TITLE OF THE INVENTION

Harness, Amplify, Convert and Utilize Solar Energy in Windless Windmills

(2). Background:

All forms of life require air, water and food as their basic needs. Shelter and clothing are added for protection, and transportation for mobility. Civilizations have flourished where these requirements were available. Air is free and accessible. Water is relatively abundant but not always easily accessible. Civilizations and vegetation flourished on the banks of rivers. With increased population humans moved away from the river water sources but developed ways and means to procure water. Historically, this is when we see devices made to transport water. Wind was available and was used to pump or lift and transport water. It was soon realized that to lift water vertically inclined pull required less energy. Screw was invented. Also wind energy in the form of Wind pumps, the forerunners of Windmills were borne and were used as early as 13 ^th Century in Netherlands. Such devices were not restricted to one part of the earth. All civilizations harnessed wind. Devises kept on modifying to modern day Windmills. Technologies provided propellers and gears converting kinetic to mechanical energy. Rotator axis between two permanent magnets gave birth to dynamo and produced electricity. A new power source became available. Man kept on making devices and kept on searching for newer sources of energy to use them. Fossil fuels were and are being harnessed to fuel our needs. We have enjoyed the advantages of our numerous gadgets and kept on adding more for our needs and comforts. Now we have realized that cheap and affordable energy sources are limited and non renewable. We also realized that our new way of life impacted our environment and altered our ecology. Now we must find solutions so our and those of future generations will survive, have better quality of life and mother earth will be able to sustain us.

It is clear that we need Energy. For the purpose of this invention our primary source of Energy is Sun, as it has been always. I am proposing to Harness, Amplify, Convert and Utilize this Solar Energy (SE) in Windless Windmill model but the application is not limited to it.

One of the postulates is that Sun radiates energy and we receive it in wave form (Fig .1.) The primary generation of this energy is nuclear fission inside the Sun. Under tremendous pressure and heat atoms split and release energy in the form of photons and gamma to radio waves. Some of the waves we perceive due to receptors we have. We see with our vision receptors in the range of 400-700 milimicrons (Fig. 1). The fission reaction is exothermic and generates heat. Hence we have the electromagnetic radiation with electrical and magnetic components. All energies travel from Sun's dense original site in to less dense surrounding space, this space contains our planetary system, including Earth which orbits around the Sun. Most all celestial Entropy has this characteristic nature namely from the source of greater density it spreads to surrounding space with lower density. This phenomenon makes Universe ever expanding. Sun also produces magnetic flares which when attracted to North Pole of the Earth produces Northern Light (Aurora Borealis). Similarly, magnetic solar wind traverses space and goes beyond our planetary space. Our knowledge of these solar emissions is limited. We have harnessed only limited energies produced by Sun.

The waves we receive have peaks, troughs and valleys. The wavelength is measured as the distance between peaks and can be as long as 10 ⁴ or as short as 10 ^{^1} centimeter. Each wavelength has unique property. We are more familiar with visible range of 400-700 milimicrons). We sense this range through our optic receptors (eyes). There are instruments (Spectrophotometer) which can measure specific spectrum and provide quantitative data. Although, we do not see visibly we perceive other energies with other receptors (heat, photosynthesis etc.) We also use other energies. We have named them for their uses and utilities e.g. X-rays in medicine, microwaves in cooking and radio waves in communication etc. Life on earth has utilized these energies for survival and continuation of all species.

In a fundamental way we need energy to survive. Survival has some very specific requirements and needs. I have categorized them as Crucial, Important and Desired. Air, water and food will be Crucial, clothing and shelter would be Important, and transportation, manufacturing industries, providing comfort etc., would be Desired for quality life. These are basics. Our mere survival depends on one or other form of energy. With increased population of our species, Homo sapiens, the energy needs have multiplied, more so for quality of life than just surviving. Our search for cheaper and reliable sources of energy has forced us to look into any and all sources. In one or other form, either directly or indirectly Sun has been the source in past, present and will be in future. The present invention teaches the art of harnessing Sun's energy.

The Earth is rather a small planet of our solar system. For comparison Jupiter has 318 times and Saturn about 95 times the mass of the Earth. All planets including earth do not produce their own energy. They must receive it from Sun. For all practical purposes solar energy is limitless, while converted and stored energies of fossil, coal etc. are in limited supplies. This limited supply is our major concern. Indirectly photosynthesizing plants can provide continuously converted and renewable energy for land dwellers and other forms for ocean dwellers. Photosynthesis is 100 percent efficient in capturing and converting solar energy.

As the background perspective the Earth receives according to one estimate about 89,000 TW (TW=Tetra=Trillion Watts) energy from the Sun. As comparison the total wind energy is 370 TW and global consumption is about 15 TW. We have increased our energy consumption steadily. Summary below shows the estimated values. Consumption is in TW.

Source 1965 2005

Oil 2.0 5.1

Coal 2.0 4.0

Gas 0.9 3.2

Nuclear <0.1 0.9

Hydro <0.1 0.5

Total 5.1 13.6

The consumption of energy is very uneven by the inhabitants of earth. United States for example has world's 5 % population while it consumes about 23% energy, more than Russia and China put together. Of the total consumption 39% is used for residential and commercial use, while 33% industry and 28% is used for transportation.

I have tabulated below the sources and cost of energy. The cost has been converted to standard electrical measure, Kilowatt per hour (KWh).

Source Global Use Cost Cent/KWh Comments, Plant Cost in US

Gas 15% 3.9-4.4 Cheaper, cleaner, low cost plants, fuel is the cost

Coal 38% 4.8-5.5 Waste disposal problem, US $320MM per plant. Nuclear 24% 11.1-14.5 Political Issues, US $320MM per plant

Wind 1.4% 4.0-6.0 Ice, Snow Rain, Mechanical fatigue, noise,

Geotherm 0.23%. 4.5-30 Higher temperature lowers cost, US $320MM/plant Hydro 19.9% 5.1-11.3 Restricted location feasibility, damage to ecosystem Solar 0.8% 15-30 Expensive as harnessed

Tide ? 2-5 Predictable, low energy impact

Based on above and other estimates we use approximately, Petroleum (38%), Natural Gas (23%), Coal (22%) Uranium (8%), Biomass (3%), Hydrocarbons (2%), Propane (2%), Wind (0.1%) and Solar sources such as light, heat, winds and others (0.1%). Our use does not depend on availability rather than economics and ease of procuring it. Paradoxically, the most abundant (see above) and practically free is the solar energy, which we use the least. Apparently, it is not available on demand and for most part not stored directly. However, many examples cited above have their origin in solar energy, which has been stored in one or other form. To retrieve this energy in usable form requires many steps. Each step for example digging it out, transporting, refining and distributing involves cost. Hence the final cost is cumulative of all these steps when stored energy reaches to the consumer. The present invention teaches the art of harnessing, amplifying, converting, storing and on demand making the solar energy available without many of these costly steps to the consumer. The inventor envisions with his invention to have low cost and practically limitless supply of required and desired energy needs.

The most serious environmental impact of our present day consumption is Global Warming. There are both pro and against views to Global warming. Irrespective of the reality we do use more nonrenewable fossil energy, which has increased carbon dioxide production and cost. Anything we burn is going to produce pollution as there is nothing which burns and converts with 100 percent efficiency. Whether it is fossil fuel or grown bio-fuels. This has also produces other forms of pollutants. Pollution will cause problems depending how much we burn and what we burn. The solution to pollution is dilution. Although technological advances are important the wise use is crucial. The pollution has altered the patterns of solar energy entering earth's atmosphere and some escaping back into the space. There are many attributing factors and entire picture is rather complex., The thin shield which regulated inflow and outflow of heat has been

altered and escaping geothermal heat is not escaping the way it used to be. There is considerable scientific evidence to this Green House effect and resultant Global Warming. Our exponential need of the energy and burning cheap and not renewable sources mentioned above (Petroleum, Gas and Coal) have produced carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. They have thickened the protective shield generating green house heat melting ice at both the poles, affecting vegetation and all the life dependent processes, which used to balance ecosystem. The present invention focuses more to the harnessing the SE in a cost effective way and accept as a bonus to slow down, bring status quo and/or reverse Global Warming.

The inventor has been inspired by the perfect energy conversion done by plants. Plants seem to have achieved such conversion by increasing the surface area to receive maximum amount of solar energy. This energy is in the form of electromagnetic waves. Then plants' green Chlorophyll with its molecular organic structure and positive charge (Magnesium ++) at the center converts and stores the energy and eventually through cascade of chemical reactions plants synthesize carbohydrates, lipids. We use these molecules for our survival and other needs. From physical and morphological perspective, one tree is a member of many, we call forest. In this invention I have called it an Energy forest. Now the forest has trees, I will call Energy trees. Tree has a trunk or stem, we may call vertical axis. It has branches and branches have leaves which provide extremely large surface with numerous receptors. This is extremely simplified version. As an inventor I have perceived roles of each component. I have designed propeller with as large surface area. This is my Energy catchments surface which is connected to side arms, analogous to branches. They are connected to the main axis, the stem or the trunk of the tree, .The axis then rotates and generates at the bottom like the toots to generate electricity with dynamo. Although this is my extremely simplified version which has served me well to incorporate them in the present invention. It is just a humble attempt and in no way claims the role and contribution made by the plants. This concept is the background for me to build the present invention. If there are any flaws they are mine and not of the nature. Some of them may be contrary to the conventional Windmills. I plan to incorporate many aspects in the present invention. Hence, the challenge is how to come as close as possible what plants have achieved. The objective is to harness the limitless solar energy and convert it to the desired forms in most cost-effective way and decrease dependence on limited and non-renewable resources. The present invention addresses these questions.

The cost effectiveness has several considerations. a. The first question is that what form of the energy is required and for what purpose? Then we must consider the source namely where it comes from? Other important considerations are that who owns, sells and controls it. b. In principle if the required energy is available at the site of use the transportation cost can be reduced considerably. Present invention has kept this factor in mind and I have considered and invented ways and means to achieve these goals. c. It seems that decentralized production will reduce cost substantially and will give the consumers more choices. d. A very important consideration is 'on demand' availability. This requires storage consideration. . Because the sun is available only during the day and not at night, more

then needed energy should be produced at site and stored or sell to utility companies who have the ways to store and make available to the customer on demand. e. The present invention requires a closed structure capable of receiving solar energy. We have called it a Solar-Structure (SS). It can be for the use of individual, groups, small and large scale industries. The harnessed energy will provide required Crucial, Important and Desired Energy needs. f. The Windless Windmill concept for city and high-rise apartment complex dwellers will require workable modifications. A structural envelope should be created on the sun- exposed side and direct the hot air flow to rise and rotate the wheel connected to the propeller and to the generator. g. It is also less costly to modify existing structure rather then build new ones, when feasible. Hence, we can use pre-existing framed windmill towers to install Energy trees and produce energy forest describe above. This can be achieved with slight modification of the pyramidal towers by covering it with transparent plastic (e.g. polycarbonate, acrylic etc.) on sunny side and black paint or material on the opposite side. This will meet invention and SS requirements. Due to considerable height customer will be able to produce more energy than SS attached to single dwelling. This will be a supplemental and boost production of more energy and lower the cost significantly. Same scenario applies to single pole wind mills where height and surrounding space constrains are not limiting factors. h. One of the components for energy needs is location where it is going to be used.

This will depends on density of populations. Industrial locations are highly dense as compared to agrarian users. Both are land based. However, we have more than 3 times water surface is available to receive solar energy. Significant surface for SS is available in costal zones. Similar to Windmills on land the water wave and tidal energy of the oceans can be supplemented with present invention in a cost effective and dependent form. SS can be built on floating platforms receiving wave energy and/or more reliable wind for wind mills. i. Another important factor is that we are working with gentle airflow and not the forceful wind. Hence, conventional Windmills and turbines will not work in our Windless Windmill model. The entire assembly of propellers, their numbers, shapes, pitch of the blades will have to be carefully engineered and assembled. All movable components should be frictionless or at least have low friction. As the hot air will rise in the entire SS we would need plurality of panes and plurality of vertical axis. Then, we have to synchronize subsets of vertical axis to transfer all rotational motions to the master axis to achieve desired rotation for generating electricity and mechanical work. The gears mechanisms, materials to make gears and rotating panes and every component are made to work as frictionless as possible. Inventor is aware of revolutionary approach claimed in this invention, he is equally aware of the not overtly visualized covert factors of this Invention. j. There are other two aspects in which this invention differs from conventional windmill. I have more propellers considerably very large propeller surfaces and the air is used and reused over and over again. Each tree then produces small amount, but when combine it makes my concept significantly superior and cost effective. k. I have considered and incorporated . the needs of various forms of energy to perform specific functions. Of course electricity is one of the end uses as we have many devices

and gadgets which require both AC and DC types. However, in the earlier stages we generate heat. This heat can be used for many uses, e.g. heating our dwellings, heating water for domestic uses such as washing and drying cloths, growing fruits and vegetables, UV light free sunbathing, etc. Hence, present invention has added flexibilities for the consumer to choose from.

1. The SS can be free standing or attached depending on each situation. To meet this requirement I have designed segments such that they can be adopted to meet required need by assembly. This cuts down construction cost. A customer with fairly well mechanical aptitude and dexterity can build his/her SS from the kits to the size required to meet his/her needs. m. Cost of the energy listed above sections 'a-F is overt cost of the production of the energy to the consumer. There is a covert cost to every inhabitant of our little Earth. There are no real numbers of the cost of survival, staying healthy (food, medicine etc.) cost of pollution, global warming etc. I have listed some estimation (pages 5-6). We have no estimations of disasters like earthquakes, floods, etc. These are natural. However, either factual or not many countries are developing nuclear resources for their energy needs. There are some obvious advantages; however, nuclear disasters will be unimaginable. The production of electricity from3 gorges dams is awesome, but that being on fault (hope it never happens) next earth quake will kill millions. In our zeal we go for bigger and larger a production, which inherently carries bigger and larger risks. My personal thinking is that we (all the inhabitants of Earth) should seriously consider decentralization. I have considered them and present invention has many merits.

(3). Summary of the invention:

This invention teaches the art of harnessing, amplifying, converting and utilizing solar energy (Fig .1.). I have utilized the properties of light and principles of physics in this invention. I have considered cost effectiveness. A solar structure (SS Fig.2.) is build to receive southern exposure for northern hemisphere regions and northern exposure for southern hemisphere. Enclosures are constructed to permit shorter wavelengths with low heat to enter inside, trapping them and generating the heat, which is prevented to escape. This process is further enhanced by black surface with greater heat capacity on the opposite of transparent side where the light enters. Trapped hot air rises. This process is augmented with cooler airflow from the bottom of the structure from air vents near the ground surface or air inlet from an under ground tunnel. In some situations hot air from attic can be used to augment the air flow upwards. The heated air flow impinges on the blades of a propeller. The designs of the propeller blades transfer upward motion to rotator form. The rotator is supported with frictionless or low friction ball bearings. The shaft has gear assembly to convert rotator motion to a rod, which is connected, to an armature of a dynamo. The dynamo generates electricity, which is either utilized or stored in batteries for on demand use in future. The design of the free standing subunit has several unique functions. It keeps on using and reusing escaping air flow and its kinetic energy. Hence, this windless (air flow) windmill differs from conventional out door windmills, which can use present invention and its principles in a supplementary modalities. This invention can be applied to suitable frame Solar Structure SS, which resembles a Silo (Fig .3.).

In subsequent sections, I provide further details.

3 A. Harnessing the Solar energy, Fig .4.

Solar energy is available in the form of radiation. For harnessing this radiation the first step is to capture it and then store it. The path the energy enters could be the same where it could escape. Hence the waves which are captured have to be prevented to escape. Green plants capture it and immediately convert it to a different form which cannot escape. This is the Photosynthesis. Chlorophyll and other pigments convert the energy to other molecular structures e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids etc. This is done very efficiently by plants. Some of these products are used up and some are stored as fossil fuels. The stored sources are limited and not renewable and are afield the present invention. However, I have incorporated in my invention few features green plants have employed to convert solar Energy.

Two important factors have been considered for efficiently harnessing the Solar Energy. One the structure (we will refer to as Solar Structure, SS) and second the location or site where SS should be installed.

Various types of SS were constructed and tested (see sections below). The SS has to be an enclosure with one side transparent to receive sun light and the opposite opaque with heat sink properties. SS must have direct exposure to the Sun without any obstructions such as other structures, trees etc. It is good to have SS attached to the place where energy is to be utilized; however, this is not crucial. The SS can be free standing at a different site from where harnessed energy would be transported to required location and use.

3 B. Amplify Energy by design, Fig. 4.

Our next goal is to amplify the harnessed energy. This is achieved in two parts. .One increases the input and two reduce the out put.

Light bends when it passes from a lower density to higher density medium as in prisms which are made from glass and a rod in water. This property has been explored in making lenses and mirrors. Concave surface will reflects incident light back, and with greater efficiency if the surface is coated with reflecting material. This has been done by surface silvering the concave parabolic mirror in reflecting Newtonian telescope as in Mount Palomar Observatory, California. Refractive properties on the other hand will bend and focus light similar to lenses (smoothed out edged of a prism) used in cameras and also refractive telescopes. Perfect internal reflection for focusing will have parabolic curvature. For our purpose spherical section of SS will be acceptable. Also desired curvature or close to it can be produced using clear glass or plastic panels installed such that we will have large area for input and maximum internal reflection and focusing. At critical angle transparent glass surface will become a mirror. Hence plain flat strips mounted on curve foundation will achieve our purpose. The cost effectiveness will dictates the selection of design and material used.

The second part is to reduce the escape. This is partially achieved in part one above. We can further reduce the escape if we modify and increase the wave length of received light. This is achieved by making opposite side opaque or heat sink. This was achieved by painting opposite

surface black or covering it with heat sink metals e.g. aluminum foil or galvanized sheet metal. This has been achieved (see the table). We have amplified the energy. .

3 C. Converting to heat, Fig. 4.

The trapped waves excite the air. Air is composed of many gases, chiefly about 78% Nitrogen, 20 % oxygen and some moisture. These molecules have different physical and chemical properties. As there is no chemical reaction involved we will addressed to their physical properties. Only property to be of significance would be density. Oxygen is 1.429 g/L and Nitrogen 1.251 g/L, hence chances of any stratification is negligent. The amount of moisture is important but highly variable and not controllable. For present invention I have collectively called all constituents of gaseous molecule in SS as Air Molecules. However, for our purpose they can be considered similar. Density is of significance and can influence the Escape Velocity. There are two contributory factors. One is the heat and second is the escape velocities. The Air Molecules collide and attain vibration energy, generate heat. As the heat (longer waves) cannot escape and non transparent side becomes the heat sink, it will enhance this process. As there is no cooling in this process, the vibration energy keeps on increasing and expanding the molecules which become lighter and rise and provide Lift. They will have to escape from the orifice at the top of SS, thus establishing gradient of escape. As the temperature rises they will gain greater velocity at the top which will adds to the Drag. Lift and Drag are very important phenomenon affecting the Air Molecules inside SS. We have generated heat. Inside is hotter than outside ambient temperature. See Table below.

Following models were tested at Wilmington, Delaware, USA, Latitude 39 .46 North, and Longitude 75. 31. Most of the tests were done in July and August 2007. Average temperatures are given below.

July August

Max. Temp 86.0 84.1

Average Temp 76.6 75.0

Minimum Temp. 67.3 65.8

Rain inches 4.28 3.51

Types of Structures: A trapezoid Pyramid was constructed from 6.5 mm thick glass

A Glass of cube and A Pentagon Towers were constructed from 2.0 mm thick glass plates.

Preliminary Data.

Temperature F

Structure Volume Time Ambient Inside : Difference Heat capacity/Cu Ft

Cu.ft. x difference

Pyramid 6.65 Cu.ft.

A. Time of Day l :30.P 85 94 9 59.85

3.15 P 83 96 13 85.45

5.00 P 78 92 12 79.80

B. Black Panes 1 00 P 85 104 19 126.35. (Inside) 2.00P 87 106 19 126.35 6.30P 82 96 14 93.1

Pentagon- 4.4 Cu.ft

A. No Black Panes 1.30 P 85 92 7 30.8 3.15 P 83 93 10 44.4. 5.00 P 78 83 12 52.8.

B. Black Panes

1 00 P 85 97 12 52.8. 2.00P 87 112 25 110.0 6.30P 82 98 16 106.40

C. Black Paint 1.00 70 90 20 88.8 1.45 78 96 18 79.2 3.15 74 80 16 70. 4

Automobile 125 cu .ft. 4.30 83 (shade) 128 45 5625.00 98 (Sun) 128 30 3750.00

Volume of SS:

30 ft diameter and 30 ft Height:

3.14 X (15X15) x 30= 21195 cu.ft. (170 Cars) 30 ft diameter and 45 ft Height:

3.14 X (15X15) x 45= 31792 cu.ft. (255 Cars)

Although this datum is limited, they do provide information that we can increase the heat capacity inside SS, black panel walls enhance it further and larger volume generates greater heat capacity. Larger number of shapes, sizes, materials of the SS will be tested during two years period of Provisional Patent protection.

3 D. Attaining the Kinetic energy, Figs. 5 and 6.

The purpose of attaining Kinetic Energy is to make it work and convert Kinetic motion to Mechanical and eventually to Electrical energy.

Air kinetic energy has been used to do mechanical work as early as 13th century mentioned above, in the construction of Wind pumps and Wind mills. Although, the air energy is practically free it is not reliable Recent technological and advances in material sciences have generated

attractive and cost effective possibilities and has produced resurgence to harness Wind energy. One of the major advances have been in Propeller designs, to attain required torque, lift, drag, etc by controlling the dimensions and the shapes of the blades/panes with desired pitch.

The Sun has been the driving force for wind to blow. Heating and cooling of Earth and Oceans are wind generates and rotation of the Earth to provide additional direction for wind to blow. Capturing wind and converting its kinetic energy has been achieved by Propellers. Their designs, sizes and materials have been researched extensively. The mechanical rotational energy has been converted to DC and AC forms of electricity. Many innovations are published and patented. Wind beacons the energy for future. This inventor has studied and researched many of these energy phenomenons and has made present invention with a hope to make some contribution to our need for renewable energy resources. Although his invention has many novel approaches, which are theoretically very attractive, making them workable is the challenge.

So far I have demonstrated harnessing and amplifying SE and produced the heat. The heated air molecules rise kinetically generating a vertical convection current. Thus the vertical kinetic motion has now resulted into rotary motion of the propellers (Figs. 7 and 8). Additionally, Inventor being aware that it requires more energy to move a stationary object and over come inertia than one already in motion, achieving greater acceleration with less energy. Hence he utilizes cold air from the ground (earth), which normally rises upward due to geothermal energy is given additional boost from the solar captured energy to accelerate and attain greater momentum (Fig. 15).

The inventor is aware that such a design will produce air flow and not wind used in windmills. Hence, the air flow in this windless windmill has to be multiplied with numerous vertical units (Figs, 7, 8 and 9). The positions of these shafts are shown in Fig. 6. In the present example a total of 31 positions are shown. This number can vary depending on the customer's election of the size of SS.

3 E. Vertical shaft and the propeller assemblies. Figs. 6, 7 A, 7 B, 8 A, 8 B, and 8 C.

The length of the main vertical shaft can vary depending of the selection and choice of the dimensions SS. Irrespective of the height of SS, either 30 or 45 feet, each shaft can be a multiple of 5 foot sections. This section will have a gear box (7.3) and 4 propeller assembly sub units as shown in the sketch Fig. 7 B, and Fig. 8 C. For attaining maximum efficiency and utilizing upward air flow (7.5) each propeller subunit is oriented as shown in Fig. 7 B (7.6). This design and arrangement permits every air molecule rising in SS to have the opportunity to repeatedly impinge of the propeller with minimum interdependence of other propeller assemblies. All gear boxes will rotate the main axis which terminates into the dynamo (7.4).The details of the construction of the propeller assembly is shown in figs. 8 A, 8 B and 8 C.

Three subunits of the propeller assembly are shown in Fig. 9 A and multiples of the vertical shafts are shown in Fig. 9 B, conceptually representing the Energy Forest.

3 F. Gear assemblies. Figs. 10 and 1 IA, 1 IB, 11C and 11 D.

In this invention the progressively higher temperatures and upward warmer to hotter air flow impinges on the propeller blades. With desired geometry and the pitch of the propeller blades rotate the propeller which has a gear assembly, Fig. 10. In this illustration propeller (10.1) with its shaft is attached to a propeller base gear (10.2). This and the synchronized gear (10.3) have bevel configuration. They in turn drive another bevel gear assembly (10.4 and 10.5). Base gear (10.5) is attached to the main shaft (10.6). The frontal (Fig. 11 A) and topical view (Fig. 11 B) provide details of this assembly. A ratchet (Fig 11 C) controls the unidirectional spinning of the main vertical shaft (11.1).

3 G. Dynamos, Fig.12.

The main axis attached to the coil in the coil area situated between two permanent magnets generates electricity when connected to slip rings and brushes as shown in Fig. 12.

3 H. Supplementary Energy, i. Domestic Utilities, Fig. 13.

The heat generated in SS can be used, tor numerous house hold utilities e.g. climate control the living space ducting in (13,11) air from the SS. Cold water is fed to the coiled manifold (13.5) in the S3 Iorrn where hot water returns and stored into the water lank, heating the water for showers, washing clothes, dish washers etc. Some of these are ShOVvTl in fig. 13. In addition to providing heat to living quarters, excess heat normallyescaping from the attic (13.1) is recycled with a utility fan (13 .12) to the bottom of tile SS and feed back to boost the rotation of propeller units. A few of these uses and supplementation are conceptually depicted in Fig. 13. Although the S5 as shown here is attached to a residential dwelling, it could be constructed as a separate unit. ii. Supplementary air to the SS, Fig. 13.

The invention teaches that the desired upward air flow is resultant of the temperature difference at the lower level to higher level. This is achieved by controllws venting in cooler air at the bottom of the SS at ground level (13.7) and also feeding geothermal air from the underground (13.10) to the base (13.8) of SS. Inside air heated by sun radiation (13.1) rises to escape from the opening at the top (13.3). . iii. For Windmills, Figs. 14 A and 14 B.

This invention can easily be used to generate supplementary energy in preexisting windmills, which are quite suited to incorporate all features of this invention as shown in Fig. 14. The conventional windmill frame structure (14.1) is shown without the supporting cross braces (14.2) but with SS features, propeller assemblies (14.3) and upward air flow (14.4). In Fig. 14 B, the single pole wind mill, 14.5 is the propeller assembly, 14.6 is the supporting pole and 14.7 dynamo connected to the SS dynamo. iv. Supplementary cold air to the SS, Fig. 15.

The invention teaches that the desired upward air flow is resultant of the temperature difference at the lower level to higher level of the SS. This is achieved by venting cooler air at the bottom

of the SS at ground level and also feeding cooler air from the underground as shown in Fig. 15. The sun radiates heat (15.1), enters transparent side of SS (15.2). Inside air of the SS is gets heated and rises to escape from the opening at the top. The vents at the bottom of the floor (15.3) permit cold air through underground tunnel. This air flow supplements the ground level air vents (15.5) at the bottom of the SS.

Figures and Legends:

Fig .1. Solar Energy (SE): Any form of energy radiating from Sun is considered SE. For the purpose of this invention it is Electromagnetic radiation in the forms of waves. In the diagram they are represented as Wavelengths along with other attributes. I have focused on Light which is visual and the Heat which is infrared spectra of SE for the purpose of this invention.

Fig. 2 Sequential energy conversion. This block diagram depicts the flow of energy in this invention. S= Solar energy, H= Heat, K=Kinetic energy, M= Mechanical energy, E= Electrical energy, SP=Supplemental source and U=Utilities.

Fig 3. Solar Structure (SS): Solar structure (3.3) in this invention is any physical housing structure, which is constructed such that it is exposed to Sun (3.1) and receives SE (3.2). SS could be of any dimension; however, it has to be transparent to receive maximum SE input.

Opposite to the transparent side is opaque side (3.4) which prevents the received energy to escape thus becomes a sink. The SS as shown here is a silo type of circular cylinder with a dome at the upper end. It has strategically placed controlled vent (3.5) for the hot air to escape. The SS has several small openings at the ground level which regulates cooler ambient air in (3.6) and also an opening in the floor to let cooler air in from under ground (See Fig. 15. The cylindrical shape provides maximum surface and inward focusing.

Fig .4. Harnessing and Amplifying SE: For this invention it means capturing but not permitting to escape freely the captured energy. SE produced by Sun (4.1) radiates as conceptual waves (4.2) towards the SS .The energy (4.3) enters through the transparent side (4.4), is amplified at lower level (4.5) and further at a higher level (4.6).The opposite side is opaque dark (4.7) and serves as heat sink. This amplification of shorter waves to longer waves is conceptually depicted by wave form (4.8). There are vents (4.9) on the side of SS and ground level ((4.9). providing cooler air. The trapped agitates air molecules are permitted to escape through a controlled vent (4.10). This entire process depicts harnessing and amplifying SE.

Fig .5. Conversion of Heat energy (Fig, 4.) to Kinetic form SE (5.1) radiating (5.2) heats the air (5.3).The heat agitates air molecules which expand and become lighter and escape upwards. A device such as a shaft (5.4) with mounted propeller (5.5) is positioned in the path of escaping agitated air molecules which are permitted to escape through a controlled vent (5.6). The propeller blades have a desired pitch (see Fig. 8) such that escaping hotter air pushes the propeller to rotate, converting the kinetic escaping energy to mechanical form. The plurality of propellers (See figs. 7 and 8) is mounted in an assembly with gears which rotate and impart torque to the main shaft connected to a dynamo to generate electricity (See subsequent several figs.)

Fig. 6. Floor plan to install vertical shafts. The SS in this illustration has the circular 30 feet in diameter base. These dimensions could be varied. The floor plan showed shown here has a circular foundation (6.1) to support all required inside structures. The positions of few shafts are shown here (6.2). The floor plan also shows the position of ground air vent (see Fig, 15) and air vents (6.5) in the circumference, (also see Fig. 15).

Fig. 7. Propeller Assembly: Fig. 7 A shows a 5' section of the shaft (7.1) with 4 propeller sections (7.2) mounted on the shaft with a gear box (7.3) Each shaft has a dynamo (7.4) (See Fig. 12). The propeller assembly receives the upward flow of the warmer air (7.5) (See Figs. 4 and 5). Each 5' section has 4 sub units spaced 1 ' apart on the vertical axis. Each sub unit has 3 propellers (7.2 and 7.6). The orientation of each subunit is as shown in Fig. 7 B (see Fig. 8). A six blade propeller unit is vertically attached with an arm, which has varied length. In this example it is designated as short, medium and long. They are strategically oriented such that each short arm is 90 degree to the preceding one. The orientation is such that the rising warmer air flow is maximally used to rotate the propeller. The total height of the vertical axis is multiple of 5 feet. They can be assembled as needed by the consumer and could be as long as 40 feet. Essentially each section will have 4 subunits each with a gear box (7.3) to impart the rotator motion of the propellers to the main vertical shaft,( See Gear Assembly Figs. 10 and 11), which is permitted to rotate and is connected to a Dynamo to generate electricity. Details of assembly are shown in subsequent figures.

Fig. 8. Propeller Assembly: This figure has 3 views. Fig. 8 A is a topical view, Fig. 8 B horizontal view of 6 propeller blades (8.1) which are attached to a hexagonal hub (8.2), which is mounted on a shaft with a bearing (8.3). The propeller is mounted on a hexagonal block. The attachment of the blade to the block provides the pitch (8.6). The hexagonal block is anchored to a shaft (8.4) (see also Fig. 10). Fig. 8 C shows the front of the hexagonal block. It has strategically placed holes (8.5) which provide insertion (8.6) of the blade bade base (8.7) providing the desired pitch.

Fig. 9A. This figure represents two 5' sections of the main axis. Each has a gear box (9.1) attached to the main axis (9.2) with a dynamo (9.4) with electrical wires (9.3) connecting all dynamos. Each sub unit has the propeller assembly (9.5).

Fig. 9B. This figure has numerous main shafts of Fig. 9 A and provides conceptual presentation of Energy forest.

Fig. 10. Gear Assembly. In principle the rotator motion of the propeller (10.1) attached to the hexagonal box (10.2) rotates the central axis (10.4) housed in the shaft (10.3). The Central axis is attached to a beveled gear assembly (10.5) which is synchronously interfaced with another beveled gear (10.6). The rotational motion is then transferred to the central axis attache to the dynamo (Fig. 12).

Fig.l 1 A, B, C and D. All provide the details of the gear assembly.

Fig. 1 IA, Propeller and Gear assemblies. Side arm support (11.1), main rotating axis (11.2), Main axis non rotating housing tube (1 1.3), hexagonal gear assembly box (1 1.4) houses base gear and 3 beveled gears from 3 side arms (Fig. 11 B and II C). Gear assembly with base gear (11.5) attached to the rotating axis and feeding gears from propeller assembly. The hexagonal box (11.7) as described earlier (Fig. 8 C). Top side arm base plate (1 1.6) and bottom base plate (1 1.13) with low friction tip (1 1.12) of axis (11.1 1), Hexagonal propeller base (11.7), Propeller blades ( 11 .8), Propeller gear square box (11.9) and propeller base beveled gears (11.10) are all components of gear assembly. They feed to gear set (11.5) housed in hexagonal box (11.4). Propeller rotating axis (1 1.2) is housed in shaft (11.3) transfers the torque in unidirectional due to ratchet pinion assembly (1.15). Further details are provided of bottom fixed side arm (Fig.l IB), input from 3 side arm gears (Fig. 11 C) and ratchet pinion assembly (Fig. 11. D).

Fig. 12. Dynamo: The propeller and Gear assemblies end in rotating the main axis (12.1) to provide the required torque to the Dynamo. The main axis (12.1) is placed between two permanent magnets (12.2), rotates the coil (12.3) in the magnetic field (12.4) generates flow of electrical current which passes through slip rings and brushes (12.5) leading to the alternate current of electricity (12.6) generating required electricity. The AC or DC current is achieved with proper inverter (not shown),

Fig. 13 .This figure represents a conceptual presentation of domestic utility and recycling of SE (13.1) energy. SE radiation enters SS (13.2) which has controlled escape vent (13.3). Rising hot air heats the manifold (13.5) carrying cold water (13.6) from utility company. The heated ater is stored in hot water tank (13.9). The heat (13.4) from the enclosed SS is used (13.11) for climate

controlling domestic space. Hotter attic air is recycled (13.12) and fed to SS. Supplemental geothermal (13.10) beat is vented in SS (13.8) in addition to the air supply from vents (13. 7) at the bottom of SS.

Fig. 14 A and 14 B. Present invention can supplement energy generation of existing wind mills (14.1) by simply converting them to SS (14.2). This is done by making sun exposed side transparent and opposite heat sink opaque and installing propeller system (14.3) described earlier (Figs. 9 and 10). This provides practically cost free upward motion (14.4) of warm air to generate electricity without expensive new construction. This is feasible for framed windmills (Fig. 14 A) and single pole (14.6) windmill (14.5) in Fig. 14. B. The windmill (14.7) and energy forest dynamos then be connected. Solar Energy will be supplemented with wind energy.