Vanscoy, Shannon (20 Larkspur Lane, Emerson, GA, 30107, US)
Hoyt, Daniel R. (6 Heartwood Drive, Cartersville, GA, 30120, US)
| 1. | A backing material for a fabric, comprising a compound comprising a flexibilizeτ and at least one of lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, and polypropylc ic. |
| 2. | The backing material of claim 1, wherein said lowdensity polyethylene has at l east one of the properties of a number average molecular weight less than about 10,000, i weight average molecular weight less than about 35,000, a melt index above about 1 ,000, and a specific gravity less than 0.9. |
| 3. | The backing material of claim I, wherein said polypropylene has a melt index greater than about ls000. |
| 4. | The backing material of claim 1, wherein said flexibilizer comprises at least o ne of a thermoplastic elastomer, a thermoplastic rubber, a containedgeometry catalyzed low density polyethylene, ethylene methyl acrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, and ethylene butyl modified polyethylene. |
| 5. | The backing material of claim 1. further comprising at least one filler. |
| 6. | The backing material of claim 5, wherein said tiller comprises at least one of magnesium hydroxide, stearic acid, Portland cement, calcium carbonate, and calcium oxide. |
| 7. | Tlic backing materia! of claim 1 , further comprising at least one additive. |
| 8. | The backing material of claim 7, wherein said additive comprises at least one of a flame reiardant, an antimicrobial, an odor eliminator, an odor minimizer, a scent, a photo inhibitor, a salt inhibitor, and a petroleumderivative inhibitor. A method for applying a backing material to a fabric, comprising the following stops: compounding ingredients in an extruder to produce a backing material; farcing said material through a die directly onto a fabric; and chilling said material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said extruder is a twinscrew extruder, 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said extruder is a corotating twinscrew extruder 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said extruder is a starvefed corotating twinscrew extruder. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein said ingredients comprise a flexibilϊzer and at least one of lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, and polypropylene. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said lowdensity polyethylene has at least one of the properties of a number average molecular weight less than about 10,000, a weight average molecular weight less than about 35,000, a melt index above about 1,000, and a Specific gravity less than 0.92. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said flexibilizer comprises at least one of a con ained geometry catalyzed lowdensity polyethylene, ethylene methyl acrylaLe, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene butyl modified polyethylene, a thermoplastic elastomer, and a thermoplastic rubber, 16. The method of claim 9, wherein said ingredients further comprise at least one filler. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said filler comprises at least one of magnesium hydroxide., .stearic acid, Portland cement, calcium carbonate, and calcium oxide. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein said ingredients further comprise at least one additi /e. |
| 9. | 19 The method of claim 18, wherein said at least one additive comprises at least one of a flame retardant, an antimicrobial, an odor eliminator, an odor minimizer, a scent, a photoinhibitor, a salt inhibitor, and a petroleumderivative inhibitor. |
| 10. | The method of claim 9, further comprising the steps of solidifying said backing material after said compounding step and liquefying said solidified backing material bef ore said forcing step,. |
| 11. | The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of pelletizing said backing material . |
| 12. | The method of claim 20, wherein said liquefying step comprises melting said sc lidified backing material in at least one of a twinscrew extruder, a singlescrew extruder, a drum melter, and a heated mixer. |
| 13. | The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of preheating said fabric. 24. The method of claim. |
| 14. | wherein said preheat step comprises at least one of cor..acting said fabric with a heated surface and heating said fabric with at least one of hot air and radiant heat,. |
| 15. | The method of claim 9. further comprising the step of impressing a pattern in said backing material. |
| 16. | The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of marrying said fabric to a structural substrate. |
| 17. | The method of claim 26, wherein said structural substrate is comprised of at least one of fiberglass, basalt, polypropylene, polyolefin, polymcri/.ed nonotefin, polyεmide, polyester, and nylon. |
| 18. | The method of claim 26, wherein said structural substrate comprises a preformcd foam. , The method of claim 28, wherein said ibaoi comprises at least one of a thermoplastic material, a thermoset material, a chemicallyblown material, and a mechanical. yblown material. , The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of applying pressure to said backing material and said fabric. , The method of claim 30, further comprising the step of impressing a pattern in said backing material. , A fabric and backing material composition, comprised of: a fabric, and a backing material comprising a compound comprising a flexibilizer and at least one of lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, and polypropylene, said compound being extruded directly onto said fabric. , The composition of claim 32, wherein said lowdensity polyethylene has at least one of the properties of a number average molecular weight less than about 10,000, a weight average molecular weight less than about 35,000, a melt index above about. 1,000 and a specific gravity less than 0.92. , The composition of claim 32, wherein said polypropylene has a melt index of jireater man about 1,000, , The composition of claim 32, wherein said flexibilizer comprises at least one of a thermoplastic elastomer, a thermoplastic rubber, a coniaincdgeometry catalyzed low density polyethylene, ethylene methyl acrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, and ethylene butyl modified polyethylene, , The composition of claim 32, further comprising at least one filler. |
| 19. | 37 The composition of claim 36, wherein said filler comprises al least one of magnesium hydroxide, stearic acid, Portland cement, calcium carbonate, and calcium oxide. |
| 20. | The composition of clai m 32, further comprising at least one additive. |
| 21. | The composition of claim 38, wherein said additive comprises at least one of a flame retardant, an antimicrobial, an odor eliminator, an odor minimizer, a scent, a photo inhibitor, a salt inhibitor, and a petroleumderivative inhibitor,. |
| 22. | The composition of claim 32, further comprising a structural substrate. |
| 23. | The composition of claim 40, wherein said structural substrate is comprised of filaments of at least one of fiberglass, basalt, polypropylene, polyolefin, polymerized nor olefin, polyamide, polyester, and nylon,. |
| 24. | The composition of claim 40, wherein said structural substrate comprises a pre formed foam. |
| 25. | The composition of claim 42, wherein said foam comprises at least one of a thermc plastic material, a thermoset material, a chemicallyblown material, and a mechanically blown material. |
| 26. | The composition of claim 32, further comprising a pattern impressed in said bicking material. Title: STRENGTH, LOWCOST, RECYCLABLE BACKING FOR FABRICS AND METHOD FOR MAKING S AME Applicant: THERMOFLEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC international Filing Date: 31 AUGUST 2004 Priority Date Claimed: 01 SEPTEMBER 2003 Attorney Docket No,: 2124/42103/2PCT International Bureau of WIPO 34, chemin des Colombettes 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19(1) Jerdee describes a carpet composition of: a) a primary backing and tufts of carpet fibers; b) a secondary backing material ; and c) an extruded adhesive binding the primary backing to the secondary backing. In contrast, Applicant describes a fabric and a backing material. What Jerdee calls "secondary backing material", Applicant calls "backing material", Jerdee describes a carpet composition in which a layer of "carpet" (primary backing ;?Iυs tufted carpet fibers) adheres to a layer of secondary backing material by means of a layer of extruded adhesive material. It is clear that Jerdee's carpet composition has three sheeted layers. 28 Applicant's composition in claim 32 is two layers, a first layer of fabric (what Jerdee calls "a tufted primary backing") and a second layer being a compound extruded onto tho fabric. Applicant's backing material is a compound; Jerdee's backing material is two separate layers. Additionally, Jerdee must use an adhesive. Applicant docs not need an adhesive, Applicant's claims 1 through 8 claim a backing material. Applicant's backing mεterial is a compound of a flexibilizer and at least one of lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, and polypropylene. Jerdee's structure is his "secondary backing". Jerdee does not describe a tlcxibilizer compounded with his secondary backing. Jerdee's middle layer of an adhesive material is not compounded with Jerdee's secondary backing. Jerdee's middle layer, which comprises an amorphous polyethylene copolymer, is not part of the secondary backing, but is an adhesive holding the secondary backing. Accordingly, Jerdee's secondary layer is not a compound at all, Jerdee therefore does not anticipate claim 1 , Claims 9 through 31 claim a method for applying a backing material to a fabric. Jerdee, as noted above, describes a threesheet method, fusing his secondary backing to his primarj backing with a heated sheet of adhesive. Jerdee therefore does not describe forcing the matsrial directly onto a fabric and does not anticipate claims 9 through 31. Applicant's claims, as amended under Article 19, are now novel and not obvious over the cited references. Accordingly, Applicant requests favorable action on this application. |
This includes fabrics that are tufted, non-tufted, woven, non-woven, knitted, pile knitted, or needlepoint.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Weaving two strands of filament, usually called the weft and the warp, generally makes woven textiles. A third strand, the pile, is included to make woven carpet. The pile can be formed of free ends or of loops. Sometimes the loops of the pile are cut to form tufts.
Tufts are also sometimes inserted individually rather than as part of the continuous weave, such as by stitching the tufts to a previously woven or non-woven fabric, or by needle- punching fibers into a woven or non-woven substrate.
For many woven and non-woven fabrics, it is desirable to apply a backing to the fabric. Backings are applied to carpets, carpet tiles, moldable carpets, liners, covers, mats, moldable mats, rugs, moldable rugs, and other applications. Backings can be used to obtain fiber-lock performance and tuft-lock performance, give stability and structural integrity to the fabric, afford non-skid characteristics, and provide various levels of flame retardancy. A structural layer, such as fiberglass, can be incorporated into the backing layer for further strength and dimensional stability.
Traditionally, latex or hot melt adhesives have been used for backing of fabrics and especially for backing of carpets, mats, and rugs. Both adhesives provide strength, penetration, and flexibility; key criteria in the selection of a backing material. Both adhesives, however, have drawbacks.
Conventionally-used latex requires the use of high-energy drying ovens, which increases operating costs. In addition, latex-based products lose strength when subjected to water and regain only a portion of their strength when dry. In addition to these drawbacks generally associated with latex, there can be further product-specific drawbacks. For example, the existing products on the market for the washable mat and rug business use a latex backing, but sacrifice fiber-lock and tuft-lock performance in order to achieve the desired non-skid and machine-wash properties.
Conventionally-used hot melt applications require the use of special compounding equipment, which increases operating costs. In addition, hot melt requires the use of additives such as tackifiers and heat stabilizers which increase product cost and also degrade and impair product performance over time.
Another material often used for backing for carpets is polyvinyl chloride. This material, however, as is well known, creates smoke and extremely toxic fumes upon combustion and is therefore undesirable for indoor use.
Accordingly, a need exists for a backing material that is strong, durable, inexpensive, recyclable, able to be applied to fabrics without the use of drying ovens, able to eliminate the need for undesirable processing additives, and able to incorporate custom additives without product degradation or impairing performance as needed for specific product enhancements.
The present invention meets this need. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become clear upon a reading of the attached specification.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a general object of the present invention to present a backing material for use on fabrics that is strong, inexpensive, and easy and energy efficient to produce and apply.
It is a further object of the present invention to present a backing material for woven fabrics that is strong, inexpensive, flame retardant, and easy and energy efficient to produce and apply. Some of these fabrics include swimming pool covers and primary backing for the tufting of carpet.
It is a further object of the present invention to present a backing material for non- woven fabrics that is strong, inexpensive, flame retardant, and easy and energy efficient to produce and apply. Some of these fabrics include mattress covers, non-woven primary backing for carpet tufting, and fabric for cured-in-place piping.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to present a backing material for fabrics where it is necessary or desirable to bind any fibers or material to itself, each other, another backing, and/or a substrate.. These fabrics include tufted, non-tufted, woven, non- woven, knitted, pile knitted, or needlepoint fabrics.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to present a backing material that is readily recyclable.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to present a backing material that can incorporate performance additives and fillers.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to present a method for making such a backing material.
Briefly, and in accordance with the foregoing, the present invention provides a backing material made through the use of extrusion compounding, whereby the raw materials are compounded in-line rather than in a separate compounding operation. Through the use of extrusion compounding of high melt index, low-density polyethylene (s), polypropylene (s), high-density polyethylene (s), flexibilizer (s), and/or other additives, a backing material is created that offers more desirable strength, penetration, and flexibility combinations than backings made with other materials or methods.
The backing material of the present invention has superior bundle penetration/fiber- lock, tuft bind/stitch-lock, wet tuft bind, lamination strength, dimensional stability, flame and smoke test results, and moisture barrier test results, as compared to the backing materials known in the prior art.
Additionally, because extrusion compounding is utilized rather than a method requiring tackifiers, heat stabilizers, or the addition of other impurities, unused material and post-consumer waste is easily recyclable by grinding and reintroduction of the unused material into the extrusion compounding method. The backing material is not aqueous based, which eliminates the need for drying ovens. The backing material is insoluble; therefore it retains its strength when exposed to water and/or steam. The backing material is nonabrasive and durable and provides lamination strength, flame retardancy, and smoke performance.
The backing material is of lower weight than comparable backing materials and requires less energy to produce. The combination of this method and the ingredients used as set forth herein eliminates the incorporation of thermally degradable ingredients as well as those ingredients that weaken when subjected to moisture or water. In addition, the extrusion compounding method allows for the efficient introduction of ingredients such as flame- retardants, anti-microbials, odor minimizers/eliminators, structural fillers, scent additives, and sun, salt, oil, gasoline, diesel, and petroleum protectants or inhibitors.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The organization and manner of the structure and operation of the invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals identify like elements in which : FIGURE 1 is a diagram of the components in a method for applying a backing material that incorporates the features of the present invention to a fabric; FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional view of a product produced using the method depicted in FIGURE 1; FIGURE 3 is a flow chart of the method diagrammed in FIGURE 1; FIGURE 4 is a diagram of the components of a method for applying a backing material that incorporates the features of the present invention to a fabric and a structural substrate; FIGURE 5 is a cross-sectional view of a product produced using the method depicted in FIGURE 4 ; FIGURE 6 is a flow chart of the method diagrammed in FIGURE 4; and FIGURE 7 is a flow chart of another embodiment of the method diagrammed in FIGURES.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION While the invention may be susceptible to embodiment in different forms, there is shown in the drawings, and herein will be described in detail, specific embodiments with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention to that as illustrated and described herein.
A backing material is a material applied to a fabric, such as carpets, carpet tiles, moldable carpets, liners, covers, mats, moldable mats, rugs, and other applications to obtain fiber-lock performance, tuft-lock performance, increased stability and structural integrity, non-skid characteristics, and/or flame retardancy. The backing material of the preferred embodiment of the present invention has basic ingredients of high melt index low-density polyethylene ("LDPE") and flexibilizers. Other LDPE or high-density polyethylene ("HDPE") can be used for increased strength and as a polymeric cost-reducing replacement for high melt index LDPE and/or flexibilizers. HDPE, although more expensive than LDPE, is stronger, more scratch resistant, more abrasion resistant, and more dimensionally stable than LDPE. The choice of which of these two materials to use depends on the requirements of the application and the cost of the available commodities.
The general composition of the backing material of the present invention is some combination of the following ingredients having the following properties: 1. LDPE having : i. A low molecular weight, i. e. number average molecular weight, Mn, less than about 10,000, or weight average molecular weight, Mw, less than about 35,000, and/or ii. High melt indices (MI greater than about 1,000) ; and/or iii. Specific gravity less than or equal to 0.92.
2. HDPE having a specific gravity greater than 0.92.
3. High melt index (MI greater than about 1,000) polypropylene (as needed to cross-link for higher strength); 4. Flexibilizers, used to provide flexibility to the backing material, such as contained-geometry catalyzed low density polyethylene (specific gravity less than about 0.9), ethylene methyl acrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene butyl modified polyethylenes, KRATON rubber, and other thermoplastic elastomers or thermoplastic rubbers ; 5. Fillers, such as magnesium hydroxide (sometimes called brucite), Portland cement, and calcium oxide, to provide strength, flame retardancy, and aquasetting, or post-consumer and/or production recycled thermoplastics ; 6. Stearic acid to create dispersants, such as magnesium stearate or calcium stearate, to increase the ability of the flexibilizer to mix with the LDPE, HDPE, and polyethylene; 7. Additives such as flame retardants, anti-microbials, odor eliminators, odor minimizers, scents, and inhibitors to protect from sun, salt, oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, or other petroleum derivatives (as needed, depending on the specific application and requirements of the customer).
The use of these ingredients is comparatively inexpensive as compared to the ingredients of the backing materials known in the prior art. These ingredients produce a backing material that is insoluble in water, and therefore one that will retain its strength when exposed to water or steam, providing an advantage over prior art backing materials that weaken when exposed to water or that contain tlienmally-degradable additives. The backing material made of these materials is nonabrasive and durable and of lower weight than the backing materials known in the prior art, all criteria important to consumers.
The proportions of the ingredients to be used to create the backing material depend on the end use of the fabric to which the backing material will be applied.
A backing material for loop pile carpet is a-compound of low molecular weight, high melt index LDPE, low specific gravity, average melt index LDPE or HDPE, high melt index polypropylene, flexibilizers, and anti-microbials. The following table sets forth the preferred formulation and the range of concentrations of these ingredients: Table 1A : Loop Pile Carpet Element Percentage Used Preferred Formulation 1. Low Mol. Wt. , High MI LDPE22-53% 40% 2. Low Specific Gravity, Avg. MI LDPE or 22-53 % 8 % HDPE 3. High MI Polypropylene0-10% As needed 4. Flexibilizers 0-25 % 12% 5. Anti-Microbials or other additives 0-2 % As needed 6. Fillers25-60% 40% A backing material for cut pile carpet is a compound of low molecular weight, high melt index LDPE, low specific gravity, average melt index LDPE or HDPE, high melt index polypropylene, flexibilizers, anti-microbials, and fillers. The following table sets forth the preferred formulation and the range of concentrations of these ingredients: Table 1B: Cut Pile Carpet Element Percentage Used Preferred Formulation 1. Low Mol. Wt. , High MI LDPE 15-38 % 20 % 2. Low Specific Gravity, Avg. MI LDPE or 15-60 % 15 % HDPE 3. High MI Polypropylene 0-10 % As needed 4. Flexibilizers 0-25% 15% 5. Anti-Microbials or other additives 0-2 % As needed 6. Fillers 25-60 % 50 % A backing material for automotive or marine carpet is a compound of low molecular weight, high melt index LDPE, low specific gravity, average melt index LDPE or HDPE, high melt index polypropylene, flexibilizers, anti-microbials, and fillers. The following table sets forth the preferred formulation and the range of concentrations of these ingredients : Table 1C : Automotive or Marine Carpet Element Percentage Used Preferred Formulation 1. Low Mol. Wt. , HighMILDPE15-38% 20% 2. Low Specific Gravity, Avg. MI LDPE or 15-60 % 15 % HDPE 3. High MI Polypropylene 0-10 % As needed 4. Flexibilizers0-15% 15% 5. Anti-Microbials or other additives 0-2 % As needed 6. Fillers 25-60 % 50 % A backing material for washable rugs and mats, such as bathroom mats, is a compound of low molecular weight, high melt index LDPE, low specific gravity, average molecular weight LDPE or HDPE, flexibilizers, antimicrobials, and fillers. The following table sets forth the preferred fonnulation and the range of concentrations of these ingredients : Table 1D : Washable Rugs and Mats Element Percentage Used Preferred Formulation 1. Low Mol. Wt. , High MI LDPE 0-38 % 20% 2. Low Specific Gravity, Avg. MI LDPE or 0-50% As Needed HDPE 3. High MI Polypropylene 0 0 4. Flexibilizers 0-100 % 40 % 5. Anti-Microbials or other additives 0-2 % As Needed 6. Fillers 0-60 % 40% A backing material for non-skid absorbent mats, which are generally made of an absorbent non-woven material, is a compound of LDPE or HDPE, flexibilizers, anti- microbials, and fillers. The following table sets forth the preferred formulation and the range of concentrations of these ingredients : Table 1E : Non-skid Absorbent Mats Element Percentage Used Preferred Formulation 1. Low Mol. Wt., High MI LDPE 0 0 2. Low Specific Gravity, Avg. MI LDPE or 0-50 % As Needed HDPE 3. High MI Polypropylene 0 0 4. Flexibilizers 0-100% 50% 5. Anti-Microbials or other additives 0-2 % As Needed 6. Fillers 0-70 % 50 % The backing material for woven polypropylene fabrics is a compound of LDPE or HDPE, high melt index, low-density and/or high-density polyethylene, flexibilizers, antimicrobials, and fillers. The following table sets forth the preferred formulation and the range of concentrations of these ingredients: Table IF : Woven Polypropylene Fabrics Element Percentage Used Preferred Formulation 1. Low Mol. Wt. , High MI LDPE 0-25 % As Needed 2. Low Specific Gravity, Avg. MI LDPE or 0-75% 50% HDPE 3. High MI Polypropylene 0 0 4. Flexibilizers 0-50 % 25% 5. Anti-Microbials or other additives 0-2 % As Needed 6. Fillers 0-50 % 25 % A backing material for non-woven fabrics is a compound of LDPE or HPDE, high melt index polypropylene, flexibilizers, antimicrobials, and fillers. The following table sets forth the preferred formulation and the range of concentrations of these ingredients: Table 1G : Non-Woven Fabrics Element Percentage Used Preferred Formulation 1. Low Mol. Wt., High MI LDPE 0 0 2. Low Specific Gravity, Avg. MI LDPE or 0-100% 30% HDPE 3. High MI Polypropylene 0-25 % As Needed 4. Flexibilizers 0-100% 70 % 5. Anti-Microbials or other additives 0-2 % As Needed 6. Fillers 0-50% As Needed We have discovered that low molecular weight, high melt index LDPE provides superior bundle penetration when used with fabrics having a pile, such as carpet. Low molecular weight, high melt index LDPE has not been used conventionally in extruders, and is difficult to extrude. However, the novel combination of low molecular weight, high melt index LDPE and a flexibilizer has been found to extrudable in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder.
The preferred flexibilizer is contained-geometry, catalyzed LDPE. This material is available in wide spec and accordingly can be obtained for lower cost than other flexibilizers, although more expensive, virgin material can be used also. Other flexibilizers, as described above, are available but are generally more expensive.
Accordingly, the backing material of the present invention is preferably made by metering the ingredients to a starve-fed co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Co-rotating twin screw extruders can operate at higher processing rotational speeds than counter-rotating twin screw extruders or single screw extruders and accordingly are more efficient and versatile.
Additionally, the use of co-rotating screws causes higher shear at the mixing point, allowing for processing at lower pressure and temperature, which is easier and more energy efficient than the methods known in the prior art.
The use of in-line, extrusion compounding produces a backing material that has more desirable strength, penetration, and flexibility than backing materials known in the prior art.
Additionally, in-line, extrusion compounding of the ingredients described above creates a backing material with superior bundle penetrationfiber-loclc, tuft bind/stitch-lock, wet tuft bind, lamination strength, dimensional stability, flame and smoke test results, and moisture barrier test results as compared to the backing materials known in the prior art.
Mixing in the extruder, instead of in a separate operation, also allows for the incorporation of ingredients such as fillers, flexibilizers, and performance enhances such as anti-microbials. For example, flame retardants, including but not limited to magnesium hydroxide, can be added to the extruder mixture. Numerous antimicrobial agents as are well known in the art can be added to the extruder mixture. Scent of any desired type can be added to the extruder mixture. Portland cement or other inorganic material can be added to the extruder mixture to maintain or improve strength of the backing material. Stearic acid, if added to the extruder mixture, will react and create dispersants such as magnesium stearate or calcium stearate. Photoresistant chemicals are well known in the art and can be added to the extruder mixture. Odor minimizes and odor eliminators are well known in the art and can be added to the extruder mixture. Additives to protect against sun, salt or against petroleum- derived materials such as gasoline, oil, diesel fuel, or other petrofuels or petrochemicals are well known in the art and can be added to the extruder mixture.
Moreover, in-line extrusion compounding of the ingredients described above eliminates the need for tackifiers, heat stabilizers, or other impurities required by the methods known in the prior art. Unused backing material, whether industrial surplus or post-consumer waste is easily recyclable by grinding the unused backing material and reintroducing it into the extruder.
Preferred processing temperatures for the step of mixing the ingredients in the extruder are dependent upon the range of temperatures at which the polymers stay stable and the range of temperatures that provide the best performance of the final product. The following table lists these processing temperature ranges along with the preferred processing temperature for the present invention : Table 4: Processing Temperature Ranges (Degrees F) Method Polymer Stability Product Performance Preferred Operating 1. Mixing 200-600 250-500 325-425 2. Pumping 200-600 325-500 375-450 3. Coating 200-600 325-500 375-450 4. Fabric Pre-Heat 75-300 120-240 150-200 5. Cooling 32-175 70-150 75-110 By using extrusion, formulations can be changed while running, saving processing time by reducing or eliminating set up time.
FIGURE I shows the components of the method for applying the backing material 2, which incorporates the features of the present invention, to the fabric 4 such as a carpet.
FIGURE 2 shows a product produced using the method depicted in FIGURE 1. The composite 22 shown in FIGURE 2 is made up of fabric 4 and backing material 2. FIGURE 3 is a flow chart of the method.
A roll 6 of fabric 4 is mounted on a let off 8 (step 201). The fabric 4 is fed to the in- running nip point 10 of a pair of pressurized rollers 12,14 (step 203). Roller 14 is chilled.
The backing material 2, having been mixed in a twin-screw extruder 16 and heated above its melting point (step 205), is pushed through a die 18 and into the nip point 10 formed by the rollers 12,14 (step 207). The pressure at nip point 10 is preferably sufficient to cause the backing material 2 to adhere to the fabric 2. Additionally, if the fabric has a pile, the pressure at nip point 10 is preferably sufficient to cause the backing material to penetrate the bundles of the pile and provide fiberlock in the fabric-backing-material composite 22. In the preferred embodiment, this pressure is above 100 pounds per linear inch and is adjusted for different types of fabrics.
Directional roller 20 pulls the fabric 4 around roller 14, keeping the fabric 4 and backing material 2 in contact with the chilled roller 14 for as long as feasible, in order to harden the backing material 2 (step 209). The now married fabric-and-backing-material composite 22 then feeds through directional rollers 24,26, 28, for final inspection (step 211) before shipping, to roll up 30, where it is rolled into shipping roll 32 (step 213).
FIGURE 4 shows the components of the method for applying a backing material that incorporates the features of the present invention, along with a structural substrate, to a fabric such as a carpet. The structural substrate imparts greater strength and dimensional stability to the fabric. The structural substrate can be woven or non-woven and can be made of fiberglass, basalt, polypropylenes, polyolefins, polymerized non-olefins, polyamides, polyesters, nylon, or any other threads, yams, fibers, filaments, or meshes, or combinations of any of these materials. The structural substrate can also be a preformed foam, such as a thermoplastic material or a thennoset material, and can be a chemically-blown foam or a mechanically-blown foam, either stabilized or unstabilized. FIGURE 5 is a cross-sectional view of a product made by the method in FIGURE 4. The composite 124 is made up of fabric 104, such as cut pile carpet, backing material 118, and a structural substrate 110.
FIGURE 6 is a flow chart of the method.
To apply the backing material 118 of the present invention to the fabric 104, along with the structural substrate 110, a roll 102 of fabric 104 is mounted on a first let off 106 (step 301). A roll 108 of structural substrate 110 is mounted on a second let off 112 (step 303). A compensator 138 is used to keep a constant tension on the structural substrate 110.
A compensator or"dancer"is conventional and accordingly will not be further described.
Both the fabric 104 and the substrate 110 are fed to the in-running nip point 112 of a pair of rollers 114,116 (step 305).
The backing material 118, having been mixed in a twin-screw extruder 120 and heated above its melting point (step 307), is pushed through a die 122 (step 309) and into the nip point 112 formed by the rollers 114,116, between fabric 104 and substrate 110. The pressure of pressurized rollers 114,116 marries the fabric 104 to the substrate 110, as backing material 118 penetrates into both fabric 104 and substrate 110. Roller 116 is chilled.
Directional roller 123 pulls the now-married fabric-backing-material-substrate composite 124 around roller 116, keeping the fabric-backing-material-substrate composite 124 in contact with chilled roller 116 for as long as feasible, in order to harden the backing material 118 (step 311). The composite 124 feeds via directional rollers 130,132, 134 for inspection (step 313) then to a roll up 126 for formation into a shipping roll 128 (step 315).
In a further embodiment of the method diagrammed in FIGURES 1 and 4, chilled roller 14 or 116 can have patterns projecting from its surface. As the fabric and backing material is pressed between roller 12 and chilled roller 14 or between roller 114 and chilled roller 116, the pattern is pressed into the surface of the backing material. The pattern can be a knurl, design, texture, or other pattern. The pattern can provide reduced-skid or non-skid properties to the fabric, or enhanced adhesion, useful in the case of carpets and some other applications. The pattern can also be an aesthetic design, texture, or pattern, or can display a logo, trademark, or other identifying matter.
In another embodiment of the method diagrammed in FIGURES 1 and 2, the fabric is preheated ai preheat station 136 before being fed to the in-running nip point 10 or 112. The preheat temperature is chosen based on the weight, construction, and type of fabric, but is preferably between 120° F and 275° F. The preheat step can be accomplished by contact, such as rolling the fabric over a contact roll or a contact plate heated by steam, oil, or electricity, or by a noncontact method such as infrared radiative heat or forced air.
Alternatively, the backing material of the present invention can be made, solidified, stored in bulk, and later re-melted and applied to a fabric. This process is diagrammed in FIGURE 7. Steps 201 through 205 and 209 through 213 are identical to the steps described in connection with FIGURE 3. In this alternative, the backing material is again preferably made by mixing the ingredients described above in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and heating those ingredients above the melting point of the mixture. The backing material is then forced through a die and cooled until it solidifies (step 401). The backing material can then be stored in bulk until needed.
For example, the backing material can be cooled and stored in a drum. When it is needed, a conventional drum melter is used to re-melt the backing material (step 403) and to pump the backing material either directly to a die or to a standard extruder for delivery to a die (step 405), for application to a fabric as described above. The more expensive twin-screw extruder described above is not needed for the application step, since the backing material has already been made and only needs to be re-melted and applied.
Alternatively, the backing material of the present invention can be made, solidified into blocks, billets, or pellets, stored, and later re-melted and applied to a fabric. In this alternative, the backing material is again preferably made by mixing the ingredients described above in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and heating those ingredients above the melting point of the mixture. The backing material is then forced through a die, cooled until it solidifies, and then processed into blocks, billets or pellets (step 401). Equipment associated with processing into blocks, billets, and pellets is conventional and accordingly need not be further described. The backing material can then be stored until needed. In this alternative, the pellets can be introduced into a standard, single-screw extruder for re-melting (step 403) and extrusion through a die to a fabric (step 404). Blocks, billets, or pellets can be liquefied in a heated mixer or other suitable melting device (step 403) and pumped either directly to a die or to a standard single screw extruder for delivery to a die (step 404), for application to a fabric.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown and described, it is envisioned that those skilled in the art may devise various modifications of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.