Field of the Invention This application pertains to light distribution from a single source into a comparatively large structure which redirects the light so that it is emitted from the structure in a restricted direction through a large emit¬ ting area in such a manner that an observer perceives uniform light distribution over the entire emitting area.

Background of the Invention

A high aspect ratio light distribution structure is one in which the size of the structure's light emitting area is large compared to a characteristic cross-sectional width of the structure. Such structures commonly have a single localized light source.

Examples of this concept are light guiding systems based on prism light guide material as described in United States Patent Nos. 4,260,220; 4,615,579; and, 4,787,708 ( hitehead) ; or, metallic light guides as de¬ scribed in United States Patent No. 4,105,293 (Aizenberg et al) . Such prior art light guides have predominantly reflective interior surfaces. Accordingly, light rays entering one end of the guide are reflected by the guide's inner walls as the rays proceed to the other end of the guide. Such prior art light guides are designed to "leak'* light in a controlled manner, such that the amount of light emitted from the guide per unit length is acceptably uniform along the entire length of the guide.

Although such prior art light guides are very useful for general light distribution purposes, they do not perform well in situations in which it is desirable to have light emitted within a narrowly restricted range of angles from a large light emitting area, while maintaining highly uniform light distribution over the entire light emitting area. Examples of situations in which such characteris-

tics are desirable include linear navigational beacons, which preferably emit maximum light intensity in a substan¬ tially horizontal direction; certain backlit liquid crystal displays, which preferably emit light only within a desired range of viewing angles; and, certain vehicle signal lights, which preferably emit maximum light intensity only in desired directions. In each situation it is necessary to efficiently restrict the emitted light to a desired direction, while maintaining highly uniform light distribu- tion over the entire light emitting surface. The present invention satisfies these requirements and thus facilitates the construction of highly directional, highly uniform, high aspect ratio light emitters.

Summary of the Invention

In accordance with the preferred embodiment, the invention provides a light emitter for emitting partially collimated light in one or more selected directions. The light emitter incorporates a partially collimated light source, a longitudinally specularly reflective internal surface, and a light emitting area having a fractionally longitudinally specular reflective, fractionally longi¬ tudinally transmissive inner portion and, a refractive, prismatic outer portion.

The degree of longitudinal trans issivity of the inner portion is varied as a selected function of position on the inner portion to control the distribution of emit¬ ted light. The transmissivity variation is such that the quantity of light per unit area transmitted by the inner portion has a predetermined distribution of values as a function of position on the outer surface of the inner portion. Advantageously, the distribution of values may be substantially uniform.

If the light emitting area is curved, then the angular distribution of the emitted light will be different

at different locations. Accordingly, the transmissivity may be varied to yield a predetermined variation of total luminous intensity as a function of the direction of the emitted light. Again, the transmissivity variation may be such that the distribution of values is substantially uniform, or it may have some other useful distribution. For example, the distribution in which the total luminous intensity of the emitted light varies as l/cos ² 0 may be used to attain uniform illumination of a plane surface in an indirect ceiling lighting application. As another example, the distribution in which the total luminous intensity of the emitted light is substantially uniform within a se¬ lected range of the angle θ, and substantially zero outside that range, may be used to confine the effective illu ina- tion of a navigational beacon to a selected angular range.

In many applications, the prismatic outer portion of the light emitting area can be configured such that light incident at any particular point on the inside surface of the outer portion is redirected into a direc¬ tion substantially perpendicular to the outer portion at the particular point.

Brief Description of the Drawings Figures 1A, IB and 1C illustrate .prior art techniques for distributing light from a single source within a comparatively large structure which redirects the light so that it escapes in a restricted direction through a large emitting area.

Figure 2A is a partially fragmented pictorial illustration of a light emitter constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention.

Figure 2B is a cross-section illustration taken with respect to line B-B of Figure 2A.

Figure 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional illustra¬ tion of the outer optical layer of the light emitting surface of the light emitter of Figures 2A and 2B, showing light emission in a restricted direction substantially perpendicular to the light emitting surface.

Figure 4A is a graph of luminous intensity vs. angle for a light emitter designed to uniformly illuminate a plane surface close to the emitter. The graph is super- imposed on a cross-sectional illustration of the light emitter.

Figure 4B is a graph of surface illuminance vs. position for the light emitter of Figure 4A. The graph is superimposed on a cross-sectional illustration of the light emitter.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment

Various prior art attempts have been made to construct high aspect ratio light emitters capable of distributing light from a single source in such a manner that light is emitted in a restricted direction over a large light emitting area. For example, Figure 1A shows a technique as disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,755,921 (Nelson) and in United States Patent No. 4,337,759 (Popovich et al) . Light emanating in arbitrary directions 10 from light source 12 is redirected by fresnel lens 14 in such a way that the light emitted from fresnel lens 14 is substantially restricted to a. single direction 16. The technique facilitates construction of high aspect ratio light emitters because fresnel lens 14 has a very low effective "f" number, due to its incorporation of a special combination of refraction and total internal reflection in the prismatic surfaces. Unfortunately, although the emitted light is highly directional, it is not distributed with high uniformity over the entire light emitting surface of fresnel lens 14. In particular, the intensity of the

light output is very high at points on the light emitting surface near light source 12, and very much lower at points further from light source 12.

Figure IB shows another prior art approach as disclosed in United States Patent Nos. 4,984,144 and 4,989,125 (Cobb, Jr. et al) . Light emanating in arbitrary directions from light source 20 is substantially collimated by reflector 22, which directs the light at a glancing angle α onto prismatic screen 24. Using a combination of refraction and total internal reflection, screen 24 redi¬ rects the light in such a way that the light emitted from screen 24 is substantially restricted to a single direc¬ tion 26. This approach can achieve higher uniformity of light distribution over the entire light emitting surface of screen 24, particularly if the light emanating from reflector 22 is very well collimated. But, in many practi¬ cal situations, reflector 22 cannot collimate the light sufficiently to achieve substantially uniform light dis- tribu ion over the entire light emitting surface of screen 24.

Figure 1C shows another prior art approach as disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,799,137 (Aho) and United States Patent No. 4,874,228 (Aho et al) . Light emanating in arbitrary directions from light source 30 is substantially collimated by reflector 32, which directs the light onto prismatic reflector 34. Light incident upon reflector 34 is reflected 90° away from the incident direction. Accordingly, the reflected light is substan¬ tially restricted to a single direction 36 which, within limits, is independent of the angle β at which the incident light strikes reflector 34. By carefully selecting the shape of reflector 34, one may ensure that a greater fraction of the light per unit length is incident upon reflector 34 at distances farther from light source 30 than at distances closer to light source 30, and thus attempt to

overcome the intrinsic decrease in brightness as distance from source 30 increases, so as to maintain substantially uniform light distribution over the entire light emitting surface of reflector 34. However, the effectiveness of this approach also depends upon the ability of reflector 32 to collimate the light. In most practical situations reflector 32 cannot collimate the light sufficiently to achieve substantially uniform light distribution over the entire light emitting surface of reflector 34.

Figures 2A and 2B depict a light emitter 40 constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention. Light emitter 40 takes the form of a hollow structure 42, having a length considerably greater than its minimum cross-sectional dimension. Reflector 44 partially collimates light emanating from light source 46 and directs the light into structure 42 in a direction approximately parallel to the longest dimension of structure 42. Light is emitted from structure 42 through light emitting area 48. Substantially all of the interior surface 50 of structure 42, apart from light emitting area 48, consists of or is lined with a longitudinally specular material, as hereinafter defined.

Light emitting area 48 has a uniform outer optical layer 52 (Figures 2A, 2B and 3) . Outer layer 52 is designed to efficiently transmit light which is both (i) incident upon the prismatic inner surface 54 of layer 52; and, (ii) nearly parallel to the longest dimension of structure 42; such that most of the light emitted through outer layer 52 travels predominantly in a selected direc¬ tion 56. More particularly, as shown in Figure 3, a light ray 58 which is nearly parallel to the longest dimension of structure 42 and incident upon inner surface 54 is sub- jected to both refraction and total internal reflection, resulting in the light being emitted from outer layer 52 in a restricted direction 56. An example of a material

suitable for forming outer layer 52 is prismatic film of the type disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,984,144 (Cobb, Jr. et al) . Such film can be fabricated to have the property that the emitted light is restricted to a direc- tion substantially perpendicular to the material's emitting surface.

Light emitting area 48 also has an inner optical layer 60, which is a partially longitudinally specular reflector and a partially longitudinally transparent light transmitter. As used herein, the term "longitudinally specular reflector" means a material for which the z components of the unit direction vectors of the incident and reflected light rays are substantially the same, where the z direction is parallel to the surface of the material, and is also the longest direction of structure 42. Simi¬ larly, the term "longitudinally transparent light trans¬ mitter" means a material for which the z components of the unit direction vectors of the incident and transmitted light rays are substantially the same. An example of a spatially variable, longitudinally specular reflective material which is also longitudinally transparent is a transparent substrate onto which a metallic film pattern is etched, such as VARALUME material available from TIR Systems Ltd., of Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

Inner layer 60 does not have uniform longitudinal transmissivity. That is, the fractional longitudinal light transmission through inner layer 60 is not uniform over the outer surface of inner layer 60, but changes such that the intensity of the transmitted light varies in a prede¬ termined manner as a function of position on the outer surface of inner layer 60. In many cases, it is desirable to achieve uniform light emission at all points on the outer surface of inner layer 60. Generally, to achieve such uniform emission, the transmissivity of inner layer 60 is reduced at points on inner layer 60 near light source 46

(where the incident light is brightest) , and increased at points further away from light source 46 (where the inci¬ dent light is dimmer) . Because the reflectivity of inner layer 60 is longitudinally specular, light reflected by inner layer 60 remains collimated. Because the trans¬ missivity through inner layer 60 is longitudinally trans¬ parent, light transmitted through inner layer 60 also remains collimated. Outer layer 52 is thus able to direct such transmitted light in the desired direction 56, as described above.

Light emitting area 48 is not necessarily flat. If the light emitting area is curved, directional control of light emission as a function of position also facili- tates directional control of the total luminous intensity of structure 42 as a function of angle. Figure 4A illus¬ trates this capability in relation to a light emitter 62 having a curved light emitting area 64 designed to uniform¬ ly illuminate a plane surface 66 close to emitter 62. This is representative of indirect ceiling lighting applica¬ tions. Superimposed on Figure 4A is a polar coordinate graph in which the luminous intensity of light emitted through area 64 is plotted as the ordinate, versus the angle θ at which light is emitted from light emitting area 64. Figure 4B superimposes a graph of illuminance on surface 66 versus position on that surface.

As Figure 4A illustrates, the inner and outer portions of light emitting area 64 may be suitably config- ured so that the intensity of the emitted light is lower at smaller incident angles and increases at larger angles. Figure 4B shows that the intensity of the resultant illumi¬ nation is substantially uniform at all points on surface 66, irrespective of the distance between emitter 62 and any particular point on surface 66. Such uniform illumination can be attained if the inner and outer layers of light emitting area 64 are configured so that the total luminous

intensity of the emitted light varies as l/cos ² 0 over a substantial angular range.

Reflective film of the type disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,799,137 (Aho) has been used in light redirecting structures, as discussed in United States Patent No. 4,984,144 (Cobb, Jr. et al) . However, if the reflective film material occupies a substantial portion of the cross-sectional area of the structure, as is often necessary to achieve a large light emitting area, the structure cannot transmit light well because its interior surfaces are unable to provide sufficient longitudinally specular reflectivity. Without the present invention, such structures emit light in a poorly controlled fashion, with relatively high intensity light being emitted at points on the light emitting surface near the light source, and rela¬ tively low intensity light being emitted at points farther from the light source.

Generally, there are many uses for distributed light; that is, light which is emitted uniformly from long and/or wide, high aspect ratio structures. Besides having the desirable property of uniform light emission, high aspect ratio light emitters constructed in accordance with the invention have the additional property of emitting highly directional light. The direction of light emission may be varied to suit the particular application. As mentioned above, high directionality is a desired feature of linear navigational beacons, certain backlit liquid crystal displays, and certain vehicle signal lights. The invention also facilitates the use of a single, readily accessible light source (or a small number of such sources) .

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this

invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims.