HETEROCYCLIC KINASE INHIBITORS

CROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/245,606, filed September 24, 2009, which application is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Described herein are compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the inhibition of RAF, p38 and/or GSK3 kinase mediated signaling. Said compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods have utility in the treatment of human disease and disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer, steroisomer, geometric isomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof:

wherein

Z is N, NH or CH;

Y is C or N;

X is N, NH or CH;

G is selected from: or

A is selected from Me, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N CH -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH,

- -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃

R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, F, CI, CN, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or N0 ₂ ; and

R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -Cio acyl, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or a heterocyclic group.

[0004] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from - CH CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N CH -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH CH ₂ OH, -OCH ₂ CH ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -

[0005] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein Z is NH, Y is C and X is N; or Z is N, Y is C and X is NH. Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein Z is CH, Y is N and X is N. Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein Z is N, Y is N and X is CH.

[0006] Another embodiment rovides a com oun of Formula I , wherein A is

[0007] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein G is Another embodiment rovides a com ound of Formula I), wherein

[0008] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen or fluorine.

[0009] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0010] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0011] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0012] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0013] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

0014] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is Another embodiment rovides a compound of Formula I), wherein A is

Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein G is 0017] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein A is

[0018] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ independently selected from hydrogen or fluorine.

[0019] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0020] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0021] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

0022] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

0023] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

or

[0025] One embodiment provides a compound selected from:

-7-

Example 2 Example 3 Example 4

Example 11 Example 12 Example 13

-11-

Example 25 Example 26 Example 27

Example 31 Example 32 Example 33

-13-

Example 50 Example 51 Example 52

example 53 example 54 example 55

exam le 59 example 60 example

example 62 example 63 example 64

example 71 example 72 example 73

example 80 example 81 example 82

example 95 example 96 example 97

-19-

example 1 16 example 1 17 example 118

[0027] One embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compond of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0028] One embodiment provides a method of inhibiting a protein kinase comprising contacting the protein kinase with an inhibitory concentration of a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the protein kinase is selected from A-RAF, B-RAF, C-RAF, p38 and GSK3 kinases. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the protein kinase is B- RAF. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the protein kinase is the B-RAF V600E mutant. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the protein kinase is the B- RAF G464V mutant. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the protein kinase is p38 kinase. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the protein kinase is GSK3P kinase.

[0029] One embodiment provides a method of inhibiting RAF kinase mediated signalling in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an inhibitory concentration of a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the cell is by increased activity of the RAS-RAF- MEK-ER pathway compared to a non-transformed cell. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the cell is characterized by a B-RAF gain-of-function mutation. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the cell is characterized by the presence of the B-RAF V600E mutant. [0030] One embodiment provides a method of treating a human disease or disorder mediated by RAF kinase signalling comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the RAF kinase is B-RAF kinase. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the disease or disorder is a proliferative disease. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the proliferative disease is selected from melanoma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, or lung adenocarcinoma. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the protein kinase is selected from human A-RAF, B-RAF and C-RAF, or a homo log or an ortho log thereof.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0031] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0032] Growth factor signaling through cell membrane associated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is commonly defective in human cancers. These RTKs transduce signals to intracellular machinery responsible for a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation (Hunter, T., Cell, 100: 113-127, 2000; Hanahan, D. and Weinberg, R.A., Cell, 100: 57-70, 2000).

[0033] An important intracellular signaling conduit is the RAS-RAF-MEK-ER pathway that relays growth factor-mediated RTK signals to responder elements in the cytoplasm and/or nuclear compartments (Robinson, M.J. and Cobb, M.H., Curr. Opin. Cell Biol, 9: 180-186, 1997). Within this pathway both RAS and RAF members were initially discovered as viral oncogenes that transformed mammalian cells and such eventually lead to the identification of human homologs with similar oncogenic transforming activity (Rapp, U.R., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 80: 4218-4222, 1983: Malumbres, M. and Barbacid, M., Nat. Rev. Cancer, 3: 459- 465, 2003 and references therein).

[0034] RAF activation is normally regulated by an upstream RAS-GTP bound complex that orchestrates RAF binding to the cell membrane. Subsequent conformational changes induce RAF phosphorylation and kinase activity. The active RAF kinase then phosphorylates and activates MEK, that in-turn phosphorylates and activates ER 1/2 in a signaling cascade that is conserved across a wide variety of animal species (Kolch, W. Biochem. J. 351 : 289-305, 2000 and references therein). There are 3 recognized human isoforms of RAF: A-RAF, B-RAF and C- RAF (also known as c-RAF-1), and signaling of RAF to MEK normally requires KSR, a RAF homo log lacking intrinsic kinase activity acting as a scaffold in protein-protein interactions.

[0035] Aberrant activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway is common across human cancers, with gain-of- function mutations reported for RAS and B-RAF that lead to constitutive activation of these proteins. For example, B-RAF mutations have been identified in a wide variety of tumors including melanoma (50-70%), colon cancer (10-15%), ovarian cancer (30- 40%) and papillary thyroid cancer (45%) (Davies, H., et al, Nature, 417: 949-954, 2002; Yuen, S.T., et al, Cancer Research, 62: 6451-6455, 2002: Singer, G., et al, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 95: 484-486, 2003; Brose, M.S., et al, Cancer Res., 62: 6997-7000, 2002; Rajagopalan, H., et al, Nature, 418: 934, 2002; Tuveson, D., et al, Cancer Cell, 4: 95-98, 2003).

[0036] The vast majority of B-RAF gain-of-function mutations identified to date (-90%) involve substitution of a valine for a glutamic acid at position 600. Often referred to as B-RAF (V600E), this single amino acid substitution leads to constitutive kinase activity approximately 500-fold higher than basal wild-type B-RAF kinase activity (Wan, P.T.C., et al, Cell, 116: 855-867, 2004; Garnett, M.J. and Marais, R. Cancer Cell, 6: 313-319, 2004). In addition, B-RAF (V600E) is by itself transforming, and increases tumor cell proliferation, survival and tumor growth in vivo (Davies, H., et al, Nature, 417: 949-954, 2002; Wellbrock, C, et al, Cancer Res., 64: 2338- 2342, 2004). Furthermore, B-RAF (V600E) mutations have been correlated with decreased response rates in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (Samowitz, W.S., et al, Cancer Research, 65: 6063-6069, 2005; Houben R., et al, J. Carcinogenesis, 3: 6-18, 2004). Consistent with a pivotal role of B-RAF (V600E) in tumor growth, siRNA directed to B-RAF (V600E) results in tumor cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis (Karasarides, M., et al, Oncogene, 23: 6292- 6298, 2004; Hingorani, S.R., et al, Cancer Res., 63: 5198-5202, 2003; Hoeflich, K.P., et al,

Cancer Res., 66: 999-1006, 2006). Selective B-RAF (V600E) inhibition is important to achieve selective killing of tumor cells harboring this gain-of-function mutation while sparing normal cells, thereby reducing or eliminating side-effects in cancer patients on long-term therapy.

[0037] Another important intracellular signaling conduit is the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family involved in the regulation of cell survival and cell stress responses, and are indeed also activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines (Deacon et al., Mol. Biol. Cell, 14: 2071-2087, 2003 and references therein). Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity may limit growth and/or survival of certain cancer cells expressing high basal activity of these kinases. However, in other cell types p38 MAPKs may be pro-survival signaling molecules whose inhibition then sensitizes cancer cells to apoptosis (Xia et al, Science, 270: 1326-1331, 1995; Potapova et al, J. Biol. Chem., 272: 14041-14044, 1997, and references therein). Taken together these results suggest that p38 MAPK inhibitors appropriately targeted to tumors dependent on signaling through the p38 MAPK pathway may have antitumor effects.

[0038] The glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3P) kinase also plays a role in cancer cell homeostasis and can be a target of several upstream kinases including AKT, PKC, S6K and RSK (Sutherland et al, Biochem. J., 296: 15-19, 1993). The role of GSK3P in tumorigenesis depends on cellular context with promoting and inhibitory roles suggested (Mishra, Molecular Cancer, 9: 144, 2010). GSK3P regulates a variety of cellular processes including stability of transcription factors that normally undergo proteosomal degradation including β-catenin, a target of the Wnt pathway (Ciani, et al, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 6:351-362, 2005; Mishra, Molecular Cancer, 9: 144, 2010). Taken together these results suggest that GSK3P inhibitors appropriately targeted to tumors dependent on signaling through this kinase may have antitumor effects with examples including pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, multiple myeloma, and gastric cancer (Mishra, Molecular Cancer, 9: 144, 2010 and references therein).

Heterocyclic Kinase Inhibitors

[0039] One embodiment provides a compound having the structure of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the followin structure:

wherein

NH or CH

Y is C or N;

NH or CH

R is selected from:

A is selected from Me -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH,

R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, F, CI, CN, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or N0 ₂ ; and

R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -Cio acyl, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ ,

C ₂ F ₅ , or a heterocyclic group.

[0040] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from - CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -OCH ₂ CH ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -

[0041] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein Z is NH, Y is C and X is N; or Z is N, Y is C and X is NH. Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein Z is CH, Y is N and X is N. Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein Z is N, Y is N and X is CH.

[0042] Another embodiment provides a compoun of Formula (I), wherein A is

Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein G is

Another mbodiment pr ides a compound of Formula I), wherein

[0044] AAnnootthheer embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen or fluorine.

[0045] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is [0046] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R

[0047] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is bodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

or [0051] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein A is Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein A is

[0054] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen or fluorine.

[0055] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0056] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0057] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

0058] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0059] Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is

[0061] One embodiment provides a compound selected from:

o ₂ s,

-29-

-30-

-31-

Example 2 Example 3 Example 4

Example 8 Example 9 Example 10

example 20 example 21 example 22

Example 25 Example 26 Example 27

Example 28 Example 29 Example 30

Example 31 Example 32 Example 33

-35-

Example 50 Example 51 Example 52

example 53 example 54 example 55

example 59 example 60 example

example 62 example 63 example 64

example 71 example 72 example 73

example 80 example 81 example 82

example 95 example 96 example 97

-41-

example 1 16 example 1 17 example 118

Further Forms of Compounds

[0063] In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) possess one or more stereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the R or S configuration. The compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. The compounds and methods provided herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. In some embodiments, resolution of enantiomers is carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds described herein. In another embodiment, diastereomers are seprated by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. In other embodiments, separation of steroisomers is performed by chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof. Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, "Enantiomers,

Racemates and Resolutions", John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981. In one aspect, stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.

[0064] The methods and compositions described herein include the use of amorphous forms as well as crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs). In one aspect, compounds described herein are in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. As well, active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity are included in the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.

[0065] In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs. A

"prodrug" refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility. An example, without limitation, of a prodrug is a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the "prodrug") to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial. A further example of a prodrug might be a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. In certain embodiments, a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.

[0066] In one aspect, prodrugs are designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug. By virtue of knowledge of pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic processes and drug metabolism in vivo, once a pharmaceutically active compound is known, the design prodrugs of the compound is possible, (see, for example, Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392; Silverman (1992), The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, pages 352-401, Rooseboom et al., Pharmacological Reviews, 56:53-102, 2004; Aesop Cho, "Recent Advances in Oral Prodrug Discovery", Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 41, 395-407, 2006; T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series).

[0067] Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a compound of Formula (I) as set forth herein are included within the scope of the claims. In some cases, some of the herein-described compounds may be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound. [0068] In some embodiments, sites on the aromatic ring portion of compounds of Formula (I) are susceptible to various metabolic reactions Therefore incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures will reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway. In specific embodiments, the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, or an alkyl group.

[0069] In another embodiment, the compounds described herein are labeled isotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by another other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.

[0070] Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, ² H, ³ H, ¹³ C, ¹⁴ C, ¹⁵ N, ¹⁸ 0, ¹⁷ 0, ³⁵ S, ¹⁸ F, ³⁶ C1. In one aspect, isotopically-labeled compounds described herein, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³ H and ¹⁴ C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. In one aspect, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.

[0071] In additional or further embodiments, the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.

[0072] "Pharmaceutically acceptable," as used herein, refers a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.

[0073] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a formulation of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound of Formula (I) with acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are also obtained by reacting a compound of Formula (I) with a base to form a salt. [0074] Compounds described herein may be formed as, and/or used as, pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The type of pharmaceutical acceptable salts, include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a

pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid,

cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,

3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1 ,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-l- carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4'-methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene-l-carboxylic acid), 3- phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, butyric acid, phenylacetic acid, phenylbutyric acid, valproic acid, and the like; (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion (e.g. lithium, sodium, potassium), an alkaline earth ion (e.g. magnesium, or calcium), or an aluminum ion. In some cases, compounds described herein may coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N- methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. In other cases, compounds described herein may form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton, include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium

hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.

[0075] It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein can be conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein. [0076] Compounds described herein, such as compounds of Formula (I), may be in various forms, including but not limited to, amorphous forms, milled forms and nano-particulate forms. In addition, compounds described herein include crystalline forms, also known as polymorphs. Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical properties, stability, and solubility. Various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.

[0077] Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof can be chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

Certain Terminology

[0078] Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in this application, including the specification and claims, have the definitions given below. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of mass spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC, protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and pharmacology are employed. In this application, the use of "or" or "and" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of the term "including" as well as other forms, such as "include", "includes," and "included," is not limiting. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

[0079] An "alkyl" group refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The alkyl group may be a saturated alkyl group (which means that it does not contain any carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon triple bonds) or the the alkyl group may be an unsaturated alkyl group (which means that it contains at least one carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon triple bond). The alkyl moiety, whether saturated or unsaturated, may be branched, or straight chain.

[0080] The "alkyl" group may have 1 to 10 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "1 to 10" refers to each integer in the given range; e.g. , "1 to 10 carbon atoms" means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc. , up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term "alkyl" where no numerical range is designated). The alkyl group of the compounds described herein may be designated as "Ci-C ₆ alkyl" or similar designations. By way of example only, "Ci-C ₆ alkyl" indicates that there are one, two , three, four, five, or six carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. In one aspect the alkyl is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, allyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, cyclopropylmethyl,

cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, and the like. In one aspect, an alkyl is a Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

[0081] The term "alkylene" refers to a divalent alkyl radical. Any of the above mentioned monovalent alkyl groups may be an alkylene by abstraction of a second hydrogen atom from the alkyl. In one aspect, an alkelene is a Ci-Cealkylene. In another apsect, an alkylene is a Ci- C ₄ alkylene. Typical alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, -CH ₂ -, -CH(CH ₃ )-, - C(CH ₃ ) ₂ -, -CH ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )-, -CH ₂ C(CH ₃ ) ₂ -, -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ -, and the like.

[0082] An "alkoxy" group refers to a (alkyl)O- group, where alkyl is as defined herein.

[0083] The term "alkylamine" refers to the -N(alkyl) _x H _y group, where x and y are selected from the group x=l, y=l and x=2, y=0. In some embodiments, when x=2 and y=0, the alkyl groups taken together with the ntrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring system.

[0084] The term "aromatic" refers to a planar ring having a delocalized π-electron system containing 4n+2 π electrons, where n is an integer. Aromatic rings can be formed from five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more than ten atoms. Aromatics are optionally substituted. The term "aromatic" includes both carbocyclic aryl ("aryl", e.g., phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (or "heteroaryl" or "heteroaromatic") groups (e.g., pyridine). The term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups.

[0085] The term "carbocyclic" or "carbocycle" refers to a ring or ring system where the atoms forming the backbone of the ring are all carbon atoms. The term thus distinguishes carbocyclic from heterocyclic rings in which the ring backbone contains at least one atom which is different from carbon.

[0086] As used herein, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom. Aryl rings are formed by five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more than nine carbon atoms. Aryl groups are optionally substituted. In one aspect, an aryl is a phenyl or a naphthalenyl. In one aspect, an aryl is a phenyl. In one aspect, an aryl is a C6-Cioaryl.

Depending on the structure, an aryl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group). In one aspect, an arylene is a C ₆ -Ci ₀ arylene. Examplary arylenes include, but are not limited to, phenyl- 1,2-ene, phenyl-l,3-ene, and phenyl- 1,4-ene.

[0087] The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic, non-aromatic radical, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e. skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom. Cycloalkyls may be saturated, or partially unsaturated. Cycloalkyls may be fused with an aromatic ring, and the point of attachment is at a carbon that is not an aromatic ring carbon atom. Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl groups are selected from among cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Cycloalkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Depending on the structure, a cycloalkyl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an cycloalkylene group, such as, but not limited to, cyclopropan-l,l-diyl, cyclobutan-1,1- diyl, cyclopentan-l,l-diyl, cyclohexan-l,l-diyl, cyclohexan-l,4-diyl, cycloheptan-l,l-diyl, and the like). In one aspect, a cycloalkyl is a C3-C ₆ cycloalkyl.

[0088] The term "halo" or, alternatively, "halogen" or "halide" means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

[0089] The term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by one or more halide atoms. In one aspect, a haloalkyl is a Ci-C ₄ haloalkyl.

[0090] The term "haloalkylene" refers to an alkylene group in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by one or more halide atoms. In one aspect, a haloalkylene is a Ci-

C ₆ haloalkylene. In another aspect, a haloalkylene is a Ci-C ₄ haloalkylene.

[0091] The term "fluoroalkyl" refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom. In one aspect, a fluoralkyl is a Ci-C ₄ fluoroalkyl.

[0092] The term "fluoroalkylene" refers to an alkylene in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom. In one aspect, a fluoralkylene is a Ci-Cefluoroalkylene. In another aspect, a fluoralkylene is a Ci-C ₄ fluoroalkylene.

[0093] The term "heteroalkyl" refers to an alkyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or combinations thereof. In one aspect, a heteroalkyl is a Ci-Ceheteroalkyl.

[0094] The term "heteroalkylene" refers to an alkylene group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or combinations thereof. In one aspect, a heteroalkylene is a Ci-Ceheteroalkylene. In another aspect, a heteroalkylene is a Ci-C ₄ heteroalkylene. Examplary heteroalkylenes include, but are not limited to, -OCH ₂ -, -OCH(CH ₃ )-, -OC(CH ₃ ) ₂ -, -OCH ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ 0-, -CH(CH ₃ )0-, - C(CH ₃ ) ₂ 0-, -CH ₂ CH ₂ 0-, -CH ₂ OCH ₂ -, -CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₂ -, -SCH ₂ -, -SCH(CH ₃ )-, -SC(CH ₃ ) ₂ -, -SCH ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ S-, -CH(CH ₃ )S-, -C(CH ₃ ) ₂ S-, -CH ₂ CH ₂ S-, -CH ₂ SCH ₂ -, - CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ -, -S0 ₂ CH ₂ -, -S0 ₂ CH(CH ₃ )-, -S0 ₂ C(CH ₃ ) ₂ -, -S0 ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ -, - CH ₂ S0 ₂ -, -CH(CH ₃ )S0 ₂ -, -C(CH ₃ ) ₂ S0 ₂ -, -CH ₂ CH ₂ S0 ₂ -, -CH ₂ S0 ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ S0 ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ -, - CH ₂ CH ₂ S0 ₂ CH ₂ -, -NHCH ₂ -, -NHCH(CH ₃ )-, -NHC(CH ₃ ) ₂ -, -NHCH ₂ CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ NH-, - CH(CH ₃ )NH-, -C(CH ₃ ) ₂ NH-, -CH ₂ CH ₂ NH-, -CH ₂ NHCH ₂ -, -CH ₂ NHCH ₂ CH ₂ -, - CH ₂ CH ₂ NHCH ₂ -, and the like.

[0095] The term "heterocycle" or "heterocyclic" refers to heteroaromatic rings (also known as heteroaryls) and heterocycloalkyl rings (also known as heteroalicyclic groups) containing one to four heteroatoms in the ring(s), where each heteroatom in the ring(s) is selected from O, S and N, wherein each heterocyclic group has from 4 to 10 atoms in its ring system, and with the proviso that the any ring does not contain two adjacent O or S atoms. Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups (also known as heterocycloalkyls) include groups having only 3 atoms in their ring system, but aromatic heterocyclic groups must have at least 5 atoms in their ring system. The heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems. An example of a 3-membered heterocyclic group is aziridinyl. An example of a 4-membered heterocyclic group is azetidinyl. An example of a 5- membered heterocyclic group is thiazolyl. An example of a 6-membered heterocyclic group is pyridyl, and an example of a 10-membered heterocyclic group is quinolinyl. Examples of non- aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl,

tetrahydrothienyl, oxazolidinonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolin-2-yl, pyrrolin-3-yl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dithianyl, dithiolanyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3- azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, 3H-indolyl and quinolizinyl. Examples of aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, and furopyridinyl. The foregoing groups may be C-attached or N-attached where such is possible. For instance, a group derived from pyrrole may be pyrrol- 1-yl (N- attached) or pyrrol-3-yl (C- attached). Further, a group derived from imidazole may be imidazol-l-yl or imidazol-3-yl (both N-attached) or imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl (all C-attached). The heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems. Non-aromatic heterocycles may ber substituted with one or two oxo (=0) moieties, such as pyrrolidin-2-one. [0096] The terms "heteroaryl" or, alternatively, "heteroaromatic" refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Illustrative examples of heteroaryl groups include the following moieties:

include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl. In one aspect, a heteroaryl contains 0-3 N atoms. In another aspect, a heteroaryl contains 1-3 N atoms. In another aspect, a heteroaryl contains 0-3 N atoms, 0-1 O atoms, and 0-1 S atoms. In another aspect, a heteroaryl is a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl. In one aspect, heteroaryl is a Ci-Cgheteroaryl. In one aspect, monocyclic heteroaryl is a Ci- Csheteroaryl. In one aspect, monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl. In one aspect, bicyclic heteroaryl is a Ce-Cgheteroaryl. Depending on the structure, a heteroaryl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., a heteroarylene group).

[0097] The term "heteroarylene" refers to a divalent heteroaryl radical. Any of the above mentioned monovalent heteroaryl groups may be a heteroarylene by abstraction of a second hydrogen atom from the heteroaryl group. The divalent heteroaryl radical may be attached through two carbon atoms, or through one carbon atom and one heteroatom, or through two heteroatoms.

[0098] A "heterocycloalkyl" or "heteroalicyclic" group refers to a cycloalkyl group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The radicals may be fused with an aryl or heteroaryl. Illustrative examples of heterocycloalkyl groups, also referred to as non-aromatic heterocycles, include:

and the like. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl is selected from oxazolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, and indolinyl. The term heteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the

monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides. In one aspect, a heterocycloalkyl is a C ₂ -Cioheterocycloalkyl. In another aspect, a heterocycloalkyl is a C4-Cioheterocycloalkyl. In one aspect, a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-2 N atoms. In another aspect, a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-4 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms or 0-1 S atoms.

[0099] The term "heterocycloalkylene" refers to a divalent heterocycloalkyl radical. Any of the above mentioned monovalent heterocycloalkyl groups may be a heterocycloalkylene by abstraction of a second hydrogen atom from the heterocycloalkyl group. The divalent heterocycloalkyl radical may be attached through two carbon atoms, or through one carbon atom and one heteroatom, or through two heteroatoms.

[00100] The term "bond" or "single bond" refers to a chemical bond between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure. In one aspect, when a group described herein is a bond, the referenced group is absent thereby allowing a bond to be formed between the remaining identified groups.

[00101] A "cyano" group refers to a -CN group.

[00102] The term "membered ring" includes any cyclic structure. The term "membered" is meant to denote the number of skeletal atoms that constitute the ring. Thus, for example, cyclohexyl, pyridinyl, pyranyl and thiopyranyl are 6-membered rings and cyclopentyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thienyl are 5-membered rings.

[00103] The term "moiety" refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule.

Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule. [00104] As used herein, "carboxylic acid bioisostere" refers to a functional group or moiety that exhibits similar physical, biological and/or chemical properties as a carboxylic acid moiety. Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres include, but are not limited to,

[00105] The term "optionally substituted" or "substituted" means that the referenced group may be substituted with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, arylsulfone, cyano, halo, nitro, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, and amino, including mono- and di-substituted amino groups, and the protected derivatives thereof. By way of example an optional substituents may be halide, -CN, -N0 ₂ , or L _S R _S , wherein each L _s is independently selected from a bond, -0-, - C(=0)-, -C(=0)0-, -S-, -S(=0)-, -S(=0) ₂ -, -NH-, -NHC(=0)-, -C(=0)NH-, S(=0) ₂ NH-, - NHS(=0) ₂ , -OC(=0)NH-, -NHC(=0)0-, or -(Ci-C ₆ alkylene)-; and each R _s is selected from H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl. The protecting groups that may form the protective derivatives of the above substituents may be found in sources such as Greene and Wuts, above. In some embodiments, optional substituents are selected from halogen, -CN, -NH ₂ , -OH, -N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , alkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone. In some embodiments, an optional substituents is halogen, -CN, -NH ₂ , -OH, -NH(CH ₃ ), -N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , alkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, -S-alkyl, or -S(=0) ₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, an optional substituent is selected from halogen, -CN, -NH ₂ , -OH, -NH(CH ₃ ), -N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CF ₃ , -OCH ₃ , and -OCF ₃ . In some embodiments, substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the preceding groups. In some embodiments, substituted groups are substituted with one of the preceding groups. In some embodiments, an optional substituent on an aliphatic carbon atom (acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon atoms, excluding aromatic carbon atoms) includes oxo (=0).

[00106] In certain embodiments, the compounds presented herein possess one or more stereocenters and each center independently exists in either the R or S configuration. The compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. Stereoisomers are obtained, if desired, by methods such as, stereoselective synthesis and/or the separation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns.

[00107] The methods and formulations described herein include the use of N-oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds having the structure of Formula (I), as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity. In some situations, compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the scope of the compounds presented herein. In specific embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms with

pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form.

Methods for the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Kinase Inhibitors

[00108] The synthetic schemes below illustrate exemplary methods for the synthesis of kinase inhibitors described herein and are not intended to serve as a limit on the possible methods for the synthesis of the compounds described herein.

[00109] Schemes 1-6 illustrate the synthesis of imidazole-based kinase inhibitors.

[00110] Scheme 1

5 2] Scheme 3

00114] Scheme 5

[00116] Schemes 7-12 illustrate the synthesis of pyrazole-based kinase inhibitors. [00117 Scheme 7

Deprotection

[00118] Scheme 8 [00119] Scheme 9

00121] Scheme 11

00122] Scheme 12

Certain Terminology

[00123] The term "acceptable" with respect to a formulation, composition or ingredient, as used herein, means having no persistent detrimental effect on the general health of the subject being treated.

[00124] The term "modulate," as used herein, means to interact with a target either directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target, including, by way of example only, to enhance the activity of the target, to inhibit the activity of the target, to limit the activity of the target, or to extend the activity of the target.

[00125] The term "modulator," as used herein, refers to a molecule that interacts with a target either directly or indirectly. The interactions include, but are not limited to, the interactions of an agonist, partial agonist, an inverse agonist and antagonist. In one embodiment, a modulator is an antagonist.

[00126] The terms "co-administration" or the like, as used herein, are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.

[00127] The terms "effective amount" or "therapeutically effective amount," as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. For example, an "effective amount" for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms. An appropriate "effective" amount in any individual case may be determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.

[00128] The terms "enhance" or "enhancing," as used herein, means to increase or prolong either in potency or duration a desired effect. Thus, in regard to enhancing the effect of therapeutic agents, the term "enhancing" refers to the ability to increase or prolong, either in potency or duration, the effect of other therapeutic agents on a system. An "enhancing-effective amount," as used herein, refers to an amount adequate to enhance the effect of another therapeutic agent in a desired system.

[00129] The term "subject" or "patient" encompasses mammals and non-mammals.

Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like. In one embodiment, the mammal is a human.

[00130] The terms "treat," "treating" or "treatment," as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease disease or condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition either prophylactically and/or therapeutically.

Routes of Administration

[00131] Suitable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, intravenous, rectal, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary, transmucosal, transdermal, vaginal, otic, nasal, and topical administration. In addition, by way of example only, parenteral delivery includes intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intralymphatic, and intranasal injections.

[00132] In certain embodiments, a compound as described herein is administered in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the compound directly into an organ, often in a depot preparation or sustained release formulation. In specific embodiments, long acting formulations are administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the drug is delivered in a targeted drug delivery system, for example, in a liposome coated with

organ-specific antibody. In such embodiments, the liposomes are targeted to and taken up selectively by the organ. In yet other embodiments, the compound as described herein is provided in the form of a rapid release formulation, in the form of an extended release formulation, or in the form of an intermediate release formulation. In yet other embodiments, the compound described herein is administered topically.

Pharmaceutical Compositions/Formulations

[00133] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary of pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pennsylvania 1975; Liberman, H.A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkinsl999), herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure.

[00134] Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions that include a compound of

Formula (I) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredient. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are administered as pharmaceutical compositions in which compounds of Formula (I) are mixed with other active ingredients, as in combination therapy. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions include other medicinal or pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure, and/or buffers. In yet other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions include other therapeutically valuable substances.

[00135] A pharmaceutical composition, as used herein, refers to a mixture of a compound of Formula (I) with other chemical components (i.e. pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients), such as carriers, excipients, binders, filling agents, suspending agents, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, disintegrating agents, dispersing agents, surfactants, lubricants, colorants, diluents, solubilizers, moistening agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, penetration enhancers, wetting agents, anti-foaming agents, antioxidants, preservatives, or one or more combination thereof. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism. In practicing the methods of treatment or use provided herein, therapeutically effective amounts of compounds described herein are administered in a pharmaceutical composition to a mammal having a disease, disorder, or condition to be treated. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human. A therapeutically effective amount can vary widely depending on the severity of the disease, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used and other factors. The compounds can be used singly or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents as components of mixtures.

[00136] The pharmaceutical formulations described herein are administered to a subject by appropriate administration routes, including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular), intranasal, buccal, topical, rectal, or transdermal administration routes. The pharmaceutical formulations described herein include, but are not limited to, aqueous liquid dispersions, self-emulsifying dispersions, solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, aerosols, solid dosage forms, powders, immediate release formulations, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, tablets, capsules, pills, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate and controlled release formulations.

[00137] Pharmaceutical compositions including a compound of Formula (I) are manufactured in a conventional manner, such as, by way of example only, by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes. [00138] The pharmaceutical compositions will include at least one compound of Formula

(I) as an active ingredient in free-acid or free-base form, or in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. In addition, the methods and pharmaceutical compositions described herein include the use of N-oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms, amorphous phases, as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity. In some embodiments, compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form or in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.

[00139] The pharmaceutical compositions described herein, which include a compound of Formula (I) are formulated into any suitable dosage form, including but not limited to, aqueous oral dispersions, liquids, gels, syrups, elixirs, slurries, suspensions, solid oral dosage forms, aerosols, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, effervescent formulations, lyophilized formulations, tablets, powders, pills, dragees, capsules, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate release and controlled release formulations.

[00140] Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use are obtained by mixing one or more solid excipient with one or more of the compounds described herein, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients include, for example, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose; or others such as: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP or povidone) or calcium phosphate. If desired, disintegrating agents are added, such as the cross-linked croscarmellose sodium,

polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate. In some embodiments, dyestuffs or pigments are added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.

[00141] Pharmaceutical preparations that are administered orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds are dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In some embodiments, stabilizers are added. [00142] All formulations for oral administration are in dosages suitable for such administration.

[00143] In one aspect, solid oral soage forms are prepared by mixing a compound of

Formula (I) with one or more of the following: antioxidants, flavoring agents, and carrier materials such as binders, suspending agents, disintegration agents, filling agents, surfactants, solubilizers, stabilizers, lubricants, wetting agents, and diluents.

[00144] In some embodiments, the solid dosage forms disclosed herein are in the form of a tablet, (including a suspension tablet, a fast-melt tablet, a bite-disintegration tablet, a rapid- disintegration tablet, an effervescent tablet, or a caplet), a pill, a powder, a capsule, solid dispersion, solid solution, bioerodible dosage form, controlled release formulations, pulsatile release dosage forms, multiparticulate dosage forms, beads, pellets, granules. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a powder. In still other embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a tablet. In other embodiments, pharmaceutical formulations of the compounds of Formula (I) are in the form of a capsule.

[00145] In some embodiments, solid dosage forms, e.g., tablets, effervescent tablets, and capsules, are prepared by mixing particles of a compound of Formula (I) with one or more pharmaceutical excipients to form a bulk blend composition. The bulk blend is readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms, such as tablets, pills, and capsules. In some embodiments, the individual unit dosages include film coatings. These formulations are manufactured by conventional formulation techniques.

[00146] Conventional formulation techniques include, e.g., one or a combination of methods: (1) dry mixing, (2) direct compression, (3) milling, (4) dry or non-aqueous granulation, (5) wet granulation, or (6) fusion. Other methods include, e.g., spray drying, pan coating, melt granulation, granulation, fluidized bed spray drying or coating (e.g., wurster coating), tangential coating, top spraying, tableting, extruding and the like.

[00147] Suitable carriers for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, maltodextrin, glycerine, magnesium silicate, sodium caseinate, soy lecithin, sodium chloride, tricalcium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, carrageenan, monoglyceride, diglyceride, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose,

hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol and the like.

[00148] Suitable filling agents for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, lactose, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose powder, dextrose, dextrates, dextran, starches, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylmethycellulose (HPMC),

hydroxypropylmethycellulose phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate

(HPMCAS), sucrose, xylitol, lactitol, mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride, polyethylene glycol, and the like.

[00149] Suitable disintegrants for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, natural starch such as corn starch or potato starch, a pregelatinized starch, or sodium starch glycolate, a cellulose such as methylcrystalline cellulose, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose, or a cross-linked cellulose, such as cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, or cross-linked croscarmellose, a cross-linked starch such as sodium starch glycolate, a cross-linked polymer such as crospovidone, a cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, alginate such as alginic acid or a salt of alginic acid such as sodium alginate, a gum such as agar, guar, locust bean, Karaya, pectin, or tragacanth, sodium starch glycolate, bentonite, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate in combination starch, and the like.

[00150] Binders impart cohesiveness to solid oral dosage form formulations: for powder filled capsule formulation, they aid in plug formation that can be filled into soft or hard shell capsules and for tablet formulation, they ensure the tablet remaining intact after compression and help assure blend uniformity prior to a compression or fill step. Materials suitable for use as binders in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to,

carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose,

hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and microcrystalline cellulose, microcrystalline dextrose, amylose, magnesium aluminum silicate, polysaccharide acids, bentonites, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer, crospovidone, povidone, starch, pregelatinized starch, tragacanth, dextrin, a sugar, such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, molasses, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, lactose, a natural or synthetic gum such as acacia, tragacanth, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, larch arabogalactan, polyethylene glycol, waxes, sodium alginate, and the like.

[00151] In general, binder levels of 20-70% are used in powder- filled gelatin capsule formulations. Binder usage level in tablet formulations varies whether direct compression, wet granulation, roller compaction, or usage of other excipients such as fillers which itself can act as moderate binder. Binder levels of up to 70% in tablet formulations is common. [00152] Suitable lubricants or glidants for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, stearic acid, calcium hydroxide, talc, corn starch, sodium stearyl fumerate, alkali-metal and alkaline earth metal salts, such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium, zinc, stearic acid, sodium stearates, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, waxes, Stearowet ^® , boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, a polyethylene glycol or a methoxypolyethylene glycol such as Carbowax™, PEG 4000, PEG 5000, PEG 6000, propylene glycol, sodium oleate, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl palmitostearate, glyceryl benzoate, magnesium or sodium lauryl sulfate, and the like.

[00153] Suitable diluents for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, sugars (including lactose, sucrose, and dextrose), polysaccharides (including dextrates and maltodextrin), polyols (including mannitol, xylitol, and sorbitol), cyclodextrins and the like.

[00154] Suitable wetting agents for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, for example, oleic acid, glyceryl monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, polyoxy ethylene sorbitan monooleate, polyoxy ethylene sorbitan monolaurate, quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., Polyquat 10 ^® ), sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, sodium docusate, triacetin, vitamin E TPGS and the like.

[00155] Suitable surfactants for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, polysorbates, polaxomers, bile salts, glyceryl monostearate, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, e.g., Pluronic ^® (BASF), and the like.

[00156] Suitable suspending agents for use in the solid dosage forms described here include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone K12,

polyvinylpyrrolidone K17, polyvinylpyrrolidone K25, or polyvinylpyrrolidone K30,

polyethylene glycol, e.g., the polyethylene glycol can have a molecular weight of about 300 to about 6000, or about 3350 to about 4000, or about 7000 to about 5400, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (S630), sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polysorbate-80, hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium alginate, gums, such as, e.g., gum tragacanth and gum acacia, guar gum, xanthans, including xanthan gum, sugars, cellulosics, such as, e.g., sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, sodium

carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, polysorbate-80, sodium alginate, polyethoxylated sorbitan monolaurate, polyethoxylated sorbitan monolaurate, povidone and the like. [00157] Suitable antioxidants for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, for example, e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sodium ascorbate, and tocopherol.

[00158] It should be appreciated that there is considerable overlap between additives used in the solid dosage forms described herein. Thus, the above-listed additives should be taken as merely exemplary, and not limiting, of the types of additives that can be included in solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein. The amounts of such additives can be readily determined by one skilled in the art, according to the particular properties desired.

[00159] Compressed tablets are solid dosage forms prepared by compacting the bulk blend of the formulations described above.

[00160] In various embodiments, tablets will include one or more flavoring agents.

[00161] In other embodiments, the tablets will include a film surrounding the final compressed tablet. In some embodiments, the film coating can provide a delayed release of the compound of Formula (I) from the formulation. In other embodiments, the film coating aids in patient compliance (e.g., Opadry ^® coatings or sugar coating). Film coatings including Opadry ^® typically range from about 1% to about 3% of the tablet weight.

[00162] A capsule may be prepared, for example, by placing the bulk blend of the formulation of the compound described above, inside of a capsule. In some embodiments, the formulations (non-aqueous suspensions and solutions) are placed in a soft gelatin capsule. In other embodiments, the formulations are placed in standard gelatin capsules or non-gelatin capsules such as capsules comprising HPMC. In other embodiments, the formulation is placed in a sprinkle capsule, wherein the capsule is swallowed whole or the capsule is opened and the contents sprinkled on food prior to eating.

[00163] In various embodiments, the particles of the compound of Formula (I) and one or more excipients are dry blended and compressed into a mass, such as a tablet, having a hardness sufficient to provide a pharmaceutical composition that substantially disintegrates within less than about 30 minutes, less than about 35 minutes, less than about 40 minutes, less than about 45 minutes, less than about 50 minutes, less than about 55 minutes, or less than about 60 minutes, after oral administration, thereby releasing the formulation into the gastrointestinal fluid.

[00164] In other embodiments, a powder including a compound of Formula (I) is formulated to include one or more pharmaceutical excipients and flavors. Such a powder is prepared, for example, by mixing the the compound of Formula (I) and optional pharmaceutical excipients to form a bulk blend composition. Additional embodiments also include a suspending agent and/or a wetting agent. This bulk blend is uniformly subdivided into unit dosage packaging or multi-dosage packaging units. [00165] In still other embodiments, effervescent powders are also prepared. Effervescent salts have been used to disperse medicines in water for oral administration.

[00166] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical solid oral dosage forms are formulated to provide a controlled release of the compound of Formula (I). Controlled release refers to the release of the compound of Formula (I) from a dosage form in which it is incorporated according to a desired profile over an extended period of time. Controlled release profiles include, for example, sustained release, prolonged release, pulsatile release, and delayed release profiles. In contrast to immediate release compositions, controlled release compositions allow delivery of an agent to a subject over an extended period of time according to a predetermined profile. Such release rates can provide therapeutically effective levels of agent for an extended period of time and thereby provide a longer period of pharmacologic response while minimizing side effects as compared to conventional rapid release dosage forms. Such longer periods of response provide for many inherent benefits that are not achieved with the corresponding short acting, immediate release preparations.

[00167] In some embodiments, the solid dosage forms described herein are formulated as enteric coated delayed release oral dosage forms, i.e., as an oral dosage form of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein which utilizes an enteric coating to affect release in the small intestine or large intestine. In one aspect, the enteric coated dosage form is a compressed or molded or extruded tablet/mold (coated or uncoated) containing granules, powder, pellets, beads or particles of the active ingredient and/or other composition components, which are themselves coated or uncoated. In one aspect, the enteric coated oral dosage form is in the form of a capsule containing pellets, beads or granules, which include a compound of Formula (I), that are coated or uncoated.

[00168] Any coatings should be applied to a sufficient thickness such that the entire coating does not dissolve in the gastrointestinal fluids at pH below about 5, but does dissolve at pH about 5 and above. Coatings are typically selected from any of the following:

[00169] Shellac - this coating dissolves in media of pH >7; Acrylic polymers - examples of suitable acrylic polymers include methacrylic acid copolymers and ammonium methacrylate copolymers. The Eudragit series E, L, S, RL, RS and NE (Rohm Pharma) are available as solubilized in organic solvent, aqueous dispersion, or dry powders. The Eudragit series RL, NE, and RS are insoluble in the gastrointestinal tract but are permeable and are used primarily for colonic targeting. The Eudragit series E dissolve in the stomach. The Eudragit series L, L-30D and S are insoluble in stomach and dissolve in the intestine; Poly Vinyl Acetate Phthalate (PVAP) - PVAP dissolves in pH >5, and it is much less permeable to water vapor and gastric fluids.

[00170] Conventional coating techniques such as spray or pan coating are employed to apply coatings. The coating thickness must be sufficient to ensure that the oral dosage form remains intact until the desired site of topical delivery in the intestinal tract is reached.

[00171] In other embodiments, the formulations described herein are delivered using a pulsatile dosage form. A pulsatile dosage form is capable of providing one or more immediate release pulses at predetermined time points after a controlled lag time or at specific sites.

Exemplary pulsatile dosage forms and methods of their manufacture are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,692, 5,017,381, 5,229,135, 5,840,329 and 5,837,284. In one embodiment, the pulsatile dosage form includes at least two groups of particles, (i.e. multiparticulate) each containing the formulation described herein. The first group of particles provides a substantially immediate dose of the compound of Formula (I) upon ingestion by a mammal. The first group of particles can be either uncoated or include a coating and/or sealant. In one aspect, the second group of particles comprises coated particles. The coating on the second group of particles provides a delay of from about 2 hours to about 7 hours following ingestion before release of the second dose. Suitable coatings for pharmaceutical compositions are described herein or known in the art.

[00172] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical formulations are provided that include particles of a compound of Formula (I) and at least one dispersing agent or suspending agent for oral administration to a subject. The formulations may be a powder and/or granules for suspension, and upon admixture with water, a substantially uniform suspension is obtained.

[00173] In one aspect, liquid formulation dosage forms for oral administration are in the form of aqueous suspensions selected from the group including, but not limited to,

pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous oral dispersions, emulsions, solutions, elixirs, gels, and syrups. See, e.g., Singh et al.., Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, 2nd Ed., pp. 754- 757 (2002). In addition to the particles of the compound of Formula (I), the liquid dosage forms include additives, such as: (a) disintegrating agents; (b) dispersing agents; (c) wetting agents; (d) at least one preservative, (e) viscosity enhancing agents, (f) at least one sweetening agent, and (g) at least one flavoring agent. In some embodiments, the aqueous dispersions can further include a crystalline inhibitor.

[00174] Furthermore, pharmaceutical compositions optionally include one or more pH adjusting agents or buffering agents, including acids such as acetic, boric, citric, lactic, phosphoric and hydrochloric acids; bases such as sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, sodium borate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, sodium lactate and tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane; and buffers such as citrate/dextrose, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride. Such acids, bases and buffers are included in an amount required to maintain pH of the composition in an acceptable range.

[00175] Additionally, pharmaceutical compositions optionally include one or more salts in an amount required to bring osmolality of the composition into an acceptable range. Such salts include those having sodium, potassium or ammonium cations and chloride, citrate, ascorbate, borate, phosphate, bicarbonate, sulfate, thiosulfate or bisulfite anions; suitable salts include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite and ammonium sulfate.

[00176] Other pharmaceutical compositions optionally include one or more preservatives to inhibit microbial activity. Suitable preservatives include mercury-containing substances such as merfen and thiomersal; stabilized chlorine dioxide; and quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetylpyridinium chloride.

[00177] In one embodiment, the aqueous suspensions and dispersions described herein remain in a homogenous state, as defined in The USP Pharmacists' Pharmacopeia (2005 edition, chapter 905), for at least 4 hours. In one embodiment, an aqueous suspension is re-suspended into a homogenous suspension by physical agitation lasting less than 1 minute. In still another embodiment, no agitation is necessary to maintain a homogeneous aqueous dispersion.

[00178] Examples of disintegrating agents for use in the aqueous suspensions and dispersions include, but are not limited to, a starch, e.g., a natural starch such as corn starch or potato starch, a pregelatinized starch, or sodium starch glycolate; a cellulose such as

methylcrystalline cellulose, methylcellulose, croscarmellose, or a cross-linked cellulose, such as cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, or cross- linked croscarmellose; a cross-linked starch such as sodium starch glycolate; a cross-linked polymer such as crospovidone; a cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone; alginate such as alginic acid or a salt of alginic acid such as sodium alginate; a gum such as agar, guar, locust bean, Karaya, pectin, or tragacanth; sodium starch glycolate; bentonite; a natural sponge; a surfactant; a resin such as a cation-exchange resin; citrus pulp; sodium lauryl sulfate; sodium lauryl sulfate in combination starch; and the like.

[00179] In some embodiments, the dispersing agents suitable for the aqueous suspensions and dispersions described herein include, for example, hydrophilic polymers, electrolytes, Tween ^® 60 or 80, PEG, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the carbohydrate-based dispersing agents such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose ethers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ethers, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose phthalate,

hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose acetate stearate, noncrystalline cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, triethanolamine, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer, 4-(l ,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol polymer with ethylene oxide and formaldehyde (also known as tyloxapol), poloxamers; and poloxamines. In other embodiments, the dispersing agent is selected from a group not comprising one of the following agents: hydrophilic polymers; electrolytes; Tween ^® 60 or 80; PEG; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose ethers; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl

methylcellulose ethers; carboxymethylcellulose sodium; methylcellulose; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose phthalate; hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose acetate stearate; noncrystalline cellulose; magnesium aluminum silicate; triethanolamine; polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); 4-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol polymer with ethylene oxide and formaldehyde; poloxamers; or poloxamines.

[00180] Wetting agents suitable for the aqueous suspensions and dispersions described herein include, but are not limited to, cetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g., the commercially available Tweens ^® such as e.g., Tween 20 ^® and Tween 80 ^® , and polyethylene glycols, oleic acid, glyceryl monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate,

polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium docusate, triacetin, vitamin E TPGS, sodium taurocholate, simethicone, phosphotidylcholine and the like

[00181] Suitable preservatives for the aqueous suspensions or dispersions described herein include, for example, potassium sorbate, parabens (e.g., methylparaben and propylparaben), benzoic acid and its salts, other esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid such as butylparaben, alcohols such as ethyl alcohol or benzyl alcohol, phenolic compounds such as phenol, or quaternary compounds such as benzalkonium chloride. Preservatives, as used herein, are incorporated into the dosage form at a concentration sufficient to inhibit microbial growth.

[00182] Suitable viscosity enhancing agents for the aqueous suspensions or dispersions described herein include, but are not limited to, methyl cellulose, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, Plasdon ^® S-630, carbomer, polyvinyl alcohol, alginates, acacia, chitosans and combinations thereof. The concentration of the viscosity enhancing agent will depend upon the agent selected and the viscosity desired.

[00183] Examples of sweetening agents suitable for the aqueous suspensions or dispersions described herein include, for example, acacia syrup, acesulfame K, alitame, aspartame, chocolate, cinnamon, citrus, cocoa, cyclamate, dextrose, fructose, ginger,

glycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhiza (licorice) syrup, monoammonium glyrrhizinate (MagnaSweet ^® ), maltol, mannitol, menthol, neohesperidine DC, neotame, Prosweet ^® Powder, saccharin, sorbitol, stevia, sucralose, sucrose, sodium saccharin, saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, mannitol, sucralose, tagatose, thaumatin, vanilla, xylitol, or any combination thereof.

[00184] In some embodiments, the liquid formulations also include inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents, and emulsifiers. Exemplary emulsifiers are ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol, dimethylformamide, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium doccusate, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, taurocholic acid,

phosphotidylcholine, oils, such as cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil, and sesame oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols, fatty acid esters of sorbitan, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.

[00185] Representative intranasal formulations are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,476,116, 5,116,817 and 6,391,452. Formulations that include a compound of Formula (I) are prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art. See, for example, Ansel, H. C. et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Sixth Ed. (1995). Preferably these compositions and formulations are prepared with suitable nontoxic

pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. These ingredients are known to those skilled in the preparation of nasal dosage forms and some of these can be found in REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, 21st edition, 2005. The choice of suitable carriers is dependent upon the exact nature of the nasal dosage form desired, e.g., solutions, suspensions, ointments, or gels. Nasal dosage forms generally contain large amounts of water in addition to the active ingredient. Minor amounts of other ingredients such as pH adjusters, emulsifiers or dispersing agents, preservatives, surfactants, gelling agents, or buffering and other stabilizing and solubilizing agents are optionally present. Preferably, the nasal dosage form should be isotonic with nasal secretions.

[00186] For administration by inhalation, a compound of Formula (I) is formulated for use as an aerosol, a mist or a powder. Pharmaceutical compositions described herein are

conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane,

trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of, such as, by way of example only, gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound described herein and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

[00187] Buccal formulations that include a compound of Formula (I) are administered using a variety of formulations known in the art. For example, such formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,229,447, 4,596,795, 4,755,386, and 5,739,136. In addition, the buccal dosage forms described herein can further include a bioerodible (hydrolysable) polymeric carrier that also serves to adhere the dosage form to the buccal mucosa. For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, or gels formulated in a conventional manner.

[00188] In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) are prepared as transdermal dosage forms. In one embodiments, the transdermal formulations described herein include at least three components: (1) a formulation of a compound of Formula (I); (2) a penetration enhancer; and (3) an aqueous adjuvant. In some embodiments the transdermal formulations include additional components such as, but not limited to, gelling agents, creams and ointment bases, and the like. In some embodiments, the transdermal formulation further include a woven or non-woven backing material to enhance absorption and prevent the removal of the transdermal formulation from the skin. In other embodiments, the transdermal formulations described herein can maintain a saturated or supersaturated state to promote diffusion into the skin.

[00189] In one aspect, formulations suitable for transdermal administration of compounds described herein employ transdermal delivery devices and transdermal delivery patches and can be lipophilic emulsions or buffered, aqueous solutions, dissolved and/or dispersed in a polymer or an adhesive. In one aspect, such patches are constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents. Still further, transdermal delivery of the compounds described herein can be accomplished by means of iontophoretic patches and the like. In one aspect, transdermal patches provide controlled delivery of the compound of Formula (I). In one aspect, transdermal devices are in the form of a bandage comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the compound optionally with carriers, optionally a rate controlling barrier to deliver the compound to the skin of the host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and means to secure the device to the skin.

[00190] In one aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is formulated into a pharmaceutical composition suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection. In one aspect, formulations suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection include physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. Examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers, diluents, solvents, or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (propyleneglycol, polyethylene-glycol, glycerol, cremophor and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. In some embodiments, formulations suitable for subcutaneous injection also contain additives such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents. Prevention of the growth of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. In some cases it is desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

[00191] For intravenous injections, compounds described herein are formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art. For other parenteral injections, appropriate formulations include aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, preferably with physiologically compatible buffers or excipients. Such excipients are known.

[00192] Parenteral injections may involve bolus injection or continuous infusion.

Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The pharmaceutical composition described herein may be in a form suitable for parenteral injection as a sterile suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. In one aspect, the active ingredient is in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

[00193] In certain embodiments, delivery systems for pharmaceutical compounds may be employed, such as, for example, liposomes and emulsions. In certain embodiments,

compositions provided herein can also include an mucoadhesive polymer, selected from among, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, carbomer (acrylic acid polymer),

polymethylmethacrylate), polyacrylamide, polycarbophil, acrylic acid/butyl acrylate copolymer, sodium alginate and dextran. [00194] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may be administered topically and can be formulated into a variety of topically administrable compositions, such as solutions, suspensions, lotions, gels, pastes, medicated sticks, balms, creams or ointments. Such pharmaceutical compounds can contain solubilizers, stabilizers, tonicity enhancing agents, buffers and preservatives.

[00195] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are formulated in rectal compositions such as enemas, rectal gels, rectal foams, rectal aerosols, suppositories, jelly suppositories, or retention enemas, containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides, as well as synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, PEG, and the like. In suppository forms of the compositions, a low-melting wax such as, but not limited to, a mixture of fatty acid glycerides, optionally in combination with cocoa butter is first melted. Methods of Inhibiting Kinase Signaling

[00196] One embodiment provides a method of inhibiting a protein kinase comprising contacting the protein kinase with an inhibitory concentration of a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the followin structure:

wherein

NH or CH

Y is C or N;

NH or CH

R is selected from:

A is selected from -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -

R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, F, CI, CN, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or N0 ₂ ; and

R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -Cio acyl, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ ,

C ₂ F ₅ , or a heterocyclic group.

[00197] Another embodiment provides a method of inhibiting a protein kinase wherein the protein kinase is selected from A-RAF, B-RAF, C-RAF, p38 and GSK3 kinases. [00198] Another embodiment provides a method of inhibiting a protein kinase wherein the protein kinase is B-RAF. Another embodiment provides a method of inhibiting a protein kinase wherein the protein kinase is the B-RAF V600E mutant. Another embodiment provides a method of inhibiting a protein kinase wherein the protein kinase is the B-RAF G464V mutant. Another embodiment provides a method of inhibiting a protein kinase wherein the protein kinase is characterized by the presence of one or more mutations in addition to the B-RAF V600E mutation. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the protein kinase is p38 kinase. Another embodiment provides the method wherein the protein kinase is GSK3 kinase.

[00199] One embodiment provides a method of inhibiting RAF kinase mediated signalling in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an inhibitory concentration of a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the followin structure:

wherein

Z is N, NH or CH;

Y is C or N;

X is N, NH or CH;

R is selected from:

G is selected from: , or

A is selected from -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -

R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, F, CI, CN, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or N0 ₂ ; and

R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -Cio acyl, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or a heterocyclic group.

[00200] Another embodiment provides a method of inhibiting RAF kinase mediated signalling in a cell, wherein the cell is characterized by increased activity of the RAS-RAF- MEK-ER pathway compared to a non-transformed cell.

[00201] Another embodiment provides a method of inhibiting RAF kinase mediated signalling in a cell, wherein the inhibition RAF kinase mediated signalling occurs by inhibition of B-RAF kianse.

[00202] Another embodiment provides a method of inhibiting RAF kinase mediated signalling in a cell, wherein the cell is characterized by a B-RAF gain-of-function mutation.

[00203] Another embodiment provides a method of inhibiting B-RAF-mediated signalling in a cell, wherein the cell is characterized by the presence of the B-RAF V600E mutant.

[00204] One embodiment provides a method of inhibiting p38 kinase mediated signalling in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an inhibitory concentration of a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the followin structure:

wherein Z is N, NH or CH;

Y is C or N;

X is N, NH or CH;

R is selected from:

A is selected from -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -

R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, F, CI, CN, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or N0 ₂ ; and

R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -Cio acyl, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or a heterocyclic group. [00205] One embodiment provides a method of inhibiting GSK3 kinase mediated signalling in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an inhibitory concentration of a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the following structure:

^R GT6 ^x -A Formula (I)

wherein

Z is N, NH or CH;

Y is C or N;

X is N, NH or CH;

R is selected from:

A is selected from, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -

OCH CH ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃

R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, F, CI, CN, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or N0 ₂ ; and

R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -Cio acyl, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or a heterocyclic group.

Methods of Treatment

[00206] One embodiment provides a method of treating a human disease or disorder mediated by the RAF kinase signalling pathway comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the followin structure:

wherein

NH or CH

Y is C or N;

NH or CH

r

G is selected from: or

A is selected from, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N CH -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -

R , R , R and R are independently selected from hydrogen, F, CI, CN, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or N0 ₂ ; and

R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -Cio acyl, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or a heterocyclic group.

[00207] Another embodiment provides a method of treating a human disease or disorder mediated by RAF kinase signalling wherein the disease or disorder is a proliferative disease. A further embodiment provides a method of treating proliferative disease wherein the proliferative disease is melanoma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, or lung adenocarcinoma.

[00208] One embodiment provides a method of treating a human proliferative disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of: oral cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, non- small cell lung cancer, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, anal cancer, kidney cancer, vulvar cancer, breast cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, urethra cancer, small intestine cancer, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, laryngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, gallbladder cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia- related disorders, mycosis fungoides, and myelodysplastic syndrome.

[00209] One embodiment provides a method of treating cancer wherein the cancer is a carcinoma, a tumor, a neoplasm, a lymphoma, a melanoma, a glioma, a sarcoma, and a blastoma.

[00210] In another embodiment the carcinoma is selected from the group consisting of: carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma,

adrenocortical carcinoma, well differentiated carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, serous carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, invasive squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, islet cell carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, undifferentiatied carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, papillary serous adenocarcinoma, merkel cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, soft tissue carcinomas, bronchial gland carcinomas, capillary carcinoma, bartholin gland carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinosarcoma,

papilloma/carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, mesothelial, metastatic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, actinic keratoses, cystadenoma, and hepatic adenomatosis.

[00211] In another embodiment the tumor is selected from the group consisting of:

astrocytic tumors, malignant mesothelial tumors, ovarian germ cell tumor, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, Wilm's tumor, pituitary tumors, extragonadal germ cell tumor, gastrinoma, germ cell tumors, gestational trophoblastic tumor, brain tumors, pineal and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, pituitary tumor, somatostatin-secreting tumor, endodermal sinus tumor, carcinoids, central cerebral astrocytoma, glucagonoma, hepatic adenoma, insulinoma, medulloepithelioma, plasmacytoma, vipoma, and pheochromocytoma.

[00212] In another embodiment the neoplasm is selected from the group consisting of: intaepithelial neoplasia, multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm, plasma cell neoplasm, interepithelial squamous cell neoplasia, endometrial hyperplasia, focal nodular hyperplasia, hemangioendothelioma, and malignant thymoma.

[00213] In another embodiment the lymphoma is selected from the group consisting of: nervous system lymphoma, AIDS-related lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, non-

Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphoma, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.

[00214] In another embodiment the melanoma is selected from the group consisting of: acral lentiginous melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, uveal melanoma, lentigo maligna melanomas, melanoma, intraocular melanoma, adenocarcinoma nodular melanoma, and hemangioma.

[00215] In another embodiment the sarcoma is selected from the group consisting of: adenomas, adenosarcoma, chondosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, , rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, uterine sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and pseudosarcoma.

[00216] In another embodiment the glioma is selected from the group consisting of: glioma, brain stem glioma, and hypothalamic and visual pathway glioma.

[00217] In another embodiment the blastoma is selected from the group consisting of: pulmonary blastoma, pleuropulmonary blastoma, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma,

medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, and hemangiblastomas.

[00218] One embodiment provides a method of treating a veterinary disease or disorder mediated by the RAF kinase signalling pathway comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the following structure:

G ^x Formula (I)

wherein

Z is N, NH or CH;

Y is C or N;

X is N, NH or CH; r

G is selected from: or

A is selected from, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N CH -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -

R , R , R and R are independently selected from hydrogen, F, CI, CN, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or N0 ₂ ; and

R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -Cio acyl, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or a heterocyclic group.

[00219] One embodiment provides a method of treating a parasitic disease or fungal infection in humans or animals comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer, hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the following structure:

wherein

Z is N, NH or CH;

Y is C or N;

X is N, NH or CH;

A is selected from, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ N CH -CH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -

R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, F, CI, CN, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or N0 ₂ ; and

R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C ₁ -C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 acyl, CF ₃ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ , C ₂ F ₅ , or a heterocyclic group.

EXAMPLES

I. Chemical Synthesis

[00220] Example 1

N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)benzyl)meth anesulfonamide

Step 1 : 4-(2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH-imidazol -4-

Sodium hydride (620 mg of a 60% dispersion in oil, 15.8 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-(2- phenyl-lH-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (3.18 g, 14.4 mmol, prepared according to J. Med. Chem., 1999, 2180) in DMF (20 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred for 30 min, the SEM-C1 (2.64 g, 15.8 mmol) was added and the reaction allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. It was then poured in to saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give a residue that was purified via chromatography on silica gel (eluting with ethyl acetate). 4-(2-phenyl-l-((2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine was obtained as an orange oil.

[00222] Step 2: 4-(5-bromo-2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH- imidazol-

4-yl)pyridine

4-(2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH-imidazol -4-yl)pyridine (1.1 g, 3.2 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (30 mL) at room temperature. Bromine (0.56 g, 3.52 mmol) was added, followed by saturated aqueous sodium carbonate (15 mL). The reaction was stirred for 40 min, then the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted once with methylene chloride, and the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate then evaporated to give 4-(5-bromo-2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH- imidazol-4- yl)pyridine as an orange oil.

[00223] Step 3 : methyl 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- lH-imidazol-5-yl)benzoate

4-(5-bromo-2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH- imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (665 mg, 1.5 mmol) was dissolved in DME (20 mL) and 2M aqueous sodium carbonate (5 mL) and degassed with nitrogen for 5 minutes. Then, 4-methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid (405 mg, 2.25 mmol) and palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine (89 mg, 0.077 mmol) were added and the reaction placed in an oil bath heated to 90°C. The reaction was stirred for 16 hr, then poured into ethyl acetate. The organic layer was extracted three times with saturated sodium bicarbonate, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give a residue that was purified via silica gel chromatography (30-100% ethyl acetate/hexane). Methyl 3-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l-((2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)benzoate was obtained as an orange solid (450 mg, 60%)

[00224] Step 4 : (4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 Η- imidazol-5 -yl)phenyl)methanol

Methyl 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H-imidazol-5 - yl)benzoate (450 mg, 0.93 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 mL) and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C. LAH was added (0.93 mL, 2M in THF) and the reaction was stirred for an additional hour at 0°C, warmed to room temperature and quenched by adding a saturated solution of NH ₄ C1. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH ₂ CI ₂ (x3). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na ₂ S0 ₄ ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. (4-(2- Phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H-imidazol-5 -yl)phenyl)methanol was obtained as a brown solid (321 mg, 76%).

[00225] Step 5 : 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H- imidazol-5-yl)benzyl methanesulfonate

To a solution of (4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)m ethyl)-lH-imidazol- 5-yl)phenyl)methanol in CH ₂ C1 ₂ was added DIEA (0.13 mL, 0.74 mmol) and the reaction mixture was cooled at 0°C. Then, methanesulfonyl chloride (0.05 mL, 0.58 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 0°C. Water was added and the reaction was extracted with CH ₂ C1 ₂ (x3). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na ₂ S0 ₄ ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (199 mg).

[00226] Step 6: 4-(5-(4-(azidomethyl)phenyl)-2-phenyl-l-((2-

(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine

4-(2-Phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H-imidazol-5-yl)benzyl methanesulfonate (199 mg, 0.37 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (3 mL) and sodium azide was added (0.096 mg, 1.48 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 70°C for 2 hours, cooled at room temperature followed by the addition of water (10 ml). The mixture was stirred for 30 min and the desired compound was isolated by filtration (178 mg).

[00227] Step 7 : (4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H- imidazol-5-yl)phenyl)methanami

4-(5 -(4-(Azidomethyl)phenyl)-2 -phenyl- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H-imidazol-4- yl)pyridine (178 mg, 0.37 mmol), H ₂ 0 (0.07 mL, 4.1 mmol) and triphenyl phosphine (116 mg, 0.44 mmol) were heated in THF (8 mL) overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and the residue was purified via silica gel chromatography using a gradient of MeOH/ CH ₂ C1 ₂ (0-10%) to afford the desired product (68 mg, 48%).

[00228] Step 8: N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy )methyl)-lH- imidazol-5-yl)benzyl)methanesulfonamide

To a solution of N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy )methyl)-lH- imidazol-5-yl)benzyl)methanesulfonamide (68mg) in CH ₂ C1 ₂ was added DIEA (0.03 mL, 0.18 mmol) and the reaction mixture was cooled at 0°C. Then, methanesulfonyl chloride (0.02 mL, 0.18 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred was 2 hours at 0°C. The reaction was quenched by addition of water and extracted with CH ₂ C1 ₂ (3x). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na ₂ S0 ₄ ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (79 mg).

[00229] Step 9: N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-lH-imidazol-5- yl)benzyl)methanesulfonamide

N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy )methyl)-lH-imidazol-5- yl)benzyl)methanesulfonamide (79 mg) was dissolved in methylene chloride (2 mL) and TFA (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then removed under high vacuum and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC (CH ₃ CN/H ₂ O/TFA) to obtain the title compound (20 mg). LC-MS (M+H): 405

[00230] The following examples are made using the same procedures described for

Example 1 :

Example 2 Example 3 Example 4

Example 5 Example 6 Example 7

Example 8 Example 9 Example 10 ] Example 11

N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)phenyl)meth anesulfonamide

Step 1 : 4-(5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)m ethyl)-lH-

4-(5-bromo-2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH- imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (example 1, step 2) (650 mg, 1.5 mmol) was dissolved in DME (12 mL) and a 2M aqueous sodium carbonate (3 mL) was added. The mixture was degassed with nitrogen for 5 minutes. Then, 4- nitrophenylboronic acid (350 mg, 2.25 mmol) and palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine (89 mg, 0.077 mmol) were added and the reaction placed in an oil bath heated to 90°C. The reaction was stirred for 16 hr, then poured into ethyl acetate. The organic layer was extracted three times with saturated sodium bicarbonate, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give a residue that was purified via silica gel chromatography (10-100% ethyl acetate/hexane). 4-(5-(4-nitrophenyl)- 2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH-imidazol-4- yl)pyridine was obtained as a yellow solid (314 mg).

[00233] Step 2 : 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H- imidazol-5 -yl)aniline

44-(5 -(4-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (314 mg, 0.65 mmol) and ammonium formate (246 mg, 3.9 mmol) were mixed in ethanol (10 mL) and degassed with nitrogen for 5 minutes. Then, 5% Pd/C (20 mg) was added and the reaction heated to 60°C for 4 hours. It was then cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of celite washing with methanol, and evaporated to gave 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l-((2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)aniline as a yellow solid.

[00234] Step 3 : N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-y 1)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H- imidazol-5-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide

H

4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H-imidazol-5-yl)aniline (100 mg, 0.23 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.049 mL, 0.28 mmol) were added to THF (3 mL) at room temperature. Then, methanesulfonyl chloride (0.022 mL, 0.23 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred for 2 hours, then worked up by pouring into brine and extracting three times with methylene chloride. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give a residue that was purified via silica gel chromatography (100% ethyl acetate then 10% methanol/methylene chloride). N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-

(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)phenyl)me thanesulfonamide was obtained as a yellow solid (110 mg).

[00235] Step 4: N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-lH-imidazol-5- yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide

H

N-(4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy )methyl)-lH-imidazol-5- yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide (110 mg, 0.22 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (2 mL) and TFA (2 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. DCM (10 mL) was added to the reaction and the organic phase was washed with saturated solution of NaHC0 ₃ (x3), brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel chromatography using MeOH/CH ₂ Cl ₂ (10/90) as eluant. The title compound was obtained as a white solid (10 mg). LC-MS (M+H): 391

[00236] The following compounds were prepared using the procedure described for the Example 1 1 :

[00237] The following examples are synthesized using the procedures described for Example 1 1 :

example 14 example 15

example 17 example 18

example 20 example 21 example 22

Example 23

4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)aniline

[00239] Step 1 : 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)aniline:

4-(2-Phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)me thyl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)ani (step 2, example 11) (250 mg, 0.56 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (3 mL) and TFA (3 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. DCM (10 mL) was added to the reaction and the organic phase was washed with saturated solution of NaHCC"3 (x3), brine and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound as a white solid (175 mg). LC-MS (M+H): 313

[00240] Example 24

4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)benzoic acid

[00241 ] Step 1 : methyl 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- lH-imidazol-5-yl)benzoate

4-(5-Bromo-2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH- imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (step 2, example 1) (1100 mg, 2.56 mmol) was dissolved in DME (15 mL) and 2M aqueous sodium carbonate (5 mL) and degassed with nitrogen for 5 minutes. Then, 4- methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid (691 mg, 3.84 mmol) and palladium

tetrakistriphenylphosphine (148 mg, 0.13 mmol) were added and the reaction placed in an oil bath heated to 90°C. The reaction was stirred for 16 hr, then poured into ethyl acetate. The organic layer was extracted three times with saturated sodium bicarbonate, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give a residue that was purified via silica gel chromatography (30- 100% ethyl acetate/hexane). The title compound was obtained as an orange solid (610 mg).

[00242] Step 2 : 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 Η- imidazol-5-yl)benzoic acid

methyl 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- 1 H-imidazol-5 - yl)benzoate (610 mg, 1.25 mmol) was dissolved in THF (12 mL) and 1M aqueous LiOH (3.5 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The THF was then evaporated under reduced pressure and then IN aqueous HC1 was added until the pH was slightly acidic. The aqueous solution was then extracted 4 times with methylene chloride and the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give the title compound as a light yellow solid (320 mg)

[00243] Step 3: 4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l H-imidazol-5 -yl)benzoic acid

4-(2-phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)me thyl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)benzoic acid (10 mg, 0.021 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (1 mL) and TFA (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then removed under high vacuum to give 3-(2- phenyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-lH-imidazol-5-yl)benzoic acid TFA salt as a brown oil (9 mg). LC-MS (Μ+Η): 342.

[00244] The following compounds are made following the procedures described for Example 1 using 4-(4-bromo-l -phenyl- lH-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine as starting material:

Example 25 Example 26 Example 27

Example 31 Example 32 Example 33

[00245] The following compounds are made following the procedures described for

Example 1 1 using 4-(4-bromo-l -phenyl- lH-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine as starting material: example 34 example 35 example 37 example 38

example 40 example 41 example 42

[00246] The following compound is made following the procedures described for

Example 24 using 4-(4-bromo-l -phenyl- lH-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine as starting material:

example 43

[00247] The following compounds are made following the procedures described for

Example 1 using 4-(4-bromo-l-methy-lH-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine as starting material:

Example 47 Example 48 Example 49

Example 50 Example 51 Example 52

[00248] The following compounds are made following the procedures described for

Example 1 1 using 4-(4-bromo-l-methy-lH-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine as starting material:

example 53 example 54 55

example 56 example 57 example 58

example 59 example 60 example 61

[00249] The following compound is made following the procedures described for example

24 using 4-(4-bromo-l -methyl- lH-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine as starting material:

example 62

[00250] The following compound is made according to the following scheme using 4-(5- bromo-2 -phenyl- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- lH-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (example 1 , step 2).

[00251] The following compound is made according to the following scheme using 4-(5- bromo-2 -phenyl- 1 -((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)- lH-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (Example 1 , ste 2).

[00252] The following compounds are made according to the following scheme using 4-

(5-bromo-2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH -imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (Example 1, step 2).

example 71 example 72 example 73 [00253] The following compounds are made according to the following scheme using 4- (5-bromo-2-phenyl-l-((2 trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (E^ ste

example 80 example 81 example 82

[00254] The following compounds are made according to the following scheme using 4-

(5-bromo-2-phenyl-l-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH -imidazol-4-yl)pyridine (Example 1, step 2).

example 95 example 96 example 97 e following compounds are made according to the following scheme.

example 98 example 99 example 101 example 102

example 104 example 105 example 106 7] The following compounds are made according to the following scheme.

exam le 108 example 109

example 110 example 111 example 112 following compounds are made according to the following scheme.

example 116 example 117 example 1 18

II. Biological Evaluation

[00259] The ability of compounds described herein to inhibit kinase activity of RAF, p38 or GSK3 can be determined from biochemical kinase assays using recombinant RAF, p38 or GSK3 proteins as known in the art. In addition, the ability of compounds described herein to selectively inhibit cell growth of cultured cells for example those containing either V600E activated B-RAF or wild-type B-RAF is performed as described below.

In Vitro assay for determining inhibition of RAF kinases

[00260] Solutions of varying concentrations of test compounds or vehicle are added to 10 nM recombinant wild-type A-RAF, wild-type B-RAF, or wild-type C-RAF proteins incubated in the presence of different concentrations of ATP and 1 μΜ MEK (K97R) as substrate, as previously described (Wilhelm, S.M., et al, Cancer Res., 64: 7099-7109, 2004; Mason, C.S., et al, EMBO J. 18: 2137-2148, 1999; Marais, R., et al, J. Biol. Chem., 272: 4378-4383, 1997). At least triplicate determinations for each individual test compound concentration are made and data plotted as mean + standard deviation relative to the control vehicle.

In Vitro assay for determining inhibition of B-RAF kinase or mutant B-RAF kinase

[00261] Solutions of varying concentrations of test compounds or vehicle are added to 10 nM recombinant wild-type B-RAF or V600E mutated B-RAF proteins incubated in the presence of different concentrations of ATP and 1 μΜ MEK (K97R) as substrate, as previously described (Wilhelm, S.M., et al, Cancer Res., 64: 7099-7109, 2004; Mason, C.S., et al, EMBO J. 18: 2137-2148, 1999; Marais, R., et al, J. Biol. Chem., 272: 4378-4383, 1997). At least triplicate determinations for each individual test compound concentration are made and data plotted as mean + standard deviation relative to the control vehicle.

In Vitro Assays for Tumor Cell Growth

[00262] Briefly, growth inhibition of cells containing V600E activated B-RAF (A375, Colo205) versus cell lines with wild-type B-RAF (A431) are measured under anchorage- dependent conditions using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), following 72 hours incubation with either compound or vehicle, as previously described (Haass, N.K., et al, Clinical Cancer Res., 14: 230-239, 2008). Cell lines are obtained from the American Type Tissue Culture Collection (Maryland, USA) and cultured in media containing heat-inactivated 10% fetal bovine serum. Cell cultures are also maintained in 10 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2 mM glutamine. At least triplicate

determinations for each individual test compound concentration are made and data plotted as mean + standard deviation relative to the control vehicle.

In Vitro assay for determining inhibition of p38 kinases

[00263] Solutions of varying concentrations of test compounds or vehicle are added to recombinant wild-type p38-a or wild-type ρ38-β proteins incubated in the presence of different concentrations of ATP and 1 μΜ ATF2 as substrate, as previously described (Patel et al, J. Cell Sci., I l l : 2247-2255, 1998). At least triplicate determinations for each individual test compound concentration are made and data plotted as mean + standard deviation relative to the control vehicle.

In Vitro Assays for Tumor Cell Growth

[00264] Briefly, growth inhibition of cancer cell lines are measured under anchorage- dependent conditions using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), following 72 hours incubation with either compound or vehicle, as previously described (Haass, N.K., et al, Clinical Cancer Res., 14: 230-239, 2008). Cell lines are obtained from the American Type Tissue Culture Collection (Maryland, USA) and cultured in media containing heat-inactivated 10% fetal bovine serum. Cell cultures are also maintained in 10 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2 mM glutamine. At least triplicate

determinations for each individual test compound concentration are made and data plotted as mean + standard deviation relative to the control vehicle.

In Vitro assay for determining inhibition of GSK3 kinase

[00265] Solutions of varying concentrations of test compounds or vehicle are added to recombinant wild-type GSK3-P protein incubated in the presence of different concentrations of ATP and the peptide YRRAAVPPSPSLSRHSSPHQ(pS)EDEEE derived from human muscle glycogen synthase 1 (amino acid 636-661) as substrate (Sutherland et aL Biochem. J. 298: 15 -- 9, 1993) according to the manufacturers recommendations (Promega, USA). At least triplicate determinations for each individual test compound concentration are made and data plotted as mean + standard deviation relative to the control vehicle.

In Vitro Assays for Tumor Cell Growth

[00266] Briefly, growth inhibition of cancer cell lines are measured under anchorage- dependent conditions using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), following 72 hours incubation with either compound or vehicle, as previously described (Haass, N.K., et al, Clinical Cancer Res., 14: 230-239, 2008). Cell lines are obtained from the American Type Tissue Culture Collection (Maryland, USA) and cultured in media containing heat-inactivated 10% fetal bovine serum. Cell cultures are also maintained in 10 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2 mM glutamine. At least triplicate

determinations for each individual test compound concentration are made and data plotted as mean + standard deviation relative to the control vehicle.

[00267] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.