A HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCER FOR SENSING THE ANGULAR POSITION OF A ROTATABLE MEMBER

SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to angular position sensing transducers and in particular to a tape tension arm position sensing transducer preferably employing a Hall Effect device.

In the field of television, sophisticated broadcast videotape recorders utilize a tape tension arm in the magnetic tape path, to control the tape tension during the process of recording and reproducing magnetic history on the tape. In such situations, the position of the tension arm, that is, the rotation of the tension arm through preselected varying angles as it bears against the tape, is transduced to a voltage and supplied as one input to servo circuitry which controls the tension applied to the tape. Thus, sensing the position of the tension arm as defined in terms of voltage, provides a relative indication of the tension in the tape. Since tape tension is one parame¬ ter which is directly related to the accuracy of recording and reproducing magnetic history on tape, it is highly desirable that the position sensing trans¬ ducer be very accurate, preferably supply a very linear voltage output relative to the angular position, and be temperature insensitive. In addition ^"' , ^* it is highly desirable that the tension arm sensor be simple, readily manufactured and assembled, and mechanically and electrically reliable in its operating environment.

There are various types of tension arm position sensing transducers available at present for use, for example, in videotape recorders. Predominant among such devices is a photo potentiometer transducer which senses the relative angular position of the tension arm employing a light emitting diode (LED) .

The LED directs light through a mask having an opening of preselected shape, and thence into a photo-resistive potentiometer sensor. As the tension arm rotates, a correspondingly varied amount of light is passed by the mask and a photoresistor generates an output voltage which thus varies in proportion to the degree of rotation. Although widely used, such a photo potentio¬ meter transducer necessitates the use of electric wires which extend from the sensing device to the sending device (LED) mounted on a printed wiring assembly. Since the LED is mounted on the rotatable shaft, the connecting wires cause drag which, in turn, causes corresponding errors in the output voltage which represents the angular position of the shaft. In addition,- due to the characteristics of the photo potentiometer transducer, the generated output inher¬ ently is relatively non-linear, which also causes errors in the output voltage. The transducer further has the disadvantage of failing to provide consistently accurate readings under actual operating conditions in the tape recorder due to changing or inconsistent linearity characteristics of the photoresistor within the photo potentiometer which, in turn, deteriorates the accuracy of the associated servo circuit.

A second type of angular position sensing transducer employs a magneto-resistive transducing device, wherein rotation is translated into an output voltage via changes in resistance of the device caused by movement of a magnetic field. These transducers are very temperature sensitive and, due to their configura¬ tion, require sophisticated mounting within their respective supporting housing. The complexity in mounting the magneto restrictive transducer is exem¬ plified by the difficulty in aligning the separate shaft, required in the device which performs the sensing, with the shaft whose rotation is being sensed. The transducer is not self-contained and therefore adds undesirable length to the assembly, whereby the added

complexity in the supporting housing is reflected as additional costs in manufacture and assembly.

A third type of angular position sensing transducer utilizes a Hall Effect device in conjunction with a magnet for supplying a selected magnetic field. Such transducers provide selected advantages over the previous types of transducers mentioned above. However, the Hall Effect transducers presently available have configurations which inherently contain various disadvantages. For example, the transducers sense rotation of a member by utilizing a varying air gap to achieve varying flux densities. The Hall Effect device senses the varying flux density and generates a voltage proportional to the rotation of the member. However, the resulting voltage generated by this configuration may be relatively non-linear throughout the angle of rotation which is being measured due to the varying air gap configuration employed.

The present invention overcomes the disadvan¬ tages of the angular position sensing transducers of previous mention, while providing a Hall Effect trans¬ ducer which further overcomes the disadvantages of Hall Effect transducers presently available. To this end, the invention provides a relatively simple configura¬ tion which readily is mounted as a self contained unit in, for example, an existing supporting housing of a videotape recorder tension arm structure, and which further provides a very linear output voltage over the entire angular rotation of the tape tension arm. In addition, the invention is temperature insensitive and, due to its simplicity, is very reliable. In turn, the transducer is readily manufactured and is easily assembled within, or added as a retrofit assembly to, for example, a videotape recorder.

To this end, in a preferred embodiment, the invention utilizes a Hall Effect device and magnet coupled to a tape tension arm shaft, in combination with an offset compensated, voltage regulated,

amplifying electronic circuit. The shaft of a conventional tension arm is mounted within a housing, and a ring magnet, selectively polarized relative to the circular configuration thereof, is coaxially secured at the end of, or along the length of, the shaft for rotation therewith. The Hall Effect device is secured as by the housing in adjacent proximity to the rotatable ring magnet to provide a preselected constant gap between the Hall Effect device and the circumference of the ring magnet throughout the possible rotation of the shaft. The close and constant proximity of the Hall Effect device relative to the ring magnet optimizes the magnetic field seen by the Hall Effect device, and thus optimizes the linear voltage output. For example, in a preferred embodiment using a ring magnet polarized across the diameter to define poles spaced 180° apart, the rotation may approach ±80 degrees from a zero or null position corresponding to a center position of the rotatable tension arm. To further optimize the output voltage linearity, the Hall Effect device preferably is located midway relative to the orientation of the magnetic poles of the magnet, that is, is located substantially at the magnetic null generated by the north-south poles, when the tension arm is in its center position. Thus voltage variations indicative of ring magnet rotation are caused by movement of the pole pair relative to the Hall Effect device, rather than by a flux density change such as caused by varying the air gap.

The Hall Effect device herein is supplied with a regulated voltage, and the output voltage therefrom is supplied to an offset operational amplifier which provides adjustment for setting the voltage to a selected nulled voltage, for example, to zero, when the tension arm is in its center position. A second operational amplifier is coupled tc the offset operational amplifier and suitably amplifies the output

signal for subsequent use in the associated servo circuit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGURE 1 is a simplified perspective view of a basic implementation of the invention.

FIGURE 2 is a simplified view of a portion of the device shown in FIGURE 1, depicting an orientation of the Hall Effect device relative to the magnetic field generated by a single pole pair ring magnet.

FIGURES 3 and 4 are further simplified views of the orientation of the Hall Effect device relative to the magnetic field generated by double pole pair ring magnets.

FIGURE 5 is a graph of voltage versus angular rotation, which illustrates the linearity of the invention transducer exemplified in FIGURES 1, 2.

FIGURES 6 and 7 are simplified views of alternative embodiments of the ring magnet, including the relative Hall Effect device positions.

FIGURE 8 is a graph of voltage versus angular rotation generated by the alternative "C" shaped ring magnet of FIGURE 7.

FIGURE 9 is a cross-sectional view of the in¬ ventive Hall Effect transducer in the environment of a tape tension arm assembly.

FIGURE 10 is a cross-section view taken along the section line 10-10 of FIGURE 9.

FIGURES 11 and 12 are simplified perspective views depicting alternative locations for the Hall Effect device relative to the ring magnet and rotatable member.

FIGURE 13 is a schematic diagram exemplifying the offset, amplifying, and voltage regulation circuitry of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIGURE 1, a simplified tape tension arm assembly is depicted, including a tape roller guide 12, a tension arm 14 and a tension arm shaft 16. In accordance with the invention, a ring magnet 18 is secured in coaxial relation to the end of the shaft 16 as, for example, by press fitting, or by any other suitable means. The ring magnet 18 depicted is a single pole pair ring magnet having a north-south (N-S) pole pair which generates accordingly a magnetic field depicted via the arrow 20. A Hall Effect device 22 having a voltage output line 24, is secured to a housing (FIGURES 9, 10) in close proximity to the circumference of the ring magnet 18, and on a radius of the magnet which extends generally perpendicularly to the N-S magnet field 20. Thus, the Hall Effect device 22 is located generally perpendicular to the N-S pole pair, that is, is located at a midway point correspond¬ ing to the magnetic field null, when the tape tension arm assembly is in the center position depicted herein by a line 26. In theory, the position corresponds to a nulled (preferably zero) voltage output from the Hall Effect device 22. In practice, the center position corresponds to a nulled voltage output of one-half of the supply voltage plus-or-minus the offset errors of the Hall Effect device, thereby necessitating an offset stage further described in FIGURE 13. In a practical tape transport application, the guide 12/arm 14, and thus the shaft 16, rotate together through an angle of the order of ±30 degrees relative to the center posi¬ tion 26. However, as depicted in the FIGURE 1, the transducer may be used at greater angular rotations of the order of ±80° depending upon the desired appli¬ cation and the corresponding configuration, as further described below.

FIGURE 2 further illustrates the magnetic field lines of flux, as at numeral 28, which are generated by the single pole pair ring magnet 18, and

further shows the orientation of the fixed Hall Effect device 22 relative to the flux lines, along the posi¬ tion 26 corresponding to the center position of the tension arm 14. Accordingly, the Hall Effect device 22 is located at a position which is generally perpendicu¬ lar to the magnetic field 20 and at the magnetic null of the N-S pole pair. However, as depicted in broken line the magnetic field transducing device, such as the Hall Effect device 22, may be located in the magnetic field lines of flux in a region thereof which is displaced from the magnetic null. The latter configuration is useful in situations where a rotatable member rotates primarily in one direction relative to a center position, or slightly in one direction and more extensively in the other direction.

FIGURE 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein similar components are similarly numbered. A double pole pair ring magnet 18' is used in place of the single pole pair ring magnet 18 of previous description. The resulting pair of N-S magnetic fields are depicted by numerals 30, 32, and generate a pattern corresponding to a double pair of flux lines as depicted by numeral 34. The Hall Effect device 22 herein is fixed in close proximity to the circumference of the ring magnet 18', at a position on a radius thereof which generally is 45 degrees relative to, but still midway between, adjacent N-S poles 30, 32 and along the center position of the tension arm 14 depicted by line 26. The device 22 may be disposed between other pairs of adjacent poles, and either in the magnetic null region, or displaced from the null region, as described in FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 4 depicts a double pole pair ring magnet 18", wherein the magnet has been magnetized with alternate north-south-north-south poles at successive 90° points around the magnet. The magnetic flux lines 34' essentially are similar to those of FIGURE 3, but wherein the N-S magnetic fields 31, 33, .35 and 37 lie

within the annulus of the magnet. As may be seen, Hall

Effect device 22 lies generally perpendicular to field

31 in the depicted configuration, but may be disposed between other adjacent poles.

The graph of FIGURE 5 illustrates the voltage generated by the Hall Effect transducer on the output connector (FIGURE 13) , utilizing the single pole pair configuration of FIGURES 1, 2 through a rotation of, for example, approximately 180°. In the plot, a zero voltage corresponding to the center position of the tension arm 14 is generated at about 90°. Angular rotation to 0° generates about -6 volts, while angular rotation to 180° generates a voltage of about +6 volts; ergo, the graph depicts the voltage output indicative of the order of ±90° angular rotation of the tension arm 14 about the center position 26 of previous dis¬ cussion. As may be seen, the voltage output of the Hall Effect device 22 is particularly, linear throughout the angular rotation of ±70° as depicted by comparison with the straight line 39, and is still relatively linear over a rotation of ±80° as shown by comparison with the straight line 41. In the double pole pair configuration of FIGURE 3, 4, the linearity of the output voltage drops out somewhat at either extreme of a ±30° angular rotation, when compared to the linearity of the voltage generated by the single pole pair ring magnet of FIGURES 1, 2.

Referring to FIGURE 6, an alternative ring magnet 18 emodiment is illustrated, which is provided by selecting the angular location of the north and south magnetic poles generated in the magnet at the time the latter is manufactured. Thus, as exemplified in FIGURE 6, the N-S poles may be induced within the ring magnet at symmetrical locations lying, for example 20° from a diameter, whereby the resulting pattern of magnetic field flux lines 43 extend an arcuate length about the magnet circumference of greater than 180°. This allows a greater range of angular rotation of the

magnet 18'" relative to the Hall Effect device 22, while still optimizing the linearity of the output signal from the Hall Effect device 22. Obviously, the invention contemplates the use of other N-S magnetic pole orientations commensurate with other values of angles.

To illustrate, FIGURE 7 depicts a further interrupted-ring magnet configuration, herein defined as a "C" shaped ring magnet 118. The magnet 118 has the same general circular configuration and may readily replace the ring magnets of FIGURES 2-4 and 6. However, magnet 118 has a slice or wedge cut out of its cross section to form thereby a gap 120 which interrupts the continuity of the material of the magnet. The magnet 118 is magnetized to provide a north pole at one end of the magnetic material and a south pole at the other end, with the north-south poles at opposite sides of gap 120. The resulting magnetic field is depicted as a circular field 122 originating at the north-south poles and extending generally concentrically about the magnet 118. Concentrated lines of force extend through the gap 120, while a magnetic field null occurs at the point diametrically opposed to the gap, as well as in the gap itself.

The magnet 118 is secured to the tension arm shaft 16 with the gap 120 bisected by the line 26 corresponding to the center position of the tension arm 14 of previous discussion. The Hall Effect device 22 is secured in fixed position along the line 26 in close and constant proximity to the circumference of the ring magnet 118 as previously described. It may be seen that, due to the presence of the gap 120 and the arrangement of the north-south poles at the gap, there is a relatively greater arcuate length of uninterrupt¬ ed, magnetic flux lines available within which the Hall Effect device may be maintained. It follows that, as in FIGURE 6, a greater rotation of the shaft/magnet 118 is possible, while still allowing the Hall Effect

device 22 to generate a linear voltage output signal on the line 24. As previously mentioned, the Hall Effect device may be displaced from the magnetic null region. Furthermore, the device 22 may be disposed in the magnetic field lines of flux generated in the gap 120, as depicted in dashed lines.

FIGURE 8 illustrates in solid line the theoretical output signal generated by the Hall Effect device 22 given the offset pole configuration of FIGURE 6, or the "C" shaped interrupted-ring magnet 118 of FIGURE 7. At the gap 120 there are two rapid reversals of magnet field polarities, with a relatively linear region of rotation corresponding generally to from 60° through 300°. The magnetic field null occurs at the 180° point, as well as the zero degree point, with a reversal of polarity. It may be seen that in the gap 120 region, a very small angular rotation provides a relatively large voltage change. Thus securing the Hall Effect device 22 in the gap 120 provides a rotation sensor apparatus of correspondingly high resolution.

By way of comparison, the output signal of FIGURE 5 generated by the Hall Effect device 22 of the FIGURES 1, 2 embodiment ^' also is illustrated in FIGURE 8 by the dashed curve, over a full rotation of 360°.. As depicted in the dashed curve, at a 180° angular position of the magnet 18, the Hall Effect device 22 is at a magnetic null, with a phase reversal. At 270°, the south pole passes the device 22 to provide the largest negative voltage, and at 360° (or 0°) there is an opposite phase reversal at the second magnetic null. At 90°, the north pole passes the Hall Effect device to provide the greatest positive voltage output.

FIGURES 9, 10 depict an implementation of the present Hall Effect transducer in combination with, for example, a tape tension arm assembly, wherein similar components of the previous figures are similarly numbered. The tension arm shaf 16 is rotatably

mounted within a housing 36 by means of a pair of εpaced-apart bearings 38, 40. The housing includes mounting flanges 42 for securing the assembly and transducer within the associated videotape recorder structure. In this embodiment, the end of the shaft 16 extends beyond bearing 40 within the end of the housing 36. The ring magnet 18 (or an alternative) of previous mention is pressed, or otherwise secured, to the end of the shaft 16 in coaxial arrangement. A spring 44 is disposed in compression between the bearing 40 and the ring magnet 18 to maintain the ring magnet in axial position relative to the Hall Effect device. The Hall Effect device 22 of previous mention is secured, for example, to a circuit board 46 by a suitable rigid support 47, which may be the leads of the device 22. The circuit board 46, in turn, is demountably secured as by suitable screws 48 to the end of the housing 36. The circuit board 46' contains the transducer electron¬ ics (FIGURE 13) as well as the Hall Effect device 22, thus providing a self-contained transducer unit which readily can be assembled to the tension arm assembly, or which can be removed if repairs or replacement are required. The Hall Effect device 22 is secured to the board 46 by the rigid support 47 which maintains the device 22 in close proximity to the circumference of the ring magnet 18. Thus, a constant gap 50 is main¬ tained between the circumference and the device 22 throughout the full extent of angular rotation of the ring magnet 18, that is, of the tension arm 14.' By way of example, the width of the gap 50 may be of the order of almost touching the ring magnet to about one-eighth of an inch. The Hall Effect device 22, in effect, is secured along a radius depicted by the line 26 as the center position (FIGURE 10) , which corresponds to the center position of the tension arm assembly of previous mention. The magnetic field generated by the single pole pair ring magnet 18 of FIGURE 10 is illustrated at numeral 28 whereby, in the preferred embodiment, the

Hall Effect device 22 is disposed within the field at a position generally midway between the N-S poles at the magnetic null thereof.

Thus, it may be seen that voltage variations at the output of the Hall Effect device in the various embodiments are caused, in essence, by providing movement between the N-S pole pair and the Hall Effect device while maintaining the constant gap of previous mention. It follows that the Hall Effect device senses a change in the polarization of the field, rather than a change in flux density or field strength.

As illustrated in FIGURE 11, it is to be understood that the Hall Effect device 22 also may be secured at a location immediately below, or above, the outermost side portion of the various configurations of ring magnets, rather than adjacent to the circum¬ ference. In addition, as illustrated in FIGURE 12, if the shaft 16 is made of magnetically conductive materi¬ al, the Hall Effect device 22 may be disposed in close proximity to the circumference of the shaft 16 itself. In this configuration, the N-S magnetic field 20 further is induced in the shaft 16 by the ring magnet 18, and is sensed by the Hall Effect device 22.

In FIGURE 13, the Hall Effect device 22 is depicted in combination with an associated electronic circuit, and includes a temperature compensated Hall Effect device, such as a TL3103C manufactured by Texas Instruments. A first input is coupled to a line 52 extending from, a voltage regulator 53, and a second input is coupled to a line 54 extending from a voltage regulator 55. Accordingly, by way of example only, the lines 52, 54 supply regulated voltages of the order of -7.5 volts and +7.5 volts, respectively. An output voltage is provided on the line 24 of previous mention, which output is set at approximately zero volts when the tension arm assembly is at its center position and the Hall Effect device 22 essentially is midway to, or at the magnetic null of, the N-S pole pair, as

previously described. Any angular rotation of the shaft 16 and thus of the ring magnet 18, causes a corresponding change in the position of the N-S field poles relative to the stationary Hall Effect device 22 which, in turn, causes the device to generate a corresponding change in output voltage on the output line 24. The line 24 is coupled to the inverting input of an offset operational amplifier (op amp) stage 58 which, for example, allows the circuit to be adjusted to a selected nulled voltage (for example, zero volts) . Thus, a zero volt output is supplied by the circuit when the tension arm assembly is in the center position of previous mention. The output of the offset op amp stage 58 is coupled to an inverting input of an amplifying operational amplifier (op amp) stage 60. Since the full voltage range generated by the Hall Effect device may vary through on the order of only ±0.2 volt, the amplifying op amp stage 60 herein provides sufficient gain to supply a ±5 volt output from the circuit of FIGURE 13. Offset adjustment is provided by a variable potentiometer 63 and gain adjustment by the variable potentiometer 69. An output connector 62 of op amp stage 60 supplies the output voltage on a line 65 which is indicative of the angular rotation of the ring magnet 18 and thus of the tension arm 14. A negative voltage change depicts rotation in a first angular direction, and a positive voltage change depicts rotation in the other angular direction. It may be seen that the Hall Effect device 22 herein is placed across the two power supplies 53, 55 and the lines 52, 54, instead of being placed across a positive power supply and ground. Although the latter configuration is acceptable when a regulated power source with desired offset adjustment is available, in situations where an unregulated power source is used and/or wherein insufficient voltage is available across a single power supply, it is preferable to use the circuit configuration of FIGURE 13. This eliminates

the problem of an unregulated voltage being supplied to the device 22, which would cause voltage variations in the transducer output on line 65 and reel jitter in the reel servo.

The voltage regulators 53, 55 are an adjust¬ able type which may be set by respective resistors 64 and 66, to supply the voltages of positive and negative 7.5 volts DC on the lines 52, 54. A capacitor 70 on the input of the amplifying op amp stage 60 allows the RC time constant of the circuit to be adapted to emulate the frequency response of tension arm apparatus which is being used for example, in a videotape record¬ er, or wherein the Hall Effect transducer unit is being retrofitted into the recorder in place of, for example, a photo potentiometer type of tension arm transducer. The capacitor 70 allows rolling off the usual high frequency response of about 100 kiloHertz of the Hall Effect device, to match the lower response of, for example, an original photo potentiometer transducer. Thus, the circuitry of FIGURE 13 readily is adapted for use in existing tension arm apparatus in a videotape recorder environment, wherein it is desirable to replace an original tape tension arm position sensing transducer without having to redesign the recorder electronics. In these situations the electronic circuit voltages, offset voltage, etc., readily are matched to the existing or available voltages in the recorder.

The circuit has been described herein with ±7.5 volts applied to the Hall Effect device, with substantially a zero volt output at the center posi¬ tion, by way of example only. The Hall Effect device may be connected across other available voltage ranges such as from ground potential to +12 volts, whereby the output theoretically will be 6 volts. In this situa¬ tion, as the ring magnet is rotated through ±70°, the output voltage of the Hall Effect device may vary over the range of, for example, 5.8 through 6.2 volts. - The

resistor values of the offset op amp stage 58 here are selected to provide an offset compensated, nulled voltage (preferably zero volts) when the tension arm is at the center position. Obviously, the nulled voltage could be other than zero volts. It may be seen that coarse offset adjustments are made in the circuit by changing resistor values, and fine adjustments are made by adjusting variable resistors.

Obviously, although the present Hall Effect transducer is described herein in conjunction with a tape tension arm apparatus in a videotape recorder, it may readily be used in other electronic or mechanical apparatus wherein it is desirable to determine precisely the angular position of a rotatable shaft, disc or other equivalent member.

As previously mentioned, the present Hall Effect transducer further may be used in applications where greater angular rotations of a shaft or member, are to be sensed. For example, the transducer may be used as a tachometer for identifying the rotational velocity of a shaft through continuous 360° rotation, as well as the angular position of the shaft. As a tachometer, a single pole pair magnet configuration provides a full sinewave of output voltage per revolu¬ tion, while a dual pole pair magnet configuration provides two full sinewaves of output voltage per revolution. However, for additional resolution, a large plurality of evenly spaced magnetic poles may be induced in the ring magnet to provide a corresponding large number of full sinewaves per revolution.

Although the invention combination has been described herein utilizing Hall Effect devices, it is to be understood that the invention contemplates the use of electro-magnetic transducing devices, of the type which are capable of sensing a change in the polarization of a magnetic field, and of supplying a voltage indicative of the change. In addition, the Hall Effect device may be replaced by a

magneto-resistive transducing device, wherein a change in the polarization of a magnetic field relative to the device causes a resistance change which, in turn, is represented by a voltage at the output of the associated circuit such as that of FIGURE 13. Thus the invention contemplates the use of various magnetic field transducers, various positions at which the transducers are secured, various magnet configurations and corresponding magnetic field patterns, and circuitry other than described herein by way of description.