

(i) polysiloxanes having the CTFA designation "amodimethicone", and the general formula:

HO-[Si(CH ₃ ) ₂ -O-] _x -[Si(OH)(CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ -NH-CH ₂ CH ₂ NH ₂ )-O-] _y -H in which x and y are numbers depending on the molecular weight of the polymer, generally such that the molecular weight is between about 5,000 and 500,000.

(ii) polysiloxanes having the general formula:

RaG3-a-Si(OSiG ₂ )n-(OSiGbR2-b)m-O-SiG3-a-Ra in which:

G is selected from H, phenyl, OH or d-s alkyl, e.g. methyl;

a is 0 or an integer from 1 to 3, preferably 0;

b is 0 or 1 , preferably 1 ;

m and n are numbers such that (m + n) can range from 1 to 2000, preferably from 50 to 150;

m is a number from 1 to 2000, preferably from 1 to 10;

n is a number from 0 to 1999, preferably from 49 to 149, and

R is a monovalent radical of formula -C _q H _2q L in which q is a number from 2 to 8 and L is an aminofunctional group selected from the following: -NR ^" -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -N(R ^" ) ₂

-N(R ^" ) ₂

-N ⁺ (R ^" ) ₃ A- -N ⁺ H(R ^" ) ₂ A ^"

-N ⁺ H ₂ (R ^" ) A ^"

-N(R ^" )-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -N ⁺ H ₂ (R ^" ) A ^" in which R is selected from H, phenyl, benzyl, or a saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical, e.g. Ci _-2 o alkyl, and;

A is a halide ion, e.g. chloride or bromide.

Suitable amino functional silicones corresponding to the above formula include those polysiloxanes termed "trimethylsilylamodimethicone" as depicted below, and which are sufficiently water insoluble so as to be useful in compositions of the invention:

Si(CH ₃ ) ₃ - O - [Si(CH ₃ ) ₂ - O - ] _x - [Si (CH ₃ ) (R - NH - CH ₂ CH ₂ NH ₂ ) - O -] _y - Si (CH ₃ )3 wherein x + y is a number from about 50 to about 500, and wherein R is an alkylene group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms. Preferably, the number x + y is in the range of from about 100 to about 300.

(iii) quaternary silicone polymers having the general formula:

{(R ¹ )(R ² )(R ³ ) N ⁺ CH ₂ CH(OH)CH ₂ O(CH ₂ ) ₃ [Si(R ⁴ )(R ⁵ )-O-] _n -Si(R ⁶ )(R ⁷ )-(CH ₂ ) ₃ -O- CH ₂ CH(OH)CH ₂ N ⁺ (R ⁸ )(R ⁹ )(R ¹⁰ )} (X ^" ) ₂ wherein R ¹ and R ¹⁰ may be the same or different and may be independently selected from H, saturated or unsaturated long or short chain alk(en)yl, branched chain alk(en)yl and C ₅ -C ₈ cyclic ring systems; R ² thru' R ⁹ may be the same or different and may be independently selected from H, straight or branched chain lower alk(en)yl, and C ₅ -C ₈ cyclic ring systems;

n is a number within the range of about 60 to about 120, preferably about 80, and

X ^" is preferably acetate, but may instead be for example halide, organic

carboxylate, organic sulphonate or the like.

Suitable quaternary silicone polymers of this class are described in

EP-A-0 530 974. Amino functional silicones suitable for use in conditioners of the invention will typically have a mole % amine functionality in the range of from about 0.1 to about 8.0 mole %, preferably from about 0.1 to about 5.0 mole %, most preferably from about 0.1 to about 2.0 mole %. In general the amine concentration should not exceed about 8.0 mole % since we have found that too high an amine

concentration can be detrimental to total silicone deposition and therefore conditioning performance.

The viscosity of the amino functional silicone is not particularly critical and can suitably range from about 100 to about 500,000 est.

Specific examples of amino functional silicones suitable for use in the invention are the aminosilicone oils DC2-8220, DC2-8166, DC2-8466, and DC2-8950-1 14 (all ex Dow Corning), and GE 1 149-75, (ex General Electric Silicones). Also suitable are emulsions of amino functional silicone oils with non ionic and/or cationic surfactant.

Suitably such pre-formed emulsions will have an average amino functional silicone particle size in the composition of less than 30, preferably less than 20, more preferably less than 10 microns. Again, we have found that reducing the particle size generally improves conditioning performance. Most preferably the average amino functional silicone particle size in the composition is less than 2 microns, ideally it ranges from 0.01 to 1 micron. Silicone emulsions having an average silicone particle size of≤ 0.15 microns are generally termed

microemulsions.

Pre-formed emulsions of amino functional silicone are also available from suppliers of silicone oils such as Dow Corning and General Electric. Specific examples include DC929 Cationic Emulsion, DC939 Cationic Emulsion, and the non-ionic emulsions DC2-7224, DC2-8467, DC2-8177 and

DC2-8154 (all ex Dow Corning).

An example of a quaternary silicone polymer useful in the present invention is the material K3474, ex Goldschmidt.

The total amount of silicone incorporated into compositions of the invention depends on the level of conditioning desired and the material used. A preferred amount is from 0.01 to about 5% by weight of the total composition although these limits are not absolute. The lower limit is determined by the minimum level to achieve conditioning and the upper limit by the maximum level to avoid making the hair and/or skin unacceptably greasy.

We have found that a total amount of silicone of from 0.3 to 4%, preferably 0.5 to 3%, by weight of the total composition is a suitable level. Other ingredients may include viscosity modifiers, preservatives, colouring agents, polyols such as glycerine and polypropylene glycol, chelating agents such as EDTA, antioxidants such as vitamin E acetate, fragrances, antimicrobials and sunscreens. Each of these ingredients will be present in an amount effective to accomplish its purpose. Generally these optional ingredients are included individually at a level of up to about 5% by weight of the total composition.

Preferably, compositions of this invention also contain adjuvants suitable for hair care. Generally such ingredients are included individually at a level of up to 2%, preferably up to 1 %, by weight of the total composition.

Among suitable hair care adjuvants, are: (i) natural hair root nutrients, such as amino acids and sugars. Examples of suitable amino acids include arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, serine and valine, and/or precursors and derivatives thereof. The amino acids may be added singly, in mixtures, or in the form of peptides, e.g. di- and tripeptides. The amino acids may also be added in the form of a protein hydrolysate, such as a keratin or collagen hydrolysate. Suitable sugars are glucose, dextrose and fructose. These may be added singly or in the form of, e.g. fruit extracts.

(ii) hair fibre benefit agents. Examples are:

- ceramides, for moisturising the fibre and maintaining cuticle integrity.

Ceramides are available by extraction from natural sources, or as synthetic ceramides and pseudoceramides. A preferred ceramide is Ceramide II, ex Quest. Mixtures of ceramides may also be suitable, such as Ceramides LS, ex Laboratoires Serobiologiques. - free fatty acids, for cuticle repair and damage prevention. Examples are branched chain fatty acids such as 18-methyleicosanoic acid and other homologues of this series, straight chain fatty acids such as stearic, myristic and palmitic acids, and unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid. A preferred fatty acid is oleic acid.

The fatty acids may be added singly, as mixtures, or in the form of blends derived from extracts of, e.g. lanolin.

Mixtures of any of the above active ingredients may also be used.

Preferably, the composition is a leave-on conditioning composition.

Preferably, the composition of the invention has a pH of from 2 to 6, more preferably, from 3 to 5.

In a second aspect there is provided the use of a composition according to any preceding claim for conditioning the hair.

EXAMPLE 1

^* Tinovis CD ex. BASF

EXAMPLE 2

Ingredient %wt.

Water To 100

Lactic acid 0.1

Stearamidopropyl dimethylamine 1 .0

Fatty alcohol 3.0

Preservative 0.2

Mineral oil 3.0

Dimethicone 2.0

Copolymer of 0.25 methacryloyloxyethyltrialkylammonium salt and

PEG methacrylate ^*

Glycerine 2.0

MQ resin 0.4 ^* The crosslinked copolymer is in inverse emulsion form,

methacryloyloxyethyltrialkylammonium salt and PEG methacrylate represent respectively 98 mol % 2 mol% of the total amount of these two monomers. EXAMPLE 3

Study of Combing Cream Formulations Under Low pH Conditions

Formulations according to Examples 1 and 2 were pH adjusted using Lactic Acid to achieve set target pH values of 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5 and 3.0 (all +/- 0.15 pH units). Natural pH was used as the control

Rheology measurements were all conducted using a Bohlin C-VOR rheometer fitted with a serrated cup and bob geometry (C14 DIN 53019). Range of shear rate employed was from 0.001 s ^"1 - 1000 s ^~1 . Measurements were carried out at 25°C.

The gap between the tips of the cup and bob serrations was 700μηη and the measurements were made in 'controlled rate' mode (stress is continuously adjusted to achieve an actual shear rate that is close to the target shear rate).

No pre-shear was applied to the samples with the shear rate being cycled (Up - Down - Up) in logarithmic steps with 8 pts per decade (Purpose of cycling is to check for any irreversible shear induced changes).

Data was taken from the 2 ^nd 'Up' Cycle to ensure a consistent baseline.

Shear Rate vs Normalised Viscosity and Shear-Stress vs Normalised Viscosity plots were generated to compare the samples rheological behaviour. EXAMPLE 4

Results - Natural PQ-37 and acrylate

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 13.047 13045.000 41012.985

0.002 22.902 12884.000 40506.807

0.003 33.328 10540.000 33137.360

0.006 42.199 7507.100 23602.037

0.010 47.850 4786.400 15048.260

0.018 50.778 2856.200 8979.784

0.032 50.963 1612.200 5068.696

0.056 51 .450 915.390 2877.951

0.100 52.668 526.940 1656.679

0.178 54.256 305.230 959.632

0.316 56.229 177.880 559.248

0.562 58.259 103.640 325.840

1 .000 60.364 60.385 189.848

1 .778 62.619 35.228 1 10.755

3.161 65.479 20.716 65.130

5.621 69.129 12.298 38.664

9.997 74.044 7.407 23.287

17.777 80.910 4.552 14.310

31 .61 1 90.040 2.848 8.955

56.207 102.700 1 .827 5.745

99.950 1 19.540 1 .196 3.760

177.750 142.570 0.802 2.522

316.120 173.340 0.548 1 .724

562.140 228.750 0.407 1 .279

999.660 317.960 0.318 1 .000 Natural PQ-37 and acrylamide

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 10.678 10671.000 41644.552

0.002 20.973 11792.000 46019.357

0.003 22.385 7081.400 27635.810

0.006 21.753 3870.000 15103.028

0.010 21.861 2186.800 8534.187

0.018 22.096 1243.000 4850.921

0.032 22.532 712.820 2781.845

0.056 23.277 414.080 1615.985

0.100 24.339 243.510 950.320

0.178 25.910 145.760 568.842

0.316 28.024 88.652 345.973

0.562 30.499 54.255 211.735

1.000 33.014 33.028 128.895

1.777 35.913 20.205 78.852

3.161 39.215 12.407 48.419

5.621 43.421 7.724 30.145

9.996 48.964 4.898 19.116

17.777 55.880 3.143 12.267

31.612 64.889 2.053 8.011

56.207 77.532 1.379 5.383

99.950 93.462 0.935 3.649

177.750 114.110 0.642 2.505

316.100 144.170 0.456 1.780

562.110 192.000 0.342 1.333

999.640 256.150 0.256 1.000 PH5.5 PQ-37 and acrylate

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 9.571 9562.200 41836.717

0.002 18.855 10602.000 46386.069

0.003 23.053 7291 .700 31902.783

0.006 23.555 4190.700 18335.229

0.010 24.125 2413.600 10560.028

0.018 24.829 1396.800 61 11 .306

0.032 25.788 815.770 3569.172

0.056 26.921 478.950 2095.51 1

0.100 28.306 283.200 1239.062

0.178 29.948 168.480 737.137

0.316 31 .767 100.490 439.666

0.562 33.748 60.035 262.666

1 .000 35.862 35.875 156.961

1 .777 38.447 21 .631 94.640

3.161 41 .499 13.129 57.442

5.621 45.375 8.072 35.317

9.996 50.371 5.039 22.046

17.777 56.807 3.196 13.981

31 .612 65.164 2.061 9.019

56.21 1 76.732 1 .365 5.973

99.950 91 .197 0.912 3.992

177.750 1 1 1.600 0.628 2.747

316.120 143.760 0.455 1 .990

562.120 177.410 0.316 1 .381

999.640 228.480 0.229 1 .000 5.5 PQ-37 and acrylamide

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 3.932 3933.900 23505.617

0.002 7.129 4010.200 23961 .520

0.003 7.612 2408.400 14390.535

0.006 7.813 1389.900 8304.852

0.010 8.085 808.820 4832.815

0.018 8.440 474.790 2836.938

0.032 8.869 280.570 1676.446

0.056 9.412 167.450 1000.538

0.100 10.087 100.920 603.01 1

0.178 10.933 61 .506 367.507

0.316 1 1 .939 37.766 225.657

0.562 13.143 23.380 139.699

1 .000 14.566 14.571 87.064

1 .778 16.260 9.148 54.658

3.161 18.205 5.759 34.413

5.621 20.660 3.676 21 .962

9.996 23.772 2.378 14.209

17.776 27.886 1 .569 9.373

31 .612 33.409 1 .057 6.315

56.207 41 .352 0.736 4.396

99.950 51 .958 0.520 3.106

177.750 65.827 0.370 2.213

316.120 92.591 0.293 1 .750

562.120 1 18.800 0.21 1 1 .263

999.640 167.300 0.167 1 .000 5.0 PQ-37 and acrylate

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas) ViscA/isc@1000s-1

0.001 2.575 2581 .200 37363.751

0.002 5.559 31 19.600 45157.275

0.003 7.277 2304.900 33364.214

0.006 6.829 1214.400 17578.854

0.010 6.668 666.980 9654.763

0.018 6.177 347.480 5029.892

0.032 6.618 209.380 3030.847

0.056 6.257 1 1 1.300 1611 .105

0.100 6.148 61 .509 890.364

0.178 6.402 36.017 521.358

0.316 6.705 21 .21 1 307.036

0.562 7.005 12.462 180.392

1 .000 7.289 7.292 105.553

1 .777 7.856 4.420 63.981

3.161 8.494 2.687 38.898

5.621 9.371 1 .667 24.130

9.997 1 1 .067 1 .107 16.026

17.776 12.666 0.713 10.314

31 .612 14.029 0.444 6.424

56.207 18.649 0.332 4.803

99.950 21 .743 0.218 3.149

177.750 26.168 0.147 2.131

316.100 37.016 0.117 1 .695

562.150 48.760 0.087 1 .256

999.660 69.059 0.069 1 .000 5.0 PQ-37 and acrylamide

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 7.842 7850.500 38224.267

0.002 15.493 8711.500 42416.496

0.003 19.161 6061.800 29515.045

0.006 19.731 3510.100 17090.759

0.010 20.326 2033.100 9899.211

0.018 21.064 1184.900 5769.306

0.032 21.911 693.180 3375.110

0.056 22.938 408.070 1986.902

0.100 24.192 242.040 1178.498

0.178 25.659 144.350 702.844

0.316 27.353 86.528 421.307

0.562 29.198 51.941 252.902

1.000 31.249 31.262 152.215

1.777 33.590 18.897 92.010

3.161 36.514 11.552 56.247

5.621 39.960 7.109 34.613

9.997 44.638 4.465 21.742

17.776 50.358 2.833 13.793

31.612 58.171 1.840 8.960

56.207 68.587 1.220 5.942

99.950 82.688 0.827 4.028

177.750 100.630 0.566 2.756

316.100 134.990 0.427 2.079

562.150 160.310 0.285 1.389

999.660 205.310 0.205 1.000 4.5 PQ-37 and acrylate

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas) ViscA/isc@1000s-1

0.001 7.579 7571.600 34505.765

0.002 15.080 8485.200 38669.279

0.003 18.681 5910.700 26936.608

0.006 19.413 3453.500 15738.504

0.010 20.080 2008.700 9154.172

0.018 20.854 1173.200 5346.580

0.032 21.766 688.550 3137.903

0.056 22.852 406.570 1852.846

0.100 24.160 241.720 1101.581

0.178 25.694 144.550 658.752

0.316 27.433 86.785 395.502

0.562 29.295 52.113 237.493

1.000 31.362 31.373 142.975

1.777 33.533 18.866 85.977

3.161 35.924 11.365 51.793

5.621 39.422 7.013 31.961

9.996 44.229 4.425 20.165

17.777 50.317 2.831 12.899

31.610 59.352 1.878 8.557

56.207 69.492 1.236 5.635

99.950 84.282 0.843 3.843

177.750 103.870 0.584 2.663

316.120 131.070 0.415 1.889

562.150 167.020 0.297 1.354

999.640 219.350 0.219 1.000 4.5 PQ-37 and acrylamide

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 3.758 3757.700 22084.631

0.002 6.785 3819.300 22446.665

0.003 7.223 2286.700 13439.318

0.006 7.401 1316.900 7739.641

0.010 7.758 775.910 4560.153

0.018 8.094 455.300 2675.874

0.032 8.449 267.250 1570.673

0.056 9.032 160.670 944.284

0.100 9.690 96.947 569.774

0.178 10.554 59.374 348.951

0.316 1 1 .574 36.616 215.198

0.562 12.831 22.824 134.140

1 .000 14.229 14.235 83.661

1 .777 15.963 8.981 52.783

3.161 17.853 5.648 33.196

5.621 20.230 3.599 21 .151

9.996 23.414 2.342 13.766

17.777 27.520 1 .548 9.098

31 .612 33.192 1 .050 6.171

56.207 41 .052 0.730 4.292

99.950 51 .860 0.519 3.049

177.750 66.470 0.374 2.198

316.120 83.256 0.263 1 .548

562.1 10 125.050 0.222 1 .307

999.640 170.090 0.170 1 .000 4.0 PQ-37 and acrylate

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 7.753 7752.000 35186.782

0.002 15.227 8565.500 38879.306

0.003 18.501 5852.300 26563.933

0.006 19.1 18 3400.100 15433.253

0.010 19.779 1978.500 8980.527

0.018 20.599 1 158.700 5259.407

0.032 21 .51 1 680.500 3088.829

0.056 22.609 402.230 1825.746

0.100 24.003 240.130 1089.964

0.178 25.607 144.060 653.897

0.316 27.505 87.013 394.957

0.562 29.701 52.838 239.835

1 .000 32.004 32.017 145.327

1 .778 34.620 19.476 88.403

3.161 37.700 1 1 .927 54.137

5.621 41 .485 7.380 33.499

9.997 46.487 4.650 21 .108

17.777 52.807 2.971 13.484

31 .612 61 .133 1 .934 8.778

56.207 72.415 1 .288 5.848

99.950 87.157 0.872 3.958

177.750 106.830 0.601 2.728

316.100 142.040 0.449 2.040

562.150 169.090 0.301 1 .365

999.640 220.230 0.220 1 .000 4.0 PQ-37 and acrylamide

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 2.975 2972.900 17833.833

0.002 5.376 3026.600 18155.969

0.003 5.612 1775.900 10653.269

0.006 5.756 1024.400 6145.171

0.010 5.970 597.190 3582.424

0.018 6.217 349.740 2098.020

0.032 6.542 206.940 1241 .392

0.056 6.974 124.070 744.271

0.100 7.513 75.157 450.852

0.178 8.231 46.302 277.756

0.316 9.146 28.933 173.563

0.562 10.317 18.355 1 10.108

1 .000 1 1 .760 1 1 .765 70.576

1 .778 13.523 7.608 45.638

3.161 15.399 4.872 29.226

5.621 17.730 3.154 18.921

9.996 20.667 2.068 12.403

17.776 24.487 1 .378 8.263

31 .612 29.985 0.949 5.690

56.207 38.970 0.693 4.159

99.950 49.764 0.498 2.987

177.750 63.835 0.359 2.154

316.120 91 .541 0.290 1 .737

562.150 130.330 0.232 1 .391 3.5 PQ-37 and acrylate

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas) ViscA/isc@1000s-1

0.001 7.731 7723.200 34381 .872

0.002 15.227 8564.500 38127.142

0.003 18.386 5816.400 25893.247

0.006 19.067 3392.100 15100.832

0.010 19.754 1976.200 8797.578

0.018 20.563 1 156.700 5149.357

0.032 21 .451 678.610 3021 .012

0.056 22.563 401.420 1787.028

0.100 23.931 239.420 1065.842

0.178 25.506 143.490 638.784

0.316 27.350 86.523 385.180

0.562 29.360 52.228 232.507

1 .000 31 .528 31 .540 140.409

1 .777 34.026 19.144 85.225

3.161 36.949 1 1 .689 52.037

5.621 40.71 1 7.243 32.242

9.996 45.649 4.567 20.330

17.777 51 .678 2.907 12.942

31 .612 59.979 1 .897 8.447

56.207 71 .348 1 .269 5.651

99.950 86.330 0.864 3.845

177.750 106.240 0.598 2.661

316.100 136.750 0.433 1 .926

562.150 173.290 0.308 1 .372

999.640 224.550 0.225 1 .000 3.5 PQ-37 and acrylamide

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 3.171 3167.800 20175.785

0.002 5.632 3163.400 20147.761

0.003 5.880 1858.300 1 1835.552

0.006 6.029 1072.100 6828.228

0.010 6.262 626.550 3990.510

0.018 6.541 368.010 2343.863

0.032 6.937 219.430 1397.554

0.056 7.357 130.900 833.705

0.100 8.023 80.266 51 1.216

0.178 8.790 49.448 314.935

0.316 9.768 30.899 196.796

0.562 10.880 19.354 123.266

1 .000 12.196 12.201 77.708

1 .777 13.635 7.671 48.859

3.161 15.448 4.887 31 .126

5.621 17.765 3.160 20.128

9.996 20.576 2.059 13.1 1 1

17.777 24.468 1 .376 8.766

31 .612 29.124 0.921 5.868

56.207 36.397 0.648 4.124

99.950 46.255 0.463 2.947

177.750 58.382 0.328 2.092

316.120 87.204 0.276 1 .757

562.150 106.770 0.190 1 .210

999.640 156.950 0.157 1 .000 3.0 PQ-37 and acrylate

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 6.410 6409.700 33602.621

0.002 12.218 6872.000 36026.212

0.003 14.156 4478.700 23479.423

0.006 14.690 2613.100 13699.083

0.010 15.247 1525.300 7996.330

0.018 15.901 894.500 4689.384

0.032 16.531 522.930 2741 .442

0.056 17.382 309.220 1621 .075

0.100 18.397 184.050 964.875

0.178 19.726 1 10.970 581.756

0.316 21 .296 67.372 353.195

0.562 23.026 40.960 214.731

1 .000 24.889 24.899 130.532

1 .777 26.818 15.088 79.098

3.161 29.318 9.276 48.628

5.621 32.534 5.788 30.342

9.997 36.565 3.658 19.175

17.776 42.227 2.376 12.453

31 .610 49.042 1 .552 8.134

56.207 59.089 1 .051 5.51 1

99.950 71 .575 0.716 3.754

177.750 88.755 0.499 2.618

316.100 123.040 0.389 2.041

562.150 146.070 0.260 1 .362

999.660 190.680 0.191 1 .000 3.0 PQ-37 and acrylamide

Shear Rate Shear Stress Viscosity ViscA/isc@1000s-1

(1/s) (Pa) (Pas)

0.001 2.056 2058.600 16859.951

0.002 3.656 2056.700 16844.390

0.003 3.910 1237.100 10131 .859

0.006 4.033 717.620 5877.314

0.010 4.232 423.360 3467.322

0.018 4.417 248.460 2034.889

0.032 4.630 146.490 1 199.754

0.056 4.938 87.847 719.468

0.100 5.317 53.199 435.700

0.178 5.819 32.733 268.084

0.316 6.434 20.354 166.699

0.562 7.214 12.833 105.102

1 .000 8.150 8.153 66.776

1 .777 9.261 5.21 1 42.675

3.161 10.632 3.364 27.549

5.621 12.255 2.180 17.856

9.997 14.437 1 .444 1 1 .828

17.777 17.369 0.977 8.002

31 .612 21 .193 0.670 5.491

56.207 27.490 0.489 4.006

99.950 34.313 0.343 2.812

177.750 43.495 0.245 2.004

316.100 55.938 0.177 1 .449

562.1 10 84.262 0.150 1 .228

999.640 122.060 0.122 1 .000 There is a clear shift upwards in the yield stress for the PQ-37/acrylate polymer over Tinovis CD as pH is decreased.

The chart below presents a simplified view of the Shear/Stress vs Normalised viscosity results to illustrate the adjusted pH values that are of interest.

Conclusions

There is a clear benefit displayed from the PQ-37/acrylate copolymer over PQ- 37/acrylamide copolymer (Tinovis CD) in all aspects of studied rheology o Yield Stress is increased even when electrolyte is introduced by lowering the pH of the system.

o Basic Shear profiles are maintained with some slight directional increase for the PQ-37/acrylate polymer.