BACKGROUND

[0001] As is known in the art, counters can be used to determine an amount of time that has expired until an event has occurred. Developing counters in digital integrated circuit technologies that have sufficiently large bit lengths to achieve desired accuracy and precision may be challenging when operated at sufficiently high clock frequencies.

[0002] In addition, verification of the correctness or integrity of signal traces on individual circuit card assemblies (CCAs) or Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) as produced maybe difficult to achieve. Capabilities that can identity faulty assemblies in production, test, and then later in the field can save industry considerable expense while improving the reliability and utility of the products. Also, a major source of in system failures in deployed systems is due to cabling problems and loose or faulty connectors.

[0003] Moreover, there is not a current common widely adapted methodology or capability to verify the connections and trace lengths or other observable physical properties of signals that connect to each of the I/O pins of semiconductor devices or to verify the connections, as well as physical properties, of signals that connect assemblies and subsystems together.

SUMMARY

[0004] Embodiments of the invention provide methods and apparatus for a high speed counter and/or measurement circuit having sufficient bit lengths to achieve desired characteristics when operating at sufficiently high clock frequencies. In embodiments, a system having counters and adders can describe 1 OOps times or less while counting with greater than gigabit resolution. It will be appreciated that achieving accuracy and precision may be challenging. Accuracy refers to closeness of measurements to a specific value. Precision refers to the closeness of the measurements to each other. That is, precision can be considered a description of random errors.

[0005] The counters facilitate precision of measurements and characterization of certain events. In some embodiments, counters can determine response times of signal components used to measure reflection characterizations associated with systems and assemblies. For, example, the response characteristics of "as fabricated" systems and assemblies can be accurately measured. In embodiments, example counters are implemented in FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays).

[0006] In example embodiments, FPGA resources are used to create a tree of N phase shifted clocks, each phase shifted from one another in sequence by 360 degrees divided by A. By doing this, a relatively lower frequency clock period can be portioned in time into fine time segments. Then each of these low frequency clocks, offset by that phase shift, can be used to count times until a transition or terminal event occurs with the earliest transition count representing the actual fine time measurement.

[0007] In another aspect, a system having phase-shifted clock signals can measure one or more events with enhanced accuracy and/or precision as compared with conventional systems. In some embodiments, a system measures I/O trace connections to system processing devices. Trace integrity and correctness can be verified. For components, such as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices, the problem of verification of the correctness or integrity of signal traces for any of the Input/Output (I/O) signals to or from the device is solved by application of reconfigurable signal measurement sensor technology systematically inserting and connecting measurement circuitry to each of the 10 of the device, measuring the properties of the physical signal trace of wire connected to that I/O in situ, and then removing or replacing that function with the normal application circuitry used in the device. Expected baseline behavior can be determined during design and simulation with precise results measured during an initial characterization of the assembly or subsystem, measured again as warranted during boot, or monitored in a recurring manner if necessary. This can be accomplished during test, at system start-up, as might be commanded during a Built-in-Test (BIT) operation, when necessary to troubleshoot a system.

[0008] In embodiments, to measure the effective length of signal traces or wires, a known signal is sent out. The system measures the minimum response time due to reflection from the terminal end of that signal trace or wire. Even if that end is properly terminated to cancel reflections, that is only accomplished for specific frequencies and so proper selection of the test signal can ensure that reflection terms are measurable.

[0009] In an example implementation, a system generates one or a series of pulse signals from a pulse source connected to a transmit EO circuit, which is connected to a transmit pin of the device. A receive pin of the device is connected to a receiver I/O circuit, which is connected to circuitry to a measurement circuit. One or more clocks is provided to the pulse source and measurement circuit along with control logic, memory, and control instructions to effect measurements of the transmitted and received pulses.

[0010] In one aspect, a method comprises: generating phase-shifted clock signals from a reference clock; connecting the phase-shifted clock signals to a counter module so that the phase-shifted clock signals change values in counters in the counter module; and combining the values in the counters to generate an output signal corresponding to an amount of time.

[0011] A method can include one or more of the following features: the phase-shifted clocks have a selected phase shift, the phase-shifted clock signals cover 360 degrees with respect to the reference clock, each of the phase-shifted clock signals increments a respective one of the counters in the counter module, values from pairs of the counters are summed together, the output signal corresponds to a sum of values from each of the counters, a phase locked loop is used to generate the phase-shifted clock signals, inverting splitters coupled to the phase-shifted clock signals to generate an inverted signal and a non-inverted signal that are connected to different ones of the counters, programming a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to perform the steps of: generating phase-shifted clock signals from a reference clock; connecting the phase-shifted clock signals to a counter module so that the phase-shifted clock signals change values in counters in the counter module; and combining the values in the counters to generate an output signal corresponding to an amount of time, programming macros for the FPGA in parallel, the output value describes millisecond times and the counters provide greater than gigabit resolution, transmitting a pulse to an externally connected device and receiving the transmitted pulse, measuring a time from transmitting the pulse to receiving the transmitted pulse, wherein the measured time corresponds to the combined values in the counters, wherein the measured time corresponds to a distance including signal traces, identifying faults based on the measured time, identifying an unexpected component in the connected device based on the measured time, the transmitted pulse is generated from one or more of the phase-shifted clocks, comparing the measured time to a value and generating a signal indicative of the comparison, comparing the measured time for a bootup sequence and generating a signal indicative of the comparison, and/or transmitting encoded pulses to an externally connected device, receiving the encoded pulses, decoding the encoded pulses, and comparing the decoded pulses with a stored version of the transmitted encoded pulses.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The foregoing features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, maybe more fully understood from the following description of the drawings in which:

[0013] FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of an example timing system in accordance with example embodiments of the invention;

[0014] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing additional detail of the example timing system of FIG. 1;

[0015] FIG. 2A shows an example phase locked loop that can form at part of the system of FIG. 2;

[0016] FIG. 3 A is a graphical representation of 24 clock signals separate in phase by 15 degrees generated by three modules;

[0017] FIG. 3B is a graphical representation of 24 clock signals separate in phase by 15 degrees generated by four modules;

[0018] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a further embodiment of a timing system;

[0019] FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a further embodiment of a timing system;

[0020] FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram showing example 16 clocks separated in phase by 22.5 degrees;

[0021] FIG. 6A is a timing diagram showing phase-shifted clocks incrementing respective counters;

[0022] FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of an example timing and measurement system in accordance with example embodiments of the invention; [0023] FIG. 8 is a timing diagram showing pulse propagation and data capture for the system of FIG. 7;

[0024] FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of an example test system in accordance with example embodiments of the invention;

[0025] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example FPGA processing block that can be used for implementing embodiments of the invention; and

[0026] FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of an example computer that can perform at least a portion of the processing described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] FIG. 1 shows an example timing system 100 having a clock phase shifter module 102 that can receive a reference clock RCLK and generate phase-shifted clock signals 104a- N, each shifted in phase from the reference clock by some amount. Each of the phase-shifted clock signals 104a-N can be coupled to a respective counter module 106a-N. In embodiments, each rising edge of the phase-shifted clock signal s 104a-N increments the respective counter module 106a-N. An adder module 108 receives the values from the counter modules 106a-N and sums the values and outputs a value corresponding to total number of clock edges of the phase-shifted clock signals 104a-N.

[0028] It is understood that the phase-shifted clocks can be shifted by any practical amount to meet the needs of a particular application. It is further understood that there can less than one counter per phase-shifted clock as long as the counter increments for each received pulse. In addition, counters can increment or decrement as desired.

[0029] FIG. 2 shows an example implementation of the timing system 100 of FIG. 1 using three phase shift modules. A reference clock RCLK having a selected frequency, such as 100 MHz, is received by a phase shifter module 202 which generates eight clocks signals 204a-h each separated by fifteen degrees. The phase-shifted first clock signal 204a is coupled to a first counter 206a, the phase-shifted second clock signal 204b is coupled to a second counter 206b, and so on, until the phase-shifted eighth clock signal 204h is coupled to the eighth counter 206h. It should be noted that the phase-shifted first clock signal 204a on module 210a may not be shifted in phase with respect to the reference clock RCLK received by the phase shifter module. The base phase 204a on each of the modules 210a-c, is offset from RCLK by 360 degrees divided by the number of phase shifters employed. In this example, three are used so each is offset by 120 degrees in succession from one another.

[0030] The total number of phases possible is determined by the number of clock routing resources that can be allocated as constrained by physical implementation limits of the silicon device. In this example implementation, a total of twenty four clock routing tracks are available and hence, using three phase shifter circuits, each be used to create eight phase- shifted second clock signals 204a-h. Consequently, module 210a, phase shifter circuit 202 phase-shifted clock 204a is offset by 0 degrees, whereas module 210b phase-shifted clock 204a on is offset from RCLK by 120 degrees and module 210c phase-shifted clock 204a is offset from RCLK by 240 degrees. Note that each phase-shifted clock 204a-h on each module 21 Oa-c is an identical clock to RCLK, running at the same frequency as RCLK however shifted in time accordingly by their individual phase offset.

[0031] The clocks 204a-h and adders 208a-g cover 120 degrees, which is one third of a 360 cycle. It will be appreciated that 360 degrees divided by 15 degrees is 24 so that 24 clocks should be generated. In the illustrated embodiment, a first module 210a including the clocks 204a-h and adders 208a-g generate a third of the total sum. A second module 210b and a third module 210c, which may be substantially similar to the first module 210a, each cover 120 degrees.

[0032] The first and second counter modules 206a,b are coupled to respective inputs of a first adder module 208a. In embodiments, the first adder 208a adds the value from the first counter module 206a and the value from the second counter module 206b. Similarly, a second adder 208b adds the values of the third and fourth counters 206c, d, a third adder 208c adds the values of the fifth and sixth counters 206e,f, and a fourth adder 208d adds the values of the seventh and eighth counters 206g,h. The output values of the first and second adders

208a, b are summed by a fifth adder 208e and the output values of the third and fourth adders

208 c,d are summed by a sixth adder 208 f. The outputs of the fifth and sixth adders 208 e,f are summed by a seventh adder 208g. Note that if the hardware macros used to implement adders are of sufficient bit width, then add carry bits need not be propagated width wise from block to block.

[0033] In an example embodiment, an eight adder 208h sums the values for the first and second modules 210a, b and a ninth adder 208i sums the output from the eight adder 208h and a value from the third module 210c. The output OUT of the ninth adder 208i provides the sum of all the counters from each of the modules 210 covering 360 degrees.

[0034] In example embodiments, one of the phase-shifted clocks, arbitrarily chosen as first clock signal 204a from module 210a, is provided to counters 208h,i.

[0035] With this arrangement, at any given time, the output value OUT for the system 200 represents a count corresponding to an amount of time from the when zeroed out counters 206 begin to increment. The output value provides enhanced accuracy and precision compared with conventional systems that generate signals from a reference clock.

[0036] In some embodiments, the phase shifter module 202 comprises a phase-locked loop (PLL). It is understood that any suitable circuit implementation can be used to provide phase-shifted clocks. FIG. 2 A shows an example PLL having an input signal, such as a reference clock RCLK, input to a phase comparator PC the output of which is filtered by a filter. A voltage-controlled oscillator VCO generates a phase-shifted output Vo, which is fed back to the phase comparator PC. The VCO can control the phase shift of the output signal Vo in relation to the input signal. Any practical number of PLLs can be used to provide the desired number of phase-shifted clocks.

[0037] FIG. 3A is a graphical representation of the clock signals 204 from the first, second, and third modules 210a, b,c spanning 360 degrees separated by 15 degrees. Each of the first, second and third modules 210a,b,c provide a third, e.g., 120 degrees, of the clock signals.

FIG. 3B shows an alternative embodiment where four groups of clocks are generated by respective modules where each of the clocks is shifted 15 degrees in phase.

[0038] FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of a timing system 400 having phase-shifted clocks where a 90 degree phase shift is implemented to generate some of the clock signals. A reference clock RCLK is provided to a phase shifter module 402 that outputs a clock signal 2RCLK having a frequency that is double the frequency of RCLK. The clock signal 2RCLK is provided to phase shift module 404, which has first and second flip flop circuits 406a, b.

The clock signal 2RCLK is provided to the first flip flop circuit 406a and an inverted 408 shifted clock signal /2RCLK is provided to the second flip flop circuit 406b. The first flip flop circuit 406 a outputs a clock signal 412a corresponding to RCLK to a first phase shifter module 410a and the second flip flop circuit 406b outputs a clock signal 412b corresponding to RCLK shifted by 90 degrees.

[0039] Example clock signal waveforms are shown in the lower left of FIG. 4. The output 2RCLK of the shifter module 402 is shown. A CLK I signal, which is input to the first phase shifter module 410a, is shown as 2xRCLK/2, which has the same frequency as RCLK. A signal /2xRCLK, which is inverted 2RCLK, is input to the second flip flop circuit 406b.

CLK Q is shown as /2xRCLK/2, which is shifted 90 degrees from CLK I. The combination of the two signals can be viewed as the In-phase and Quadrature components of the complex signal, biphase CLK IQ where CLK I is the Inphase component and CLK Q is the quadrature component. This biphase CLK IQ signal is shown for reference, overlaying CLK I and CLK Q.

[0040] In the illustrated embodiment, the first phase shifter module 410a outputs six phase- shifted clocks 414a-f and the second phase shifter module 410b, which receives the 90 degree shifted clock CLK Q, outputs six phase-shifted clocks 414g-l. In this example embodiment, twelve clock signals 414a-l are generated each separated in phase by 15 degrees, which covers 180 degrees. A similar circuit can cover the other 180 degrees.

[0041] A series of counters 416a-l are coupled to the respective ones of the first and second phase shifter modules and a series of cascaded adders 418a-k are coupled to sum the values from the counters 416, in a manner described above.

[0042] FIG. 5 shows another example embodiment of a timing system 500 using phase- shifted clocks. A shifter module 502 receives reference clock RCFK and outputs 2RCFK. A flip flop circuit 504 generates a first clock 512a and a second clock 512b, which is shifted 90 degrees with respect to the first clock. The first and second clocks 512a,b are provided to respective first and second phase shifter modules 510a,b. The first phase shifter module 510a generates six phase-shifted clock signals 514a-f. In an example embodiment, each of the clock signals 514a-f are separated in phase by 15 degrees and provided to a first counter/adder module 550a. Each of the first column counter/adder modules 550a-d accept the phase shift clocks from the phase shifters 510a,b.

[0043] As shown in the figure, each of the phase shifted clocks are decomposed into in- phase and quadrature components, using an instance of balanced delay inverting splitter 552 for each of the phase shifted clocks 514a- f from each of the phase shifters 510a,b . The delay time from each of these split paths need to be balanced in order to ensure same propagation time from the source phase shifters 510a,b to counter/adder 550a-d. The set of quadrature components output from inverting splitters 552 are then input to a second counter/adder 550b or those phase shift signals from phase shifter 510a, and input to counter/adder 550d for those from phase shifter 510b.

In embodiments, the inverting splitter 552 inverts an input signal so the inverted output and non- inverted output are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. The paired counter/adders 550a, b and 550c, d are each clocked by the base phase clock 514a from their respective phase shifter 510a,b. Consequently, each of the values of these clocks is added to the current summed time at each transition of clock 514a.

[0044] The second phase shifter 510b similarly provides non- inverted phase shifted clock signals to a third adder/counter 550c and inverted phase-shifted clock signals to a fourth adder/counter 550d. The outputs of the adder/counters 550a-d are added by first and second adder modules 552a, b, in a manner similar to that described above.

[0045] FIG. 6 shows example phase-shifted clocks in a first group 1Q0-7 and a second group 2Q0-7. Each of the clocks are separated by 22.5 degrees (360/16). In embodiments, the first group of clocks 1Q0-7 can be generated by a first phase shifter module and the second group of clocks 2Q0-7 can be generated by a second phase shifter module. The phase shifter modules can be similar to the phase shifter module 202 in FIG. 2 with a PLL that shifts the output 22.5 degrees with respect to the reference clock. A propagation time TD from the reference clock input to output from the phase shifter module is shown.

[0046] FIG. 6A shows a reference clock RCFK used to generate eight phase-shifted clocks

QO-7. After receipt of a START signal, and setup time TSUC0 and propagation time TPD0 for a first counter, the output COO of the first counter is valid. Similarly, the value for a second counter COl, which is incremented by clock Ql, is valid after setup time TSUC1 and propagation TPD1 for the second counter. After the clocks QO-7 cycle through, the sum ADDOUT of values in the counters CO-7 is valid after setup and delaytimes. It is understood that only first and second counter outputs are shown for convenience. Summing counter values with adders is described above in detail.

[0047] In another aspect, a system having phase-shifted clock signals can measure one or more events with enhanced accuracy and/or precision as compared with conventional systems. In some embodiments, a system measures I/O trace connections to system processing devices. The system can examine the integrity and characteristics of signals to and from an external device connected to a test system, for example.

[0048] FIG. 7 shows an example pulse measurement sensor system 700 for measuring a time at which an event occurs. In the illustrated embodiment, the time is measured for a transmit pulse 702 to exit an IO and return as a receive pulse 704.

[0049] In the illustrated embodiment, a reference clock REF CLK is received by a phase shifter module 706, which may be provided by the phase shifter 202 of FIG. 2. The phase- shifted clocks can be input to a counter module 708, which may be provided as the counters 206 shown in FIG. 2. A mux 710 maybe coupled to an input of the counter module 708 to reset and hold the counter values to the zero value and then by selecting the phase shifted clock inputs, enable counting under the control of a sequence control module 712, which may receive command signals for pulse measurements. A pulse source 714 is coupled to the sequence control module 712 and is configured to receive one or more phase-shifted clocks from the phase shifter module 706. A compare module 716 is controlled by the sequence control module 712 and configured to receive the count value from the counter module 708.

In the illustrated embodiment, example outputs include the count value COUNT, a match indicator MATCH and GT/LT signal indicator signal indicative of whether the count value from the counter module 708 is less than or greater than the value in the compare module 716.

[0050] In an example embodiment, a pulse from the pulse source 714 goes through a mux

718 to a transmit buffer 720 which outputs the transmit signal 702 at an IO for example. The mux 718 serves to enable pulses to be transmitted or otherwise transmission is disabled. [0051 ] The system receives the return pulse 704 at a different 10 at a receive buffer 722. In the illustrated embodiment, the received pulse is inverted by an inverter 724 and input to a signal comparison circuit 726, which is an AND gate 726 in the example embodiment. An optional signal path 728 for a transceiver to the AND gate 726 can be included. The resulting pulse signal timing at the output of this AND gate 726 serves to enable the counter 708 to begin counting at the rising edge of the resulting pulse and then to disable the count on the falling edge as is illustrated in FIG. 8 below.

[0052] By analyzing the counter value COUNT and compare information MATCH and the like associated with transmitting and receiving pulses, the system can identify circuit card assembly issues, such as interconnection faults, bad circuit traces, solder bump defects, manufacturing defects, etc. by comparison to designed parameters. If there are gross defects or anomalies, then those are detected by a single measurement compared to baseline/acceptable thresholds set to the limits of environmental and operational minima or maxima. Indeed, there may not be a pulse return at all if the transmission path is severely compromised.

[0053] For those issues are more subtle or where the subject interconnection is operated at high performance, a single measurement may not be sufficiently accurate. Because measurements in real systems are expected to be made in situ when the subject system is operating, the pulse signaling occurs in the presence of thermally produced noise and electromagnetic interference from other sources. Consequently, analysis may require a series of such measurements followed by statistical analysis performed to compensate from additive thermal noise and electromagnetic interference. This analysis must converge to a single, stable result by collection of enough data points to permit filtering of all statistically non stationary interference terms. Indeed, due to the law of large numbers, the series must converge to a single value, although only enough data need be collected to satisfy desired statistical confidence bounds.

[0054] In other applications, the pulse time may identify security issues when pulse measurement time estimates change more than the established minima or maxima threshold amounts. When the system is initially manufactured, measurements of the as-manufactured transmission paths would be collected and stored to be used by a security application to use for later reevaluation. If at some later time, these measurements are retaken, such as by a system security function, and the results no longer correspond to the as-manufactured values, this indicates that the system has a) suffered some fault condition associated with the measurement or circuitry along the signaling path or the path has physically changed. Either conditions could occur due to damage or mishandling, however they could also indicate deliberate modifications as well. Changes could be characterized and correlated to system modifications indicative of a tamper attack. For example, assume two assemblies are connected with paths measured that span the interface. If the path distances increase, that would be indicative that some circuit or interposer was added between the two in order to monitor behavior or insert signals. If the paths decrease, a seemingly impossible outcome, then some more radical alteration has occurred. Either case could be used to trigger an alarm that a security problem has been encountered.

[0055] It is understood that other circuit implementations are possible without departing from the scope of the claimed invention. For example, an inverter can be used for the B input to the AND gate instead of the A input. A wide range of different circuit elements, gates, components, logic circuits, comparison circuits, and the like can be used to meet the needs of a particular application. It is further understood that a wide range of events can be timed for various application. In addition, the number of counter bits can be selected for particular time ranges, however, any practical number of bits can be used.

[0056] FIG. 8 shows an example timing diagram for the signals shown in FIG. 7 for pulse measurement timing. The PUFSE signal is output from the pulse source 714 and exits an IO as the TRANSMIT signal. The rising edge of the pulse of the TRANSMIT signal is delayed by prop agation time tMux through the mux 718 and the propagation time ΐtc io through the transmit buffer 720. The output of the mux is an input signal B to the AND gate 726 with a propagation delay time of tMux.

[0057] The RETURN signal 704, which is a delayed version of the TRANSMIT pulse 702, has a rising edge after a delay ΪRATH for a path from transmit IO to receive IO, where delay ΪRATH extends from the end of time tMux + ΐtc io, and a delay tRx io through the receive IO. The RETURN signal output from the receive IO has a delay tiNv through the inverter 724.

The output of the inverter 722 is a signal A to the AND gate 726. [0058] When signals A and B are both HI, the output of the AND gate 726 is a rising edge which generates a STOP signal so the counter module 708 stops incrementing the counter value(s). As can be seen, signal A has a default state, e.g., no pulse, which is HI due to the inverter 724, and signal B transitions as soon as the PULSE signal goes though the mux 718 and arrives at the AND gate 726 as signal B, which transitions the STOP signal to the counter module 708. As shown in the STOP signal waveform, there is a count window while signals A and B are HI and a capture time window as the A and B signals fall from HI to LO. In embodiments, the capture time window should capture the value in the counter module 716 at the time the STOP signal is activated.

[0059] When the STOP signal occurs, the value in the compare module 716 can be compared to the value in the counter module 716. The compare module 716 control the MATCH signal to indicate the result of the compare. The COUNT signal outputs the counter value in the counter module 716. The GT/LT signal can indicate whether the value in the counter is less than or greater than the value in the compare module.

[0060] FIG. 9 shows an example pulse measurements system 900 for analyzing a circuit assembly, such as a printed circuit board (PCB) coupled to a transmit IO 902 and a receive IO 904 of the system. This case is a generalization of the prior pulse measurement circuit where instead of transmitting and receiving single pulses, binary or encoded pulse groups are transmitted and received. The benefit is that pulse detection is more reliably accomplished when signaling occurs at very high speeds or at very low to negative signal to noise ratios, as is well known.

[0061] A compare symbol pattern module 906 can receive, store and compare values against values from a recovered symbol pattern 908. A symbol stream 910 can input a bit stream into the compare symbol pattern module 906 and to a symbol pattern module 912, which is coupled to a first shift register 914 having a series of bits D0-N. In example embodiments, the first shift register 914 comprises a series of flip flops 916, which can be coupled to a reference clock RCLK. A second shift register 918 is also coupled to the reference clock RCLK. A first encoder 920 encodes the values from the first shift register

914 for pulse shaping 922. Pulses are output by a transmit element 924 connected to the transmit IO 902. The transmitted pulses are received on the receive IO 904 after some delay by a receive element 926 and output of which is connected to a pulse detection circuit 928. A decoder module 930 decodes the detected pulses and the second shift register 918 receives the decoded pulses that are provided to the recovered symbol pattern module 908 for comparison against the original symbol stream stored in the compare symbol pattern module 906.

[0062] Statistical analysis comparing detected receive bit patterns with the expected (transmitted) values attempts to identify a time for return assuming that bit errors are occurring with the returned pattern. Moreover, if the Pulse Detection Circuit 928 incorporates an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), then each of the sequential registers captures a set of bits corresponding the output bit width (resolution) of the ADC.

[0063] Single instances of recovered signal patterns 908 are input to a Compare Symbol Pattern circuit 906 which in some embodiments can be a matched filter. The output of the Compare Symbol Pattern circuit 906 is the filtered output which itself in some embodiments would be a pulse corresponding to the shape of the time of arrival group estimate. As with the measurement circuits above, the high resolution counter from Fig. 2 is enabled at the time corresponding to the start of the pulse group and is terminated at the falling edge or final value from the output from Compare Symbol Pattern circuit 906. Constant differences due to difference from initial pulse to pulse group detection due to number of bits, etc. in the idealized case are subtracted to provide the measure of the actual path turn-around time.

[0064] FIG. 10 shows a representative processing block from a FPGA component that can be programmed to implement circuitry describe above. These hard macro blocks are commonly referred to as DSP blocks since the incorporate a hardware implemented multiply- accumulate (MAC) commonly used for digital signal processing. Modem FPGAs typically incorporate a number of these blocks. Because they are implemented in hardware, they provide much higher performance for implementing this capability versus implementation in the programmable logic fabric for the FPGA. The use of these blocks is a feature of FPGAs for implementation the phase shifter, counters, adders, and circuitry described above when programming the device is to implement these functions. This is because of the much higher performance combined with access to routing resources typically optimized for arrays of these circuits to perform signal processing. [0065] Embodiments of the invention can provide signal measurements for measuring I/O trace connections to system devices. For Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices the problem of verification of the correctness or integrity of signal traces for any of the Input/Output (I/O) signals to or from the device is solved by application of reconfigurable signal measurement sensor technology systematically inserting and connecting measurement circuitry to each PO of the device, measuring the properties of the physical signal trace of wire connected to that PO in situ, and then removing or replacing that function with the normal application circuitry used in the device.

[0066] Expected baseline behavior can be determined during design and simulation with precise results measured during an initial characterization of the assembly or subsystem, measured again as warranted during boot, or monitored in a recurring manner if necessary. This can be accomplished during test, at system start-up, as might be commanded during a Built-in-Test (BIT) operation, when necessary to troubleshoot a system.

[0067] In some embodiments, separate transmit and return (receive) I/O are used. In other embodiments bi-directional I/O are used. In some embodiments, bi-directional PO is used at the transmit I/O and an optional secondary return PO is used. Choices of the type and configuration can be based on the physical configurations of the signals to be tested. In some embodiments, the pulses are digitally modulated whereas in others the test signals are analog pulses. In some embodiments, single pulses are used as the test signal. In other embodiments pulse data, trains or groups maybe used. Pulse data maybe encoded using a digital coding scheme.

[0068] Signal transition edges may deteriorate with frequency-dependent attenuation of high frequency signal components. Data edges contain the signal's high-frequency energy components. Pre-emphasis is a technique that may be used to boost a transmitted signal's high-frequency components while leaving low-frequency components in their original state, boosting high frequency energy every time a transition occurs.

[0069] FIG. 11 shows an exemplary computer 1100 that can perform at least part of the processing described herein, such as the processing of FIGs. 1, 3, 7, 13 and equations contained here. For example, the computer 1100 can perform processing to generate signals for array antenna elements to shape a beam and spoil the beam in u and/or v space, as described herein. The computer 1100 includes a processor 1102, a volatile memory 1104, a non-volatile memory 1106 (e.g., hard disk), an output device 1107 and a graphical user interface (GUI) 1108 (e.g., a mouse, a keyboard, a display, for example). The non-volatile memory 1106 stores computer instructions 1112, an operating system 1116 and data 1118. In one example, the computer instructions 1112 are executed by the processor 1102 out of volatile memory 1104. In one embodiment, an article 1120 comprises non- transitory computer-readable instructions.

[0070] Processing may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of the two. Processing may be implemented in computer programs executed on programmable computers/machines that each includes a processor, a storage medium or other article of manufacture that is readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and one or more output devices. Program code may be applied to data entered using an input device to perform processing and to generate output information.

[0071] The system can perform processing, at least in part, via a computer program product, (e.g., in a machine-readable storage device), for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus (e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers). Each such program may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the programs may be implemented in assembly or machine language. The language may be a compiled or an interpreted language and it may be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. A computer program may be stored on a storage medium or device (e.g., CD-ROM, hard disk, or magnetic diskette) that is readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer for configuring and operating the computer when the storage medium or device is read by the computer. Processing may also be implemented as a machine-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where upon execution, instructions in the computer program cause the computer to operate. [0072] Processing may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform the functions of the system. All or part of the system may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry (e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and/or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit)).

[0073] Having described exemplary embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating their concepts may also be used. The embodiments contained herein should not be limited to disclosed embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0074] Elements of different embodiments described herein maybe combined to form other embodiments not specifically set forth above. Various elements, which are described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. Other embodiments not specifically described herein are also within the scope of the following claims.