| JP2008150612 | SECONDARY BATTERY, MONOMER AND POLYMER |
| JP57145273 | SOLID ELECTROLYTE BATTERY |
| JP2003171561 | HYDROGEN ABSORBING BODY |
HORNE, John, Walter (2783 North Iroquois Drive, Provo, UT, 84604, US)
PAYNE, Ryan (912 West 900 North, Pleasant Grove, UT, 84062, US)
MACKRELL, Brad (9102 Renaissance Drive, Cedar Hills, UT, 84062, US)
HORNE, John, Walter (2783 North Iroquois Drive, Provo, UT, 84604, US)
PAYNE, Ryan (912 West 900 North, Pleasant Grove, UT, 84062, US)
MACKRELL, Brad (9102 Renaissance Drive, Cedar Hills, UT, 84062, US)
| CLAIMS: What is claimed is: 1. An electrically conductive coating composition effective in emitting heat without break-down when connected to a source of electricity, which comprises: a) an epoxy siloxane hybrid resin base; b) an electrically conductive material substantially dispersed in the base. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the conductive material is graphite. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the graphite has a particle size between mesh size -325 and +325 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the coating composition is applied to a structure selected from the group consisting of a roof, a driveway, a parking lot and a bridge. 5. A method for generating heat, which comprises: a) providing a target substrate; b) attaching electrically-conductive elements to said target surface; c) applying a conductive coating to the target substrate, wherein the conductive coating comprises; i) an epoxy siloxane hybrid resin base; and ii) an electrically conductive material; d) coupling the electrically-conductive elements to an electricity source; and energizing said source of electricity; whereby the conductive coating generates heat as a current passes from the electricity source through the conductive coating. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the conductive material is graphite. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the graphite has a particle size between mesh size -325 and +325. 8. The composition of claim 5, wherein the coating is applied to a structure selected from the group consisting of a roof, a driveway, a parking lot and a bridge. 9. A heat-emitting structure, comprising: a) a substrate; b) electrically-conductive elements positioned on said substrate; c) a layer of conductive coating positioned over said substrate and said electrically- conductive elements, said conductive coating comprising: i) an epoxy siloxane hybrid base; and ii) an electrically conductive material; and a means for providing electricity to said electrically-conductive elements. |
TO THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS:
George Evan Bybee, a citizen of the United States, whose post office address is 660 Westfield Road, Alpine, Utah 84004; John Walter Home, a citizen of the United States, whose post office address is 2783 North Iroquois Drive, Provo, Utah 84604; Ryan Payne, a citizen of the United States, whose post office address is 912 West 900 North, Pleasant Grove, Utah 84062; and Brad Mackrell, a citizen of the United States, whose post office address is 9102 Renaissance Drive, Cedar Hills, Utah 84062, pray that letters patent be granted to them as inventors of HEATED COATING COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE as set forth in the following specification.
PRIORITY
This application claims priority to Provisional Application Serial No. 61/195179, filed October 3, 2008. BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to compositions that are applied as a coating to a substrate to both protect it and to produce a heated and heat-radiating surface, and more particularly to coatings that use conductive particles for achieving remarkable heating characteristics. These particles could be non-metallic or metallic or combinations thereof.
The art has proposed electrically conductive coatings using metallic particles for antistatic applications and not for producing heat. Coatings based on or containing non-metallic particles appear in the literature. These coatings, however, typically only generate low amounts of heat as a byproduct and are made to dissipate heat and static electricity and often degrade when challenged to produce heat. Conductive coatings and related applications disclosed in the patent literature are discussed below.
Nishino (U.S. Pat. No. 4,714,569) proposes reacting a mixture of graphite and carbon black with a vinyl monomer in the presence of a peroxide to graft the vinyl based polymer onto the surface of the graphite and carbon black to produce a conductive polymer matrix. Nahass U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,382) discloses paints for charge dissipation where the paints include cylindrical graphite carbon fibrils and a conductive polymer matrix. Mahabandi (U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,954) proposes conventional metallic and carbon conductive fillers in a unique binder to produce a conductive polymer matrix.
Wakita (U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,357) proposes silver-plated copper powder to make a conductive polymer matrix. Kim (U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,576) proposes the use of metal, metal- coated glass, ceramics or conductive carbon to prepare a conductive polymer matrix. Namura (U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,849) proposes a combination of graphite particles, metal particles and carbon black to prepare conductive coatings.
Hari (U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,546) proposes amorphous or spherical graphite, carbon fiber, metal particles or mixtures thereof, to prepare conductive coatings. Wakabayashi (U.S. Pat. No. 5,425,969) proposes a conductive primer for polypropylene that utilizes carbon black, graphite, silver, nickel or copper.
Ota (U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,741) proposes to use spherical graphic particles having a diameter of less than 500 Fm to prepare an exothermic conductive coating. Ota (U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,533) proposes metallic coated hollow glass spheres for preparation of a conductive coating. Li (U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,749) proposes a surface treatment for conductive copper powder.
Rowlette (U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,330) proposes to use a mixture of conductive metal oxide powder and non-conductive particles to prepare an anisotropically, electrically-conductive coating composition. Shrier (U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,517) proposes to use metals, metal alloys, conductive carbides, conductive nitrides, conductive borides and metal-coated glass spheres to prepare a nonlinear transient over-voltage protection coating.
Yokoyama (U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,511) proposes a copper alloy powder for use in electromagnetic shielding and similar uses. Mio (U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,384) proposes to use metal oxide powder in preparing an exothermic conducting paste. Gindrup (U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,798) proposes to use metal-coated microparticles in preparing electrically-conducting compositions.
Ellis (U.S. Pats. Nos. 3,923,697, 3,999,040, and 4,064,074) proposes a blend of graphite, manganese dioxide and zinc oxide in preparing electrically conductive compositions. Neumann (U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,668) proposes to use metallic carbide in preparing paints that have low electrical impedance orthogonal to the plane of the coating.
The references discussed hereinabove are provided solely for the purpose of describing the field relating to the invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate a disclosure by virtue of prior invention.
Modern radiant and resistive heating compositions are expensive and difficult to install. They are less efficient than most known heating sources and require a great deal of maintenance. They cannot be installed in existing construction without a great deal of labor, cost and inconvenience to the consumer. The design and configuration of resistive and radiant heating have evolved slowly and no major advancements in reduced energy consumption have been recorded.
The present invention in its various embodiments solves many of the problems encountered in the art by providing conductive coatings that can generate heat when an electrical current is applied to the coating; where the coating can be applied to many different surface types; and the coating is not degraded by the heat produced in response to the electrical current.
SUMMARY
Additional features and advantages of the invention, in its various embodiments, will be set forth in the detailed description and corresponding drawings. The present invention is compositions that may be used as coatings to produce safe and efficient heat when an electrical charge is applied to the coating. The compositions of the present invention have unique adhesion, durability, flexibility and corrosion-resistant characteristics which allow them to adhere to a wide range of selectable substrate materials. The invention is also directed to uses of the coatings to provide heating to a variety of surfaces, and for a multitude of purposes.
The coatings of the present invention comprise a base constituent. The base is a siloxane- based resin or resins. Siloxane -based resins are known to have improved properties of flexibility, weatherability, compressive strength and chemical resistance. However, it has been discovered in the present invention that such bases are unexpectedly well-suited for use in the context of heated coatings. In particular, it has been discovered that epoxy polysiloxane hybrids are able to withstand extreme temperatures — which allows the present composition to remain stable when generating temperatures up to 2000° F, and higher. It was also discovered that such bases do not readily degrade when electrical current is run through them. .
The coating compositions of the present invention may further include additives that modify or enhance the characteristics of the base constituent siloxane-based resin, such as, for example, to improve hardness, adherence, flexibility, corrosion resistance, durability and/or finish. A thinning agent may also be added to improve pouring or other application characteristics. One particularly suitable thinning agent that may be used is xylene or a xylene- based thinner.
The compositions of the present invention further include a conductive material. The conductive material can be non-metallic, metallic, semi-metallic or combinations thereof. The conductive material in one embodiment is graphite particles. The graphite particles may be prepared using conventional manufacturing equipment and techniques. The graphite or other conductive material is dispersed in the base constituent material such that the resulting coating produces heat when either low or high voltage AC or DC current is passed through it. Other forms of carbon may also be used, such as carbon black. The graphite may be synthetic or natural, and may be crystalline, spherical, flake, amorphous, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the graphite is not coated with nickel or copper, a "non-metallic graphite."
The composition can then be applied to a substrate as a coating. Upon application of a current, the coating generates heat. The electrical current can be AC or DC and does not need to be tuned or of a specific form. Thus, the system can accept what is known as a dirty wave.
The coating may be charged or energized with less than 300 watts over a 50 square foot area, which, in one embodiment, will produce heat over 100° F on its surface. The resistance of the coating may be selected to produce a desired result and the coating is capable of producing a non-runaway heat using both AC and DC currents.
The coatings of the invention in its various embodiments will adhere to a wide variety of substrates, including, but not limited to, glass, porcelain, concrete, metals, woods, plastics and asphalt.
A heat-emitting surface is produced by applying to a selected surface an electrical conductor or conductor system, such as copper stripping, for example, that is applied in a buss or grid system, or in any other suitable form that is best suited to the area and surface being coated. The surface, with electrical conductor applied thereto, is coated with the composition of the present invention. The coating composition is typically applied in a thickness of between about Vi mil and about 12 mils. In one embodiment, the coating is applied in a thickness of about 6 mils. However, in other embodiments, it may be desirable to apply the coating even thinner than Vi mil and thicker than 12 mils depending on the application, and this range is not intended to be an upper and lower limit of the present invention, but rather an illustrative application.
Additional layers of the coating composition may be applied as desired or required by the particular application. In some instances, additional layers of other materials may be applied over the coating composition. Such other materials may include, but are not limited to, thin layers of pigmented coatings to impart a desired color or coloring effect, or texture, and coatings that impart a certain finish, such as gloss or matte finish.
Other surface materials may be applied over the heat-emitting coated surface, such as, for example, applying tile or wood flooring to produce a heat-emitting surface. In certain embodiments, the heat-emitting surface can be controlled with a regulating system and may be zoned to provide a different desired temperature in each zone. For example, the coatings may be used in combination with other heating systems or mechanisms. Likewise, heating zones may be cycled on and off at any desired interval and between an unlimited amount of stations.
The coatings of the invention may be essentially "solid state" and do not require maintenance over the regular service life of the coated surface. Furthermore, the coatings may be serviced by merely touching up the coating, e.g. repainting or recoating a damaged area.
Advantages of the present invention in its various embodiments include, but are not limited to, its ability to generate and/or withstand temperatures ranging up to around 2000° F; its ease of application and maintenance (it can be thinned to desired consistency and applied by brush, roller coat, reverse roller coat, spray and other techniques known in the art); its resistance to current-induced degradation; and its wide applicability.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a view in cross section of a coated surface in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a plan view of a means for producing a heat emitting coated surface according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows a grid system for application of the heat emitting coated surface.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference is made below to exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications of the inventive features illustrated herein, and any additional applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated herein, which would occur to one skilled in the relevant art and having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the invention. Definitions:
All numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, constituents, reaction conditions, temperatures and other parameters discussed in the specification and claims are to be understood as modified by the term "about" and are approximations that contain certain errors associated with the accuracy of the measuring equipment used and a standard deviation for such measurements.
As used herein, "comprising," "including," "containing," "characterized by," and grammatical equivalents thereof are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps, but also include the more restrictive terms "consisting of and "consisting essentially of."
As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms, for example, "a", "an", and "the," include the plural, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to "a coating" includes a plurality of such coatings, and reference to a "graphite particle" is a reference to a plurality of graphite particles, and equivalents thereof.
As used herein, "about" means reasonably close to, or approximately, a little more or less than the stated number or amount. Description:
The coating compositions of the invention are durable and long lasting and can help protect the surfaces to which they are applied. They are also able to generate and emit heat that is useful in a wide variety of applications. For example, the coatings may be used in architectural or building structures to heat, for example, floors, walls, ceilings, roofs and gutters. The coatings may be applied to and used for preheating of engine fluids, such as oil, in a vehicle or other mechanical device, applying heat to a tank carrying fluid susceptible to low temperatures, such as diesel fuel, and for deicing or preventing icing of aircraft. The coatings may also be used for heating road surfaces such as, for example, highways, roads, driveways, parking lots and bridges. Additional uses for the coatings of the present invention include, but are not limited to, domestic and industrial equipment or machinery such as, for example, dryers, irons, clothes presses, space heaters, cooking surfaces, hot plates, electrical cooking appliances, toasters, coffee makers, water heaters, furnaces and medical equipment.
As noted above, the invention in its various embodiments contemplates a coating composition. The coating includes a base material, a conductive material and other optional additives. In one embodiment, the base is an epoxy polysiloxane hybrid resin. Suitable epoxy polysiloxane hybrids for use in preparing the coatings of the present invention include but are not limited to the following, either alone or in combination: Xylexin™ ESX-40, ESX-50, ESX-60, ESX-60Plain, UV 320, UV 340, UV 350, and UV 370 sold by Mirage Products of Orem, Utah; and 10 PSX, PSX-700, PSX-700A, PSX-892HS, PSX-1001 available from Ameron International, of Pasadena, California. Other suitable base materials include, but are not limited to, the coatings disclosed in U.S Patents 5,275,645 and 5,618,860 alone or in combination.
At least one epoxy polysiloxane hybrid resin is used in the base material, but the compositions of the present invention may include one or more additional resins. These additional resins can improve the characteristics of the coating composition in terms of durability, flexibility, adhesion, color and/or gloss retention and corrosion resistance. One resin that may be used is solvent- free silicon epoxide resin. The coating compositions also may include thinning agents, such as xylene or xylene-based products, that can improve the application characteristics of the composition. The amount of thinning agent depends on the application, but generally falls between 1% and 50% by weight.
In one embodiment, the conductive material is graphite. However other forms of carbon could likewise be used in the present invention including, but not limited to carbon black. The graphite may be synthetic or natural, and may be crystalline, spherical, flake, amorphous, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the graphite is not coated with nickel or copper — i.e. it is a "non-metallic graphite." Other conductive materials that are not carbon based could also be utilized with the present invention in its various embodiments. These conductive materials include, but are not limited to copper, aluminum, silver, gold, iron and nickel, aluminum, chromium, manganese, platinum, tantalum, titanium, tin, tungsten, and zinc.
The conductive material preferably ranges in particle size from a mesh of about -325 (44 microns) up to a mesh size of about +325. Generally, mesh size smaller than about -325 typically results in such a fine powder that is hard to handle; and mesh size larger than about +325 tends to reduce the conductivity of the coating below desirable levels. That notwithstanding, these are not intended to be limits on the scope of the present invention. In some applications, particles smaller than -325 mesh size or larger than +325 mesh size may be desirable and are considered to be within the scope of the present invention in its various embodiments. In some embodiments, the conductive material can be a mixture of mesh sizes — which it has been discovered improves conductivity.
In certain embodiments, the concentration of conductive material is between 1 and 75% by weight of the composition. Concentrations of conductive material lower than 1% tend to not exhibit the requisite conductivity for most applications. Concentrations of conductive material higher than 75% tend to decrease the resistance to a point where they are likewise not suitable for most applications. That notwithstanding, these ranges are not intended to be limits on the scope of the present invention. In some situations concentrations of less than 1% by weight or more than 75% by weight may be desirable and are considered to be within the scope of the present invention in its various embodiments.
In one embodiment, the composition contains a combination, in equal measure, of three graphite mixtures denoted as follows:
Asbury Graphite #4012, available from Asbury Carbons of Asbury, New Jersey, which comprises:
+80 mesh graphite 0.22%
+100 mesh graphite 0.86%
+200 mesh graphite 71.65%
+325 mesh graphite 24.43%
-325 mesh graphite 2.82%
Asbury Graphite #23 OU, also available from Asbury Carbons of Asbury, New Jersey, which comprises:
+325 mesh graphite 0.73%
-325 mesh graphite 99.27% Asbury Graphite #A625, also available from Asbury Carbons of Asbury, New Jersey, which comprises:
+100 mesh graphite 0.05%
+200 mesh graphite 0.88%
+325 mesh graphite 8.66%
-325 mesh graphite 90.46%
A coating composition, according to one embodiment of the present invention, is made as follows:
1 gallon of epoxy polysiloxane hybrid resin
16.6 pounds of graphite comprising equal parts of Asbury #4102, #23OU and #a625
1 gallon of thinning agent (e.g. xylene or xylene based materials)
The mixture is made by adding the graphite material to the epoxy polysiloxane hybrid resin and mixing until the graphite particles are evenly distributed and fully suspended. Then the thinning agent is added and the mixture is stirred until the graphite particles are well-mixed and suspended.
The composition of the invention can be applied to a substrate by any method known in the painting arts, such as spraying, rolling, brushing or pouring. The coating is typically applied to the substrate in thickness of between about 1 A mil to about 12 mils. In one embodiment, about a 6 mil layer is applied.
The coating may be cured by air-drying. Heat or bake curing and other methods of curing known in the art may also be used. Bake curing is preferred in those embodiments where high temperatures (i.e. those exceeding 375° F) are to be generated by the coating. The resulting coating provides an extremely heat-resistant, weather resistant, UV light resistant and electrical degradation-resistant coating that can be used to produce heat emission from many surfaces. The resins of the invention have the ability to withstand significantly elevated temperatures without a loss of integrity. Therefore, the coatings of the invention in its various embodiments provide a stable product that may be applied to a number of surfaces, including bridges, airplanes and other structures subject to icing and harsh weather. In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention are substantially free of any pigments. However, in other embodiments, pigments can be added. The surface coated with the exothermic compositions may also be colored or provided with a desired texture by the addition of a separate coating that provides color, texture and/or a desired finish, such as flat, matte, gloss, etc.
Other additives or agents may be incorporated into the coatings of the invention, including, but not limited to, accelerators, flow leveling agents, catalysts, drying agents, surfactants, diluents, solvents, thinners, antifoam agents, anti-scratch agents, flow control agents, wetting agents, and a wide variety of other conventional additives.
Examples of diluents, solvents and/or thinners include, but are not limited to, EXS5, EXS7, EXS9, and thinners available from PPG Amercoat located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
In one embodiment, the coating and thinner provide a coating having a sufficiently long cure time such that the graphite and solids stack well during the curing process.
For maximum conductivity, it is important to assure a percent dispersion of graphite to coating. A particularly suitable percent is 90% graphite to 10% hybrid epoxy siloxane material. Once the proper ratio of graphite to hybrid epoxy siloxane material is established, the coating may then be thinned with the addition of a thinner. In one embodiment, thinner is added to at least twice the volume (thinning post addition of the graphite does not change the ratio/dispersion). Referring to FIG. 1, a cross section of a heat-emitting structure 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown. An electrically conductive element 14 is applied to a substrate 12. As noted above, the substrate 12 could be any number of surfaces on which it would be desirable to generate and emit heat including, but not limited to, cement, ceramic, wood, certain thermoset plastics, certain heat-resistant elastomers, etc. The substrate 12 can be part of any number of previously enumerated architectural, building, road, equipment or machinery surfaces.
In this embodiment, the electrically conductive element 14 is copper stripping but could be numerous other materials that would be apparent to one skilled in the art including, but not limited to, aluminum, brass and platinum. A layer 16 of the coating material as described in Example 1 below is then applied to the substrate 12 over the top of the electrically conductive element 14. A source of electricity 18 can then be attached to the electrically-conductive elements 14. The configuration and construction of means for applying electricity to the electrically-conductive elements 14 is well within the skill in the art.
FIG. 2 illustrates a buss type system where two electrically-conductive elements 14, such as copper strips, are placed on the substrate 12 for transporting electricity to the coating. The width, length and proximity of placement of the electrically-conductive elements 14 will depend on the particular application. In this embodiment, the electrically-conductive elements 14 may be sized in width to be between 0.10 inches and 3.0 inches, and may be spaced apart from each other a distance from between about three inches to about six feet. In a buss system, the electrically- conductive elements 14 are generally positioned at the edge of the area to be coated.
The nature of the buss system — i.e. the number, size and relative locations of the electrically conductive elements-that would be needed would depend on the amount of current a user wished to direct through the coating. The amount of current desired would depend on the concentration of conductive material and the temperatures sought to be generated. Constructing an appropriate buss system would be readily ascertainable to one skilled in the art without undue experimentation.
FIG. 3 illustrates a grid system where the electrically-conductive elements 14 are positioned on a substrate 12 in a grid-type pattern, where the spacing apart of the electrically-conductive elements 14 is determined by the application. For example, in general, as the resistance in the coating is lowered, the available surface heat increases and the less voltage that is required to obtain that heat. Hence, a grid system of electrical conductors, as illustrated in FIG. 3, may be used in applications where a very thin coat is applied or the coating has a higher resistance. Essentially, using a grid system for the purpose of applying a current effectively lowers the resistance of the coating by decreasing the distance between the two electrodes.
In a further example, the coating may be applied to a driveway or parking area to prevent snow buildup and eliminate the need to plow or shovel the area. In this case the concentration of graphite should be increased. As long as the graphite particles are substantially coated and insulated by the binder, the electrical load may be selected to achieve a desired resistance and exothermic requirements for the application.
Electrical currents ranging from about 5 to about 2000 watts, using either AC or DC current, have been applied to the coatings of the invention and have produced sustainable temperatures of up to about 2000 0 F.
The following examples show how the present invention has been practiced. These examples are only illustrative of the invention and should not be construed as limiting it. EXAMPLE I
A coating composition was prepared by adding to one gallon of epoxy polysiloxane hybrid material 16.6 pounds of mixed graphite containing equal amounts of Asbury graphite #4012, Asbury graphite #23 OU and Asbury graphite #A625. The graphite and resin were mixed thoroughly and then one gallon of xylene-based thinner was added. The mixture was again stirred until the graphite particles were evenly distributed and fully suspended. The composition was then applied to a surface having electrical contacts previously installed.
The electrical contacts in this example are strips of copper tape laid down on the target surface, with the distance between the strips being determined by the resistance of the material, represented in Ohm's, the input current, the resistance of the coating and voltage.
Copper strips that are approximately 2mm thick may be applied to the back of a six inch square tile and the coating composition can then be then applied over the copper strips to a thickness of at least 1 mil (resistance being about 12.5 Ohms). Approximately 50 volts can be applied across the copper strips, which results in heat being generated in the coating and transmitted to the tile such that the tile acts as a radiant heat source. In this example, it would take about 50 volts to heat 25 square feet of flooring.
EXAMPLE II
Four ounces of Xylexin™ EXS-50 are prepared according to the directions provided therewith, to which is added four fluid ounces of a -300 mesh graphite (99% pure). The graphite is then mixed into the ESX-50 and the coating can be applied to a surface having electrical contacts previously installed. In this example, the electrical contacts are strips of copper tape laid down on the target surface, with the distance between the strips determined by Ohm's law, the input current, the resistance of the coating and voltage. Copper strips that are approximately 2 mm thick may be applied to the back of a six inch square tile and the Xylexm/graphite coating then applied over the copper strips to a thickness of at least 2 mm (resistance being about 1.6 Ohms). Less than or equal to about 6 volts is applied across the copper strips, which results in heat being generated in the coating and transmitted to the tile such that the tile acts as a radiant heat source. In this example, it would take about 80 watts to heat 400 square foot floor.
EXAMPLE III
Two ounces of Xylexin™ EXS-50 are prepared according to the directions provided therewith, to which is added six fluid ounces of a -300 mesh graphite (99% pure) and four ounces of XL reducer. The graphite is then mixed in to produce a coating. Copper tape is laid down in strips on the target surface, with the distance between the strips determined by Ohm's law, the input current, the resistance of the coating and voltage.
Copper strips that are approximately 2 mm thick may be applied to the back of a six inch square tile and the Xylexin/graphite coating then applied o\er the copper strips to a thickness of at least 2 mm (resistance being about 1.6 Ohms). Less than or equal to about 6 volts is applied across the copper strips, which results in heat being generated in the coating and transmitted to the tile such that the tile acts as a radiant heat source. In this example, it would take about 80 watts to heat 400 square foot floor. EXAMPLE IV
Ten ounces of Xylexin™ 50 XL are prepared according to the directions provided therewith, to which is added four ounces of 23Ou -325 graphite from Asbury; four ounces of a625 99.95 @ -100 mesh from Asbury; and six ounces of 3061 graphite. The graphite and resin are mixed thoroughly and then two ounces of 911 thinner available from PPG Pittsburgh Paint in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania are added. The mixture is again stirred until the graphite particles are evenly distributed and fully suspended. The composition is then applied to a surface having electrical contacts previously installed and allowed to air dry.
EXAMPLE V
Twelve ounces of Xylexin™ HC55 are prepared according to the directions provided therewith, to which is added eight ounces of 4012 synthetic, min 98% carbon, 99% -100 from Asbury; and eight ounces of a625 99.95 @ -100 mesh from Asbury. The graphite and resin are mixed thoroughly and then four ounces of r200 fast are added. The mixture is again stirred until the graphite particles are evenly distributed and fully suspended. The composition is then applied to a surface having electrical contacts previously installed and bake cured for 45 minutes at 400 0 F.
EXAMPLE VI
Three ounces of Xylexin™ HC55 are prepared according to the directions provided therewith, to which is added two ounces of 4012 synthetic, min 98% carbon, 99% -100 from Asbury; and three ounces of a625 99.95 @ -100 mesh from Asbury. The graphite and resin are mixed thoroughly and then one ounce of 911 thinner is added. The mixture is again stirred until the graphite particles are evenly distributed and fully suspended. The composition is then applied to a surface having electrical contacts previously installed and bake cured for 45 minutes at 400 0 F.
EXAMPLE VII
Ten ounces of Xylexin™ 50 XL are prepared according to the directions provided therewith, to which is added six ounces of 23Ou -325 graphite from Asbury; four ounces of a625 99.95 @ - 100 mesh from Asbury; and four ounces of 3061 graphite. The graphite and resin are mixed thoroughly and then two ounces of 911 thinner are added. The mixture is again stirred until the graphite particles are evenly distributed and fully suspended. The composition is then applied to a surface having electrical contacts previously installed and allowed to air dry.
EXAMPLE VIII
Ten ounces of Xylexin™ 40 XL are prepared according to the directions provided therewith, to which is added three ounces of 23Ou -325 graphite from Asbury; six ounces of a625 99.95 @ - 100 mesh from Asbury; and six ounces of 3061 graphite. The graphite and resin are mixed thoroughly and then four ounces of 911 thinner are added. The mixture is again stirred until the graphite particles are evenly distributed and fully suspended. The composition is then applied to a surface having electrical contacts previously installed and allowed to air dry.
EXAMPLE IX
Ten ounces of Xylexin™ 50 XL are prepared according to the directions provided therewith, to which is added four ounces of 23Ou -325 graphite from Asbury; four ounces of a625 99.95 @ -100 mesh from Asbury; and six ounces of 3061 graphite. The graphite and resin are mixed thoroughly and then two ounces of 911 thinner are added. The mixture is again stirred until the graphite particles are evenly distributed and fully suspended. The composition is then applied to a surface having electrical contacts previously installed and allowed to air dry.
All references, including publications, patents, and patent applications, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.
It is understood that the above-described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the basic principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements.
Next Patent: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING TISSUES WITH HIFU