CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.

62/800,266, entitled“Handling of Channel Access Problems” and filed on February 1, 2019, and U.S. Patent Application No. 16/776,321, entitled“Handling of Channel Access Problems” and filed on January 29, 2020, which are expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Technical Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to wireless communication in an unlicensed spectrum.

Introduction

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT)), and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra reliable low latency communications (URLLC). Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.

SUMMARY

[0005] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0006] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a wireless device, for example, a UE. The apparatus performs a radio link monitoring (RLM) for a first unlicensed frequency channel of an unlicensed frequency spectrum for a transmission from a first base station. The apparatus determines that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission based on a comparison of one or more of a reference signal received power (RSRP), a reference signal received quality (RSRQ), a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), a signal to noise ratio (SNR), or a channel occupancy or interference metric to a corresponding threshold. The apparatus sends a report to the first base station indicating a failure of the transmission upon determining that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission.

[0007] In another aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a wireless device, for example, a first base station. The apparatus determines to send a transmission to a UE on a first unlicensed frequency channel of an unlicensed frequency spectrum. The apparatus determines a failure of the transmission to the UE from the first base station through the unlicensed frequency spectrum. The apparatus performs, based on the determination of the failed transmission to the UE, one of changing a secondary cell at the first base station for the UE for communication through the unlicensed frequency spectrum or handing over the UE to a primary cell at a second base station for communication through the unlicensed frequency spectrum.

[0008] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.

[0010] FIGs. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D are diagrams illustrating examples of a first 5G/NR frame, DL channels within a 5G/NR subframe, a second 5G/NR frame, and UL channels within a 5G/NR subframe, respectively.

[0011] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and user equipment

(UE) in an access network.

[0012] FIG. 4 is a call flow diagram of signaling between a UE and one or more base stations in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

[0014] FIG. 6 is a conceptual data flow diagram illustrating the data flow between different means/components in an example apparatus.

[0015] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus employing a processing system.

[0016] FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

[0017] FIG. 9 is a conceptual data flow diagram illustrating the data flow between different means/components in an example apparatus.

[0018] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus employing a processing system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.

[0020] In wireless communication between a base station and a User Equipment (UE) in an unlicensed spectrum, downlink and uplink transmissions may not occur due to listen before talk (LBT) procedure failures. For example, the base station or the UE may not get access to an unlicensed frequency channel. If the channel access problem occurs consistently, the system performance may be degraded.

[0021] In order to overcome the channel access problem and to prevent system performance degradation, the present disclosure improves the manner in which the UE may send a report to the base station indicating a failure of an LBT procedure for an attempted transmission, such that the base station may deactivate or change the cell for which the report applies or perform a handover (HO). Aspects presented herein further improve communication reliability by enabling the base station and/or the UE to get access to an unlicensed frequency channel in a shorter time. Aspects presented herein further improve communication data rate, capacity and spectral efficiency.

[0022] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as“elements”). These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0023] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0024] Accordingly, in one or more example embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer- readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

[0025] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC)). The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and/or small cells (low power cellular base station). The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. [0026] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface). The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN)) may interface with core network 190 through second backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface). The third backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.

[0027] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102' may have a coverage area 110' that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL). The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell).

[0028] Some UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL/UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.

[0029] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point

(AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0030] The small cell 102' may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102' may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102', employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network.

[0031] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102' or a large cell (e.g., macro base station), may include and/or be referred to as an eNB, gNodeB (gNB), or another type of base station. Some base stations 180, such as a gNB, may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz - 300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station, e.g., the base station 180, may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. The base station 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and/or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming.

[0032] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182'. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 182". The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.

[0033] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other

MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), a PS Streaming Service, and/or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN), and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start/stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.

[0034] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management

Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the AMF 192 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), a PS Streaming Service, and/or other IP services.

[0035] The base station may include and/or be referred to as a gNB, Node B, eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), a transmit reception point (TRP), or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor/actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc.). The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0036] Referring again to FIG. 1, in some aspects, the UE 104 may be configured to determine that an unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for a transmission based on a comparison of signals. For example, the UE 104 may comprise a report component 198 configured to send a report to a base station indicating a failure of a transmission. The UE 104 may be configured to perform a RLM for a first unlicensed frequency channel of an unlicensed frequency spectrum for a transmission from a first base station. The UE 104 may be configured to determine that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission based on a comparison of one or more of a RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, SNR or a channel occupancy or interference metric to a corresponding threshold. The UE 104 may be configured to send, upon determining that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission, a report to the first base station indicating a failure of the transmission.

[0037] Referring again to FIG. 1, in some aspects, the base station 180 may be configured to change a secondary cell at the base station 180 for the UE to communicate through an unlicensed frequency spectrum, or hand over the UE 104 to a primary cell at a second base station. For example, the base station 180 may comprise a changing/HO component 199 configured to change the secondary cell at the base station or hand over the UE to another base station. The base station 180 may be configured to determine to send a transmission to a UE 104 on a first unlicensed frequency channel of an unlicensed frequency spectrum. The base station 180 may be configured to determine a failure of the transmission to the UE from the base station 180 through the unlicensed frequency spectrum. The base station 180 may be configured to perform, based on the determination of the failed transmission to the UE, one of changing a secondary cell at the base station 180 for the UE for communication through the unlicensed frequency spectrum or hand over the UE to a primary cell at a second base station for communication through the unlicensed frequency spectrum. [0038] Although the following description may be focused on 5G NR, the concepts described herein may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-A, CDMA, GSM, and other wireless technologies.

[0039] FIG. 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a

5G/NR frame structure. FIG. 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G/NR subframe. FIG. 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G/NR frame structure. FIG. 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G/NR subframe. The 5G/NR frame structure may be FDD in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL, or may be TDD in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL. In the examples provided by FIGs. 2A, 2C, the 5G/NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, with subframe 4 being configured with slot format 28 (with mostly DL), where D is DL, U is UL, and X is flexible for use between DL/UL, and subframe 3 being configured with slot format 34 (with mostly UL). While subframes 3, 4 are shown with slot formats 34, 28, respectively, any particular subframe may be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0, 1 are all DL, UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format (dynamically through DL control information (DCI), or semi-statically/statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI). Note that the description infra applies also to a 5G/NR frame structure that is TDD.

[0040] Other wireless communication technologies may have a different frame structure and/or different channels. A frame (10 ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized subframes (1 ms). Each subframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot may include 7 or 14 symbols, depending on the slot configuration. For slot configuration 0, each slot may include 14 symbols, and for slot configuration 1, each slot may include 7 symbols. The symbols on DL may be cyclic prefix (CP) OFDM (CP- OFDM) symbols. The symbols on UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high throughput scenarios) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (DFT-s- OFDM) symbols (also referred to as single carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) symbols) (for power limited scenarios; limited to a single stream transmission). The number of slots within a subframe is based on the slot configuration and the numerology. For slot configuration 0, different numerologies m 0 to 5 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 slots, respectively, per subframe. For slot configuration 1, different numerologies 0 to 2 allow for 2, 4, and 8 slots, respectively, per subframe. Accordingly, for slot configuration 0 and numerology m, there are 14 symbols/slot and 2 ^m slots/subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length/duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2 ^m * 15 kHz, where m is the numerology 0 to 5. As such, the numerology m=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology m=5 has a subcarrier spacing of 480 kHz. The symbol length/duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGs. 2A-2D provide an example of slot configuration 0 with 14 symbols per slot and numerology m=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 ps.

[0041] A resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) that extends 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0042] As illustrated in FIG. 2A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE. The RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R _x for one particular configuration, where lOOx is the port number, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (C SI RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS), beam refinement RS (BRRS), and phase tracking RS (PT-RS).

[0043] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs), each CCE including nine RE groups (REGs), each REG including four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine subframe/symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH), which carries a master information block (MIB), may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS)/PBCH block. The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN). The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs), and paging messages.

[0044] As illustrated in FIG. 2C, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The PUSCH DM-RS may be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS). The SRS may be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency -dependent scheduling on the UL.

[0045] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), and HARQ ACK/NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR), a power headroom report (PHR), and/or UCI.

[0046] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a base station 310 in communication with a UE 350 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller/processor 375 The controller/processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller/processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs), error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0047] The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318TX. Each transmitter 318TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0048] At the UE 350, each receiver 354RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they may be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller/processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

[0049] The controller/processor 359 can be associated with a memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The memory 360 may be referred to as a computer- readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller/processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and/or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

[0050] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller/processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0051] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 may be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 may be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354TX. Each transmitter 354TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0052] The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350. Each receiver 318RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.

[0053] The controller/processor 375 can be associated with a memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The memory 376 may be referred to as a computer- readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 350. IP packets from the controller/processor 375 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller/processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and/or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

[0054] At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller/processor 359 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with

198 of FIG. 1.

[0055] At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller/processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with

199 of FIG. 1. [0056] In wireless communication (e.g., 5G NR or LTE wireless communication) in an unlicensed spectrum, a channel access procedure, for example, an LBT procedure, may fail because other UEs or other base stations or other technologies may use an unlicensed channel in the unlicensed spectrum. Thus, downlink and uplink transmissions may not occur due to the LBT procedure failures, for example, a base station 402 or a UE 404 may not be able to get access to the channel. When the LBT procedure fails, the base station 402 or the UE 404 may not get access to the channel, for example, for a long time duration. The channel access problem may degrade system performance, and may further degrade communication data rate, capacity and spectral efficiency.

[0057] The present disclosure improves the manner in which a UE may overcome channel access problems, which may assist to prevent system performance degradation.

[0058] FIG. 4 is an example communication flow 400 between a UE 404 and a base station 402. Optional aspects are illustrated with a dashed line. The base station 402 may provide a cell serving the UE 404. For example, in the context of FIG. 1, the base station 402 may correspond to base station 102/180 and, accordingly, the cell may include a geographic coverage area 110 in which communication coverage is provided and/or small cell 102’ having a coverage area 110’. Further, the UE 404 may correspond to at least UE 104. In another example, in the context of FIG. 3, the base station 402 may correspond to the base station 310 and the UE 404 may correspond to the UE 350.

[0059] For downlink transmissions, the UE 404 may monitor downlink traffic, as well as reference signal, from the base station 402. For example, the UE 404 may perform an RLM, as illustrated at 408. If the UE 404 has missed the reference signals for some time, the UE 404 may report to the base station, as illustrated at 420. The UE 404 may send the report earlier than a time to declare a radio link failure (RLF). In this way, channel access problem may be solved earlier, and the base station 402 and/or the UE 404 may get access to the channel quicker.

[0060] At 410, the UE 404 may determine that the channel is not available and may trigger a report if RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, or SINR is above or below a corresponding threshold where the UE counts the number of occasions when RSRP < a RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < a RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > a RSSI threshold, or SINR < a SINR threshold, or SNR < a threshold, or a channel occupancy or interference metric > a threshold within a duration (per cell or per sub-band). The base station 402 may configure the UE 404 to report to the base station 402 if RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, or SINR is above or below a corresponding threshold for an amount of time. The UE 404 may count the number of occasions when the reference signals are missed, e.g., when RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < a threshold, or a channel occupancy or interference metric > a threshold within the duration (per cell or per sub-band). In some aspects, the missing of the reference signals may be due to LBT failure. In some aspects, the missing of the reference signals may be due to interference from a hidden node. There may be a lot of interference from the hidden node that may cause the missing of the reference signals.

[0061] In some aspects, a counter may be triggered if RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or

RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < a threshold, or a channel occupancy or interference metric > a threshold. The UE 404 may count the number of occasions when the reference signals are missed, e.g., when RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < a threshold, or a channel occupancy or interference metric > a threshold within the duration (per cell or per sub-band). When the number of occasions exceeds the threshold number for the counter, the UE 404 may send the report to the base station. In some configuration, the UE 404 may send the report to the base station based on a percentage of a time corresponds to the number of occasions when the reference signals are missed over the monitoring time duration.

[0062] In some aspects, the duration of the monitoring may be configured, at illustrated at 412. The base station 402 may configure the UE 404 to monitor the channel for a time duration.

[0063] In some aspects, a threshold for the counter may be configured, as illustrated at

414. The base station 402 may configure the UE 404 to report when the number of occasions that RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < a threshold, or a channel occupancy or interference metric > a threshold exceeds a threshold number of occasions, within the duration (per cell or per sub-band).

[0064] In some aspects, the actual symbols/slots to measure can be configured, as illustrated at 416. The actual symbols/slots are the reference signal, such as a synchronization signal block (SSB), or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), etc. The base station 402 may configure the UE 404 which reference signal is to be measured, for example, the SSB, or the CSI-RS, etc.

[0065] In some aspects, when the base station 402 grabs the channel, the base station

402 may report missing RS symbols. The base station 402 may inform the UE 404 that the base station was not able to transmit the RS symbols. If this happens, the base station 402 may configure the UE not to account for these missing symbols that the base station have reported in the UE’s counting, as illustrated at 418. In the UE’s report, the UE 404 may report the missing reference signals not reported by the base station, which may due to the hidden nodes issue and the base station 402 may not know about. In this case, the channel may be good, but the interference due to the hidden nodes (e.g., a WiFi nearby is interfering) may be large, but the base station 402 may not be aware of this issue.

[0066] The report may be sent periodically or once (aperiodic), at 420.

[0067] When channel access failure happens, the UE 404 may report to the base station

402. For example, when RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, SNR, or a channel occupancy or interference metric is above or below a threshold, the UE 404 may send a report to the base station 402, where the report shows that there is a problem on the channel. The base station 402 may take actions, such as de-activing or changing a cell for which the report applies or performing HO, as illustrated at 422. In this way, the base station 402 and/or the UE 404 may get access to the channel in the unlicensed spectrum in a shorter time, and therefore, communication reliability may be improved. Further, communication data rate, capacity and spectral efficiency may also be improved.

[0068] Once the event has been triggered, the UE 404 may send a report to the base station 402, for example, as an RRC message. The report may include as much information as possible. For example, the report may include channel (cell, sub band), duration of the failure event (value of the timer when event events), the thresholds of the counters. The UE 404 may have multiple cells, the problem may have at any cell. For example, if the problem happens at cell 2, the UE 404 may report on cell 1. The report may include the cell, and/or the sub-band. The LBT may use a sub-band, e.g., 20 MHz sub-band. The problem may happen at a portion of the sub-band. For example, when RSRP is below the threshold, the UE 404 may start a timer. [0069] In some aspects, the report may also include an RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, RSSI, SNR, or channel occupancy of all cells and frequencies configured by measurement objects.

[0070] In some aspects, the report may include the time and/or indices of the reference signals missed, e.g. when RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < a threshold, or a channel occupancy or interference metric > a threshold within the duration (per cell or per sub-band). SSB burst may contain multiple SSBs, where the index of each SSB may be from 0 to the number of SSBs. The index of each SSB may be configured by the first base station.

[0071] Even if HO happens after the trigger, the UE 404 may still send the report to a target base station 403 in addition to the base station 402, as illustrated at 420'. Because the same problem may still persist, the UE 404 may still have the report and send to the target base station 403 to inform the target base station 403 of the problem.

[0072] The UE 404 may also send the report as an MAC control element (CE). The report may include cell index, sub-band index, type of event (RSRP etc. < lower or > than the corresponding threshold)

[0073] At 422, when the base station 402 receives the report, the base station 402 may de-active or change a cell for which the report applies or perform HO. The base station 402 may have a primary cell and several secondary cells. For example, each cell may be 20 MHZ. The base station 402 may have multiple 20 MHz cells, one being the primary cell, and the others being the secondary cells.

[0074] In some aspects, when the LBT failure happens in a first secondary cell, the base station 402 may deactivate the first secondary cell, and activate a second secondary cell. The UE 404 may change the first secondary cell to the second secondary cell for communication through a second channel of the unlicensed spectrum.

[0075] In some aspects, when the LBT failure happens in the primary cell, since the primary cell is connected with features such as security, the base station 402 may have to perform HO to the second base station (target base station) 403. For example, the base station 402 may perform HO from the primary cell of the base station 402 to a primary cell of the second base station 403. Even if there may be a problem with the primary cell of the base station 402, the UE 404 may still be able to send the report as RRC messages, based on the configured numbers and/or durations. Further, the source base station 402 may forward the report in HO preparation to the target base station 403, as illustrated at 424.

[0076] A secondary cell may be deactivated due to the LBT procedure failure. The UE

404 may still monitor the deactivated secondary cell. The UE 404 may report when the deactivated cell becomes good again, as illustrated at 430. The UE 404 may keep the deactivated secondary cell in a dormant-type state where the UE 404 still performs measurements, possibly less often. For example, the UE 404 may monitor the deactivated secondary cell occasionally, but not constantly. For example, the UE 404 may report when reference signals are detected successfully for a configured number and/or within a duration. For another, example, the UE 404 may report when channel occupancy and/or RSSI is below a threshold for this secondary cell frequency.

[0077] For downlink transmissions, the base station 402 may decide to move to another channel when LBT problems occur on a channel (or cell), as illustrated at 440. The UE may report not detecting reference signals after a configured number, duration and signal quality, for example, in order to detect hidden node issues. If the failed cell is a secondary cell, the base station 402 may deactivate the secondary cell. If the failed cell is a primary cell, the base station 402 may perform HO to the second base station 403.

[0078] FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 500 of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a UE or a component of a UE (e.g., the UE 104, 350, 404, 950; the apparatus 602/602'; the processing system 714, which may include the memory 360 and which may be the entire UE 350 or a component of the UE 350, such as the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and/or the controller/processor 359). According to various aspects, one or more of the illustrated operations of method 500 may be omitted, transposed, and/or contemporaneously performed. Optional aspects are illustrated with a dashed line. The method may enable a UE to obtain access to an unlicensed frequency channel of the unlicensed frequency spectrum in the event of channel access failures.

[0079] At 502, the UE may perform a RLM for a first unlicensed frequency channel of an unlicensed frequency spectrum. For example, 502 may be performed by RLM component 606 of apparatus 602. The UE may perform the RLM for the first unlicensed frequency channel of the unlicensed frequency spectrum for a transmission from a first base station. For example, referring to FIG. 4, the UE 404 may monitor downlink traffic, as well as reference signal, from the base station 402. For example, the UE 404 may perform an RLM, as illustrated at 408.

[0080] At 506, the UE may determine that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission. For example, 506 may be performed by determination component 608 of apparatus 602. The UE may determine that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission based on a comparison of one or more of a RSRP, a RSRQ, a RSSI, a SINR, a SNR, or a channel occupancy or interference metric to a corresponding threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 4, at 410, the base station 402 may configure the UE 404 to report to the base station 402 when RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, SNR or a channel occupancy or interference metric is above or below a corresponding threshold for an amount of time. The UE 404 may count the number of occasions when the reference signals are missed, e.g., when RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < the SNR threshold, or the channel occupancy or interference metric > the channel occupancy or interference metric threshold within the duration (per cell or per sub band).

[0081] In some aspects, for example at 508, the UE may maintain one or more counters.

For example, 508 may be performed by counter component 610 of apparatus 602. The UE may maintain one or more counters associated with a number of occasions when one or more of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, or the SNR is less than the corresponding threshold within a monitoring duration, or when one or more of the RSSI or the channel occupancy or interference metric is greater than the corresponding threshold within the monitoring duration.

[0082] In some aspects, for example at 516, to determine that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission, the UE may determine that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission based on the number of occasions exceeding a threshold number of occasions within the monitoring duration. For example, 516 may be performed by threshold component 612 of apparatus 602. For example, referring to FIG. 4, a counter may be triggered when RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < the SNR threshold, or the channel occupancy or interference metric > the channel occupancy or interference metric. The UE 404 may count the number of occasions when the reference signals are missed, e.g., when RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < the SNR threshold, or the channel occupancy or interference metric > the channel occupancy or interference metric within the duration (per cell or per sub-band). When the number of occasions exceeds the threshold number for the counter, the UE 404 may send the report to the base station. In some configuration, the UE 404 may send the report to the base station based on a percentage of a time corresponds to the number of occasions when the reference signals are missed over the monitoring time duration. As an example, the duration of the monitoring may be configured, at illustrated at 412. The base station 402 may configure the UE 404 to monitor the channel for a time duration. As another example, a threshold for the counter may be configured, as illustrated at 414. The base station 402 may configure the UE 404 to report when the number of occasions that RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < the SNR threshold, or the channel occupancy or interference metric > the channel occupancy or interference metric exceeds a threshold number of occasions, within the duration (per cell or per sub-band).

[0083] In some aspects, the UE may receive information indicating reference signals

(RS) not transmitted by the first base station. The determination that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission from the first base station may be based on the received information and may be performed in resources other than resources including the missing RS from the first base station.

[0084] In some aspects, for example at 518, the UE may receive a configuration of a symbol or a slot to be measured from the first base station. For example, 518 may be performed by slot configuration component 614 of apparatus 602. The first unlicensed frequency channel may be determined to be unavailable based on the symbol or the slot received in the configuration. In some aspects, the symbol or the slot to be measured may include an SSB, a CSI-RS. In some aspects, one of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the RSSI, the SINR, the SNR, or the channel occupancy or interference metric of the SSB or the CSI-RS may be compared to the corresponding threshold to determine whether the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for transmission. For example, referring to FIG. 4, the actual symbols/slots to measure can be configured, as illustrated at 416. The actual symbols/slots are the reference signal, such as a SSB, or a CSI-RS, etc. The base station 402 may configure the UE 404 which reference signal is to be measured, for example, the SSB, or the CSI-RS, etc.

[0085] In some aspects, for example at 520, the UE may receive a configuration where the number of occasions do not include a subset of number of occasions when the first base station reports a missing reference signal symbol. For example, 520 may be performed by occasions component 616 of apparatus 602. For example, referring to FIG. 4, when the base station 402 grabs the channel, the base station 402 may report missing RS symbols. The base station 402 may inform the UE 404 that the base station was not able to transmit the RS symbols. If this happens, the base station 402 may also configure the UE not to account for these missing symbols that the base station have reported in the UE’s counting for the number of occasions, as illustrated at 418. In the UE’s report, the UE 404 may report the missing reference signals not reported by the base station, which may due to the hidden nodes issue and the base station 402 may not know about. In this case, the channel may be good, but the interference due to the hidden note (e.g., a WiFi nearby is interfering) may be large, but the base station 402 may not be aware of this issue.

[0086] At 510, the UE may send a report to the first base station indicating a failure of the transmission. For example, 510 may be performed by report component 618 of apparatus 602. The UE may send the report to the first base station indicating the failure of the transmission upon determining that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission. In some aspects, the report may be sent as part of a set of reports, where each report in the set of reports being sent periodically to the first base station. In some aspects, the report may include at least one of information associated with a cell associated with the first unlicensed frequency channel, a sub-band, a duration of a failed event, or a threshold number of occasions. In some aspects, the report may include at least one of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, the RSSI, the SNR, or a channel occupancy of a set of cells associated with the unlicensed frequency spectrum, the set of cells including a cell providing the first unlicensed frequency channel. The set of cells may include cells that were previously deactivated due to failures of previous transmissions. For example, the set of cells may include cells that were previously deactivated due to failures of previous transmission attempts based on the LBT protocol. For example, referring to FIG. 4, a secondary cell may be deactivated due to the LBT procedure failure. The UE 404 may still monitor the deactivated secondary cell. The UE 404 may report when the deactivated cell becomes good again, as illustrated at 430. The UE 404 may keep the deactivated secondary cell in a dormant-type state where the UE 404 still performs measurements, possibly less often. For example, the UE 404 may monitor the deactivated secondary cell occasionally, but not constantly. For example, the UE 404 may report when reference signals are detected successfully for a configured number and/or within a duration. For example, the UE 404 may report when channel occupancy and/or RSSI is below a threshold for this secondary cell frequency.

[0087] In some aspects, the report may include a time or an index when one or more of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, the SNR, or the channel occupancy or interference metric may be less than the corresponding threshold, or when one or more of the RSSI or the channel occupancy or interference metric may be greater than the corresponding threshold. In some aspects, the first unlicensed frequency channel may be received from a first secondary cell of the first base station, while the report may be sent through a primary cell of the first base station. The report may be sent by the UE to the first base station through a unicast RRC message or as a MAC-CE.

[0088] In some aspects, the report may include at least one of information associated with a cell providing the first unlicensed frequency channel, a sub-band, a duration of a failed event, a threshold number of occasion, or a type of the transmission. For example, referring to FIG. 4, the report may include channel (cell, sub-band), duration of the failure event (value of the timer when event events), the thresholds of the counters. The UE 404 may have multiple cells, the problem may occur at any cell. For example, if the problem happens at cell 2, the UE 404 may report on cell 1. The report may include the cell, and/or the sub-band. The LBT may use a sub-band, e.g., 20 MHz sub-band. The problem may happen at a portion of the sub-band. For example, when RSRP is below the threshold, the UE 404 may start a timer.

[0089] In some aspects, the report may include the time and/or indices of the reference signals missed, e.g. when RSRP < the RSPP threshold, or RSRQ < the RSRQ threshold, or RSSI > the RSSI threshold, or SINR < the SINR threshold, or SNR < the SNR threshold, or the channel occupancy or interference metric > the channel occupancy or interference metric within the duration (per cell or per sub-band). SSB burst may contain multiple SSBs, where the index of each SSB may be from 0 to the number of SSBs. The index of each SSB may be configured. [0090] In some aspects, for example at 512, the UE may receive information from the first base station indicating deactivation of the first secondary cell for communication through the first unlicensed frequency channel and activation of a second secondary cell for communication through a second unlicensed frequency channel of the unlicensed frequency spectrum. For example, 512 may be performed by change component 620 of apparatus 602. The UE may change the first secondary cell of the first base station to the second secondary cell of the first base station for communication through the second unlicensed frequency channel upon receipt of the information indicating the deactivation of the first secondary cell and the activation of the second secondary cell. In some aspects, the UE may move in a handover from the first base station to the second base station. For example, referring to FIG. 4, at 422, when the base station 402 receives the report, the base station 402 may deactivate or change the cell for which the report applies or perform a handover. A base station may have a primary cell and several secondary cells. For example, each cell may be 20 MHZ. The base station may have multiple 20 MHz cells, one being the primary cell, and the others being the secondary cells. For example, when the LBT failure happens in a secondary cell, the base station 402 may deactivate the secondary, and activate a second secondary cell. The UE 404 may change the secondary cell to the second secondary cell for communication through a second channel.

[0091] FIG. 6 is a conceptual data flow diagram 600 illustrating the data flow between different means/components in an example apparatus 602. The apparatus may be a UE or a component of a UE. The apparatus includes a reception component 604 that may be configured to receive various types of signals/messages and/or other information from other devices, including, for example, the base station 650. The apparatus includes an RLM component 606 that may be configured to perform a RLM, e.g., as described in connection with 502 of FIG. 5. The apparatus includes a determination component 608 that may be configured to determine that the first unlicensed frequency channel may be unavailable, e.g., as described in connection with 506 of FIG. 5. The apparatus includes a counter component 610 that may be configured to maintain one or more counters, e.g., as described in connection with 508 of FIG. 5. The apparatus includes a threshold component 612 that may be configured to determine that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission based on the number of occasions exceeding a threshold number of occasions within the monitoring duration, e.g., as described in connection with 516 of FIG. 5. The apparatus includes a slot configuration component 614 that may be configured to receive a configuration of a symbol or a slot to be measured, e.g., as described in connection with 518 of FIG. 5. The apparatus includes an occasions component 616 that may be configured to receive a configuration where the number of occasions do not include a subset of number of occasions when the first base station reports a missing reference signal symbol, e.g., as described in connection with 520 of FIG. 5. The apparatus includes a report component 618 that may be configured to send a report to the first base station indicating a failure of the transmission, e.g., as described in connection with 510 of FIG. 5. The apparatus includes a transmission component 622 that may be configured to transmit various types of signals/messages and/or other information to other devices, including, for example, the base station 650 and/or 653.

[0092] The apparatus may include additional components that perform each of the blocks of the algorithm in the aforementioned flowchart of FIG. 5. As such, each block in the aforementioned flowchart of FIG. 5 may be performed by a component and the apparatus may include one or more of those components. The components may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes/algorithm, implemented by a processor configured to perform the stated processes/algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by a processor, or some combination thereof.

[0093] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 602' employing a processing system 714. The processing system 714 may be implemented with a bus architecture, represented generally by the bus 724. The bus 724 may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specific application of the processing system 714 and the overall design constraints. The bus 724 links together various circuits including one or more processors and/or hardware components, represented by the processor 704, the components 604, 606, 608, 610, 612, 614, 616, 618, 620, 622, and the computer- readable medium / memory 706. The bus 724 may also link various other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in the art, and therefore, will not be described any further.

[0094] The processing system 714 may be coupled to a transceiver 710. The transceiver 710 is coupled to one or more antennas 720. The transceiver 710 provides a means for communicating with various other apparatus over a transmission medium. The transceiver 710 receives a signal from the one or more antennas 720, extracts information from the received signal, and provides the extracted information to the processing system 714, specifically the reception component 604. In addition, the transceiver 710 receives information from the processing system 714, specifically the transmission component 622, and based on the received information, generates a signal to be applied to the one or more antennas 720. The processing system 714 includes a processor 704 coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 706. The processor 704 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer- readable medium / memory 706. The software, when executed by the processor 704, causes the processing system 714 to perform the various functions described supra for any particular apparatus. The computer-readable medium / memory 706 may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor 704 when executing software. The processing system 714 further includes at least one of the components 604, 606, 608, 610, 612, 614, 616, 618, 620, 622. The components may be software components running in the processor 704, resident/stored in the computer readable medium / memory 706, one or more hardware components coupled to the processor 704, or some combination thereof. The processing system 714 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the memory 360 and/or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller/processor 359. Alternatively, the processing system 714 may be the entire UE (e.g., see 350 of FIG. 3).

[0095] In one configuration, the apparatus 602/602' for wireless communication includes means for performing a radio link monitoring for a first unlicensed frequency channel of an unlicensed frequency spectrum for a transmission from a first base station. The apparatus includes means for determining that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission based on a comparison of one or more of a RSRP, a RSRQ, a RSSI, a SINR, a SNR, or a channel occupancy or interference metric to a corresponding threshold. The apparatus includes means for sending, upon determining that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission, a report to the first base station indicating a failure of the transmission. The apparatus further includes means for maintaining one or more counters associated with a number of occasions when one or more of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, or the SNR is less than the corresponding threshold within a monitoring duration, or when one or more of the RSSI or the channel occupancy or interference metric is greater than the corresponding threshold within the monitoring duration. The apparatus further includes means for determining that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission configured to determine that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission based on the number of occasions exceeding a threshold number of occasions within the monitoring duration. The apparatus further includes means for receiving a configuration of the monitoring duration from the first base station. The apparatus further includes means for receiving a configuration of the threshold number of occasions from the first base station. The apparatus further includes means for receiving a configuration of a symbol or a slot to be measured from the first base station. The first unlicensed frequency channel is determined to be unavailable based on the symbol or the slot received in the configuration. The apparatus further includes means for receiving information indicating RS not transmitted by the first base station. The determination that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission from the first base station is based on the received information and is performed in resources other than resources including the missing RS from the first base station. The apparatus further includes means for receiving information from the first base station indicating deactivation of the first secondary cell for communication through the first unlicensed frequency channel and activation of a second secondary cell for communication through a second unlicensed frequency channel of the unlicensed frequency spectrum, the information being received as a result of the report sent by the UE. The apparatus further includes means for changing the first secondary cell of the first base station to the second secondary cell of the first base station for communication through the second unlicensed frequency channel upon receiving the information indicating the deactivation of the first secondary cell and the activation of the second secondary cell. The apparatus further includes means for moving in a handover from the first base station to a second base station. The aforementioned means may be one or more of the aforementioned components of the apparatus 602 and/or the processing system 714 of the apparatus 602' configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means. As described supra , the processing system 714 may include the TX Processor 368, the RX Processor 356, and the controller/processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the aforementioned means may be the TX Processor 368, the RX Processor 356, and the controller/processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means.

[0096] FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method 800 of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a base station or a component of a base station (e.g., the base station 102, 180, 310, 402, 403, 650, 653, 903; the apparatus 902/902'; the processing system 1014, which may include the memory 376 and which may be the entire base station 310 or a component of the base station 310, such as the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and/or the controller/processor 375). According to various aspects, one or more of the illustrated operations of method 800 may be omitted, transposed, and/or contemporaneously performed. Optional aspects are illustrated with a dashed line. The method may enable the UE to get access to an unlicensed frequency channel of the unlicensed frequency spectrum in a shorter time duration, thereby improving communication reliability. Further, the method may improve communication data rate, capacity and spectral efficiency.

[0097] At 802, the base station may determine to send a transmission to a UE. For example, 802 may be performed by transmission component 906 of apparatus 902. The base station may determine to send the transmission to the UE on a first unlicensed frequency channel of an unlicensed frequency spectrum.

[0098] In some aspects, for example at 803, the base station may configure the UE with one or more thresholds. For example, 803 may be performed by configuration component 908 of apparatus 902. In some aspects, the base station may configure the UE with a threshold number of occasions when one or more of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, or the SNR is less than the corresponding threshold within a monitoring duration, at least one of the RSSI or the channel occupancy or interference metric is greater than the corresponding threshold within the monitoring duration, the report being received based on the configuration. In some aspects, the base station may configure the UE with a monitoring duration. In some aspects, the base station may configure the UE with a symbol or a slot to be measured, where the first unlicensed frequency channel may be determined to be unavailable based on the symbol or the slot received in the configuration. The symbol or the slot to be measured may include an SSB or CSI-RS, where one of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the RSSI, the SINR, the SNR, or the channel occupancy or interference metric of the SSB or the CSI-RS is compared to the corresponding threshold when determining whether the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission. In some aspects, the base station may configure the UE not to report a subset of number of occasions when the first base station reports a missing reference signal symbol. In some aspects, the base station may configure the UE with a symbol or a slot to be measured, where the first unlicensed frequency channel may be determined to be unavailable based on the symbol or the slot received in the configuration. In some aspects, the base station may receive a configuration information indicating RS not transmitted by the first base station. The determination that the first unlicensed frequency channel may be unavailable for the transmission from the first base station may be based on the received information and may be performed in resources other than resources including the missing RS from the first base station.

[0099] At 804, the base station may determine a failure of the transmission to the UE.

For example, 804 may be performed by determination component 910 of apparatus 902. The base station may determine the failure of the transmission to the UE from the first base station through the unlicensed frequency spectrum.

[00100] In some aspects, for example at 805, to determine the failure of the transmission to the UE, the base station may receive a report from the UE indicating the failure of the transmission to the UE. For example, 805 may be performed by report component 912 of apparatus 902. The base station may receive the report form the UE indicating the failure of the transmission to the UE through the unlicensed frequency spectrum based on a comparison of one or more of a RSRP, a RSRQ, a RSSI, a SINR, a SNR, or a channel occupancy or interference metric to a corresponding threshold. The base station may determine the failure of the transmission to the UE based on the received report. In some aspects, the report may be received through a unicast RRC message from the UE. The report may include at least one of information associated with a cell associated with the first unlicensed frequency channel, a sub-band, a duration of a failed event, a threshold number of occasions, or a type of the failed event. In some aspects, the report may include at least one of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, the RSSI, the SNR, or a channel occupancy of a set of cells associated with the unlicensed frequency spectrum. The set of cells may include cells that the first base station previously deactivated due to failures of previous transmissions to the UE. In some aspects, the report may include a time or an index when one or more of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, or the SNR is less than the corresponding threshold, or when one or more of the RSSI or the channel occupancy or interference metric is greater than the corresponding threshold. In some aspects, the report may provide information related to the deactivated cells due to failures of previous transmissions to the UE. For example, the report may include a time or an index when one or more of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, or the SNR is greater than the corresponding threshold, or when one or more of the RSSI or the channel occupancy or interference metric is less than the corresponding threshold.

[00101] In some aspects, the base station may configure the UE with a threshold number of occasions when one or more of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, or the SNR is less than the corresponding threshold within a monitoring duration, or when one or more of the RSSI or the channel occupancy or interference metric is greater than the corresponding threshold within the monitoring duration. The report may be received by the base station based on the configuration. In some aspects, the base station may configure the UE with a monitoring duration. In some aspects, the base station may configure the UE with a symbol or a

[00102] At 806, the base station may perform one of changing a secondary cell at the first base station or handing over the UE to a primary cell at a second base station. For example, 806 may be performed by changing/HO component 914 of apparatus 902. The base station may perform one of changing the secondary cell at the first base station for the UE for communication through the unlicensed frequency spectrum or handing over the UE to a primary cell at the second base station for communication through the unlicensed frequency spectrum, based on the determination of the failed transmission to the UE.

[00103] In some aspects, for example at 808, the base station may forward the report to the second base station. For example, 808 may be performed by forwarding component 916 of apparatus 902. The base station may forward the report to the second base station after handing over the UE to the second base station.

[00104] FIG. 9 is a conceptual data flow diagram 900 illustrating the data flow between different means/components in an example apparatus 902. The apparatus may be a base station or a component of a base station. The apparatus includes a reception component 904 that that may be configured to receive various types of signals/messages and/or other information from other devices, including, for example, the UE 950. The apparatus includes a transmission component 906 that may be configured to transmit various types of signals/messages and/or other information to other devices, including, for example, the UE 950 and/or the base station 953. The transmission component 906 may be configured to determine to send a transmission to a UE on a first unlicensed frequency channel, e.g., as described in connection with 802 of FIG. 8. The apparatus includes a configuration component 908 that may be configured to configure the UE with one or more thresholds, e.g., as described in connection with 803 of FIG. 8. The apparatus includes a determination component 910 that may be configured to determine a failure of the transmission to the UE, e.g., as described in connection with 804 of FIG. 8. The apparatus includes a report component 912 that may be configured to receive a report from the UE indicating the failure of the transmission to the UE, e.g., as described in connection with 805 of FIG. 8. The apparatus includes a changing/HO component 914 that may be configured to perform one of changing a secondary cell at the base station or handing over the UE to a primary cell at a second base station, e.g., as described in connection with 806 of FIG. 8. The apparatus includes a forwarding component 916 that may be configured to forward the report to the second base station, e.g., as described in connection with 808 of FIG. 8.

[00105] The apparatus may include additional components that perform each of the blocks of the algorithm in the aforementioned flowchart of FIG. 8. As such, each block in the aforementioned flowchart of FIG. 8 may be performed by a component and the apparatus may include one or more of those components. The components may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes/algorithm, implemented by a processor configured to perform the stated processes/algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by a processor, or some combination thereof.

[00106] FIG. 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 902' employing a processing system 1014. The processing system 1014 may be implemented with a bus architecture, represented generally by the bus 1024. The bus 1024 may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specific application of the processing system 1014 and the overall design constraints. The bus 1024 links together various circuits including one or more processors and/or hardware components, represented by the processor 1004, the components 904, 906, 908, 910, 912, 914, 916, and the computer-readable medium / memory 1006. The bus 1024 may also link various other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in the art, and therefore, will not be described any further.

[00107] The processing system 1014 may be coupled to a transceiver 1010. The transceiver 1010 is coupled to one or more antennas 1020. The transceiver 1010 provides a means for communicating with various other apparatus over a transmission medium. The transceiver 1010 receives a signal from the one or more antennas 1020, extracts information from the received signal, and provides the extracted information to the processing system 1014, specifically the reception component 904. In addition, the transceiver 1010 receives information from the processing system 1014, specifically the transmission component 906, and based on the received information, generates a signal to be applied to the one or more antennas 1020. The processing system 1014 includes a processor 1004 coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1006. The processor 1004 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer- readable medium / memory 1006. The software, when executed by the processor 1004, causes the processing system 1014 to perform the various functions described supra for any particular apparatus. The computer-readable medium / memory 1006 may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor 1004 when executing software. The processing system 1014 further includes at least one of the components 904, 906, 908, 910, 912, 914, 916,. The components may be software components running in the processor 1004, resident/stored in the computer readable medium / memory 1006, one or more hardware components coupled to the processor 1004, or some combination thereof. The processing system 1014 may be a component of the base station 310 and may include the memory 376 and/or at least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller/processor 375. Alternatively, the processing system 1014 may be the entire base station (e.g., see 310 of FIG. 3).

[00108] In one configuration, the apparatus 902/902' for wireless communication includes means for determining to send a transmission to a UE on a first unlicensed frequency channel of an unlicensed frequency spectrum. The apparatus includes means for determining a failure of the transmission to the UE from the first base station through the unlicensed frequency spectrum. The apparatus includes means for performing, based on the determination of the failed transmission to the UE, one of changing a secondary cell at the first base station for the UE for communication through the unlicensed frequency spectrum or handing over the UE to a primary cell at a second base station for communication through the unlicensed frequency spectrum. The apparatus further includes means for determining the failure of the transmission to the UE configured to receive a report from the UE indicating the failure of the transmission to the UE through the unlicensed frequency spectrum based on a comparison of one or more of a RSRP, a RSRQ, a RSSI, a SINR, a SNR, or a channel occupancy or interference metric to a corresponding threshold. The apparatus further includes means for determining the failure of the transmission to the UE configured to determine the failure of the transmission to the UE based on the received report. The apparatus further includes means for forwarding the report to the second base station after handing over the UE to the second base station. The apparatus further includes means for configuring the UE with a threshold number of occasions when one or more of the RSRP, the RSRQ, the SINR, or the SNR is less than the corresponding threshold within a monitoring duration, or when one or more of the RSSI or the channel occupancy or interference metric is greater than the corresponding threshold within the monitoring duration, the report being received based on the configuration. The apparatus further includes means for configuring the UE with a monitoring duration. The apparatus further includes means for configuring the UE with a symbol or a slot to be measured. The first unlicensed frequency channel is determined to be unavailable based on the symbol or the slot received in the configuration. The apparatus further includes means for receiving a configuration information indicating RS not transmitted by the first base station. The determination that the first unlicensed frequency channel is unavailable for the transmission from the first base station is based on the received information and is performed in resources other than resources including the missing RS from the first base station. The aforementioned means may be one or more of the aforementioned components of the apparatus 902 and/or the processing system 1014 of the apparatus 902' configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means. As described supra , the processing system 1014 may include the TX Processor 316, the RX Processor 370, and the controller/processor 375. As such, in one configuration, the aforementioned means may be the TX Processor 316, the RX Processor 370, and the controller/processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means.

[00109] The present disclosure relates to improving the manner in which a UE may send a report to a base station indicating a failure of an LBT procedure for an attempted transmission, such that the base station may deactivate or change the cell for which the report applies, or handover the UE to another base station. At least one advantage of the disclosure is that the disclosure improves communication reliability by enabling the base station and/or the UE to get access to an unlicensed frequency channel in a shorter amount of time. At least another advantage of the disclosure is that communication data rate may be improved, as well as capacity and spectral efficiency.

[00110] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

[00111] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean“one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather“one or more.” The word“exemplary” is used herein to mean“serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term“some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as“at least one of A, B, or C,”“one or more of A, B, or C,”“at least one of A, B, and C,”“one or more of A, B, and C,” and“A, B, C, or any combination thereof’ include any combination of A, B, and/or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as“at least one of A, B, or C,”“one or more of A, B, or C,”“at least one of A, B, and C,”“one or more of A, B, and C,” and“A, B, C, or any combination thereof’ may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words“module,”“mechanism,”“element,” “device,” and the like may not be a substitute for the word“means.” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase“means for.”